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Shiina, Tatsuo. „LED Mini Lidar for Atmospheric Application“. Sensors 19, Nr. 3 (29.01.2019): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030569.
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The creation of a compact and easy-to-use atmospheric lidar has been the aim of researchers for a long time. Micro Pulse Lidars (MPL) and commercialized ceilometers were designed for such purposes. Laser Diodes (LD) and Diode-Pumped Solid State (DPSS) Laser technology has evolved, making lidar system more compact; however, their vulnerability to static electricity and fluctuation of electrical power prevented the growth of atmospheric lidar technology as a system suited to all kinds of users. In this study, a mini lidar with a Light Emitting Diode (LED) -based light source was designed and developed. As LED lamp modules do not need a heat sink or fan, they are resilient and can emit light for long periods with constant intensity. They also offer ease of handling for non-professionals. On the other hand, a LED lamp module has a large divergence, when compared to laser beams. A prototype LED mini lidar was thus developed, with focus on transmitting power optimization and optical design. This low-cost lidar system is not only compact, but also offers near-range measurement applications. It visualizes rapid activities of small air cells in a close range (surface atmosphere), and can verify and predict the condition of the surface atmosphere. This paper summarizes the principle, design, practical use and applications of the LED mini-lidar.
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Talu, Cigdem. „‘The Effect of London’: Urban Atmospheres and Alice Meynell’s London Impressions“. Emotions: History, Culture, Society 6, Nr. 1 (22.06.2022): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2208522x-02010148.
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Abstract This essay examines urban atmospheres and emotions in the 1898 essay collection London Impressions by British writer, poet and suffragist Alice Meynell. I argue atmospheres are spatialised emotions and investigate the atmospheric dimension of Meynell’s text and her impressions, through a vocabulary of immersion and movement. Within her own manipulation of a ‘visual’ vocabulary, Meynell transforms impressions into atmospheres, the visual into sensorial, moving from the painterly to atmospheric experience, notably through the medium of fog and smoke and other climate indicators. I argue urban atmospheres are the main feature the text brings forth (even through – and perhaps especially because of – the filter of the written word). By probing the application of the history of emotions’ methodologies within architectural and urban history, I argue the concept of ‘atmosphere’ is a productive analytical category to examine visual and textual sources.
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Hu, Xiaoyan, Donghe Zhang, Yongqiang Hao und Zuo Xiao. „Application of Atmospheric Disturbances Monitor on Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere Coupling“. Chinese Journal of Space Science 34, Nr. 3 (2014): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.11728/cjss2014.03.296.
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Mazur, Andrzej, Jerzy Bartnicki und Jerzy Zwoździak. „Operational Model for Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Air Pollution/ Operacyjny Model Atmosferycznego Transportu I Depozycji Zanieczyszczeń“. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, Nr. 3 (01.10.2014): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0028.
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Abstract An assessment of the current state of natural environment affected by air pollution, as well as, forecasts of pro-ecologic, economic and social activities are very often performed using models for atmospheric transport and deposition of air pollutants. In the present paper, we present an operational dispersion model developed at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management in Warsaw. The basic assumptions and principles of the model are described together with the operational domain and examples of model applications. Two examples of model application are described and discussed here. The first, application is a simulation of the atmospheric transport and deposition of the radioactive isotopes released into the atmosphere during the Chernobyl Accident in 1998. The second example is related to simulation of atmospheric transport of the tracer released into the air during the ETEX experiment. These two examples and previous applications of the model showed that presented dispersion model is fully operational, not only for long term applications, but especially for emergency situations, like nuclear accidents or volcanic eruptions affecting Polish territory
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Sun, Dongdong, und Haijing Zheng. „Simulation Study of Infrared Transmittance Under Different Atmospheric Conditions“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2356, Nr. 1 (01.10.2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2356/1/012045.
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This article analyzes the atmospheric transmittance in the infrared band under different atmosphere conditions based on the MODTRAN software. Firstly, the atmospheric transmittance in the infrared band under two different atmospheric types, cold-dry and warm-wet, are calculated. Subsequently, the effect of H2O, CO2 and O3 molecules on the atmospheric transmittance in the infrared band are analyzed. Secondly, the differences in atmospheric transmittance at different altitudes (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere) in the infrared band are calculated, and the effects of H2O, CO2 and O3, CH4 and N2 on atmospheric transmittance and their variation patterns are analyzed. Finally, the influence of different aerosol types on atmospheric transmittance is calculated and analyzed, mainly considering molecular scattering and five different types of aerosol scattering. Conclusion, i) The total atmospheric transmittance of cold-dry atmospheres is higher than that of warm-wet atmospheres. The main factors influencing the difference in atmospheric transmittance between the two are H2O and O3. ii) Atmospheric transmittance varies with altitude, with the most dramatic changes with altitude being in the troposphere and stratosphere. The factors that have a greater influence on the atmospheric transmittance in the troposphere are H2O and CO2; CO2, O3 and CH4 have great influence on stratospheric atmospheric transmittance; The atmospheric transmittance of the mesosphere has little change, almost 1. The fluctuation of its transmittance curve is mainly affected by O3; The atmospheric transmittance of thermosphere is almost 1; N2 has little effect on atmospheric transmittance. iii) The influence of molecular scattering on atmospheric transmittance is negligible, while aerosol scattering has a great influence on atmospheric transmittance; Aerosol scattering at 9 μm has the greatest influence on atmospheric transmittance. The research results of this paper have certain guiding significance for the design and performance evaluation of infrared systems under different application conditions.
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Kubyshkina, D., L. Fossati, N. V. Erkaev, C. P. Johnstone, P. E. Cubillos, K. G. Kislyakova, H. Lammer, M. Lendl und P. Odert. „Grid of upper atmosphere models for 1–40 M⊕ planets: application to CoRoT-7 b and HD 219134 b,c“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 619 (November 2018): A151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833737.
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There is growing observational and theoretical evidence suggesting that atmospheric escape is a key driver of planetary evolution. Commonly, planetary evolution models employ simple analytic formulae (e.g. energy limited escape) that are often inaccurate, and more detailed physical models of atmospheric loss usually only give snapshots of an atmosphere’s structure and are difficult to use for evolutionary studies. To overcome this problem, we have upgraded and employed an existing upper atmosphere hydrodynamic code to produce a large grid of about 7000 models covering planets with masses 1–39 M⊕ with hydrogen-dominated atmospheres and orbiting late-type stars. The modelled planets have equilibrium temperatures ranging between 300 and 2000 K. For each considered stellar mass, we account for three different values of the high-energy stellar flux (i.e. low, moderate, and high activity). For each computed model, we derived the atmospheric temperature, number density, bulk velocity, X-ray and EUV (XUV) volume heating rates, and abundance of the considered species as a function of distance from the planetary centre. From these quantities, we estimate the positions of the maximum dissociation and ionisation, the mass-loss rate, and the effective radius of the XUV absorption. We show that our results are in good agreement with previously published studies employing similar codes. We further present an interpolation routine capable to extract the modelling output parameters for any planet lying within the grid boundaries. We used the grid to identify the connection between the system parameters and the resulting atmospheric properties. We finally applied the grid and the interpolation routine to estimate atmospheric evolutionary tracks for the close-in, high-density planets CoRoT-7 b and HD 219134 b,c. Assuming that the planets ever accreted primary, hydrogen-dominated atmospheres, we find that the three planets must have lost them within a few Myr.
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Zhen, Shaosong, Min Luo, Yang Shao, Diandou Xu und Lingling Ma. „Application of Stable Isotope Techniques in Tracing the Sources of Atmospheric NOX and Nitrate“. Processes 10, Nr. 12 (30.11.2022): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122549.
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Nitrate is an important component of PM2.5, and its dry deposition and wet deposition can have an impact on ecosystems. Nitrate in the atmosphere is mainly transformed by nitrogen oxides (NOX = NO + NO2) through a number of photochemical processes. For effective management of the atmosphere’s environment, it is crucial to understand the sources of atmospheric NOX and the processes that produce atmospheric nitrate. The stable isotope method is an effective analytical method for exploring the sources of NO3− in the atmosphere. This study discusses the range and causes of δ15N data from various sources of NOX emissions, provides the concepts of stable isotope techniques applied to NOX traceability, and introduces the use of Bayesian mixture models for the investigation of NOX sources. The combined application of δ15N and δ18O to determine the pathways of nitrate formation is summarized, and the contribution of Δ17O to the atmospheric nitrate formation pathway and the progress of combining Δ17O simulations to reveal the atmospheric oxidation characteristics of different regions are discussed, respectively. This paper highlights the application results and development trend of stable isotope techniques in nitrate traceability, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of stable isotope techniques in atmospheric NOX traceability, and looks forward to its future application in atmospheric nitrate pollution. The research results could provide data support for regional air pollution control measures.
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Glushkov, A. V., A. А. Svinarenko, S. V. Ambrosov, Yu Ya Bunyakova, V. V. Buyadzhi und V. F. Mansarliysky. „The Earth angle moment balance, low-frequency atmospheric processes and radiowaveguides: ii. application of an advanced non-stationary theory for different forms of atmosphere circulation“. Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, Nr. 16 (29.10.2017): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.16.2015.11.
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In the paper we present the results of application of a new advanced non-stationary theory of global mechanisms in atmospheric low-frequency processes, the balance of the angular momentum of the Earth, teleconnection effects and atmospheric radio waveguides, for the Pacific ocean region for different forms of the atmosphere circulation. The theory is realized and implemented into Microsystem Technology "GeoMath" and focused on the discovery and testing of new predictors for long-term and very long-forecasts of low-frequency atmospheric processes. The PC experiments have demonstrated an effectiveness of a new advanced theory in application to modeling balance of angular momentum, the atmospheric moisture turnover in relation to the genesis of tropospheric radio waveguides and succession processes of atmospheric circulation forms (teleconnection, front-genesis) in order to develop new practical sensors in long-term forecasting and modeling of low-frequency atmospheric processes. It is determined a link of tropospheric waveguide with atmospheric moisture circulation and, accordingly, with the shape of the atmospheric circulation over the position of the front sections of (atmospheric fronts as the main drives moisture). Atmospheric moisture cycle is linked with such typical low-frequency process as the angular momentum balance; the latter accounts violation of the atmosphere rotating balance with the Earth.
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Murschell, Trey, und Delphine K. Farmer. „Real-Time Measurement of Herbicides in the Atmosphere: A Case Study of MCPA and 2,4-D during Field Application“. Toxics 7, Nr. 3 (06.08.2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7030040.
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Atmospheric sources of herbicides enable short- and long-range transport of these compounds to off-target areas but the concentrations and mechanisms are poorly understood due, in part, to the challenge of detecting these compounds in the atmosphere. We present chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a sensitive, real-time technique to detect chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides in the atmosphere, using measurements during and after application over a field at Colorado State University as a case study. Gas-phase 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mixing ratios were greatest during application (up to 20 pptv), consistent with rapid volatilization from spray droplets. In contrast, atmospheric concentrations of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) increased for several hours after the initial application, indicative of a slower source than 2,4-D. The maximum observed gas-phase MCPA was 60 pptv, consistent with a post-application volatilization source to the atmosphere. Exposure to applied pesticides in the gas-phase can thus occur both during and at least several hours after application. Spray droplet volatilization and direct volatilization from surfaces may both contribute pesticides to the atmosphere, enabling pesticide transport to off-target and remote regions.
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KOLTAY, E. „ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS: RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE PIXE TECHNIQUE“. International Journal of PIXE 01, Nr. 02 (Juni 1990): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083590000098.
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Information on the elemental constituents of atmospheric aerosols is of basic importance in studying atmospheric processes for a detailed understanding of the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere. Environmental pollution and its impact can be tested in the same way, too. In the present review we survey the main research fields in aerosol analytics that can be investigated with the application of the PIXE method. The nature of emission sources, emission inventories, aerosol transport and its tracing, arctic aerosols and climatic influences are mentioned along with methodological features of the present-day PIXE technique and its combined applications with other tools of instrumental analytics.
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Wu, Tongwen, Rucong Yu und Fang Zhang. „A Modified Dynamic Framework for the Atmospheric Spectral Model and Its Application“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, Nr. 7 (01.07.2008): 2235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2514.1.
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Abstract This paper describes a dynamic framework for an atmospheric general circulation spectral model in which a reference stratified atmospheric temperature and a reference surface pressure are introduced into the governing equations so as to improve the calculation of the pressure gradient force and gradients of surface pressure and temperature. The vertical profile of the reference atmospheric temperature approximately corresponds to that of the U.S. midlatitude standard atmosphere within the troposphere and stratosphere, and the reference surface pressure is a function of surface terrain geopotential and is close to the observed mean surface pressure. Prognostic variables for the temperature and surface pressure are replaced by their perturbations from the prescribed references. The numerical algorithms of the explicit time difference scheme for vorticity and the semi-implicit time difference scheme for divergence, perturbation temperature, and perturbation surface pressure equation are given in detail. The modified numerical framework is implemented in the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to test its validation and impact on simulated climate. Both the original and the modified models are run with the same spectral resolution (T42), the same physical parameterizations, and the same boundary conditions corresponding to the observed monthly mean sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration from 1971 to 2000. This permits one to evaluate the performance of the new dynamic framework compared to the commonly used one. Results show that there is a general improvement for the simulated climate at regional and global scales, especially for temperature and wind.
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MATSUOKA, Daisuke. „Application of AI in Atmospheric Science“. Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2022 (2022): W052–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2022.w052-02.
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Sergeev, Denis E., Nathan J. Mayne, Thomas Bendall, Ian A. Boutle, Alex Brown, Iva Kavčič, James Kent et al. „Simulations of idealised 3D atmospheric flows on terrestrial planets using LFRic-Atmosphere“. Geoscientific Model Development 16, Nr. 19 (10.10.2023): 5601–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5601-2023.
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Abstract. We demonstrate that LFRic-Atmosphere, a model built using the Met Office's GungHo dynamical core, is able to reproduce idealised large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns specified by several widely used benchmark recipes. This is motivated by the rapid rate of exoplanet discovery and the ever-growing need for numerical modelling and characterisation of their atmospheres. Here we present LFRic-Atmosphere's results for the idealised tests imitating circulation regimes commonly used in the exoplanet modelling community. The benchmarks include three analytic forcing cases: the standard Held–Suarez test, the Menou–Rauscher Earth-like test, and the Merlis–Schneider tidally locked Earth test. Qualitatively, LFRic-Atmosphere agrees well with other numerical models and shows excellent conservation properties in terms of total mass, angular momentum, and kinetic energy. We then use LFRic-Atmosphere with a more realistic representation of physical processes (radiation, subgrid-scale mixing, convection, clouds) by configuring it for the four TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI) scenarios. This is the first application of LFRic-Atmosphere to a possible climate of a confirmed terrestrial exoplanet. LFRic-Atmosphere reproduces the THAI scenarios within the spread of the existing models across a range of key climatic variables. Our work shows that LFRic-Atmosphere performs well in the seven benchmark tests for terrestrial atmospheres, justifying its use in future exoplanet climate studies.
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Collier, E., T. Mölg, F. Maussion, D. Scherer, C. Mayer und A. B. G. Bush. „High-resolution interactive modelling of the mountain glacier–atmosphere interface: an application over the Karakoram“. Cryosphere Discussions 7, Nr. 1 (04.01.2013): 103–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-103-2013.
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Abstract. The traditional approach to simulations of alpine glacier mass balance (MB) has been one-way, or offline, thus precluding feedbacks from changing glacier surface conditions on the atmospheric forcing. In addition, alpine glaciers have been only simply, if at all, represented in atmospheric models to date. Here, we extend a recently presented, novel technique for simulating glacier–atmosphere interactions without the need for statistical downscaling, through the use of a coupled high-resolution mesoscale atmospheric and physically-based mass balance modelling system that includes glacier MB and energy balance feedbacks to the atmosphere. We compare the model results over the Karakoram region of the northwestern Himalaya with both remote sensing data and in situ glaciological and meteorological measurements for the ablation season of 2004. We find that interactive coupling has a localized but appreciable impact on the near-surface meteorological forcing data and that incorporation of MB processes improves the simulation of variables such as land surface temperature and snow albedo. Furthermore, including feedbacks from the MB model has a non-negligible effect on simulated mass balance, reducing modelled ablation, on average, by 0.1 m w.e. (−6.0%) to a total of −1.5 m w.e. between 25 June–31 August 2004. The interactively coupled model shows promise as a new, multi-scale tool for explicitly resolving atmospheric-MB processes of mountain glaciers at the basin scale.
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Collier, E., T. Mölg, F. Maussion, D. Scherer, C. Mayer und A. B. G. Bush. „High-resolution interactive modelling of the mountain glacier–atmosphere interface: an application over the Karakoram“. Cryosphere 7, Nr. 3 (06.05.2013): 779–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-779-2013.
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Abstract. The traditional approach to simulations of alpine glacier mass balance (MB) has been one-way, or offline, thus precluding feedbacks from changing glacier surface conditions on the atmospheric forcing. In addition, alpine glaciers have been only simply, if at all, represented in atmospheric models to date. Here, we extend a recently presented, novel technique for simulating glacier–atmosphere interactions without the need for statistical downscaling, through the use of a coupled high-resolution mesoscale atmospheric and physically-based climatic mass balance (CMB) modelling system that includes glacier CMB feedbacks to the atmosphere. We compare the model results over the Karakoram region of the northwestern Himalaya with remote sensing data for the ablation season of 2004 as well as with in situ glaciological and meteorological measurements from the Baltoro glacier. We find that interactive coupling has a localized but appreciable impact on the near-surface meteorological forcing data and that incorporation of CMB processes improves the simulation of variables such as land surface temperature and snow albedo. Furthermore, including feedbacks from the glacier model has a non-negligible effect on simulated CMB, reducing modelled ablation, on average, by 0.1 m w.e. (−6.0%) to a total of −1.5 m w.e. between 25 June–31 August 2004. The interactively coupled model shows promise as a new, multi-scale tool for explicitly resolving atmospheric-CMB processes of mountain glaciers at the basin scale.
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Nie, Wei Dong, Xiao Ming Wang, Zhao Na Li und Xin Geng Li. „Projection Pursuit Regression Based on Hermite Polynomial for Atmospheric Corrosion Data Application“. Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (Januar 2014): 1747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1747.
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A Projection Pursuit Regression method by using Hermite Polynomial is put forward to make modeling and forcasting of corrosion data, because of small sample of acumulation data of metal material corrosion in atmosphere, Multi-dimensional Properties and Non-orthogonality of influence factors. Analyses and prediction of atmospheric corrosion data of a metal are made by using this method. Compared with PCA+SVM method, this method improves significantly the accuration of prediction and correctness of corrosion vehavior trend. The result proves that the Hermite Polynomial Projection Pursuit Regression method has great huge advantage in data analysis of steel corrosion in atmosphere.
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Biavati, G., D. G. Feist, C. Gerbig und R. Kretschmer. „Error estimation for localized signal properties: application to atmospheric mixing height retrievals“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, Nr. 5 (19.05.2015): 5105–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-5105-2015.
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Abstract. The mixing height is a key parameter for many applications that relate surface–atmosphere exchange fluxes to atmospheric mixing ratios, e.g. in atmospheric transport modeling of pollutants. The mixing height can be estimated with various methods: profile measurements from radiosondes as well as remote sensing (e.g. optical backscatter measurements). For quantitative applications, it is important to not only estimate the mixing height itself but also the uncertainty associated with this estimate. However, classical error propagation typically fails on mixing height estimates that use thresholds in vertical profiles of some measured or measurement-derived quantity. Therefore, we propose a method to estimate mixing height together with its uncertainty. The method relies on the concept of statistical confidence and on the knowledge of the measurement errors. It can also be applied to problems outside atmospheric mixing height retrievals where properties have to be assigned to a specific position, e.g. the location of a local extreme.
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Yang, Jeehyun, und Renyu Hu. „Automated Chemical Reaction Network Generation and Its Application to Exoplanet Atmospheres“. Astrophysical Journal 966, Nr. 2 (01.05.2024): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad35c8.
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Abstract With the advent of JWST and the spectroscopic characterization of exoplanet atmospheres in unprecedented detail, there is a demand for more complete pictures of chemical and photochemical reactions and their impacts on atmospheric composition. Traditionally, building reaction networks for (exo)planetary atmospheres involves manually tracking relevant species and reactions, a time-consuming and error-prone process. This approach’s applicability is also often limited to specific conditions, making it less versatile for different planetary types (i.e., photochemical networks for Jupiters may not be directly applicable to water-rich exoplanets). We introduce an automated approach using a computer-aided chemical reaction network generator, combined with a 1D photochemical kinetic-transport model, offering significant advantages. This approach automatically selects reaction rates through a rate-based iterative algorithm and multiple refinement steps, enhancing model reliability. Also, this approach allows for the efficient simulation of diverse chemical environments, from hydrogen to water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen-dominated atmospheres. Using WASP-39b and WASP-80b as examples, we demonstrate our approach’s effectiveness, showing good agreement with recent JWST data. Our WASP-39b model aligns with prior studies and JWST observations, capturing photochemically produced sulfur dioxide. The WASP-80b model reveals an atmosphere influenced by deep-interior thermochemistry and vertical mixing, consistent with JWST NIRCam observations. Furthermore, our model identifies a novel initial step for the N2–NH3–HCN pathway that enhances the efficiency of the conversion in high-temperature/high-pressure environments. This automated chemical network generation offers a novel, efficient, and precise framework for studying exoplanetary atmospheres, marking a significant advancement over traditional modeling techniques.
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Biavati, G., D. G. Feist, C. Gerbig und R. Kretschmer. „Error estimation for localized signal properties: application to atmospheric mixing height retrievals“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, Nr. 10 (13.10.2015): 4215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4215-2015.
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Abstract. The mixing height is a key parameter for many applications that relate surface–atmosphere exchange fluxes to atmospheric mixing ratios, e.g., in atmospheric transport modeling of pollutants. The mixing height can be estimated with various methods: profile measurements from radiosondes as well as remote sensing (e.g., optical backscatter measurements). For quantitative applications, it is important to estimate not only the mixing height itself but also the uncertainty associated with this estimate. However, classical error propagation typically fails on mixing height estimates that use thresholds in vertical profiles of some measured or measurement-derived quantity. Therefore, we propose a method to estimate the uncertainty of an estimation of the mixing height. The uncertainty we calculate is related not to the physics of the boundary layer (e.g., entrainment zone thickness) but to the quality of the analyzed signals. The method relies on the concept of statistical confidence and on the knowledge of the measurement errors. It can also be applied to problems outside atmospheric mixing height retrievals where properties have to be assigned to a specific position, e.g., the location of a local extreme.
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Rodziewicz, Tadeusz, Małgorzata Rajfur und Maria Wacławek. „Numerical Procedures and their Practical Application in PV Module Analyses. Part IV: Atmospheric Transparency Parameters - Application“. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 27, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2020-0001.
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AbstractThe presented article relates to aspects of PV module testing using natural sunlight in outdoor conditions. It is a continuation of the article Part III: parameters of atmospheric transparency - determining and correlations. This article discusses the practical application of the indexes: atmosphere purity - kTm, diffused component content - ks/o, beam clear sky index - Kb - in testing various modules in outdoor conditions. Their influence on the conversion of modules made from various absorbers and various technologies is demonstrated. Their practical application in module testing in outdoor conditions is described and it - has been demonstrated that the results of the analyses carried out using the indexes conform to the results obtained using spectral parameters of solar radiation (i.e. APE and UF). These are the measurements that require the use of very expensive equipment.
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Hariyanto, Moses Luca, und Muhammar Khamdevi. „Analisis Pendekatan Arsitektur Atmosfer Pada Karya Anthony Liu, Studi Kasus: Poliklinik Griya Anugerah“. MARKA (Media Arsitektur dan Kota) : Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian 6, Nr. 1 (28.07.2022): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33510/marka.2022.6.1.33-44.
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Atmospheric approach in a building provides an architectural experience to its users. One of the architects who applied this approach was Anthony Liu. This study tries to explore one of his works, namely the Griya Anugerah Polyclinic. How is the atmospheric approach applied to the building? The qualitative method will analyze the application of this approach to the building. The results of this study indicate the application of the atmosphere by the architect to each element, especially dominantly in space exploration. It prioritizes function, comfort, and experience. The use of white and the play of light is the character of Anthony Liu's design.
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Huang, Yanbo, Daniel K. Fisher, Mark Silva und Steven J. Thomson. „A Real-time Web Tool for Safe Aerial Application to Avoid Off-target Movement of Spray Induced by Stable Atmospheric Conditions in the Mississippi Delta“. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, Nr. 1 (2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12956.
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Abstract. Susceptible crops can be injured far downwind if proper application spray procedure is not followed. Avoidance of stable atmospheric conditions while spraying is important to prevent surface temperature inversion-induced off-target drift of crop protection materials. Our previous studies consistently indicated high likelihood (>90%) of stable atmospheric conditions (unfavorable for spraying) primarily between the hours of 6:00 pm and 6:00 am during clear conditions in the hot summer months at the Mississippi Delta. With the requirement of timely farm operations, a web application has been developed to provide real-time determination of atmospheric stability and to recommend whether aerial applications are appropriate for a particular location and time. An algorithm was developed to determine atmospheric conditions likely for occurrence of a temperature inversion. This algorithm was programmed using the Python programming language and uploaded to an internet-cloud application platform for publication via HTML. The algorithm calculates the potential of a temperature inversion every hour based on air temperature and wind speed data measured at weather stations deployed over the Mississippi Delta and surrounding areas. The web application is adapted for mobile terminals, such as smartphones and tablets, and can provide timely guidance for aerial applicators and producers to avoid crop damage and air quality issues long distances downwind. Keywords: Aerial application, Spray drift, Temperature inversion, Atmospheric stability, Crop protection, Web application, Mobile terminal.
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Haszpra, Tímea. „RePLaT-Chaos: A Simple Educational Application to Discover the Chaotic Nature of Atmospheric Advection“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 1 (27.12.2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010029.
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Large-scale atmospheric pollutant spreading via volcano eruptions and industrial accidents may have serious effects on our life. However, many students and non-experts are generally not aware of the fact that pollutant clouds do not disperse in the atmosphere like dye blobs on clothes. Rather, an initially compact pollutant cloud soon becomes strongly stretched with filamentary and folded structure. This is the result of the chaotic behaviour of advection of pollutants in 3-D flows, i.e., the advection dynamics of pollutants shows the typical characteristics such as sensitivity to the initial conditions, irregular motion, and complicated but well-organized (fractal) structures. This study presents possible applications of a software called RePLaT-Chaos by means of which the characteristics of the long-range atmospheric spreading of volcanic ash clouds and other pollutants can be investigated in an easy and interactive way. This application is also a suitable tool for studying the chaotic features of the advection and determines two quantities which describe the chaoticity of the advection processes: the stretching rate quantifies the strength of the exponential stretching of pollutant clouds; and the escape rate characterizes the rate of the rapidity by which the settling particles of a pollutant cloud leave the atmosphere.
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Liu, Shumin, Yunli Zhang, Limin Zhao, Xingfeng Chen, Ruoxuan Zhou, Fengjie Zheng, Zhiliang Li et al. „QUantitative and Automatic Atmospheric Correction (QUAAC): Application and Validation“. Sensors 22, Nr. 9 (25.04.2022): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093280.
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The difficulty of atmospheric correction based on a radiative transfer model lies in the acquisition of synchronized atmospheric parameters, especially the aerosol optical depth (AOD). At the moment, there is no fully automatic and high-efficiency atmospheric correction method to make full use of the advantages of geostationary meteorological satellites in large-scale and efficient atmospheric monitoring. Therefore, a QUantitative and Automatic Atmospheric Correction (QUAAC) method is proposed which can efficiently correct high-spatial-resolution (HSR) satellite images. QUAAC uses the atmospheric aerosol products of geostationary satellites to match the synchronized AOD according to the temporal and spatial information of HSR satellite images. This method solves the problem that the AOD is difficult to obtain or the accuracy is not high enough to meet the demand of atmospheric correction. By using the obtained atmospheric parameters, atmospheric correction is performed to obtain the surface reflectance (SR). The whole process can achieve fully automatic operation without manual intervention. After QUAAC applied to Gaofen-2 (GF-2) HSR satellite and Himawari-8 (H-8) geostationary satellite, the results show that the effect of QUAAC correction is slightly better than that of the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) correction, and the QUAAC−corrected surface spectral curves have good coherence to that of the synchronously measured by field experiments.
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Liu, Shumin, Yunli Zhang, Limin Zhao, Xingfeng Chen, Ruoxuan Zhou, Fengjie Zheng, Zhiliang Li et al. „QUantitative and Automatic Atmospheric Correction (QUAAC): Application and Validation“. Sensors 22, Nr. 9 (25.04.2022): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093280.
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The difficulty of atmospheric correction based on a radiative transfer model lies in the acquisition of synchronized atmospheric parameters, especially the aerosol optical depth (AOD). At the moment, there is no fully automatic and high-efficiency atmospheric correction method to make full use of the advantages of geostationary meteorological satellites in large-scale and efficient atmospheric monitoring. Therefore, a QUantitative and Automatic Atmospheric Correction (QUAAC) method is proposed which can efficiently correct high-spatial-resolution (HSR) satellite images. QUAAC uses the atmospheric aerosol products of geostationary satellites to match the synchronized AOD according to the temporal and spatial information of HSR satellite images. This method solves the problem that the AOD is difficult to obtain or the accuracy is not high enough to meet the demand of atmospheric correction. By using the obtained atmospheric parameters, atmospheric correction is performed to obtain the surface reflectance (SR). The whole process can achieve fully automatic operation without manual intervention. After QUAAC applied to Gaofen-2 (GF-2) HSR satellite and Himawari-8 (H-8) geostationary satellite, the results show that the effect of QUAAC correction is slightly better than that of the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) correction, and the QUAAC−corrected surface spectral curves have good coherence to that of the synchronously measured by field experiments.
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Liu, Shumin, Yunli Zhang, Limin Zhao, Xingfeng Chen, Ruoxuan Zhou, Fengjie Zheng, Zhiliang Li et al. „QUantitative and Automatic Atmospheric Correction (QUAAC): Application and Validation“. Sensors 22, Nr. 9 (25.04.2022): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093280.
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The difficulty of atmospheric correction based on a radiative transfer model lies in the acquisition of synchronized atmospheric parameters, especially the aerosol optical depth (AOD). At the moment, there is no fully automatic and high-efficiency atmospheric correction method to make full use of the advantages of geostationary meteorological satellites in large-scale and efficient atmospheric monitoring. Therefore, a QUantitative and Automatic Atmospheric Correction (QUAAC) method is proposed which can efficiently correct high-spatial-resolution (HSR) satellite images. QUAAC uses the atmospheric aerosol products of geostationary satellites to match the synchronized AOD according to the temporal and spatial information of HSR satellite images. This method solves the problem that the AOD is difficult to obtain or the accuracy is not high enough to meet the demand of atmospheric correction. By using the obtained atmospheric parameters, atmospheric correction is performed to obtain the surface reflectance (SR). The whole process can achieve fully automatic operation without manual intervention. After QUAAC applied to Gaofen-2 (GF-2) HSR satellite and Himawari-8 (H-8) geostationary satellite, the results show that the effect of QUAAC correction is slightly better than that of the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) correction, and the QUAAC−corrected surface spectral curves have good coherence to that of the synchronously measured by field experiments.
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Gao, Guiping, Hui Zeng und Qixing Zhou. „Biomonitoring Atmospheric Pollution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Mosses“. Atmosphere 14, Nr. 1 (23.12.2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010026.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as the main components of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), are carcinogenic organic pollutants that occur widely in the atmospheric environment with increasing concentration. Moreover, PAHs are widespread all over the world due to their high volatility and long-range transport potential. The monitoring of atmospheric PAHs is often limited by working conditions, especially around oil field operation areas and other industrial areas. Mosses (Bryophyta), the most sensitive atmosphere pollution indicators, can be easily collected and have been used to monitor atmospheric pollutants including PAHs. Thus, characteristics and influencing factors of mosses’ absorption and accumulation of PAHs in the atmosphere were discussed, and the application of mosses in the biomonitoring of atmospheric PAHs were summarized. Biomonitoring mosses include Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum cupressiforme, Thamnobryum alopecurum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium scheberi, etc. Currently, the main methods for monitoring PAHs by mosses are biomonitoring with the chemical analysis method, the index of atmospheric purity (IAP) method, the ecological survey method, and the Moss-bag technique. Biomonitoring of atmospheric PAHs using mosses has a relatively wide range of prospects.
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Charnay, B., G. Tobie, S. Lebonnois und R. D. Lorenz. „Gravitational atmospheric tides as a probe of Titan’s interior: Application to Dragonfly“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 658 (Februar 2022): A108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141898.
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Context. Saturn’s massive gravity is expected to causes a tide in Titan’s atmosphere, producing a surface pressure variation through the orbit of Titan and tidal winds in the troposphere. The future Dragonfly mission could analyse this exotic meteorological phenomenon. Aims. We aim to analyse the effect of Saturn’s tides on Titan’s atmosphere and interior to determine how pressure measurements by Dragonfly could constrain Titan’s interior. Methods. We model atmospheric tides with analytical calculations and with a 3D global climate model (the IPSL-Titan GCM), including the tidal response of the interior. Results. We predict that the Love numbers of Titan’s interior should verify 1 + ℜ(k2 − h2) ~ 0.02–0.1 and ℑ(k2 − h2) < 0.04. The deformation of Titan’s interior should therefore strongly weaken gravitational atmospheric tides, yielding a residual surface pressure amplitude of only ~5 Pa, with a phase shift of 5–20 h. Tidal winds are very weak, of the order of 3 × 10−4 m s−1 in the lower troposphere. Finally, constraints from Dragonfly data may permit the real and the imaginary parts of k2 − h2 to be estimated with a precision of ±0.01–0.03. Conclusions. Measurements of pressure variations by Dragonfly over the whole mission could give valuable constraints on the thickness of Titan’s ice shell, and, via geophysical models, its heat flux and the density of its internal ocean.
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Haus, R. „Development of Multispectral Atmospheric Retrieval Software for application to the atmosphere of MARS“. Advances in Space Research 29, Nr. 2 (Januar 2002): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00565-8.
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Lin Xin, 林鑫, 杨勇 Yang Yong, 程学武 Cheng Xuewu, 关塞 Guan Sai, 王继红 Wang Jihong, 李发泉 Li Faquan, 刘林美 Liu Linmei, 宋沙磊 Song Shalei, 陈振威 Chen Zhenwei und 李亚娟 Li Yajuan. „Application of Mechanical Chopper in Atmospheric Lidar“. Chinese Journal of Lasers 40, Nr. 8 (2013): 0814002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201340.0814002.
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YOSHIOKA, Yoshio. „Generation of Atmospheric Plasma and Its Application“. Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 126, Nr. 12 (2006): 798–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.126.798.
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Auclair-Desrotour, P., J. Laskar und S. Mathis. „Atmospheric tides in Earth-like planets“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 603 (Juli 2017): A107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628252.
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Context. Atmospheric tides can strongly affect the rotational dynamics of planets. In the family of Earth-like planets, which includes Venus, this physical mechanism coupled with solid tides makes the angular velocity evolve over long timescales and determines the equilibrium configurations of their spin. Aims. Unlike the solid core, the atmosphere of a planet is subject to both tidal gravitational potential and insolation flux coming from the star. The complex response of the gas is intrinsically linked to its physical properties. This dependence has to be characterized and quantified for application to the wide variety of extrasolar planetary systems. Methods. We develop a theoretical global model where radiative losses, which are predominant in slowly rotating atmospheres, are taken into account. We analytically compute the perturbation of pressure, density, temperature, and velocity field caused by a thermogravitational tidal perturbation. From these quantities, we deduce the expressions of atmospheric Love numbers and tidal torque exerted on the fluid shell by the star. The equations are written for the general case of a thick envelope and the simplified one of a thin isothermal atmosphere. Results. The dynamics of atmospheric tides depends on the frequency regime of the tidal perturbation: the thermal regime near synchronization and the dynamical regime characterizing fast-rotating planets. Gravitational and thermal perturbations imply different responses of the fluid, i.e. gravitational tides and thermal tides, which are clearly identified. The dependence of the torque on the tidal frequency is quantified using the analytic expressions of the model for Earth-like and Venus-like exoplanets and is in good agreement with the results given by global climate models (GCM) simulations.Introducing dissipative processes such as radiation regularizes the tidal response of the atmosphere, otherwise it is singular at synchronization. Conclusions. We demonstrate the important role played by the physical and dynamical properties of a super-Earth atmosphere (e.g. Coriolis, stratification, basic pressure, density, temperature, radiative emission) in its response to a tidal perturbation. We point out the key parameters defining tidal regimes (e.g. inertia, Brunt-Väisälä, radiative frequencies, tidal frequency) and characterize the behaviour of the fluid shell in the dissipative regime, which cannot be studied without considering the radiative losses.
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Tezari, A., P. Paschalis, M. Gerontidou, H. Mavromichalaki und P. Karaiskos. „Radiation exposure of aircrews due to Space Radiation“. HNPS Proceedings 26 (01.04.2019): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1822.
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Space radiation mainly consists of trapped particles inside the Earth’s magnetosphere, galactic and solar cosmic rays. Cosmic rays propagating in the interplanetary medium, reach the top of the Earth’s atmosphere and collide with the molecules of the atmospheric layers creating showers of secondary particles that can be recorded by ground-based neutron monitors or muon detectors. Due to these cascades, the radiation environment in various atmospheric altitudes is entirely different than the one experienced on the Earth’s surface. Space radiation is ionizing (trapped particles, galactic and solar cosmic rays) as well as non-ionizing (ultra-violet radiation). It is known that ionizing radiation is very dangerous for all biological systems, causing a variety of acute and chronic effects. The determination of the occupational exposure of aircrews to space radiation is of great importance. DYnamic Atmospheric Shower Tracking Interactive Model Application (DYASTIMA), as well as its extension DYASTIMA-R, is a standalone application, based on the toolkit Geant4, that simulates the propagation of cosmic radiation into the atmosphere. DYASTIMA provides all the necessary information about the study of the cascade in different atmospheric altitudes, while DYASTIMA-R, as a dosimetry application, calculates radiobiological quantities, such as dose rate and equivalent dose rate for the determination of the exposure, based on the output provided by DYASTIMA. These quantities are calculated for solar minimum and solar maximum conditions. DYASTIMA can be accessed through the portals ofthe European Space Agency (ESA) (http://swe.ssa.esa.int/spaceradiation) and the Athens Neutron Monitor Station (A.Ne.Mo.S) (http://cosray.phys.uoa.gr/index.php/dyastima).
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Ma, Yushuang, Long Zhao, Rongjin Yang, Xiuhong Li, Qiao Song, Zhenwei Song und Yi Zhang. „Development and Application of an Atmospheric Pollutant Monitoring System Based on LoRa—Part I: Design and Reliability Tests“. Sensors 18, Nr. 11 (12.11.2018): 3891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113891.
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At present, as growing importance continues to be attached to atmospheric environmental problems, the demand for real-time monitoring of these problems is constantly increasing. This article describes the development and application of an embedded system for monitoring of atmospheric pollutant concentrations based on LoRa (Long Range) wireless communication technology, which is widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed system is realized using a combination of software and hardware and is designed using the concept of modularization. Separation of each function into independent modules allows the system to be developed more quickly and to be applied more stably. In addition, by combining the requirements of the remote atmospheric pollutant concentration monitoring platform with the specific requirements for the intended application environment, the system demonstrates its significance for practical applications. In addition, the actual application data also verifies the sound application prospects of the proposed system.
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Huner, Umit, Haci Ali Gulec und Irem Damar Huner. „Effect of gas type and application distance on atmospheric pressure plasma jet-treated flax composites“. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36, Nr. 17 (07.04.2017): 1197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417703490.
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This study reports on the effect of atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment on the flax fiber and flax-reinforced epoxy. The atmospheric pressure plasma jet was carried out by using four different gasses and various application distance in the range of 30–40 mm. The treatments were investigated by means of contact angle, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical tests. Depending on the application parameters, the rate of increase in water contact angle varied from 49% to 92%. While atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy investigations exhibited changed surface morphology, FTIR presented interactions at the molecular level. Improvement in mechanical properties was obtained for all atmospheric pressure plasma jet applications, while the increase in tensile strength in the composite material reached 180%, and the increase in flexural strength was 140%. The atmospheric pressure plasma jet method, according to similar plasma applications, came to the forefront with the short processing time and the intensity of the effect it created.
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Bisikalo, Dmitry V., und Valery I. Shematovich. „Neutral atmospheric escape in the Solar and extrasolar planetary systems“. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S345 (August 2018): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131800858x.
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AbstractNew data obtained by space missions to various objects in the Solar system and observations of the outer Solar system and exoplanets by space and ground-based telescopes allowed us to conclude that the atmospheric escape plays an important role in the evolution of the terrestrial planets in the Solar system. We present the recent results of application of the kinetic approach to the problem of neutral escape from planetary atmospheres. As an example, the recent measurements by Mars Express and MAVEN spacecraft are compared with the calculations of neutral escape with the aim to understand the atmospheric loss at Mars. Also the recent calculations of the mass-loss rates of the hot Neptune and Jupiter atmospheres are presented.
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Sun, Yueqiang, Weihua Bai, Congliang Liu, Yan Liu, Qifei Du, Xianyi Wang, Guanglin Yang et al. „The FengYun-3C radio occultation sounder GNOS: a review of the mission and its early results and science applications“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, Nr. 10 (23.10.2018): 5797–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5797-2018.
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Abstract. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Occultation Sounder (GNOS) is one of the new-generation payloads on board the Chinese FengYun 3 (FY-3) series of operational meteorological satellites for sounding the Earth's neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. FY-3C GNOS, on board the FY-3 series C satellite launched in September 2013, was designed to acquire setting and rising radio occultation (RO) data by using GNSS signals from both the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the US Global Positioning System (GPS). So far, the GNOS measurements and atmospheric and ionospheric data products have been validated and evaluated and then been used for atmosphere- and ionosphere-related scientific applications. This paper reviews the FY-3C GNOS instrument, RO data processing, data quality evaluation, and preliminary research applications according to the state-of-the-art status of the FY-3C GNOS mission and related publications. The reviewed data validation and application results demonstrate that the FY-3C GNOS mission can provide accurate and precise atmospheric and ionospheric GNSS (i.e., GPS and BDS) RO profiles for numerical weather prediction (NWP), global climate monitoring (GCM), and space weather research (SWR). The performance of the FY-3C GNOS product quality evaluation and scientific applications establishes confidence that the GNOS data from the series of FY-3 satellites will provide important contributions to NWP, GCM, and SWR scientific communities.
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Ilori, Christopher, Nima Pahlevan und Anders Knudby. „Analyzing Performances of Different Atmospheric Correction Techniques for Landsat 8: Application for Coastal Remote Sensing“. Remote Sensing 11, Nr. 4 (25.02.2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11040469.
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Ocean colour (OC) remote sensing is important for monitoring marine ecosystems. However, inverting the OC signal from the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance measured by satellite sensors remains a challenge as the retrieval accuracy is highly dependent on the performance of the atmospheric correction as well as sensor calibration. In this study, the performances of four atmospheric correction (AC) algorithms, the Atmospheric and Radiometric Correction of Satellite Imagery (ARCSI), Atmospheric Correction for OLI ‘lite’ (ACOLITE), Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance (LSR) Climate Data Record (Landsat CDR), herein referred to as LaSRC (Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Code), and the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) Data Analysis System (SeaDAS), implemented for Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data, were evaluated. The OLI-derived remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) products (also known as Level-2 products) were tested against near-simultaneous in-situ data acquired from the OC component of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET-OC). Analyses of the match-ups revealed that generic atmospheric correction methods (i.e., ARCSI and LaSRC), which perform reasonably well over land, provide inaccurate Level-2 products over coastal waters, in particular, in the blue bands. Between water-specific AC methods (i.e., SeaDAS and ACOLITE), SeaDAS was found to perform better over complex waters with root-mean-square error (RMSE) varying from 0.0013 to 0.0005 sr−1 for the 443 and 655 nm channels, respectively. An assessment of the effects of dominant environmental variables revealed AC retrieval errors were influenced by the solar zenith angle and wind speed for ACOLITE and SeaDAS in the 443 and 482 nm channels. Recognizing that the AERONET-OC sites are not representative of inland waters, extensive research and analyses are required to further evaluate the performance of various AC methods for high-resolution imagers like Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 under a broad range of aquatic/atmospheric conditions.
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Sun, Lihong. „Atmospheric environmental monitoring and evaluation based on experimental statistical methods“. E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901072.
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With the gradual improvement of social economy, the ecological environment is gradually deteriorating. In order to obtain higher economic benefits, enterprises often sacrifice the natural environment. After entering the new era, the public pays more and more attention to the ecological environment, and the relevant state departments also begin to use a variety of scientific and technological means to monitor the environment in order to obtain accurate information, find pollution problems in time, and take effective measures to control them. This is of great significance to improve the problem of environmental pollution. In this paper, combined with the actual situation, the application and layout methods of atmospheric environmental monitoring are analyzed in detail, in order to provide reference and reference for the related work in the future. In this paper, it is pointed out that atmospheric environmental monitoring is the process of measuring the concentration, observation and analysis of the change of pollutants in the atmosphere and the shadow response of the environment. The experimental statistical method is the product of the digital age, and it has its own advantages for monitoring the atmospheric environment, such as climate assessment, environmental assessment, atmospheric disaster prevention and early warning, etc., all based on the application of the experimental statistical method. Taking the digital measurement as the cut-in point, this paper describes the object and appearance of atmospheric monitoring, and focuses on the application strategy of atmospheric environmental monitoring test statistics, in order to clarify the importance of digital measurement and provide reference.
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Quinn, B., C. Eden und D. Olbers. „Application of the IDEMIX Concept for Internal Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, Nr. 10 (01.10.2020): 3601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0107.1.
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AbstractThe model Internal Wave Dissipation, Energy and Mixing (IDEMIX) presents a novel way of parameterizing internal gravity waves in the atmosphere. IDEMIX is based on the spectral energy balance of the wave field and has previously been successfully developed as a model for diapycnal diffusivity, induced by internal gravity wave breaking in oceans. Applied here for the first time to atmospheric gravity waves, integration of the energy balance equation for a continuous wave field of a given spectrum, results in prognostic equations for the energy density of eastward and westward gravity waves. It includes their interaction with the mean flow, allowing for an evolving and local description of momentum flux and gravity wave drag. A saturation mechanism maintains the wave field within convective stability limits, and a closure for critical-layer effects controls how much wave flux propagates from the troposphere into the middle atmosphere. Offline comparisons to a traditional parameterization reveal increases in the wave momentum flux in the middle atmosphere due to the mean-flow interaction, resulting in a greater gravity wave drag at lower altitudes. Preliminary validation against observational data show good agreement with momentum fluxes.
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Kreislova, K., und M. Vlachova. „Monitoring of the atmospheric corrosivity by resistive sensors“. Koroze a ochrana materialu 65, Nr. 3 (01.11.2021): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kom-2021-0011.
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Abstract Atmospheric corrosivity is classified according to EN ISO 9223 Corrosion of metals and alloys – Corrosivity of atmospheres – Classification, determination and estimation. For the determination and estimation of the corrosivity category, standardized approaches are used. Monitoring of corrosivity with the application of various sensors is an actual trend. The paper gives results of verification of some types of sensors for this monitoring with standardized flat samples at atmospheric test sites in the Czech Republic. The trend of decreasing atmospheric corrosivity is evident in the last decade. Monitoring of the corrosion rate and mapping of the corrosivity become a very important step in preventing failures in long-term atmospheric exposition. This type of monitoring was used on bridge construction to estimate the seasonal effect of de-icing salts deposition, too.
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Wei Heli, 魏合理, 戴聪明 Dai Congming, 唐朝礼 Tang Chaoli, 武鹏飞 Wu Pengfei, 黄宏华 Huang Honghua, 李学彬 Li Xuebin, 朱文越 Zhu Wenyue, 饶瑞中 Rao Ruizhong und 王英俭 Wang Yingjian. „Atmospheric parameter model and its application in the calculation of atmospheric raditaive transfer“. Infrared and Laser Engineering 48, Nr. 12 (2019): 1203001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla201948.1203001.
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Gehrke, Angélica Laís, Douglas Carmo De Avila, Diego Portalanza, Priscila Farias, Daniel Santos, Enrique Velasquez, Telmo Sumila, Leonardo Sari Stefanello, Fernando Kunz und Angelica Durigon. „Combined meteorological, atmospheric stability and spray volume effect on the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize“. Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 6, Nr. 2 (29.05.2023): 1490–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv6n2-044.
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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is the most important maize pest in Brazil and can cause major yield losses. This study aimed determine which the most favorable meteorological and atmospheric stability conditions are for obtaining maximum control effectiveness of S. frugiperda in maize in insecticide applications with different spray volumes. An insect pest natural infestation field experiment was carried in the 2018/2019 season. Spinetoram (12 g a.i. ha-1) was applied three times along the crop cycle. The experimental design was in blocks with nine treatments and four replicates within each block, besides the maintenance of a control treatment without application, totaling 10 treatments. The evaluated factors were the atmospheric condition represented by three times of application (TOA: 8AM, 2 and 6PM) and three spray volumes (SV: 200, 300 and 400 L ha-1). S. frugiperda foliar feeding damage was evaluated using a numerical scale score. Meteorological conditions at the time of application and SV interfered in the pest control effectiveness. Lowest average damage scores were observed in applications carried out at 8 am, when the air and dew point temperatures were lower, and the relative humidity and wind velocity were higher than at 2 pm and 6 pm, and with SV of 400 L ha-1. For the most efficient treatment (8 am - 400 L ha-1) applied at 12/27/2018, the atmosphere was stable.
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Jašek, Ondřej, Petr Synek, Lenka Zajíčková, Marek Eliáš und Vít Kudrle. „Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition at Atmospheric Pressure“. Journal of Electrical Engineering 61, Nr. 5 (01.09.2010): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-011-0049-9.
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Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition at Atmospheric PressureCarbon nanostructures present the leading field in nanotechnology research. A wide range of chemical and physical methods was used for carbon nanostructures synthesis including arc discharges, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition. Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) with its application in modern microelectronics industry became soon target of research in carbon nanostructures synthesis. Selection of the ideal growth process depends on the application. Most of PECVD techniques work at low pressure requiring vacuum systems. However for industrial applications it would be desirable to work at atmospheric pressure. In this article carbon nanostructures synthesis by plasma discharges working at atmospheric pressure will be reviewed.
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Dirmeyer, Paul A., und Subhadeep Halder. „Application of the Land–Atmosphere Coupling Paradigm to the Operational Coupled Forecast System, Version 2 (CFSv2)“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, Nr. 1 (21.12.2016): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0064.1.
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Abstract Retrospective forecasts from CFSv2 are evaluated in terms of three elements of land–atmosphere coupling at subseasonal to seasonal time scales: sensitivity of the atmosphere to variations in land surface states, the magnitude of variability of land states and fluxes, and the memory or persistence of land surface anomalies. The Northern Hemisphere spring and summer seasons are considered for the period 1982–2009. Ensembles are constructed from all available pairings of initial land and atmosphere/ocean states taken from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis at the start of April, May, and June among the 28 years, so that the effect of initial land states on the evolving forecasts can be assessed. Finally, improvement and continuance of forecast skill derived from accurate land surface initialization is related to the three coupling elements. It is found that soil moisture memory is the most broadly important element for significant improvement of realistic land initialization on forecast skill. However, coupling strength manifested through the elements of sensitivity and variability are necessary to realize the potential predictability provided by memory of initial land surface anomalies. Even though there is clear responsiveness of surface heat fluxes, near-surface temperature, humidity, and daytime boundary layer development to variations in soil moisture over much of the globe, precipitation in CFSv2 is unresponsive. Failure to realize potential predictability from land surface states could be due to unfavorable atmospheric stability or circulation states; poor quality of what is considered realistic soil moisture analyses; and errors in the land surface model, atmospheric model, or their coupled interaction.
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Grayver, Alexander, Dan J. Bower, Joachim Saur, Caroline Dorn und Brett M. Morris. „Interior Heating of Rocky Exoplanets from Stellar Flares with Application to TRAPPIST-1“. Astrophysical Journal Letters 941, Nr. 1 (01.12.2022): L7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aca287.
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Abstract Many stars of different spectral types with planets in the habitable zone are known to emit flares. Until now, studies that address the long-term impact of stellar flares and associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) assumed that the planet’s interior remains unaffected by interplanetary CMEs, only considering the effect of plasma/UV interactions on the atmosphere of planets. Here, we show that the magnetic flux carried by flare-associated CMEs results in planetary interior heating by ohmic dissipation and leads to a variety of interior–exterior interactions. We construct a physical model to study this effect and apply it to the TRAPPIST-1 star whose flaring activity has been constrained by Kepler observations. Our model is posed in a stochastic manner to account for uncertainty and variability in input parameters. Particularly for the innermost planets, our results suggest that the heat dissipated in the silicate mantle is both of sufficient magnitude and longevity to drive geological processes and hence facilitate volcanism and outgassing of the TRAPPIST-1 planets. Furthermore, our model predicts that Joule heating can further be enhanced for planets with an intrinsic magnetic field compared to those without. The associated volcanism and outgassing may continuously replenish the atmosphere and thereby mitigate the erosion of the atmosphere caused by the direct impact of flares and CMEs. To maintain consistency of atmospheric and geophysical models, the impact of stellar flares and CMEs on atmospheres of close-in exoplanetary systems needs to be studied in conjunction with the effect on planetary interiors.
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Gordon, Howard R. „Evolution of Ocean Color Atmospheric Correction: 1970–2005“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 24 (13.12.2021): 5051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245051.
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Retrieval of water properties from satellite-borne imagers viewing oceans and coastal areas in the visible region of the spectrum requires removing the effect of the atmosphere, which contributes approximately 80–90% of the measured radiance over the open ocean in the blue spectral region. The Gordon and Wang algorithm originally developed for SeaWiFS (and used with other NASA sensors, e.g., MODIS) forms the basis for many atmospheric removal (correction) procedures. It was developed for application to imagery obtained over the open ocean (Case 1 waters), where the aerosol is usually non-absorbing, and is used operationally to process global data from SeaWiFS, MODIS and VIIRS. Here, I trace the evolution of this algorithm from early NASA aircraft experiments through the CZCS, OCTS, SeaWiFs, MERIS, and finally the MODIS sensors. Strategies to extend the algorithm to situations where the aerosol is strongly absorbing are examined. Its application to sensors with additional and unique capabilities is sketched. Problems associated with atmospheric correction in coastal waters are described.
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Kleidon, Axel, Yadvinder Malhi und Peter M. Cox. „Maximum entropy production in environmental and ecological systems“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, Nr. 1545 (12.05.2010): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0018.
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The coupled biosphere–atmosphere system entails a vast range of processes at different scales, from ecosystem exchange fluxes of energy, water and carbon to the processes that drive global biogeochemical cycles, atmospheric composition and, ultimately, the planetary energy balance. These processes are generally complex with numerous interactions and feedbacks, and they are irreversible in their nature, thereby producing entropy. The proposed principle of maximum entropy production (MEP), based on statistical mechanics and information theory, states that thermodynamic processes far from thermodynamic equilibrium will adapt to steady states at which they dissipate energy and produce entropy at the maximum possible rate. This issue focuses on the latest development of applications of MEP to the biosphere–atmosphere system including aspects of the atmospheric circulation, the role of clouds, hydrology, vegetation effects, ecosystem exchange of energy and mass, biogeochemical interactions and the Gaia hypothesis. The examples shown in this special issue demonstrate the potential of MEP to contribute to improved understanding and modelling of the biosphere and the wider Earth system, and also explore limitations and constraints to the application of the MEP principle.
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Bogoi, Alina, Radu D. Rugescu, Valentin Ionut Misirliu, Florin Radu Bacaran und Mihai Predoiu. „Inviscid Nozzle for Aerospike Rocket Engine Application“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 811 (November 2015): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.811.152.
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A computational method for the steady 2-D flow in axially symmetrical rocket nozzles with a given profile is developed, in order to determine the Maximum thrust contour of rocket engine nozzles with large expansion ratio. The optimized nozzles proved a more than 10% increase in the integral specific impulse recorded during the variable altitude atmospheric flight of rocket vehicles. The method is well suited for application in the design of the optimum contour for axially-symmetric nozzles for atmospheric rocket ascent, specifically for aerospike type nozzles, as for other similar industrial applications in gas and steam turbine technology.
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Mykhailov, Serhiy, Volodymyr Kvasov und Olga Ryzhchenko. „APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC GAS ANALYZERS FOR MEASURING PM CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR“. Technogenic and Ecological Safety, Nr. 14(2/2023) (29.11.2023): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52363/2522-1892.2023.2.7.
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Environmental monitoring is one of the key elements to ensure the most effective security measures in various areas of life. The most famous technology in this field is the gas detection system within the framework of atmospheric air monitoring. It serves not only for an early warning program, but also for a constant check of the state of the atmosphere in certain areas. In the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), updated in 2005, solid particles (dust or suspended substances) are among the main indicators of atmospheric air quality. According to the requirements of Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 05.21.2008 on atmospheric air quality and cleaner air for Europe Ukraine should establish zones and agglomerations according to the degree of atmospheric air pollution throughout its territory, as well as the procedure for their review. In general, the goal set by the Directive is extremely difficult for Ukraine ‑ to create a European monitoring system with modern equipment, which is a reliable tool for the development and implementation of environmental policy, on the remains of the air pollution control network that was created back in Soviet times. Nowadays gas sensors can be divided into two categories: conductive metal oxides and electrochemical, with the latter gaining more recognition over the last decade as the future standard component in any gas sensor. The paper presents the complete concept of an electrochemical gas sensor, including the basic science and basic electronic engineering that go into the device. The main focus is on a specific type of amperometric sensors as the most promising electrochemical sensor on the Ukrainian market. That is why the scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time, on the basis of analysis and theoretical generalizations, it is proposed to create a program for the production of devices specifically for continuous automatic monitoring of atmospheric air quality. The practical value of the article lies in the systematization of scientific ideas regarding the monitoring of PM, which should become the basis for initial measures aimed at reducing emissions, which will increase the efficiency of management decision-making and improve the efficiency of the DSMD at all levels.