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1
Banerjee, Soham. Improved modeling of nanocrystals from atomic pair distribution function data. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2020.
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2
Shi, Chenyang. Local structure and lattice dynamics study of low dimensional materials using atomic pair distribution function and high energy resolution inelastic x-ray scattering. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2015.
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3
Ernst, Peierls Rudolf. Atomic histories. Woodbury, N.Y: AIP Press, 1997.
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4
Donnerberg, Hansjörg. Atomic simulation of electrooptic and magnetooptic oxide materials. Berlin: Springer, 1999.
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5
Abraham, Tamir, Hrsg. Mixing and excess thermodynamic properties: A literature source book : supplement 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986.
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6
An introduction to inertial confinement fusion. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2006.
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7
Glenn, Healey, Shafer Steven A und Wolff Lawrence, Hrsg. Color. Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 1992.
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8
Hines, James R. Recovery in Europe, Pair Skating, and Ice Dancing. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039065.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses figure skating in Europe after World War II. The war in Europe ended in May 1945, but not until atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August did Japan capitulate. Formal terms of surrender were signed a month later. The International Skating Union Council met in July 1946 and set dates for the resumption of competition. European Championships commenced at Davos on January 31, 1947, while the World Championships followed two weeks later at Stockholm. Participation at the championships demonstrated the sport's durability and stature. The ladies' and pairs' events boasted more entries than in 1939. Not surprisingly, men's events had fewer entries. Participation increased in the men's event in 1948 but not to the prewar level.
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Pacheco, Leonardo Lessa, und Ivoni Freitas-Reis. Gilbert Lewis e a delicada tessitura da teoria do par compartilhado. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-092-2.
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This paper presents the results of a research that explored the context and intense dedication of the American chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis, aiming to investigate the consolidation of the shared pair theory that justified the formation of chemical bonds in the molecules from the elucidation of the atom. which we risk calling the atomic model. Original works by the twentieth century author were analyzed, specifically the article published in 1916, The Atom and the Molecule, and the 1923 book, Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules. It was also analyzed periodical articles by scientists that in one way or another were directly related to the researched, either by laying the groundwork for Lewis's studies or by being directly related to their research. It is hoped with this work that the figure of Lewis will be remembered not only by one of his theories, but as a fundamental scientist for the construction of chemical knowledge encouraging everyone who, in some way, as undergraduate, postgraduate students. undergraduate or even acting teachers, were attached to it.
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Scerri, Eric. A Tale of Seven Elements. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391312.001.0001.
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In 1913, English physicist Henry Moseley established an elegant method for "counting" the elements based on atomic number, ranging them from hydrogen (#1) to uranium (#92). It soon became clear, however, that seven elements were mysteriously missing from the lineup--seven elements unknown to science. In his well researched and engaging narrative, Eric Scerri presents the intriguing stories of these seven elements--protactinium, hafnium, rhenium, technetium, francium, astatine and promethium. The book follows the historical order of discovery, roughly spanning the two world wars, beginning with the isolation of protactinium in 1917 and ending with that of promethium in 1945. For each element, Scerri traces the research that preceded the discovery, the pivotal experiments, the personalities of the chemists involved, the chemical nature of the new element, and its applications in science and technology. We learn for instance that alloys of hafnium--whose name derives from the Latin name for Copenhagen (hafnia)--have some of the highest boiling points on record and are used for the nozzles in rocket thrusters such as the Apollo Lunar Modules. Scerri also tells the personal tales of researchers overcoming great obstacles. We see how Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn--the pair who later proposed the theory of atomic fission--were struggling to isolate element 91 when World War I intervened, Hahn was drafted into the German army's poison gas unit, and Meitner was forced to press on alone against daunting odds. The book concludes by examining how and where the twenty-five new elements have taken their places in the periodic table in the last half century. A Tale of Seven Elements paints a fascinating picture of chemical research--the wrong turns, missed opportunities, bitterly disputed claims, serendipitous findings, accusations of dishonesty--all leading finally to the thrill of discovery.
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Levin, Frank S. Spin ½ and the Periodic Table. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0011.
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Some major quantal developments are described in Chapter 10. The Stern-Gerlach experiment is encountered first, wherein a beam of silver atoms is deflected by a magnetic field, leading to a pair of traces on a detecting plate. Next is the proposal that electrons have a new attribute known as spin, used to explain the Stern-Gerlach result, thereby confirming the validity of this new attribute. To account for the structure of the periodic table, the central-field approximation is introduced. In it, electrons in an atom are treated like those in hydrogen, except that they have four not three quantum numbers, the fourth related to spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle requires that no four can be the same for any electron in the atom, a feature that explains the occurrence of shells in the periodic table. The electronic structure of various atoms is stated, with silver being a giant spin ½ system.
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Sutton, Adrian P. Concepts of Materials Science. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846839.001.0001.
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This short book describes ten fundamental concepts – big ideas – of materials science. Some of them come from mainstream physics and chemistry, including thermodynamic stability and phase diagrams, symmetry, and quantum behaviour. Others are about restless atomic motion and thermal fluctuations, defects in crystalline materials as the agents of change in materials, nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials design and materials discovery, metamaterials, and biological matter as a material. A cornerstone of materials science is the idea that materials are complex systems that interact with their environments and display the emergence of new science from the collective behaviour of atoms and defects. Great attention is paid to the clarity of explanations using only high school algebra and quoting the occasional useful formula. Exceptionally, elementary calculus is used in the chapter on metamaterials. It is not a text-book, but it offers undergraduates and their teachers a unique overview and insight into materials science. It may also help graduates of other subjects to decide whether to study materials science at postgraduate level.
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Bacon, Andrew. An Outline of a Theory of Propositional Vagueness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712060.003.0003.
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This chapter presents a series questions in the philosophy of vagueness that will constitute the primary subjects of this book. The stance this book takes on these questions is outlined, and some preliminary ramifications are explored. These include the idea that (i) propositional vagueness is more fundamental than linguistic vagueness; (ii) propositions are not themselves sentence-like; they are coarse grained, and form a complete atomic Boolean algebra; (iii) vague propositions are, moreover, not simply linguistic constructions either such as sets of world-precisification pairs; and (iv) propositional vagueness is to be understood by its role in thought. Specific theses relating to the last idea include the thesis that one’s total evidence can be vague, and that there are vague propositions occupying every evidential role, that disagreements about the vague ultimately boil down to disagreements in the precise, and that one should not care intrinsically about vague matters.
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Lelevkin, V. М. LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS OF PHYSICS. Lectures and practical classes. A short course. Publishing house of KRSU, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36979/978-9967-19-916-3-2022.
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The book presents a short course of lectures and classes on the discipline “Linear and non-linear equations of Physics” for students of natural and technical faculties. It includes examples of various physical phenomena investigation based on differential equations solution. The course includes a classification of second-order partial differential equations from two independent variables and a methodology of their canonicalization. Much attention is paid to boundary value problems for hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic types, to methodology of the given equations solution and a physical interpretation of the findings. The book gives brief information about special functions and their application to solving physical problems. It also describes the universal method of differential equations solving – method of finite difference. In the annex, one can see a possibility of investigating electron motion in the atomic nucleus electric field by means of differential equations. A short course: “Linear and non-linear equations of Physics” can be of use as a training material for post-graduate students, researchers and engineers dealing with mathematical modelling and physical phenomena investigation by means of differential equations.
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Henriksen, Niels Engholm, und Flemming Yssing Hansen. Potential Energy Surfaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses potential energy surfaces, that is, the electronic energy as a function of the internuclear coordinates as obtained from the electronic Schrödinger equation. It focuses on the general topology of such energy surfaces for unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. To that end, concepts like saddle point, barrier height, minimum-energy path, and early and late barriers are discussed. It concludes with a discussion of approximate analytical solutions to the electronic Schrödinger equation, in particular, the interaction of three hydrogen atoms expressed in terms of Coulomb and exchange integrals, as described by the so-called London equation. From this equation it is concluded that the total electronic energy is not equal to the sum of H–H pair energies. Finally, a semi-empirical extension of the London equation—the LEPS method—allows for a simple but somewhat crude construction of potential energy surfaces.
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(Editor), Emilio Panarella, Hrsg. Current Trends in International Fusion Research : Proceedings of the Second Symposium. NRC Research Press, 1999.
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Henriksen, Niels Engholm, und Flemming Yssing Hansen. Static Solvent Effects, Transition-State Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses static solvent effects on the rate constant for chemical reactions in solution. It starts with a brief discussion of the thermodynamic formulation of transition-state theory. The static equilibrium structure of the solvent will modify the potential energy surface for the chemical reaction. This effect is analyzed within the framework of transition-state theory. The rate constant is expressed in terms of the potential of mean force at the activated complex. Various definitions of this potential and their relations to n-particle- and pair-distribution functions are considered. The potential of mean force may, for example, be defined such that the gradient of the potential gives the average force on an atom in the activated complex, Boltzmann averaged over all configurations of the solvent. It concludes with a discussion of a relation between the rate constants in the gas phase and in solution.
18
Huxford, Grace. The Korean War in Britain. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526118950.001.0001.
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The Korean War in Britain explores the social and cultural impact of the Korean War (1950–53) on Britain. Coming just five years after the ravages of the Second World War, Korea was a deeply unsettling moment in post-war British history. When North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950, Britons worried about a return to total war and the prospect of atomic warfare. As the war progressed, British people grew uneasy about the conduct of the war. From American ‘germ’ warfare allegations to anxiety over Communist use of ‘brainwashing’, the Korean War precipitated a series of short-lived panics in 1950s Britain. But by the time of its uneasy ceasefire in 1953, the war was becoming increasingly forgotten, with more attention paid to England’s cricket victory at the Ashes than to returning troops. Using Mass Observation surveys, letters, diaries and a wide range of under-explored contemporary material, this book charts the war’s changing position in British popular imagination, from initial anxiety in the summer of 1950 through to growing apathy by the end of the war and into the late-twentieth century. Built around three central concepts – citizenship, selfhood and forgetting –The Korean War in Britain connects a critical moment in Cold War history to post-war Britain, calling for a more integrated approach to Britain’s Cold War past. It explores the war a variety of viewpoints – conscript, POW, protestor and veteran – to offer the first social history of this ‘forgotten war’. It is essential reading for anyone interested in Britain’s post-1945 history.
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Eland, John H. D., und Raimund Feifel. Conjugated and aromatic molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788980.003.0006.
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In the vast majority of conjugated and aromatic molecules, the outermost occupied orbitals are either of π character or non-bonding lone pairs belonging to heteroatoms. These are the orbitals from which double ionisation gives rise to most of the distinct bands that can be discerned in their spectra. Double photoionisation spectra of ethylene, butadiene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, benzene, hexafluorobenzene, toluene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, naphthalene, azulene, quinoline, biphenyl, TDME, iron pentacarbonyl, ferrocene, and TMPPD are presented with analysis where possible. The effects of inner valence Auger effects are also emphasised, which can greatly increase the intensity of double photoionisation. In this chapter, the molecules are ordered mainly in the usual way by number of atoms, then by molecular weight, but the authors have put closely related molecules together where possible.
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Shafer, Steven A., und Lawrence B. Wolff. Physics Based Vision: Principles and Practice: Shape Recovery (Physics-Based Vision: Principles & Practice). AK Peters, 1992.
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21
Dobrovie-Sorin, Carmen, und Ion Giurgea. Majority Quantification and Quantity Superlatives. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791249.001.0001.
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This book is a study of the syntax and semantics of proportional Most and other majority quantifiers across languages. Based on data drawn from around forty languages, this book reveals the existence of two semantic types of Most: a distributive type, which compares cardinalities of sets of atoms, and a “cumulative” type, which involves measuring plural and mass entities with respect to a whole. On the syntactic side, the most important difference is between non-partitive and partitive configurations. Certain majority quantifiers are specialized for partitive constructions, others are also allowed in non-partitives. We also examine complex majority expressions of the type The Largest Part and nominal quantifiers of the type The Majority. This large scale crosslinguistic investigation qualifies as a piece of typological research that moreover offers several case studies on both well-studied and less investigated languages (English, German, Icelandic, Romanian, Italian, Hungarian, Basque, Latin, Hindi, Syrian Arabic). The proposed analyses raise new theoretical questions regarding issues such as number marking, partitivity, kind reference, (in)definiteness marking, which are crucial issues for linguistic theory. Noteworthy is the attention paid to mass and collective quantification, an under-studied area. We argue in favor of a quantificational analysis of Most, against recent analyses that attempt to derive the proportional interpretation from the superlative, but we adopt a bipartition-cum-superlative analysis for The Largest Part.
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Eland, John, und Raimund Feifel. Double Photoionisation Spectra of Molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788980.001.0001.
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This book contains spectra of the doubly charged positive ions (dications) of some 75 molecules, including the major constituents of terrestrial and planetary atmospheres and prototypes of major chemical groups. It is intended to be a new resource for research in all areas of molecular spectroscopy involving high energy environments, both terrestrial and extra-terrestrial. All the spectra have been produced by photoionisation using laboratory lamps or synchrotron radiation and have been measured using the magnetic bottle time-of-flight technique by coincidence detection of correlated electron pairs. Full references to published work on the same species are given, though for several molecules these are the first published spectra. Double ionisation energies are listed and discussed in relation to the molecular electronic structure of the molecules. A full introduction to the field of molecular double ionisation is included and the mechanisms by which double photoionisation can occur are examined in detail. A preliminary chapter covers double photoionisation of an atom in order to explain the basic principles of the technique, then five chapters present spectra of molecules of increasing size. A seventh chapter on the new fields of core–core and core–valence double ionisations, with selected examples, completes the main body of the book. Appendices explain the detailed mechanisms of double photoionisation, the calibration of the electron spectrometers, and give a brief summary of the methods by which double ionisation energies are calculated theoretically.