Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Atkinson Academy (Atkinson, N.H.)“

Every athlete will eventually retire from their career in elite sport. Despite its inevitability, following their encounter with this critical event, many athletes are left vulnerable to diversions from psychological well-being (Park et al., 2013). In their review, Cosh et al. (2021) report that somewhere between 18% to 39% of retired athletes experience mental health challenges, such as anxiety and depressive symptoms, after career termination. While the literature surrounding retirement from sport and well-being cites various factors contributing to the quality of adjustment, a large body of research has focused on the predictive factor of athletic identity, the extent of identification with the athlete role (Brewer et al., 1993) and the negative relationship it tends to have with psychological well-being during retirement (Douglas & Carless, 2009; Kuettel et al., 2017; Warriner & Lavallee, 2008). Although these findings have led to recommendations for a shift away from monologic performance-based narratives (Brewer & Petitpas, 2017; Park et al., 2013) the concept of a diversified identity in high performance sporting careers is relatively underexplored. Therefore, this project aims to expand on existing research demonstrating the possibility of alternative narratives (Douglas & Carless, 2006) and the notion that there is room within the presentation of identity for multiple voices to be represented and heard in negotiation or contradiction with one another (Peterson & Langellier, 2006; Ronkainen & Ryba 2020). To conceptualize how athletes’ evolving self-concepts might be comprised of multiple identities, we introduce Dialogical Self Theory (DST; Hermans & Kempen, 1993) which has been previously applied to research surrounding identity and transitions, such as childhood development and cultural migration (Hermans & Gieser, 2012). According to the theory, one’s inner world is made up of several “I”-positions which are constantly positioned relative to each other (Konopka et al., 2018). These “I-positions” are by nature dynamic and can move depending on changes in time and situation (Hermans & Hermans-Konopka, 2010). Pauha and Ronkainen (2021) applied DST to their recent examination of conflicting positions of an intersectional identity. Their interesting findings demonstrating an athlete in dialogue have inspired our current project which seeks to answer: How are identities negotiated in athletes’ stories during retirement from elite sport? Semi-structured interviews informed by The Life Story Interview (Atkinson,1998), with ten recently retired elite athletes were conducted at one to three months after they officially announced their retirement to Swiss Olympic. Interviews were conducted in person and lasted on average 90 minutes. Preliminary results from the narrative analysis are discussed and provide insights of the various, non-performance related “I”-positions present amongst athletes. A case study is used to illustrate the implicit ways in which elite athletes may or may not engage in “identity work” while transitioning out of their careers, along with the practical implications of these findings. References Atkinson, R. (1998). The life story interview. Sage. Brewer, B. W., van Raalte, J. L., & Linder, D. E. (1993). Athletic identity: Hercules’ muscles or Achilles heel? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(2), 237–254. Brewer, B. W., & Petitpas, A. J. (2017). Athletic identity foreclosure. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.004 Cosh, S. M., McNeil, D. G., & Tully, P. J. (2021). Poor mental health outcomes in crisis transitions: An examination of retired athletes accounting of crisis transition experiences in a cultural context. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(4), 604–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2020.1765852 Douglas, K., & Carless, D. (2006). Performance, discovery, and relational narratives among women professional tournament golfers. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 15(2), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.15.2.14 Douglas, K., & Carless, D. (2009). Abandoning the performance narrative: Two women's stories of transition from professional sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(2), 213-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200902795109 Hermans, H. J., & Gieser, T. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of dialogical self theory. Cambridge University Press. Hermans, H., & Hermans-Konopka, A. (2010). Dialogical self theory: Positioning and counter-positioning in a globalizing society. Cambridge University Press. Hermans, H. J. M., & Kempen, H. J. G. (1993). The dialogical self: Meaning as movement. Academic Press. Konopka, A., Hermans, H. J., & Gonçalves, M. M. (2018). The dialogical self as a landscape of mind populated by a society of I-positions. In Handbook of Dialogical Self Theory and Psychotherapy (pp. 9-23). Routledge. Kuettel, A., Boyle, E., & Schmid, J. (2017). Factors contributing to the quality of the transition out of elite sports in Swiss, Danish, and Polish athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 29, 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.11.008 Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes’ career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 22–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2012.687053 Pauha, T., & Ronkainen, N. (2022). ‘Strong and courageous’ but ‘constantly insecure’: dialogical self theory, intersecting identities, and Christian mixed martial arts. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 14(3), 428-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2021.1937297 Peterson, E. E., & Langellier, K. M. (2006). The performance turn in narrative studies. Narrative Inquiry, 16(1), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.16.1.22pet Ronkainen, N. J., & Ryba, T. V. (2020). Developing narrative identities in youth pre-elite sport: Bridging the present and the future. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 12(4), 548-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1642238 Warriner, K., & Lavallee, D. (2008). The retirement experiences of elite female gymnasts: Self identity and the physical self. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200801998564

Children's school readiness is important to discuss because learning loss is an obstacle in preparing early childhood to enter elementary school. This study aims to look at parents' perceptions of their children's readiness for school during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses a quantitative descriptive survey research design to collect measurable data for statistical analysis from a population sample. The results show that preparing children for school during and after the COVID-19 pandemic is very different from the usual practice. Parents are required to provide appropriate stimulation to children at home to replace the role of teachers at school and restore the motivation and willingness of children to enter elementary school. The perception of parents is certainly very influential on the stimulation that will be given to children. Keywords: early childhood education, parents’ perceptions, school readiness References: Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Olson, L. S. (2007). Lasting Consequences of the Summer Learning Gap. American Sociological Review, 72(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200202 Araújo, L. A. de, Veloso, C. F., Souza, M. de C., Azevedo, J. M. C. de, & Tarro, G. (2021). The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child growth and development: A systematic review. Jornal de Pediatria, 97(4), 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.008 Atkinsonová, R. L., Atkinson, R. C., SMITH, E. E., Herman, E., Bem, D. J., & Petržela, M. (1995). Psychologies. Victoria Publishing. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Tj9OAAAACAAJ Bao, X., Qu, H., Zhang, R., & Hogan, T. P. (2020). Modeling Reading Ability Gain in Kindergarten Children during COVID-19 School Closures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176371 Benner, A. D., & Mistry, R. S. (2020). Child Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic Through a Life Course Theory Lens. Child Development Perspectives, 14(4), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12387 Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., & Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699 Colizzi, M., Sironi, E., Antonini, F., Ciceri, M. L., Bovo, C., & Zoccante, L. (2020). Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of COVID-19 in autism spectrum disorder: An Online Parent Survey. Brain Sciences, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060341 Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (Fifth edition). Pearson. Cushon, J. A., Vu, L. T. H., Janzen, B. L., & Muhajarine, N. (2011). Neighborhood Poverty Impacts Children’s Physical Health and Well-Being Over Time: Evidence from the Early Development Instrument. Early Education and Development, 22(2), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409280902915861 Duncan, R. J., Duncan, G. J., Stanley, L., Aguilar, E., & Halfon, N. (2020). The kindergarten Early Development Instrument predicts third grade academic proficiency. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 53, 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.05.009 Engzell, P., Frey, A., & Verhagen, M. D. (2021). Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(17), e2022376118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022376118 Friedman, M. M., Bowden, V. R., & Jones, E. (2003). Family Nursing: Research, Theory & Practice. Prentice Hall. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mkBtAAAAMAAJ Gobbi, E., Maltagliati, S., Sarrazin, P., di Fronso, S., Colangelo, A., Cheval, B., Escriva-Boulley, G., Tessier, D., Demirhan, G., Erturan, G., Yüksel, Y., Papaioannou, A., Bertollo, M., & Carraro, A. (2020). Promoting Physical Activity during School Closures Imposed by the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Physical Education Teachers’ Behaviors in France, Italy and Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249431 Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental Burnout and Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00172-2 Hevia, F. J., Vergara-Lope, S., Velásquez-Durán, A., & Calderón, D. (2022). Estimation of the fundamental learning loss and learning poverty related to COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. International Journal of Educational Development, 88, 102515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102515 Jandrić, P. (2020). Postdigital Research in the Time of Covid-19. Postdigital Science and Education, 2(2), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00113-8 Kuhfeld, M., Tarasawa, B., Johnson, A., Ruzek, E., & Lewis, K. (2020). Initial findings on students’ reading and math achievement and growth. 12. Maldonado, J. E., & De Witte, K. (2022). The effect of school closures on standardised student test outcomes. British Educational Research Journal, 48(1), 49–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3754 McDowell, K., Jack, A., & Compton, M. (2018). Parent Involvement in Pre-Kindergarten and the Effects on Student Achievement. The Advocate, 23(6). https://doi.org/10.4148/2637-4552.1004 Nevid, J. S. (2012). Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=TpxZXwAACAAJ Skulmowski, A., & Rey, G. D. (2020). COVID-19 as an accelerator for digitalization at a German university: Establishing hybrid campuses in times of crisis. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(3), 212–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.201 Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents’ Stress and Children’s Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713 Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A. J., Britto, P. R., Dreyer, B., Leckman, J. F., Lye, S. J., Ponguta, L. A., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. (2020). Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions. The Journal of Pediatrics, 223, 188–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.020

COVID-19 has greatly affected the education sector compelling educators to adapt to online teaching and platforms quite abruptly. Thus, this study aims to determine the impact of this pandemic on the life of college faculty and its consequences on their social, emotional, and personal aspects due to the transition from physical classes to online lectures and design a support program to help reframe and alleviate its impacts. This is a descriptive study using a convergent mixed methods design. Employing a snowball sampling technique, a modified web-based global questionnaire that is divided into 7 sections, was administered via Google forms. With the use of SPSS v. 23, results showed from 81 respondents in 37 universities that despite the limited time and resources in the preparation, the faculty displayed an adaptive behavior. Remarkably, the narratives related impacts of emergency remote education on personal life circumstances more than what the figures showed in the statistical analysis. Three important words emerged with ambivalent themes as the general views on COVID -19 as generated by NVivo QSR: life, time and changes. Using Braun-Clarke approach to thematic analysis, the narratives also evoked that spirituality and emotions play a significant role in coping. The support program was designed with the academic, social and emotional aspects in the key result areas with proposed program and activities such as educational policy on the pedagogy of care, continuing digital literacy program, social support elements of emotional concern, instrumental aid, appraisal, virtual socialization and also conduct of webinars, workshop series and fellowship as coping mechanisms.ReferencesAristovnik, A., Keržič, D., Ravšelj, D., Tomaževič, N., & Umek, L. (2020). A Global Student Survey “Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students”. Global Database 2020. http://www.covidsoclab.org/global-studentsurvey/globaldatabase/83.Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., Lambert, S. R., Al-Freih, M., Pete, J., Olcott, Jr., D. , Rodes, V., Aranciaga, I., Bali, M., Alvarez, Jr. A.V., Roberts, J., Pazurek, A., Raffaghelli, J. E., Panagiotou, N., de Coëtlogon, P., Shahadu, Brown, M., Asino, T. I., Tumwesige, J., Reyes, T. R., Ipenza, EB., Ossiannilsson, E., Bond, M., Belhamel, K., Irvine, V., Sharma, R. C., Adam, T., Janssen, B., Sklyarova, T., Olcott, N., Ambrosino, A., Lazou, C., Mocquet, B., Mano, M., & Paskevicius, M. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 Pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis, Asian Journal of Distance Education (15),1.Carstensen, L. L. , Shavit, Y. Z. & Barnes, J. T. (2020). Age Advantages in Emotional Experience Persist Even Under Threat From the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychological Science, 31(11) 1374–1385 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797620967261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620967261 www.psychologicalscience.org/PSCreswell, J. W. & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc. https://www.google.com.ph/booksDilorio, C. K. (2006). Measurement in health behavior: Methods for research and evaluation. Wiley.Hebebci, M. T., Bertiz, Y., & Alan S. (2020). Investigation of Views of Students and Teachers on Distance Education Practices during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science.Howitt, D. & Cramer, D. (2017). Research methods in Psychology. (5th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.Korkmaz, G. & Toraman, Ç. (2020). Are we ready for the post-COVID-19 educational practice? An investigation into what educators think as to online learning. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science (IJTES), 4(4), 293-309. ISSN: 2651-5369Kraft, M. A., Simon, N. S. & Lyon, MA. (2020). Sustaining a Sense of Success: The Importance of Teacher Working Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Annenberg Brown University EdWorkingPaper No. 20-279.Nicomedes, CJ. C. Arpia, HM. S., Roadel, RM.,Venus , CA. S., Dela Vega, AF, Ibuna, JM. T., & Avila, RM. A. An Evaluation on Existential Crisis of Filipinos during the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341411489Nicanor-Perlas, N. (18 April 2020). Covid-19 Pandemic: the Philippine Experience: The Case for a Precision Quarantine and Immunity (PQI) Approach A Briefing Paper. www.covidcalltohumanity.orgNolen-Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B. L., Loftus, G. R. & Wagenaar, W. A. (2009). Atkinson & Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology.(15th ed), Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Polit, D. F. & Beck, C. T. (2006). The Content Validity Index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing and Health (29), 489-497. www.interscience.wiley.com DOI: 10.1002/nur.20147Prime, H., Wade, M. & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and Resilience in Family Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic AmericanPsychological Association 2020, 75, (5), 631–643 ISSN: 0003-066X http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660Rathus, S. A. (2012). PSYCH. (2nd Ed). WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning. 238.Stage, F. K. &, Manning, K. (Eds.). (2016). Research in the college context: Approaches and methods (2nd ed.) Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.Talidong, KJ. B. & Toquero, CM. D. Philippine Teachers’ Practice to Deal with Anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, 25, (6–7), 573–579 https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1759225

The effects of biochar and biochar combined with N-fertilizer on the content of soil organic matter in water-stable aggregates were investigated. A field experiment was conducted with different biochar application rates: B0 control (0 t ha-1), B10 (10 t ha-1) and B20 (20 t ha-1) and 0 (no N), 1st and 2nd levels of nitrogen fertilization on silt loam Haplic Luvisol (Dolna Malanta, Slovakia), in 2014. The N doses of level 1 were calculated on required average crop production using balance method. Level 2 included additional 100% of N in year 2014 and additional 50% of N in year 2016. The effects were investigated during the growing seasons of spring barley and spring wheat in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Results indicate that the B20N2 treatment significantly increased the proportion of water-stable macro-aggregates (WSAma) and reduced water-stable micro-aggregates (WSAmi). Aggregate stability increased only in the B20N1 treatment. The B20N2 treatment showed a robust decrease by 27% in the WSAma of 0.5-0.25 mm. On the other hand, an increase by 56% was observed in the content of WSAma with fractions 3-2 mm compared to the B0N0 treatment. The effect of N fertilizer on WSAma was confirmed only in the case of the B10N2 treatment. The proportion of WSAma with fractions 3-2 mm decreased by 42%, while the size fraction of 0.5-0.25 mm increased by 30% compared to the B10N0 treatment. The content of WSAma with fractions 1-0.5 mm decreased with time. On the contrary, the content of WSAma with particle sizes above 5 mm increased with time in all treatments except the B10N2 and B20N2 treatments. A statistically significant trend was identified in the proportion of WSA in the B10N2 and B20N2 treatments, which indicates that biochar with higher application levels of N fertilizer stabilizes the proportion of water-stable aggregates. In all treatments, the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and labile carbon (CL) in WSAmi was lower than those in WSAma. A considerable decrease of SOC in the WSAma >5 mm and an increase of SOC in WSAmi were observed when biochar was applied at the rate of 10 t ha-1. Contents of SOC in WSAmi increased as a result of adding biochar combined with N fertilizer at first level. CL in WSA significantly increased in all size fractions of WSA.References Abiven S., Hund A., Martinsen V., Cornelissen G., 2015. Biochar amendment increases maize root surface areas and branching: a shovelomics study in Zambia. Plant Soil, 342, 1-11. Agegnehu G., Bass A.M., Nelson P.N., and Bird M.I., 2016. Benefits of biochar, compost and biochar–compost for soil quality, maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions in a tropical agricultural soil. Sci. Tot. Environ., 543, 295-306. Angers D.A., Samson N., Legere A., 1993. 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Geoderma, 245-246, 56-64. Herath H.M.S.K., Camps-Arbestain M., Hedley M., 2013. Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils: an Alfisol and an Andisol. Geoderma, 209-210, 188-197. Hillel D., 1982, Introduction to soil physics. Academic Press, San Diego, CA , 364 p. Chenu C., Plante A., 2006. Clay-sized organo-mineral complexes in a cultivation chronosequence: revisiting the concept of the “primary organo-mineral complex”. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 56, 596-607. IUSS Working Group WRB., 2014. World reference base for soil resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports, 106, FAO, Rome., 112p. Jeffery S., Verheijen F.G.A., Van der Velde M., Bastos A.C., 2011. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agr. Ecosys. Environ., 144, 175-187. Jien S.H., Wang Ch.S., 2013. 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Land use impacts on SOC fractions and aggregate stability in typic Ustochrepts of Northwest India. Plant Soil, 339, 457-470. Six J., Bossuyt H., Degryze S., Denef K., 2004. A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Till. Res., 79, 7-31. Six J., Elliott E.T., Paustian K., 2000. Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation: A mechanism for C sequestration under no-tillage agriculture. Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 2099-2103. Soinne H., Hovi J., Tammeorg P., Turtola E., 2014. Effect of biochar on phosphorus sorption and clay soil aggregate stability. Geoderma, 219-220, 162-167. Simansky V., 2013. Soil organic matter in water-stable aggregates under different soil management practices in a productive vineyard. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 59(9), 1207-1214. Simansky V., Jonczak J., 2016. Water-stable aggregates as a key element in the stabilization of soil organic matter in the Chernozems. Carp. J. Earth Environ. 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Chronic hypoxia causes polyamine-dependent hypertensive pulmonary vascular remodeling (J. E. Atkinson. J. W. Olson, R. J. Altierre, and M. N. Gillespie, J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 1562–1568, 1987), but mechanisms by which lung polyamine contents are elevated have not been established. This study measured polyamine contents, biosynthetic activities, and transport in lungs of rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude: 4,570 m) for 4–14 days. Hypoxia increased lung contents of spermidine and spermine within 40 h and of putrescine within 4 days. These changes preceded hypoxia-induced increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and development of right ventricular hypertrophy. Additional experiments determined whether increased lung polyamine contents could be ascribed to elevated activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in conversion of ornithine to putrescine. Lung ODC activity did not differ from controls at 40 h posthypoxia and was reduced below control levels from 4–14 days of exposure. Putrescine transport kinetics were assessed in isolated, salt solution-perfused lungs. Apparent Km for putrescine uptake was increased from 10.4 microM in control lungs to 16.9 microM in lungs from rats maintained for 7 days in an hypoxic environment. Maximal velocity (Vmax) of lung putrescine transport was increased from 1.67 nmol.g-1.min-1 in controls to 2.65 in hypoxic lungs. Putrescine efflux also was altered by hypoxic exposure; T1/2 for loss of diamine from a slowly effluxing pool was increased from 60.6 min in controls to 91.5 min in hypoxic lungs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Tarnopolsky, M. A., M. Bosman, J. R. MacDonald, D. Vandeputte, J. Martin, and B. D. Roy. Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 1877–1883, 1997.—We have previously demonstrated that women did not increase intramuscular glycogen in response to an increased percent of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) (from 60 to 75% of energy intake) (M. A. Tarnopolsky, S. A. Atkinson, S. M. Phillips, and J. D. MacDougall. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 1360–1368, 1995). CHO and CHO-protein (Pro) supplementation postexercise can potentiate glycogen resynthesis compared with placebo (K. M. Zawadzki, B. B. Yaspelkis, and J. L. Ivy. J. Appl. Physiol. 72: 1854–1859, 1992). We studied the effect of isoenergetic CHO and CHO-Pro-Fat supplements on muscle glycogen resynthesis in the first 4 h after endurance exercise (90 min at 65% peak O2 consumption) in trained endurance athletes (men, n= 8; women, tested in midfollicular phase, n = 8). Each subject completed three sequential trials separated by 3 wk; a supplement was provided immediately and 1-h postexercise: 1) CHO (0.75 g/kg) + Pro (0.1 g/kg) + Fat (0.02 g/kg), 2) CHO (1 g/kg), and 3) placebo (Pl; artificial sweetener). Subjects were given prepackaged, isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets, individualized to their habitual diet, for the day before and during the exercise trial. During exercise, women oxidized more lipid than did men ( P< 0.05). Both of the supplement trials resulted in greater postexercise glucose and insulin compared with Pl ( P < 0.01), with no gender differences. Similarly, both of these trials resulted in increased glycogen resynthesis (37.2 vs. 24.6 mmol ⋅ kg dry muscle−1 ⋅ h−1, CHO vs. CHO-Pro-Fat, respectively) compared with Pl (7.5 mmol ⋅ kg dry muscle−1 ⋅ h−1; P < 0.001) with no gender differences. We conclude that postexercise CHO and CHO-Pro-Fat nutritional supplements can increase glycogen resynthesis to a greater extent than Pl for both men and women.

Maturation of rotavirus occurs in the ER. The virus transiently acquires an ER-derived membrane surrounding the virus particle before the eventual formation of double-shelled particles. The maturation process includes the retention and selective loss of specific viral protein(s) as well as the ER-derived membrane during formation of the outer capsid of the mature virus. When infected cells were depleted of Ca++ by use of the ionophore A23187 in calcium-free medium, membrane-enveloped intermediates were seen to accumulate. When Mn++, an efficient Ca++ competitor, was used to replace Ca++ in the medium, the accumulation of the enveloped intermediate was again observed, pointing to an absolute requirement of Ca++ in the maturation process. It was previously demonstrated in this laboratory that a hetero-oligomeric complex of NS28, VP7, and VP4 exists which may participate in the budding of the single-shelled particle into the ER (Maass, D. R., and P. H. Atkinson, 1990. J. Virol. 64:2632-2641). The present study demonstrates that either in the absence of Ca++ or in the presence of tunicamycin, a glycosylation inhibitor, VP7 is excluded from these hetero-oligomers. In the presence of Mn++, VP4 was blocked in forming a hetero-oligomeric complex with NS28 and VP7. The electrophoretic mobility of the viral glycoproteins synthesized in the presence of the ionophore were found to be altered. This size difference was attributed to altered N-linked glycosylation and carbohydrate processing of the viral glycoproteins. These results imply a major role for calcium and the state of glycosylation of NS28 in the assembly and acquisition of specific viral protein conformations necessary for the correct association of proteins during virus maturation in the ER.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the impact of Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) on Islamic Social Responsibility (ISR) by Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia. Secondary data were collected from the annual reports of 14 Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia from 2010 to 2020, resulting in 125 firm-year data. A panel data regression was applied to analyze the data. The analysis results show that SSB age, cross-membership, and meeting frequency have a positive effect on ISR, whereas size has a negative effect. However, this analysis results did not manage to support the effect of SSB qualifications (Ph.D.) and expertise on ISR. The findings imply that SSB needs to increase the frequency of meetings to improve its supervisory function over Shariah banks' management, including in encouraging more comprehensive ISR disclosure. The contribution of this research is that research focuses on the characteristics of SSB on ISR by using Sharia Enterprise Theory (SET) to provide a better understanding of how these factors influence the implementation of ISR in the sharia context. Keywords: Sharia Supervisory Board Characteristics, Social Reporting, Islamic Bank, Indonesia ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyelidiki dampak SSB terhadap Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) oleh Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia. Data sekunder dikumpulkan dari laporan tahunan 14 Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia sejak 2010 hingga 2020, menghasilkan 125 data firm-year. Regresi data panel diterapkan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa usia SSB, lintas keanggotaan, dan frekuensi pertemuan berpengaruh positif pada ISR, sedangkan ukuran berpengaruh negatif. Namun hasil analisis ini tidak mendukung pengaruh kualifikasi (Ph.D.) dan keahlian SSB terhadap ISR. 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ABSTRACT As a central component of innate immunity, complement activation is a critical mechanism of containment and clearance of microbial pathogens in advance of the development of acquired immunity. Several pathogens restrict complement activation through the acquisition of host proteins that regulate complement activation or through the production of their own complement regulatory molecules (M. K. Liszewski, M. K. Leung, R. Hauhart, R. M. Buller, P. Bertram, X. Wang, A. M. Rosengard, G. J. Kotwal, and J. P. Atkinson, J. Immunol. 176:3725-3734, 2006; J. Lubinski, L. Wang, D. Mastellos, A. Sahu, J. D. Lambris, and H. M. Friedman, J. Exp. Med. 190:1637-1646, 1999). The infectious stage of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi produces a surface-anchored complement regulatory protein (CRP) that functions to inhibit alternative and classical pathway complement activation (K. A. Norris, B. Bradt, N. R. Cooper, and M. So, J. Immunol. 147:2240-2247, 1991). This study addresses the genomic complexity of the T. cruzi CRP and its relationship to the T. cruzi supergene family comprising active trans-sialidase (TS) and TS-like proteins. The TS superfamily consists of several functionally distinct subfamilies that share a characteristic sialidase domain at their amino termini. These TS families include active TS, adhesions, CRPs, and proteins of unknown functions (G. A. Cross and G. B. Takle, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 47:385-411, 1993). A sequence comparison search of GenBank using BLASTP revealed several full-length paralogs of CRP. These proteins share significant homology at their amino termini and a strong spatial conservation of cysteine residues. Alternative pathway complement regulation was confirmed for CRP paralogs with 58% (low) and 83% (high) identity to AAB49414. CRPs are functionally similar to the microbial and mammalian proteins that regulate complement activation. Sequence alignment of mammalian complement control proteins to CRP showed that these sequences are distinct, supporting a convergent evolutionary pathway. Finally, we show that a clonal line of T. cruzi expresses multiple unique copies of CRP that are differentially recognized by patient sera.

Introduction Systematic assessment of load and recovery in athletes is essential for effectively adjusting various training demands and their corresponding recovery measures (Kellmann et al., 2018), thereby reducing the risk of nonfunctional overreaching, overtraining, and potential subsequent injuries and illnesses (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2012). The information obtained from the assessment can support athletes, coaching staff, and their medical teams in the tightrope act between performance optimisation and injury risk reduction. The expert consensus in the field of load and recovery monitoring and other research emphasises the importance of employing a multivariate approach for assessing load and recovery (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018). Various physiological and psychological measures should be used for this purpose (Heidari et al., 2019). In team sports, it is also required that these assessments be carried out quickly, non-invasively, and with minimal added burden on the athletes (Thorpe et al., 2017). In this research project, we developed a web application-based Load and Recovery Score (LRS) and evaluated its relationship with established load parameters. It is assumed that specific training and match load variables correlate negatively with the following day’s LRS when controlled for intra-subject variability. Methods 78 female and male athletes from the U18, U19 and U21 teams of the Swiss soccer club “BSC Young Boys” were selectively recruited. 71 players (32.4% female) with an average age of 17.9 years (SD = 1.2) were monitored over a minimum period of 35 days. A repeated-measure design by means of a five-to-seven-week prospective longitudinal data collection was used in this study. The dependent variable (LRS) and four other independent load variables were repeatedly measured over time in the same athletes. The LRS comprises eight subscales integrated into an interval-scaled score ranging from 0 to 120. A higher score indicates a better recovery state and lower loads. The players recorded values for these eight different subscales daily using the web application. The subscales include questions drawn from various previously validated questionnaires related to the player’s 1) Physical capability, 2) General state of regeneration, 3) Muscular stress, 4) Fatigue, 5) Mood, and 6) Sleep quality, contributing to the recovery component of the score. Additionally, there are two load subscales pertaining to the player’s 7) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and their 8) Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR). The entries are either directly recorded on an ordinal scale (0-6) or are converted to conform to this scale level. Daily logs are incorporated into the different subscale values using a specific algorithm. The algorithm is informed by current research recommendations and is a proprietary business secret. The independent variables included the subjective Player- and Trainer – Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (PSRPE/TSRPE), as well as two GPS and accelerometry-based parameters: Total distance covered (TD) and Total distance > 20km/h (TD20). To examine direction and strength of the relationship between the LRS and the above-mentioned measures of training and match load, various linear mixed-effects models (LMM) were fitted via restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Random intercepts were defined for each player to account for the repeated within-subject measurements (Fisher et al., 2018; Molenaar & Campbell, 2009; Neumann et al., 2021), and the demographic control variables Height, Body mass and Sex were included in the models. Furthermore, the variance explained by the random effects was calculated using Nakagawa’s marginal and conditional R2 for mixed models. Results All training and match load parameters demonstrated significant negative correlations with the subsequent day’s LRS. In the linear mixed-effects model analysis PSRPE and TSRPE showed similar fixed effects (-0.013, 95% CI [-0.017, -0.010], p < .001 versus -0.008, 95% CI [-0.011, -0.006], p < .001), while TD exhibited stronger associations (-0.668, 95% CI [-0.979, -0.355], p < .001) than TD20 (-0.009, 95% CI [-0.012, -0.006], p < .001). The addition of control variables did not significantly influence direction or magnitude of the model’s effects. Variance explained by the residual factor ID (defining each individual) was high (≥ 0.444) in all of the analyses and post-hoc analyses on the influence of the variables Playing position and Sex showed high variation between these subgroups. Discussion/Conclusion The results show that the LRS has significant negative associations when controlled for repeated within-subject measurements with different subjective and objective training and match load measures, such as the PSRPE, the TSRPE, TD, and TD20. Therefore, it can track the effect of those variables whilst also being an indicator of different recovery parameters. All training and match load variables behave according to the a priori assumption and correlate negatively with the following day’s LRS. This is in line with the available literature, where it has already been shown that certain parameters, which are also part of the score, show good moderate to strong evidence for associations with different load indicators. The fact that the variance explained by the residual factor ID and the influence of grouping variables (Playing position/Sex) was high in all the analyses is consistent with current research (Hader et al., 2019; Neumann et al., 2021), where the impact of the different load parameters on recovery varied across groups and individuals. No single marker can provide global information (Temm et al., 2022) regarding an athlete’s recovery. The comprehensive LRS offers a solution to that problem because it can track different load parameters in elite youth soccer players and present multiple accepted recovery and load measures separately and on an individual level so that athletes, coaches and staff can use it to enhance their knowledge of responses (Bourdon et al., 2017) and determine future training and match load as well as suited means of recovery. By doing this, injury risk could be reduced and performance optimised. The ultimate decision of which monitoring tools to work with should remain with the sports professionals. It is essential that the protocol has reasonable practicability and uses an individualised (Temm et al., 2022), and multimodal approach, including biological and social aspects (Heidari et al., 2019). References Bourdon, P. C., Cardinale, M., Murray, A., Gastin, P., Kellmann, M., Varley, M. C., Gabbett, T. J., Coutts, A. J., Burgess, D. J., Gregson, W., & Cable, N. T. (2017). Monitoring athlete training loads: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(Suppl 2), S2161–S2170. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0208 Fisher, A. J., Medaglia, J. D., & Jeronimus, B. F. (2018). Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(27), E6106–E6115. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711978115 Hader, K., Rumpf, M. C., Hertzog, M., Kilduff, L. P., Girard, O., & Silva, J. R. (2019). Monitoring the athlete match response: Can external load variables predict post-match acute and residual fatigue in soccer? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 5(1), Article 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0219-7 Heidari, J., Beckmann, J., Bertollo, M., Brink, M., Kallus, W., Robazza, C., & Kellmann, M. (2019). Multidimensional monitoring of recovery status and implications for performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(1), 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0669 Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A. J., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Halson, S. L., Hecksteden, A., Heidari, J., Kallus, K. W., Meeusen, R., Mujika, I., Robazza, C., Skorski, S., Venter, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759 Molenaar, P. C. M., & Campbell, C. 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The introduction of basic computer media for early childhood is very important because it is one of the skills that children need in this century. Need to support parents and teachers in developing the implementation of the use of computer technology at home or at school. This study aims to determine and understand the state of learning conducted based on technology. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study model. This study involved 15 children and 5 parents. Data obtained through interviews (children and parents) and questionnaires for parents. The results showed that children who were introduced to and taught basic computers earlier became more skilled in learning activities. Suggestions for further research to be more in-depth both qualitatively and quantitatively explore the use of the latest technology to prepare future generations who have 21st century skills. 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O Estágio Curricular Supervisionado é uma política educacional, na qual os alunos-professores realizam a prática pedagógica em sua área profissional em uma escola de educação básica, sob a responsabilidade de um profissional já habilitado. Com base em pesquisa qualitativa interpretativa (ERICKSON, 1990; MASON, 1996) de orientação etnográfica (HAMMERSLEY; ATKINSON, 2007), neste trabalho analisamos como ocorrem os momentos de orientação entre uma professora universitária e uma dupla de alunos-professores em uma turma de Estágio de Inglês. Os dados foram gerados em uma universidade pública federal localizada no sul do Brasil por meio de anotações de campo, gravações em áudio e vídeo, pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados apontam que, no cenário investigado, há quatro tipos de orientação ao longo do semestre: orientação a distância, orientação em grupo, feedback pós-observação e encontros individuais. Identificamos que, nas orientações, a prática pedagógica dos alunos-professores era tanto o ponto de partida quanto o de chegada (PÉREZ-GÓMEZ, 1995). Além disso, verificou-se que, nessas interações, os alunos-professores, conjuntamente com as professoras orientadoras, refletiam sobre sua própria ação (SCHÖN, 1983), considerando retrospectivamente e prospectivamente a sua prática (PERRENOUD, 2002). Por fim, há evidências de que os momentos de orientação entre a professora universitária e os alunos-professores provocaram mudanças em seus conhecimentos, suas práticas e atitudes profissionais e, há indícios de que essas mudanças repercutiram positivamente no aprendizado dos alunos da escola. Assim, no contexto analisado, convites à participação, reflexões sobre soluções para situações enfrentadas pelos licenciandos na sua prática docente, o estabelecimento de uma relação de colaboração, bem como o fornecimento de exemplos concretos de como levar a cabo as sugestões, contribuíram para a formação desses alunos-professores.Referências:BIAZI, T. M.; GIMENEZ, T.; STUTZ, L. O Papel da Observação de Aulas Durante o Estágio Supervisionado de Inglês. SIGNUM: Estud. Ling., n. 14, p. 57-78, 2011.CARDOSO, P. C. S. The myth of nativity: a case study on how identities are co-constructed in a language classroom. 2011. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Letras), Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011.CELANI, M. A. A. Ensino de línguas estrangeiras: ocupação ou profissão?. In: LEFFA, V. J. O professor de línguas estrangeiras: construindo a profissão. 2. ed., Pelotas: EDUCAT, 2008, p. 23-43.CHAMBERLIN, C. R. TESL Degree Candidates’ Perceptions of Trust in Supervisors. 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Professores-autores-formadores: Princípios e experiências para a formação de profissionais de educação linguística. In: MATEUS, E.; TONELLI, J. R. A. (Orgs.). Diálogos (im)pertinentes entre formação de professores e aprendizagem de línguas. São Paulo: Blucher, 2017. p. 13-36.GIMENEZ, T.; CRISTOVÃO, V. L. L. Derrubando paredes e construindo pontes: formação de professores de língua inglesa na atualidade. Rev. Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, v. 4, n. 2, p. 85-95, 2004.GIMENEZ, T.; RAMOS, S. G. M. Planejamento e implementação de curso online como atividade de estágio curricular na área de inglês. Ilha do Desterro, n. 66, p. 101-131, 2014.HAMMERSLEY, M.; ATKINSON, P. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 3. ed. Routledge: London, 2007.JEFFERSON, G. Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In: LERNER, G. H. (Ed.). Conversation analysis: studies from the first generation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2004, p. 13-31.MASON, J. Qualitative researching. Londres: Sage, 1996.NÓVOA, A. Professores: Imagens do futuro presente. Lisboa: Educa, 2009.PÉREZ-GÓMEZ, A. O pensamento prático do professor: a formação do professor como profissional reflexivo. In: NÓVOA, A. Os professores e a sua formação. 2. ed. Lisboa: Dom Quixote, 1995. p. 93-114.PERRENOUD, P. A prática reflexiva no ofício de professor: profissionalização e razão pedagógica. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2002.PIMENTA, S. G. O estágio na formação de professores: unidade entre teoria e prática?. Cad. Pesq., n. 94, p. 58-73, 1995.PIMENTA, S. G.; LIMA, M. S. L. Estágio e Docência. 7. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2012.REICHMANN, C. L. A professora regente disse que aprendeu muito: a voz do outro e o trabalho do professor iniciante no estágio. Raído, v.8 , n.15, p. 33-44, 2014.________. Práticas de letramento docente no estágio supervisionado de letras estrangeiras. Rev. Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, v. 12, n. 4, p. 933-954, 2012.RICHTER, D. et al. How different mentoring approaches affect beginning teachers’ development in the first years of practice. Teaching and Teacher Education, v. 36, p. 166-177, 2013.SALDAÑA, J. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2009.SCHÖN, D. The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books, 1983.SINCLAIR, J.; COULTHARD, M. Towards an analysis of discourse. In: COULTHARD, M. Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis. Londres: Routledge, 1992, p. 1-34.TONELLI, J. R. A. Contextos (In)Explorados no Estágio Supervisionado nas Licenciaturas em Letras/Inglês: o lugar da observação de aulas nos dizeres de alunos-mestres. SIGNUM: Estudos da linguagem, v. 19, n. 2, p. 35-65, 2016.Recebido em 25-01-2021Revisões requeridas em 31-03-2021Aceito em 21-04-2021

Background:Previous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) studies have identified potential clusters of SLE clinical manifestations post diagnosis.Objectives:To describe the presentation of SLE at diagnosis across different cohorts of patients and describe management and outcomes after diagnosis within clusters.Methods:Cross-sectional study of 263 rheumatologists in the US and EU5. Data were collected from the Adelphi Real World 2015 Lupus Disease Specific Programme. Rheumatologists completed patient record forms (PRFs) for the next 5 prospectively consulting SLE patients; these patients completed patient self-completion (PSC) forms describing how SLE affected them. PRF data includes patient’s characteristics and management history. PSCs focused on similar data collection, including patient reported outcome measures on the humanistic burden. Age at diagnosis, symptoms at diagnosis, organ involvement at diagnosis, and severity at diagnosis were used as covariates in a latent cluster analysis.Results:Data were extracted from 1376 PRFs. Cluster analysis resulted in up to 6 clusters, and disease understanding led to the selection of a 4-cluster solution.Cluster 1 displayed the mildest disease, characterised by joint involvement, while cluster 2 displayed more skin involvement in conjunction with joint. Cluster 3 were characterised by renal involvement and cluster 4 had skin and joint involvement, but also high constitutional and haematological involvement at diagnosis (Table 1).Table 1Cluster analysisClustersOrgan involvement at diagnosis, n (%)Overall(n=1304)1(n=210)2(n=493)3(n=162)4(n=439)p-valueMusculoskeletal1145 (87.8)174 (82.9)444 (90.1)134 (82.7)393 (89.5)0.0065Mucocutaneous898 (68.9)5 (2.4)397 (80.5)95 (58.6)401 (91.3)<0.0001Neuropsychiatric87 (6.7)19 (9.0)9 (1.8)16 (9.9)43 (9.8)<0.0001Cardiorespiratory176 (13.5)36 (17.1)14 (2.8)22 (13.6)104 (23.7)<0.0001Gastrointestinal44 (3.4)8 (3.0)14 (2.8)8 (4.9)14 (3.2)0.6115Opthalmic47 (3.6)020 (4.1)10 (6.2)17 (3.9)0.0102Renal213 (16.6)15 (7.1)9 (1.8)162 (100)27 (6.2)<0.0001Constitutional425 (32.6)45 (21.4)89 (18.1)55 (34.0)236 (53.8)<0.0001Haematological452 (34.7)64 (30.5)22 (4.5)80 (49.4(286 (65.1)<0.0001Severity at diagnosis, n (%)Mild209 (16.0)55 (26.2)99 (20.1)1 (0.6)54 (12.3)<0.0001Moderate806 (61.8)122 (58.1)324 (65.7)75 (46.3)285 (64.9)Severe289 (22.2)33 (15.7)70 (14.2)86 (53.1)100 (22.8)Significant between-cluster differences were observed when comparing outcomes; cluster 4 have been diagnosed longest (mean weeks diagnosed 354.6 v. 1: 232.6, 2: 228.7, 3: 338.2, p<0.0001). Cluster 3 consulted more in the last 12 months (mean number of visits 7.9 vs. 1: 5.7, 2: 6.3, 4: 7.6).Significant differences were also observed between clusters in relation to current treatment proportions: corticosteroid (highest cluster 3: 78.4%), immunosuppressant (highest cluster 3: 75.3%), biologic DMARD (highest cluster 4: 17.8%) and antidepressant (highest cluster 4: 4.1%).Conclusion:This study demonstrates the heterogeneity of SLE at diagnosis and highlights four distinct presentations of the disease at diagnosis. Significant proportions of patients present with advanced disease, these clusters go on to present the greatest burden demonstrating the need for better diagnostic tools and novel earlier intervention.Study funded by Johnson and Johnson.Disclosure of Interests:Zahi Touma Consultant of: Consultant for Janssen, Ben Hoskin Consultant of: Consultant for Janssen, Christian Atkinson Consultant of: Consultant for Janssen, David Bell Consultant of: Janssen, Olivia Massey Consultant of: Janssen, Jennifer H. Lofland Employee of: Janssen, Pamela Berry Employee of: Janssen, Chetan Karyekar Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Consultant of: Janssen, Employee of: Janssen Global Services, LLC. Previously, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Abbott Labs., Karen Costenbader Grant/research support from: Merck, Consultant of: Astra-Zeneca

Li-ion secondary batteries are used in many applications and technologies as energy storage devices because of their relatively high Coulombic efficiency and energy and/or power density. However, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are prone to safety concerns (e.g., thermal runaway), which limit their application [1]. Thermal conditions are one of the major parameters that influence the safety and performance of LIBs due to temperature-dependent electrochemistry. Low temperatures [2] and high temperatures [3] have distinct effects on LIB electrochemistry and are well-reported in the literature. Although non-uniform thermal conditions are more practical during use, the effect of various non-uniform thermal conditions is not fully understood. A non-uniform temperature distribution can easily develop inside Li-ion cells by surface cooling, and the resulting thermal gradient can have adverse effects. Moreover, the direction of the thermal gradient can dictate local transport mechanisms and can cause different degradation modes [4]. Thus, further assessment of the impact of thermal gradients is needed to fully understand the fundamental electrochemical mechanisms, performance, and safety implications. In this work, we quantify the thermo-electrochemical sensitivity of LIBs to modulating interelectrode thermal gradients in synchronization with electrochemical cycling using a custom test facility. Instrumented single-layer pouch cells are fabricated using NMC cathodes and graphite anodes. The internal temperature of each electrode is obtained in real-time using a thin thermistor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is performed before and after galvanostatic cycling at C/5, and the magnitude and the direction of the thermal gradient in synchronization with cell cycling is varied. Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. Michele Anderson (Office of Naval Research, grant N00014-21-1-2307) for financial support of this work. The authors also acknowledge Dr. Corey Love and Dr. Rachel Carter (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory) for technical discussion of this work. References [1] X. Wu, K. Song, X. Zhang, N. Hu, L. Li, W. Li, L. Zhang, H. Zhang, Safety Issues in Lithium Ion Batteries: Materials and Cell Design, Frontiers in Energy Research, 7 (2019). [2] H.P. Lin, D. Chua, M. Salomon, H.C. Shiao, M. Hendrickson, E. Plichta, S. Slane, Low-temperature behavior of Li-ion cells, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 4(6) (2001) A71-A73. [3] P. Ramadass, B. Haran, R. White, B.N. Popov, Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures, Journal of Power Sources, 112(2) (2002) 614-620. [4] R. Carter, T.A. Kingston, R.W. Atkinson, M. Parmananda, M. Dubarry, C. Fear, P.P. Mukherjee, C.T. Love, Directionality of thermal gradients in lithium-ion batteries dictates diverging degradation modes, Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(3) (2021) 100351.

Thin-film solid oxide fuel cells are receiving increasing attention within the scientific community thanks to their high energy density and high efficiency in different temperature ranges. To be utilized as power supply systems for portable electronic devices, thin-film solid oxide fuel cells must demonstrate high power supply and low-temperature operation capabilities. Both capabilities are highly dependent on the function of the electrolyte layer, commonly comprised of ceramic mixed-ionic-electronic conductors [1]. The state-of-the-art thin-film solid oxide fuel cells utilize yttrium stabilized zirconia as an electrolyte material, despite its relatively low ionic conductivity within the typical working-temperature range of solid oxide fuel cells (up to 1000 °C). Moreover, the ionic conductivity of yttrium stabilized zirconia dramatically reduces with decreased temperature, limiting its performance as an electrolyte material for low-temperature (below 600 °C) solid oxide fuel cells [2]. Gadolinia doped ceria is an alternative promising electrolyte material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Its relatively high ionic conductivity below 600 °C makes it attractive as an electrolyte material although its partial electronic conductivity is a significant drawback [3]. This drawback is more pronounced in ultra-thin layers (sub-micron scale) solid oxide fuel cells devices. As a result, gadolinia doped ceria have been utilized only to a limited extent for thin-film solid oxide fuel cells. The issue of partial electronic conductivity might be resolved thanks to a non-conventional deposition technique of polycrystalline gadolinia doped ceria thin films. The proposed sputtering technique includes metallic alloy target and results in a granular morphology, as opposed to the columnar morphology obtained using the conventional sputtering method. As electrical conductivity of polycrystalline thin films is higher along the grain boundaries [4], gadolinia doped ceria layers with random crystallographic orientation are expected to be less electronically conductive. Here, we investigated the integration and the performance of granular gadolinia doped ceria as an electrolyte material for thin-film solid oxide fuel cells. The electronic-conduction properties along the grain boundaries of gadolinia doped ceria were studied, and a thin-film solid oxide fuel cell prototype was fabricated. Such devices with engineered grain boundaries hold the potential for low-temperature operation, high power output, and silicone-compatibility for novel integration opportunities and bulk-fabrication. References: [1] Baek, J. D., Chang, I., & Su, P. C. (2020). Thin-film solid oxide fuel cells. In Materials for Energy (pp. 239-283). CRC Press. [2] Shi, H., Su, C., Ran, R., Cao, J., & Shao, Z. (2020). Electrolyte materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 30(6), 764-774. [3] Brett, D. J., Atkinson, A., Brandon, N. P., & Skinner, S. J. (2008). Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Chemical Society Reviews, 37(8), 1568-1578. [4] Guo, X., & Waser, R. (2006). Electrical properties of the grain boundaries of oxygen ion conductors: acceptor-doped zirconia and ceria. Progress in Materials Science, 51(2), 151-210.

Abstract Background Most breast cancers (~85%) are of no special histologic subtype (NST), and the most common special subtype is invasive lobular cancer (ILC). ILC accounts for 10-15% of all breast cancers, and there will be ~40,000 new cases in 2022 in the US alone. If considered an “independent” cancer type, ILC is the 6th most common cancer in women. The pathognomonic feature of ILC is loss of E-cadherin (CDH1). The resulting lack of adherens junctions causes the unique single-file growth pattern of discohesive ILC cells, which decreases the ability for detection by mammography, in turn resulting in late detection and hence larger tumors. Although ILCs show better prognostic factors than NST, patients with ILC have worse long-term outcome, which is not well understood. Additionally, ILC has historically been understudied, which is in part due to lack of appropriate research models. For example, the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) contains 54 NST cell lines but only 2 ILC cell lines, and only a limited number of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are evident in the published literature. There is a critical need for additional in vitro and in vivo models to study ILC biology, as well as to test targeted therapies. ILC PDX and patient derived xenograft organoids (PDXO) are particularly valuable tools to enable target validation and assess drug treatment response. Methods To identify and validate new ILC PDX models, we used Champions Oncology’s Lumin Bioinformatics to screen Champions’ collection of breast cancer models (n=126) for PDX harboring CDH1 mutation and/or low E-cadherin expression. We performed histological analysis on selected PDX models including H&E staining, and immunohistochemical assessment of E-cadherin, P120, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2 and Ki67. Models with 2+ HER2 staining were assessed by FISH. All staining was interpreted by a certified breast pathologist. PDX tumor tissue was further used to develop PDXO models. Results Using Champions Oncology’s Lumin tool, we identified 10 putative ILC PDX models based upon CDH1 mutation, low E-cadherin mRNA expression, or clinical annotation of ILC (Table 1). Of the 10 PDX models analyzed, two cases were clinically annotated as ILC, while the remainder were classified as ‘carcinoma’ (n=5) or as NST (n=3). Histologic analysis revealed loss of E-cadherin and cytoplasmic P120 (lobular pattern) in 8/10 models assessed, and pathologic assessment confirmed these as having a lobular histology. IHC analysis classified these PDXs as 5 TNBC and 5 ER+ tumors, with none showing amplification of HER2 by FISH. All tumors demonstrated high (35%, n=1) or very high (&gt;55%, n=9) Ki67 proliferation marker levels. We further developed PDXOs from one PDX model as proof of concept, and the resulting organoid demonstrated classic ‘grape-like’ ILC morphology. Conclusion Our study demonstrates how existing PDX banks with in-depth multi-omic and pathology analyses can be interrogated to identify models of unique histological and molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Of the PDX models selected from Champions Oncology’s breast cancer cohort, 7 models were classified as ILC either through re-classification from NST/carcinoma to ILC or confirmation of ILC histology. In addition, 1 PDX was re-classified as mixed type. Some of these models are ER+/HER- and thus have the classic molecular features of ILC. Our collaborative omics guided approach allows for reclassification of PDX models to increase available research models for unique breast cancer subtypes such as ILC which in turn will enhance translational research in unique histological subtypes of breast cancer. Citation Format: Jennifer M. Atkinson, Megan Yates, Daniel D. Brown, Jagmohan Hooda, Rohit Bhargava, Paolo Schiavini, Marianna Zipeto, Steffi Oesterreich, ADRIAN V. LEE. Combining multiomics and histological assessment to identify patient derived xenograft models of invasive lobular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-10.

Background:Takayasu Arteritis is a chronic, large vessel arteritis that commonly involves the aorta and its major branches, mostly the ascending/descending aorta, subclavian arteries, and carotids [1].Herein, we report a case of a 23 year-old medically free Indian male who presented to our hospital in acute distress complaining of cough, hemoptysis and shortness of breath for one week as well as intermittent fever and fatigue for five months. He presented with a BP of 140/100 mmHg as well was both systolic and early diastolic murmurs in the mitral and aortic areas, respectively. He also had a paraumbilical bruit and unilateral clubbing in the left hand with digital ischemia of the left index finger. Doppler ultrasound of the left arm showed monophasic flow pattern with low velocity in left distal radial, distal ulnar, and all digital arteries, except the second digital arteries; low velocity in the median artery; and no flow in the lateral artery of second digit (Figure 1). Computed tomography angiogram (CT Angio) (Figure 2) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis showed fusiform aneurysm dilatation of the thoracic aorta extending into the right braciocephalic and subclavian arteries as well as the right common carotid artery.Figure 1.Figure 2.Unilateral clubbing in patients with TA occurs as a result of subclavian artery stenosis that leads to tissue ischemia and hypoxia [2-4]. In turn, the bone marrow release megakaryocytes, which enter the systemic circulation when an A-V shunt exists [5]. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (release from megakaryocytes) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels are highly expressed in the connective tissues of nail beds, leading to its proliferation and platelets clumps‘ accumulation [6, 7].Objectives:To report the fourth case worldwide and third case of an adult, respectively, with Takayasu’s arteritis who presents with unilateral clubbing.Methods:Our patient was started on pulse steroid therapy of methylprednisolone 1 gram IV od for 5 days and later switched to prednisolone 20 mg po BID. He also received methotrexate 10 mg PO once weekly and rituximab 750 mg IV stat; another dose of rituximab was given two weeks later.Results:His clubbing has significantly improved within 2 weeks of starting immunosuppressive therapy. He was discharged with follow up on methotrexate 12.5 mg PO once weekly and prednisilone 20 mg PO OD (to be tapered). Clubbing improved by a rate of 60% two weeks following discharge in two weeks.Conclusion:In all four cases of Takayasu arteries presenting with unilateral clubbing, patients’ clinical condition including presence of clubbing improved after initiation of immunosuppressive therapy.References:[1]Alibaz-Öner, F., Aydin, S. Z., & Direskeneli, H. (2015). Recent advances in Takayasu’s arteritis.European Journal of Rheumatology,2(1), 24–30.[2]Kaditis AG, Nelson AM, Driscoll DJ. Takayasu\’s arteritis presenting with unilateral digital clubbing. J Rheumatol 1995;22:2346-8.[3]Ishikawa M, Okada J, Kondo H. Takayasu’s arteritis with transient clubbed finger. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:629-30.[4]Bivilibal M, Duru N, Dogdu G, Elevli M, Ayta S. A Takayasu’s Arteritis Case with Unilateral Digital Clubbing. Turk J Rheumatol. 2011;26(2):163–166.[5]Martínez-Lavín M. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1997 Jan;9(1):83-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 9110140.[6]Dickinson CJ, Martin JF. Megakaryocytes and platelet clumps as the cause of finger clubbing. Lancet 1987;2:1434-5.[7]Atkinson S, Fox SB. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) play a central role in the pathogenesis of digital clubbing. J Pathol 2004;203:721-8.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Background:Although there is abundant literature on healthcare utilization in SLE patients, the impact of disease activity in SLE patients is not well understood.Objectives:To quantify the impact of disease activity, as measured by SLEDAI score and drug burden, in SLE patients on health care resource utilization (HCRU), health related quality of life (HRQoL) and work productivity (WP).Methods:Data were collected from a cross-sectional survey of 754 rheumatologists in US and EU5 from the Adelphi Real World 2010/2013/2015 Lupus Disease Specific Programmes (DSP). Physicians were asked to complete patient record forms (PRFs) for the next 5 prospectively consulting SLE patients; the same patients were asked to complete patient self-completion (PSC) forms describing how SLE affected them. PRFs collected data pertaining to the patient’s diagnosis, disease history, current clinical outcomes, treatment and management history. PSCs focused on similar data collection and included patient reported outcome measures (PROs). Propensity score matching was used to assess differences in HCRU and PRO scores between SLE patients who had a low disease activity and those who had a high disease activity. Low disease activity was defined as a SLEDAI score of ≤4, a steroid dose of <7.5mg/day, and not on immunosuppressant or biologic. High disease activity was a SLEDAI score of >4, or on an immunosuppressant, biologic, or steroid dose of >7.5mg/day. Patients were matched on age, sex, and ethnicity.Results:Data was extracted from 1278 PRFs, and 591 PSCs. Using the estimated propensity score each low disease activity patient (n=44) was matched with a high disease activity patient (n=1187). Using 1:1 matching, with replacement and allowing for ties, matching resulted in 414 high disease activity patients being used as matches for 44 low disease activity patients. Demographic data are reported in Table 1. Patients with a low disease activity were significantly less likely to be currently flaring, lower number of flares in last 12 months, less likely to have been hospitalized in the last 12 months, had fewer consultations in the last 12 months, reported better HrQoL (EQ5D), more favourable levels of fatigue (FACIT), and lower work impairment (WPAI). (Table 2).Table 1.Demographic dataVariableLow disease activityHigh disease activityMean age (years)38.140.0% Female90.788.2% White/Caucasian76.767.7Mean years diagnosed5.55.0Table 1.Propensity score matching resultsOutcome variableLow activity meanHigh activity meanCoefficient95% CIp-valueFlared in the last 12 months11.6337.97-0.26[-0.38 – -0.14]<0.001Number of flares in last 12 months0.210.70-0.49[-0.72 - -0.26]<0.001Hospitalised in last 12 months4.6514.98-0.10[-0.17 – -0.04]0.001Number of consults in last 12 months2.843.52-0.68[-1.19 – -0.17]0.009EQ-5D-3L0.780.880.10[0.03 – 0.17]0.004FACIT Fatigue34.6839.865.19[0.80 – 9.57]0.02WPAI overall percentage work impairment14.4245.35-30.93[-45.32 – -16.54]<0.001Conclusion:Systemic lupus erythematosus patients with lower levels of disease activity are less burdensome to the healthcare system and experience a significantly better HRQoL and lower levels of productivity impairment. There is a need to establish a universal definition of low disease activity as a treatment goal to benefit patient quality of life and reduce HCRU.Study funded by Johnson and Johnson.Disclosure of Interests:Zahi Touma Consultant of: Consultant for Janssen, Ben Hoskin Consultant of: Consultant for Janssen, Christian Atkinson Consultant of: Consultant for Janssen, David Bell Consultant of: Janssen, James Pike Consultant of: Janssen, Jennifer H. Lofland Employee of: Janssen, Pamela Berry Employee of: Janssen, Chetan Karyekar Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Consultant of: Janssen, Employee of: Janssen Global Services, LLC. Previously, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Abbott Labs., Karen Costenbader Grant/research support from: Merck, Consultant of: Astra-Zeneca

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) have emerged as one of the most promising next-generation energy devices for both passenger-owned and heavy-duty vehicles due to their high energy efficiency, low emissions, and quiet operation. However, the performance of the fuel cell electrode is often limited by the strong specific adsorption of long sidechain (LSC) perfluoro-sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer onto the platinum (Pt) catalyst2, which results in a decrease in the electrocatalytic activity1 as well as increase oxygen mass transport resistenace at the MEA level. To address this issue, a short sidechain (SSC) ionomer has been developed, which has been found to exhibit excellent efficiency over LSC ionomer3 The reduced specific adsorption of SSC ionomer onto the Pt catalyst results in a higher available surface area for the electrochemical reaction, which improves the overall fuel cell performance. The sidechain length of ionomers plays a crucial role in determining the overall cell performance4 however, due to the differences between them, the interactions among slurry components are not yet fully understood. Unlike the previous literatures, we investigates the details of ionomer sidechain length and its impact on the interaction among slurry components and resulting electrode microstructure, through a comparative analysis of LSC and SSC ionomers.5 Our hypothesis propose that the physical interactions between components are considerably impacted by the sidechains with a specific emphasis on the mobility and ion-pair association in the slurry. To probe the influence of ionomer sidechains, we conducted a thorough investigation wherein incrementally varied its concentration from 0 to 1.5 mmolSO3-gC -1, at intervals of 0.3 mmolSO3-gC -1. The main purpose of this evaluation was to observe the evolution of particle aggregation according to the correlation between adsorbed ionomer and free ionomer in electrode slurry. Drawing from the U-shaped viscosity profile obtained through rheological measurements, we propose an optimized ionomer concentration of 0.6 mmolSO3-gC -1 for the SSC ionomer-based slurry and 0.9 mmolSO3-gC -1 for the LSC ionomer-based slurry. To characterize the microstructure of the as-prepared electrode, we employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy, with a focus on particle agglomeration and the homogeneous ionomer distribution. Finally, the electrochemical analysis was performed on the fabricated membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in a 25 cm² single cell for a cathode Pt loading of 0.1 mgPtcm⁻². As a result, the optimized SSC ionomer-based electrode exhibited low local O₂ transport resistance and high Pt utilization, leading to over a 40 % enhancement in fuel cell performance at 0.6 V with a high proton accessibility value above 0.85 when compared to the optimized LSC ionomer-based electrode. This study highlights the crucial importance of understanding the effects of ionomer sidechain length on electrode slurry interactions and microstructure and establishes a significant correlation between them. Our findings contribute to the ongoing development of high-performance PEFCs, offering valuable insights into optimizing electrode composition and structure for enhanced fuel cell performance. (1) Ahn, C.-Y.; Park, J. E.; Kim, S.; Kim, O.-H.; Hwang, W.; Her, M.; Kang, S. Y.; Park, S.; Kwon, O. J.; Park, H. S. Differences in the electrochemical performance of Pt-based catalysts used for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells in liquid half-and full-cells. Chemical Reviews 2021, 121 (24), 15075-15140. (2)Kodama, K.; Motobayashi, K.; Shinohara, A.; Hasegawa, N.; Kudo, K.; Jinnouchi, R.; Osawa, M.; Morimoto, Y. Effect of the side-chain structure of perfluoro-sulfonic acid ionomers on the oxygen reduction reaction on the surface of Pt. ACS Catalysis 2018, 8 (1), 694-700. (2) Garsany, Y.; Atkinson, R. W.; Sassin, M. B.; Hjelm, R. M.; (3) Gould, B. D.; Swider-Lyons, K. E. Improving PEMFC Performance Using Short-Side-Chain Low-Equivalent-Weight PFSA Ionomer in the Cathode Catalyst Layer. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2018, 165 (5), F381-F391. (4) Ramaswamy, N.; Kumaraguru, S.; Koestner, R.; Fuller, T.; Gu, W.; Kariuki, N.; Myers, D.; Dudenas, P. J.; Kusoglu, A. Editors’ Choice—Ionomer Side Chain Length and Equivalent Weight Impact on High Current Density Transport Resistances in PEMFC Cathodes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2021, 168 (2), 024518. (5) Mauritz, K. A.; Moore, R. B. State of Understanding of Nafion. Chemical Reviews 2004, 104 (10), 4535-4586. DOI: 10.1021/cr0207123.

School readiness during early childhood establishes the fundamental basis for prospective academic achievement, emphasizing the necessity for a comprehensive preparation that encompasses both mental and physical readiness. The current study examines the impact of child well-being and family support on school readiness among young learners. This Study used a correlational quantitative approach, the research involved 139 children between the ages of 4 and 7, along with their parents and 30 teachers selected through purposive sampling based on their socioeconomic status. The participants included 54.7% boys (n=76) and 45.3% girls (n=63) from families with varying income levels – low-income (25%), middle-income (29%), and upper-middle-income (46%). The results of the regression analysis indicated that both family support and child well-being have a significant influence on children's school readiness. Particularly, there is a notable positive association among all factors, a correlation between school readiness and child well-being at 42% (r = 0.420, p < 0.001), highlighting that higher levels of child well-being are linked to increased school readiness. Furthermore, family support exhibits a positive contribution to school readiness at 37% (r = 0.370, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that preparing children for school should extend beyond academic and motor skills development to include substantial psychological support, thus enhancing their ability to thrive in an academic environment. Keywords: early childhood, Emotion, Emotion regulation, parenting, happiness References: Atkins, R., Deatrick, J. A., Bocage, C., Huc, R., Aromolaran, D., Besseir, E., Hinckson, A., Joseph, M., Kim, D., Lagman, D., Gladsden, V. L., & Lipman, T. H. (2022). School Readiness and Social Determinants of Health: A Collaboration with Community Teachers and Parents. 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The present article involves a qualitative study of the framing of dementia in ‘Alzheimer’s and Dementia’, the Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, published in 2016. The aim of this study is to elucidate how dementia is framed qualitatively in the corpus consisting of scientific articles involving dementia published in ‘Alzheimer’s and Dementia’. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate that dementia is represented in ‘Alzheimer’s and Dementia’ in 2016 as the frames associated with gender, age, costs, caregiver and care-recipients, disability and death, health policy, spatial orientation, medical condition, and ethnic groups. These findings are further discussed in the article. References Andrews, J. (2011). We need to talk about dementia. Journal of Research in Nursing, 16(5),397–399. Aronowitz, R. (2008). Framing Disease: An Underappreciated Mechanism for the SocialPatterning Health. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 1–9. Bayles, K. A. (1982). 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Introduction: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by a period of β cell dysfunction prior to β cell death. During this time, β cells lack a first-phase insulin response and exhibit an intolerance to glucose. However, the underlying mechanisms of this dysfunction remain unclear. Here, we use live human pancreas tissue slices (LPTS) to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying β cell dysfunction in T1D. Methods: LPTS from organ donors without diabetes (ND, n=13), donors without T1D and positive for one (sAAb+, n=6) or multiple T1D-relavent autoantibodies (mAAb+, n=2), and individuals with short-duration T1D (T1D+, n=9) were studied. Simultaneous time-lapse Ca2+ imaging and CD3+ T-cell tracking were conducted to assess alterations in β-cell function. Additionally, fixed pancreas sections (ND, n=8; sAAb+, n=7; mAAb+, n=7; T1D+, n=6) were probed with a panel of 22 antibodies to investigate mechanisms underlying β-cell dysfunction including insulin, CD3, ATP5B (a mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit), and ATPIF1 (ATP synthase inhibitor). Results: Islets within LPTS from ND and AAb+ donors exhibited typical Ca2+ mobilization in response to high glucose (HG) and potassium chloride (KCl) stimulations. Islets from T1D+ donors had significantly diminished Ca2+ responses to HG compared to ND donors (p&lt;0.05, one-way ANOVA). Low glucose and KCl stimulations between ND, AAb+, and T1D+donors were similar, indicating that the dysfunction occurs in the glucose metabolism pathway. Additionally, there were no significant differences in HG responses in insulitic and non-insulitic islets from T1D+ LPTS with both being dysfunctional. Fixed tissue staining revealed a significant (p&lt;0.0001, two-way ANOVA) decrease in mitochondria in β cells from T1D+ donors. Conclusion: The loss of HG responses in T1D+ β cells independent of the local T cell infiltration, coupled with the decrease in mitochondria, indicates that the dysfunction likely originates in the β cell and contributes to T1D pathogenesis. Disclosure M. Huber: None. A. Widener: None. D. Smurlick: None. H. Hiller: None. M. Beery: None. E. Verney: None. I. Kusmartseva: None. M. Campbell-Thompson: None. M.A. Atkinson: None. C.E. Mathews: None. E. Phelps: Research Support; Immunocore, Ltd, MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC. Funding T32DK108736F31DK130607P01; AI42288 R01DK132387

This article is based on the Cognitive Psychology /Information Processing Theory, with emphasis on the study of the learning strategies used by university teachers in order to learn. This study is to analyze the frequency which undergraduate professors from a university in the north of Paraná use learning strategies related to sociodemographic variables. A total of 56 teachers participated in the study, being 57.14% female and 42.46% male ones. The data collection was done online using the Google Drive forms. The results showed that most of the teachers use more the Cognitive and Metacognitive Self-Regulation strategies comparing to the ones of Internal Resources Self-regulation and Contextual and Social. That female participants and teachers from the Letras Vernáculas (Portuguese teaching course) department are the most strategic teachers comparing to the one’s. It is important to emphasize the need for undergraduate courses to include in their syllabus some content about learning strategies, in order to provide to the teachers access to new models of teaching how to learn.ResumoEste artigo fundamenta-se na Psicologia Cognitiva/Teoria do Processamento da Informação, com ênfase no estudo de estratégias de aprendizagem utilizadas por professores universitários para aprender. Analisa a frequência do uso de estratégias de aprendizagem de professores de uma universidade do norte do Paraná em função de variáveis sociodemográficas. Participaram da pesquisa 56 professores, sendo 57,14% do sexo feminino e 42,46% do sexo masculino. A coleta de dados foi online, por meio de formulários do Google Drive. Os resultados evidenciaram que grande parte dos professores utilizam com maior frequência as estratégias de Autorregulação Cognitivas e Metacognitivas se comparado as de Autorregulação de Recursos Internos/Contextual e Social. Os participantes do sexo feminino e professores do departamento de Letras Vernáculas apresentaram-se mais estratégicos. Ressalta-se a necessidade de incluir nos cursos de licenciatura os conteúdos sobre estratégias de aprendizagem, a fim de possibilitar aos professores acesso ao conhecimento de novos modelos de ensinar a aprender.ResumenEste artículo se fundamenta en la Psicología Cognitiva/Teoría del Procesamiento de la Información, con énfasis en el estudio de estrategias de aprendizaje utilizadas por profesores universitarios para aprender. Analizar la frecuencia de uso de estrategias de aprendizaje por parte de profesores de cursos de licenciatura de formación docente de una universidad del norte de Paraná, en función de variables sociodemográficas. Participaron de la investigación 56 profesores, de los cuales un 57,14% es de sexo femenino y un 42,46% de sexo masculino. La recolección de datos se realizó en línea, por medio de formularios de Google Drive. Los resultados evidenciaron que la mayor parte de los profesores utilizan más las estrategias de Autorregulación Cognitivas y Metacognitivas en comparación con las de Autorregulación de Recursos Internos/Contextual y Social. Los participantes del sexo femenino y profesores del departamento de Letras Vernáculas son los más estratégicos comparados con los demás. Se destaca la necesidad de que los cursos de licenciaturas de formación docente incluyan en sus contenidos sobre estrategias de aprendizaje, con el fin de posibilitar a los profesores el acceso a conocimiento de nuevos modelos de enseñar a aprender.Palavras-chave: Psicologia cognitiva, Estratégias de aprendizagem, Formação de professores. Keywords: Cognitive psychology, Learning strategies, Teacher training.Palabras clave: Psicología cognitiva, Estrategias de aprendizaje, Formación de profesores.ReferencesALLIPRANDINI, Paula Mariza Zedu; SCHIAVONI, Andreza; MÉLLO, Diene Eire de; SEKITANI, Juliane Tiemi. 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Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that a critical biologic determinant of T2D disparities is based on ethnicity-related differences in pancreatic islet function. Methods: Utilizing donor tissues from the NIDDK-funded Human Pancreas Analysis Program (HPAP) , we examined both insulin and glucagon secretion from nondiabetic and diabetic Caucasian and African American donor islets. Initially, a physiological amino acid mixture was used to stimulate glucagon secretion, followed by low and high glucose to stimulate insulin secretion and suppress glucagon secretion. During the high glucose step, IBMX (0.1 mM) is added to potentiate secretion of both hormones. Insulin and glucagon concentration in perifusates and islet extracts was measured by radioimmunoassay or ELISA. Statistical comparisons were drawn by repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Comparing nondiabetic islets, we observed overlapping insulin secretion profiles between both ethnicities; however, glucagon secretion was distinctly greater in both nondiabetic African American (+111%) islets compared to nondiabetic Caucasian islets, under all interventions. In T2D, the reduction in insulin secretion was significantly greater in African American T2D donors (high glucose -76%; IBMX -76%) compared to Caucasian T2D donors (high glucose -47%; IBMX -50%) . More strikingly, glucagon secretion in T2D donors was markedly different based on ethnicity. Whereas Caucasian T2D islets exhibited a similar baseline of glucagon secretion compared to Caucasian controls, there was a marked reduction of glucagon secretion overall in African American T2D donors (-70%) compared to their corresponding controls. The largest detected difference was in IBMX-potentiation of glucagon secretion, which is higher in Caucasian T2D donors (+103%) but significantly decreased in African American T2D donors (-76%) . Preliminary analysis of hormone content in a subset of the donor islet preparations revealed no differences according to ethnicity. Conclusions: We propose that ethnicity-related differences in nondiabetic islet function may contribute to the enhanced risk of T2D. Disclosure N. M. Doliba: None. M. Brissova: None. K. H. Kaestner: None. D. A. Stoffers: Other Relationship; Biomarin, Correlagen. J. Roman: None. A. V. Rozo: None. W. Qin: None. C. Liu: None. A. Naji: None. M. R. Rickels: Advisory Panel; Sernova, Corp., Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Zealand Pharma A/S, Consultant; L-Nutra Inc. M. A. Atkinson: None. A. C. Powers: None. Funding This work is supported by 3UC4-112217-01S1 and U01-DK123594-02, UC4-DK-112217, UC4-DK-112232, and U01-DK-123716.

In the 2019 documentary Chasing Happiness, recording artist/musician Joe Jonas tells audiences that the band was “living the dream”. Similarly, in the 2012 documentary Artifact, lead singer Jared Leto remarks that at the height of Thirty Seconds to Mars’s success, they “were living the dream”. However, for both the Jonas Brothers and Thirty Seconds to Mars, their experiences of the music industry (much like other commercially successful recording artists) soon transformed into nightmares. Similar to other commercially successful recording artists, the Jonas Brothers and Thirty Seconds to Mars, came up against the constraints of the industry which inevitably led to a forfeiting of authenticity, a loss of creative control, increased exploitation, and unequal remuneration. This work will consider how working in the music industry is not always a dream come true and can instead be viewed as a proverbial nightmare. Living the DreamIn his book Dreams, Carl Gustav Jung discusses how that which is experienced in sleep, speaks of a person’s wishes: that which might be desired in reality but may not actually happen. In his earlier work, The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud argued that the dream is representative of fulfilling a repressed wish. However, the creative industries suggest that a dream need not be a repressed wish; it can become a reality. Jon Bon Jovi believes that his success in the music industry has surpassed his wildest dreams (Atkinson). Jennifer Lopez considers the fact that she held big dreams, had a focussed passion, and strong aspirations the reason why she pursued a creative career that took her out of the Bronx (Thomas). In a Twitter post from 23 April 2018, Bruno Mars declared that he “use [sic] to dream of this shit,” in referring to a picture of him performing for a sold out arena, while in 2019 Shawn Mendes informed his 24.4 million Twitter followers that his “life is a dream”. These are but a few examples of successful music industry artists who are seeing their ‘wishes’ come true and living the American Dream.Endemic to the American culture (and a characteristic of the identity of the country) is the “American Dream”. It centres on “a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability and achievement” (Adams, 404). Although initially used to describe having a nice house, money, stability and a reasonable standard of living, the American Dream has since evolved to what the scholar Florida believes is the new ‘aspiration of people’: doing work that is enjoyable and relies on human creativity. At its core, the original American Dream required striving to meet individual goals, and was promoted as possible for anyone regardless of their cultural, socio-economic and political background (Samuel), because it encourages the celebrating of the self and personal uniqueness (Gamson). Florida’s conceptualisation of the New American dream, however, tends to emphasise obtaining success, fame and fortune in what Neff, Wissinger, and Zukin (310) consider “hot”, “creative” industries where “the jobs are cool”.Whether old or new, the American Dream has perpetuated and reinforced celebrity culture, with many of the young generation reporting that fame and fortune were their priorities, as they sought to emulate the success of their famous role models (Florida). The rag to riches stories of iconic recording artists can inevitably glorify and make appealing the struggle that permits achieving one’s dream, with celebrities offering young, aspiring creative people a means of identification for helping them to aspire to meet their dreams (Florida; Samuel). For example, a young Demi Lovato spoke of how she idolised and looked up to singer Beyonce Knowles, describing Knowles as a role model because of the way she carries herself (Tishgart). Similarly, American Idol winner Kelly Clarkson cited Aretha Franklin as her musical inspiration and the reason that she sings from a place deep within (Nilles). It is unsurprising then, that popular media has tended to portray artists working in the creative industries and being paid to follow their passions as “a much-vaunted career dream” (Duffy and Wissinger, 4656). Movies such as A Star Is Born (2018), The Coal Miner’s Daughter (1980), Dreamgirls (2006), Begin Again (2013) and La La Land (2016) exalt the perception that creativity, talent, sacrifice and determination will mean dreams come true (Nicolaou). In concert with the American dream is the drive among creative people pursuing creative success to achieve their dreams because of the perceived autonomy they will gain, the chance of self-actualisation and social rewards, and the opportunity to fulfil intrinsic motivations (Amabile; Auger and Woodman; Cohen). For these workers, the love of creation and the happiness that accompanies new discoveries (Csikszentmihalyi) can offset the tight budgets and timelines, precarious labour (Blair, Grey, and Randle; Hesmondhalgh and Baker), uncertain demand (Caves; Shultz), sacrifice of personal relationships (Eikhof and Haunschild), the demand for high quality products (Gil & Spiller), and the tense relationships with administrators (Bilton) which are known to plague these industries. In some cases, young, up and coming creative people overlook these pitfalls, instead romanticising creative careers as ideal and worthwhile. They willingly take on roles and cede control to big corporations to “realize their passions [and] uncover their personal talent” (Bill, 50). Of course, as Ursell argues in discussing television employees, such idealisation can mean creatives, especially those who are young and unfamiliar with the constraints of the industry, end up immersed in and victims of the “vampiric” industry that exploits workers (816). They are socialised towards believing, in this case, that the record label is a necessary component to obtain fame and fortune and whether willing or unwilling, creative workers become complicit in their own exploitation (Cohen). Loss of Control and No CompensationThe music industry itself has been considered by some to typify the cultural industries (Chambers). Popular music has potency in that it is perceived as speaking a universal language (Burnett), engaging the emotions and thoughts of listeners, and assisting in their identity construction (Burnett; Gardikiotis and Baltzis). Given the place of music within society, it is not surprising that in 2018, the global music industry was worth US$19.1billion (IFPI). The music industry is necessarily underpinned by a commercial agenda. At present, six major recording companies exist and between them, they own between 70-80 per cent of the recordings produced globally (Konsor). They also act as gatekeepers, setting trends by defining what and who is worth following and listening to (Csikszentmihalyi; Jones, Anand, and Alvarez). In essence, to be successful in the music industry is to be affiliated with a record label. This is because the highly competitive nature and cluttered environment makes it harder to gain traction in the market without worthwhile representation (Moiso and Rockman). In the 2012 documentary about Thirty Seconds to Mars, Artifact, front man Jared Leto even questions whether it is possible to have “success without a label”. The recording company, he determines, “deal with the crappy jobs”. In a financially uncertain industry that makes money from subjective or experience-based goods (Caves), having a label affords an artist access to “economic capital for production and promotion” that enables “wider recognition” of creative work (Scott, 239). With the support of a record label, creative entrepreneurs are given the chance to be promoted and distributed in the creative marketplace (Scott; Shultz). To have a record label, then, is to be perceived as legitimate and credible (Shultz).However, the commercial music industry is just that, commercial. Accordingly, the desire to make money can see the intrinsic desires of musicians forfeited in favour of standardised products and a lack of remuneration for artists (Negus). To see this standardisation in practice, one need not look further than those contestants appearing on shows such as American Idol or The Voice. Nowhere is the standardisation of the music industry more evident than in Holmes’s 2004 article on Pop Idol. Pop Idol first aired in Britain from 2001-2003 and paved the way for a slew of similar shows around the world such as Australia’s Popstars Live in 2004 and the global Idol phenomena. According to Holmes, audiences are divested of the illusion of talent and stardom when they witness the obvious manufacturing of musical talent. The contestants receive training, are dressed according to a prescribed image, and the show emphasises those melodramatic moments that are commercially enticing to audiences. Her sentiments suggest these shows emphasise the artifice of the music industry by undermining artistic authenticity in favour of generating celebrities. The standardisation is typified in the post Idol careers of Kelly Clarkson and Adam Lambert. Kelly Clarkson parted with the recording company RCA when her manager and producer Clive Davis told her that her album My December (2007) was “not commercial enough” and that Clarkson, who had written most of the songs, was a “shitty writer… who should just shut up and sing” (Nied). Adam Lambert left RCA because they wanted him to make a full length 80s album comprised of covers. Lambert commented that, “while there are lots of great songs from that decade, my heart is simply not in doing a covers album” (Lee). In these instances, winning the show and signing contracts led to both Clarkson and Lambert forfeiting a degree of creative control over their work in favour of formulaic songs that ultimately left both artists unsatisfied. The standardisation and lack of remuneration is notable when signing recording artists to 360° contracts. These 360° contracts have become commonplace in the music industry (Gulchardaz, Bach, and Penin) and see both the material and immaterial labour (such as personal identities) of recording artists become controlled by record labels (Stahl and Meier). These labels determine the aesthetics of the musicians as well as where and how frequently they tour. Furthermore, the labels become owners of any intellectual property generated by an artist during the tenure of the contract (Sanders; Stahl and Meier). For example, in their documentary Show Em What You’re Made Of (2015), the Backstreet Boys lament their affiliation with manager Lou Pearlman. Not only did Pearlman manufacture the group in a way that prevented creative exploration by the members (Sanders), but he withheld profits to the point that the Backstreet Boys had to sue Pearlman in order to gain access to money they deserved. In 2002 the members of the Backstreet Boys had stated that “it wasn’t our destinies that we had to worry about in the past, it was our souls” (Sanders, 541). They were not writing their own music, which came across in the documentary Show Em What You’re Made Of when singer Howie Dorough demanded that if they were to collaborate as a group again in 2013, that everything was to be produced, managed and created by the five group members. Such a demand speaks to creative individuals being tied to their work both personally and emotionally (Bain). The angst encountered by music artists also signals the identity dissonance and conflict felt when they are betraying their true or authentic creative selves (Ashforth and Mael; Ashforth and Humphrey). Performing and abiding by the rules and regulations of others led to frustration because the members felt they were “being passed off as something we aren’t” (Sanders 539). The Backstreet Boys were not the only musicians who were intensely controlled and not adequately compensated by Pearlman. In the documentary The Boy Band Con: The Lou Pearlman Story 2019, Lance Bass of N*Sync and recording artist Aaron Carter admitted that the experience of working with Pearlman became a nightmare when they too, were receiving cheques that were so small that Bass describes them as making his heart sink. For these groups, the dream of making music was undone by contracts that stifled creativity and paid a pittance.In a similar vein, Thirty Seconds to Mars sought to cut ties with their record label when they felt that they were not being adequately compensated for their work. In retaliation EMI issued Mars with a US$30 million lawsuit for breach of contract. The tense renegotiations that followed took a toll on the creative drive of the group. At one point in the documentary Artifact (2012), Leto claims “I can’t sing it right now… You couldn’t pay me all the money in the world to sing this song the way it needs to be sung right now. I’m not ready”. The contract subordination (Phillips; Stahl and Meier) that had led to the need to renegotiate financial terms came at not only a financial cost to the band, but also a physical and emotional one. The negativity impacted the development of the songs for the new album. To make music requires evoking necessary and appropriate emotions in the recording studio (Wood, Duffy, and Smith), so Leto being unable to deliver the song proved problematic. Essentially, the stress of the lawsuit and negotiations damaged the motivation of the band (Amabile; Elsbach and Hargadon; Hallowell) and interfered with their creative approach, which could have produced standardised and poor quality work (Farr and Ford). The dream of making music was almost lost because of the EMI lawsuit. Young creatives often lack bargaining power when entering into contracts with corporations, which can prove disadvantaging when it comes to retaining control over their lives (Phillips; Stahl and Meier). Singer Demi Lovato’s big break came in the 2008 Disney film Camp Rock. As her then manager Phil McIntyre states in the documentary Simply Complicated (2017), Camp Rock was “perceived as the vehicle to becoming a superstar … overnight she became a household name”. However, as “authentic and believable” as Lovato’s edginess appeared, the speed with which her success came took a toll on Lovato. The pressure she experienced having to tour, write songs that were approved by others, star in Disney channel shows and movies, and look a certain way, became too much and to compensate, Lovato engaged in regular drug use to feel free. Accordingly, she developed a hybrid identity to ensure that the squeaky clean image required by the moral clauses of her contract, was not tarnished by her out-of-control lifestyle. The nightmare came from becoming famous at a young age and not being able to handle the expectations that accompanied it, coupled with a stringent contract that exploited her creative talent. Lovato’s is not a unique story. Research has found that musicians are more inclined than those in other workforces to use psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs (Vaag, Bjørngaard, and Bjerkeset) and that fame and money can provide musicians more opportunities to take risks, including drug-use that leads to mortality (Bellis, Hughes, Sharples, Hennell, and Hardcastle). For Lovato, living the dream at a young age ultimately became overwhelming with drugs her only means of escape. AuthenticityThe challenges then for music artists is that the dream of pursuing music can come at the cost of a musician’s authentic self. According to Hughes, “to be authentic is to be in some sense real and true to something ... It is not simply an imitation, but it is sincere, real, true, and original expression of its creator, and is believable or credible representations or example of what it appears to be” (190). For Nick Jonas of the Jonas Brothers, being in the spotlight and abiding by the demands of Disney was “non-stop” and prevented his personal and musical growth (Chasing Happiness). As Kevin Jonas put it, Nick “wanted the Jonas Brothers to be no more”. The extensive promotion that accompanies success and fame, which is designed to drive celebrity culture and financial motivations (Currid-Halkett and Scott; King), can lead to cynical performances and dissatisfaction (Hughes) if the identity work of the creative creates a disjoin between their perceived self and aspirational self (Beech, Gilmore, Cochrane, and Greig). Promoting the band (and having to film a television show and movies he was not invested in all because of contractual obligations) impacted on Nick’s authentic self to the point that the Jonas Brothers made him feel deeply upset and anxious. For Nick, being stifled creatively led to feeling inauthentic, thereby resulting in the demise of the band as his only recourse.In her documentary Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017), Lady Gaga discusses the extent she had to go to maintain a sense of authenticity in response to producer control. As she puts it, “when producers wanted me to be sexy, I always put some absurd spin on it, that made me feel like I was still in control”. Her words reaffirm the perception amongst scholars (Currid-Halkett and Scott; King; Meyers) that in playing the information game, industry leaders will construct an artist’s persona in ways that are most beneficial for, in this case, the record label. That will mean, for example, establishing a coherent life story for musicians that endears them to audiences and engaging recording artists in co-branding opportunities to raise their profile and to legitimise them in the marketplace. Such behaviour can potentially influence the preferences and purchases of audiences and fans, can create favourability, originality and clarity around artists (Loroz and Braig), and can establish competitive advantage that leads to producers being able to charge higher prices for the artists’ work (Hernando and Campo). But what impact does that have on the musician? Lady Gaga could not continue living someone else’s dream. She found herself needing to make changes in order to avoid quitting music altogether. As Gaga told a class of university students at the Emotion Revolution Summit hosted by Yale University:I don’t like being used to make people money. It feels sad when I am overworked and that I have just become a money-making machine and that my passion and creativity take a backseat. That makes me unhappy.According to Eikof and Haunschild, economic necessity can threaten creative motivation. Gaga’s reaction to the commercial demands of the music industry signal an identity conflict because her desire to create, clashed with the need to be commercial, with the outcome imposing “inconsistent demands upon” her (Ashforth and Mael, 29). Therefore, to reduce what could be considered feelings of dissonance and inconsistency (Ashforth and Mael; Ashforth and Humphrey) Gaga started saying “no” to prevent further loss of her identity and sense of authentic self. Taking back control could be seen as a means of reorienting her dream and overcoming what had become dissatisfaction with the commercial processes of the music industry. ConclusionsFor many creatives working in the creative industries – and specifically the music industry – is constructed as a dream come true; the working conditions and expectations experienced by recording artists are far from liberating and instead can become nightmares to which they want to escape. The case studies above, although likely ‘constructed’ retellings of the unfortunate circumstances encountered working in the music industry, nevertheless offer an inside account that contradicts the prevailing ideology that pursuing creative passions leads to a dream career (Florida; Samuel). If anything, the case studies explored above involving 30 Seconds to Mars, the Jonas Brothers, Lady Gaga, Kelly Clarkson, Adam Lambert and the Backstreet Boys, acknowledge what many scholars writing in the creative industries have already identified; that exploitation, subordination, identity conflict and loss of control are the unspoken or lesser known consequences of pursuing the creative dream. That said, the conundrum for creatives is that for success in the industry big “creative” businesses, such as recording labels, are still considered necessary in order to break into the market and to have prolonged success. This is simply because their resources far exceed those at the disposal of independent and up-and-coming creative entrepreneurs. Therefore, it can be argued that this friction of need between creative industry business versus artists will be on-going leading to more of these ‘dream to nightmare’ stories. The struggle will continue manifesting in the relationship between business and artist for long as the recording artists fight for greater equality, independence of creativity and respect for their work, image and identities. 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Michael Watts of Purdue University reviews “Better Living through Economics” edited by John J. Siegfried. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Twelve papers and fourteen comments explore the fundamental contributions of economic research to important public policy decisions over the past half century. Papers discuss the evolution of emissions trading; better living through improved price indexes; economics and the Earned Income Tax Credit;….” Arthur J. Robson of Simon Fraser University reviews “The Bounds of Reason: Game Theory and the Unification of the Behavioral Sciences” by Herbert Gintis. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Explores how key concepts from the behavioral sciences can complement game theory in providing insights into human behavior. Discusses decision theory and human behavior; game theory--basic concepts; game theory and human behavior; rationalizability and common knowledge of rationality; extensive for….” Robert A. 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1. Introduction: How the word 'chat' can be demeaning I think the editors mean the word 'chat' to be something of a tease. They remind us that to call something 'chat' might be to strip it of anything more serious or substantial it might be doing and, by extension, to weaken pretty well all talk. It joins 'mere talk', 'rhetoric', 'chatter' and of course 'gossip', with the pungent flavouring of sexism as an added extra. It seems that chat is limp, directionless, passive. Whoever gets to call something 'chat' has scored a win in a battle. Let's just stay with this image for a moment. Suppose it is a rhetorical victory. Scored for which side? In a battle against who or what? Well, for a commonsense view of the world that rates objects over practices, things over their descriptions, and facts over the discovery of facts. And that commonsense view, of course, is the high street version of tangled scholars' web of philosophies -- realism, materialism and essentialism. But breathe easy, because I'm not going to get us stuck in that web. All I want to do is point out -- as has long been pointed out before, especially by feminists taking a cool look at 'female language' - that some uses of the word 'chat' betray a very old-fashioned view of language. To call this edition of M/C 'Chat' is to examine that attitude. The editors want to rate practices over objects, descriptions over what they describe, and the act of discovery over what is discovered. Or at least, even if one doesn't all want to go that far, to redress the balance a little in each case. The attitude the editors want to correct is a rather complacent one. It takes people's exchange of talk as just that; as a means of transmitting what's in one person's head into the head of the other person, more or less. Inefficient, noisy and unreliable, but fixable by technology. This is, of course the 'conduit' metaphor so devastatingly unmasked by Reddy in 1979. But it would be good to see some actual examples of real people really using the word; all this has been rather hypothetical so far. In fact, what we shall find is a bit of a paradox. It turns out, if I can prefigure the action, that when people use the word 'chat' to decribe some stretch of talk, what they want to do (at least in the data I have) is not to sneer at it -- quite the contrary. But it is nevertheless highly rhetorical. It does a job. The speaker tends to use it to promote a description of a warm, informal and above all blameless event, just when there might be reason to believe that in fact something rather different would be more accurate. 2. How to analyse talk as consequential? Let me pause for a moment. Soon I shall be doing a quick survey of some examples of actual live usage of the word. I should say, in parenthesis, that M/C offered me the wonderful opportunity of actually having a link to an audio sample of these extracts, and had the data come from public sources (say from talk radio or a political speech) then I would have jumped at the chance. That way you would have been able yourself to catch the flavour of the talk undiluted by transcription conventions and the overwhelming blandness of print. But all the extracts I shall use in the article are from private conversations, the participants in which didn't give permission for their voices to be broadcast, so I'm afraid that opportunity must be passed up. But given I have transcripts, what now? How to think about language-in-use? Obviously, I have to put my money where my mouth is and treat them not like 'chat' in that demeaning, inconsequential caricature I mentioned at the beginning (and against which this whole issue of M/C is dedicated). What are the broad alternatives available? There are, loosely speaking, two sorts of things one could do, familiar to all students of language. A couple of images will be helpful, if a bit crude. The first is the pearl necklace. Here, the interesting things about the talk are its content (pearls or ivory pieces?) and its setting (one string? two?). Less fancifully, the interest is in asking: what words, what speakers, what occasion? You can trace that from William Labov and his street-level sociolinguistics (1972), or further back if you want to. What you get is a thorough rejection of the words + settings = chat. You discover, by empirical comparison of what words in what settings, such thorough non-'chat' states of affairs as social location, social discourses and social power. If the pearl necklace doesn't appeal -- it seems a bit static perhaps -- then how about the origami bird? In its prior life as undistinguished flat sheet of paper it fails to command much attention. It's the transformation that fascinates. You have to fold it up to produce it, and you have to fold it up in a certain way if you don't want it to produce an aeroplane or a hat or just a disaster. The interesting things, of course, are the details (which side do you fold first? where do you tuck?) and how that produces the beautiful end result. Or, less fancifully, the sequential structure of talk in interaction, how one part supports and constrains the next and how a stretch of it achieves social goals (beautiful or otherwise). Now for the rest of the paper I'm going to try a bit of origami, or rather, some origami-in-reverse. I'm going to try and get across the spirit of Conversation Analysis and, without spraying around too many technical terms (indeed, any, if I can help it) I'm going to take a stretch of talk and see how it folds and tucks together to make it what it is. Doing that will, I hope, show up things about it that might pass unnoticed otherwise). Readers whose fancy is tickled for this sort of thing might well want to have a look at the references at the end of the article to take it all further. 3. Example 1. "about two years ago I came round an':: (..) spent some time chattin' didn't we" Let's make a start with this case. Here we have an encounter between a psychologist and a person he is about to interview. The interview proper hasn't actually started yet, and we can read the lines below as the interviewer 'working up to' the start of the interview proper. Part of it is to remind MA that the psychologist had seen him before. Notice how the psychologist uses the word 'chatting' to describe that earlier encounter. In line 11, MR describes his previous encounter as involving "chattin'. Maybe it did, maybe it didn't. I know I shouldn't be calling in evidence which the reader can't get hold of, but Mark Rapley, the psychologist involved (and with whom I worked on the analysis; see Rapley and Antaki) pointed to that line and said to me that ('in fact') his previous dealings with MA, far from being 'chatting', had been a formal administration of a questionnaire, with all the paraphernalia of paper and pencil, and strict question and answer rights and obligations, all going down on the record. "Chattin'"? Calling it "chattin'" obliterates all that in favour of something altogether more homely and friendly. Look at what team of players it's sent out onto the field with: he "came round" (rather, than, say, 'paid an official visit') and "spent some time" (rather than 'completed my business'. They did it together -- hence the "didn't we?" The psychologist was "jus' (..) watchin' what was going on" -- not intervening, merely casually watching the world go by; note also the dropped g's. Now he's back to "see how you were gettin' on" (rather than 'administer a standardised assessment questionnaire'"). What an assembly. I'm trying to leave off any guess at what the interviewer's intentions or motives are -- we just can't know such things. But we can certainly have something to say about the effects his words give off. The origami structure that emerges from the folding is one of the 'chat' having been an interaction off the record, personal and friendly; all hearably at odds with the business the interviewer is officially prosecuting. 4. Example 2: "what Tim does (.) which is come and chat" Here is a very similar case, this time in a committee meeting: Again, I'll briefly gloss the scene (based on the previous talk, and visible in such terms as 'matters arising', the thanks expressed by one speaker to another, and the "we turn to" topic change in line 19/20). A committee meeting is in session, and AC is touting for new names to replace a member who is leaving. Committee membership is, by definition, something that is carefully regulated in standing orders and by convention, and is quite capable of being described in the most off-putting bureaucratic language (as it might be, say, were an errant member being disciplined for some infraction or other, and the thing became legalistic). Here it isn't. How does AC fold it up? AC in lines 1 to 9 is working up a request for other to nominate candidates to replace Tim Brown (all names are of course pseudonyms). We leave aside consideration of how he folds his talk so as to make the request as he does (rather than, say, deliver it as a petulant blast against his colleagues for not having provided him with any names so far). Our interest is in how the folds involve the description 'chat'. Like the psychologist interviewer in extract [1], AC bundles the 'chat' word into a description of the whole scene -- that the postgraduate representative will "come and chat," and that the interviewer "came round an':: (..)spent some time chattin'". To bundle up the description with the act of arrival is an elegantly efficient way of implying that this is the person's interest and motive in the interaction -- what they're there for. This way any candidate member can be reassured that the thing is much less onerous, official and formal than it would have sounded had AC used the bureaucratic description buried away in the Committee statutes. 'Chat', in this fold of the talk, works to eliminate the consequentiality and offputtingness of the event -- even though, of course, when the new member is inducted onto the Committee, he or she will be subject to all the dread rules and regulations that lurk in the other, hidden bureaucratic description. 5. Example 3: "we sat and chatted til about eleven" Here is another case, where, probably because the setting is not as institutional as in the first two, working out what 'chat' is doing will take us a bit more work. First the gloss. Gordon is on the phone to Danielle and talking about what he was doing the other night - we could dwell a little on his description of his guitar performance ('it went down really well') but we'll skip straight to where "chatted" appears. Unlike the previous two cases, it isn't bundled up with arrival at the scene ("come and chat" and "I came round an':: (..)spent some time chattin'"), but it does still get bundled with something -- sitting -- which parcels it up nicely as a combination-verb, something done while doing something else. Gordon and the others had no plans here; the food and wine had been consumed, then "we sat (0.3) an:' chatted (0.4) til: about eleven". Now what does such a description do for his then being struck by the thought that he'd go home and 'just phone her' (".hh then I thought (0.3) I'll come back (0.3) an' I'll jus' jus' phone you t'say that uh I'd like t'see you")? It's a magnificent play of accountability -- it holds off a collection of implications which might damage the tender sentiment presumably involved in wanting to tell someone you'd like to see them. Sitting and chatting is (notwithstanding the wine) not being drunk; it's with other people, so it's not sad-sack lonely rumination; still less is it insistent, stalking, recriminative or even violent obsession. Thinking of Danielle after (merely) being with others sitting and chatting till eleven disarms all of those possibilities; as the discursive psychologists have it (Edwards and Potter 1992) , this is a piece of 'stake management'. Gordon is inoculating himself against being seen to have the wrong sort of motivations. 'Chat' here is used as a part of a positive rhetorical strategy to have sentiments, but of the right sort. 6. Example 4: "I said to him, you know, come down 'n have a chat with me" One last example to see us out. This time we are in a marital counselling session, and the husband's ('Jeff') exams have been part of the topic of conversation, which I will gloss as being about the attention each partner pays to the other. 'Mary' now speaks. Once again the speaker is exploiting the pleasantly unspecific glow that 'chat' can have. Mary wanted Jeff to come down from 'upstairs' and 'have a chat' with her. Against this she puts words in his mouth: "I've gotta start my revising," and then her own commentary -- it was the same "every ni:ght, (.) for o:hh ye:ars.", regular as clockwork and at decidedly antisocial hours. She "never had anyone to ta:lk to" as a consequence. So the hearer is faced with Jeff's choice -- to come down from upstairs (remote, cold) and have a chat with Mary; or pursue his mechanical, laborious, self-centred and inconsiderate regime. There is, in her description, no contest; hence Jeff comes out looking something of a cold fish. Here is a lovely example of 'chat' once again being a good thing, loading the dice in the speaker's favour. 7. Concluding comments I started out saying that the word 'chat' was something of an insult. That certainly might apply when the word is used (or might be used, or is allegedly used) in a discussion about human action, and someone who wants to push the 'real', the 'material' and the 'consequential' might use 'chat' to dismiss an opponent who wants words to be responsible for some rather substantial things: reality, materiality and consequentiality. But there's a nice paradox. When you do take words seriously as doing things, and you look for what 'chat' does in people's actual usage, you find that it isn't an insult. Far from it. In the four cases we looked at the speaker was using 'chat' as a basically pleasant, socially positive and blameless description. Of course, they were doing so for rhetorical purposes, as words always are. But nevertheless there's a paradox there. In the abstract, nasty; in actuality, nice. The one thing that's constant is the fact that, in our analyses, both the hypothetical insulters and our actual glossers are using the word. In the mouths of both parties 'chat' is an interested description, as the discursive psychologists have it, following the tradition established by Garfinkel and, especially, Harvey Sacks (see, for example, the compendious Lectures on Conversation). It is always heard as a contrast (implicit or not) with something else, and does its work that way. Like it or not, 'chat' is no polite cipher. If you look at how it's folded and manipulated into the interaction, you see how it will smooth a potentially difficult interview, naturalise a possibly unwelcome encounter or set up a loaded distinction againt something mechanical and self-interested. All human life is here. If anyone needed persuading that 'chat' isn't chat, then the examples we've looked at here might have gone some way to doing so. References Atkinson, J. M., and J. Heritage, eds. Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Edwards, D., and J. Potter. Discursive Psychology. London: Sage, 1992. Labov, W. Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1972. Rapley, M., and C. Antaki. "A Conversation Analysis of the 'Acquiescence' of People with Learning Disabilities." Journal of Community and Applied Psychology 6 (1996): 371-91. Reddy, M. J. "The Conduit Metaphor - A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language about Language." Metaphor and Thought. Ed. A. Ortony. Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP, 1979. Sacks, H. Lectures on Conversation. Ed. Gail Jefferson. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. Notation The notation follows that of Gail Jefferson described in Atkinson and Heritage (ix - xvi), with the following deviations: (..) and (...) are untimed pauses of about .4 and .8 of a second approximately. The author would like to thank Liz Holt and Derek Edwards for permission to use transcript extracts 3 and 4, whose details are as follows -- Extract 3: Holt: 1988 Undated: Side I: Call 4 Extract 4: DE-JF/C1/S1 @ 12 June, 1993 Citation reference for this article MLA style: Charles Antaki. "Two Rhetorical Uses of the Description 'Chat'." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.4 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0008/uses.php>. Chicago style: Charles Antaki, "Two Rhetorical Uses of the Description 'Chat'," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 4 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0008/uses.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Charles Antaki. (2000) Two rhetorical uses of the description 'chat'. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(4). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0008/uses.php> ([your date of access]).

We are our own subjects. How our subjectivity becomes entangled in the lives of others is and has always been our topic. (Denzin 27)This article reflects on the process of disclosing the ethnographic self, particularly in relation to the use of e-mails and social networking sites, such as Facebook. Previous work has examined virtual ethnography as the main research method or its place within a mixed method approach (Orgad; Hine, Virtual Ethnography; Fay; Greschke). My focus lies on the voluntary and involuntary intertwining of physical ethnographic work (i.e. going to a specific location to immerse oneself in a culture) and the virtual relations formed with informants in the course of such fieldwork. Connecting with informants on Facebook has brought a new dimension to the active approach of impression management that is encouraged in traditional texts on ethnography and participant observation (Hammersley and Atkinson; Taylor and Bogdan; Ellen). Examples are drawn from my experience of three phases of geographically located fieldwork for my thesis on Spanish- and English-language media and the Cuban-American community in Miami, Florida, and from online “repercussions” of my physical presence in the field.In an ideal (research) world, the process of immersing oneself in a culture, studying and understanding its values, dynamics and symbolism is paired with professional and personal distance and reflexivity. Most of the time, the reality of fieldwork does not adhere to this ideal (Kleinman and Copp). Data collection does not take place in a void. On the contrary, it is a personal, emotional, embodied and challenging experience in which the researcher’s persona is highly involved: “If informants are people and have rights that affect ethical practice, ethnographers are also human and have identities that affect research practice” (Brewer 99).The researcher’s identity has a strong influence on the research process, but the same holds true the other way around. Ethnographic encounters have an effect on the ethnographer’s sense of identity or sense of self. The researcher’s identity, just like the informant’s, is ever-changing and in a constant process of negotiation that continues throughout the ethnographic experience. As Sarah Pink (47) points out, individuals not only position themselves and their identity in relation to others, but also in relation to objects and discourses (see also: Miller).Therefore the process of relating to the field does not end with physically removing oneself from it (Coffey). Dealing, relating and “coming to terms” with the field and those we encounter is much more complex. The assumption made that the researcher would not be influenced by this, meaning that the field has no impact whatsoever on the one collecting data, has been challenged severely, often by feminist scholars among others, over the past decades (Hey; Roberts; Berger).Establishing and positioning oneself and one’s role in the field can be a daunting process (Lindner). It can be informed by fears of acceptance, uncertainties about conventions not (fully) understood yet and the underlying dynamics one still hopes to uncover. The process of role(s) and identity negotiation of the researcher in the field goes on when writing the field, going through field notes and making sense of what we have experienced (Okely). So even though strict temporal and spatial boundaries might never have existed to the extent ethnography textbooks would have us believe, the use of e-mails and social networking sites have brought the field even closer to home. I have structured the following reflections on disclosing the ethnographic self in face-to-face conversations, that is, exposures made while being physically present in the field, and those taking place online. However, it is worth remembering that this is an artificial distinction as they are clearly interlinked and can overlap in time. Disclosure in Face-to-Face ConversationsWith establishing and negotiating one’s identity in the field and fieldwork relations comes the question of how much to disclose of oneself. How much should informants know about me? There are obvious ethical requirements: Every researcher should be clear about scope and aim of the research project, institutional affiliations, the way data will be stored and used (Mauthner et al.). But beyond that, how much of myself do I have to expose? What stands in the way of a straight-forward answer is the undefined nature of relationships of those we meet in the field: “Fieldwork relationships are at once professional and personal, yet not necessarily readily characterized as either”(Coffey 39).Arguably, there is not one right way to proceed, as it depends on the kind of field the researcher is finding herself in, her personality, role, identity and the type of relationship she wishes to establish with informants. The process of relationship-building to the field as a whole as constructed in the ethnographer’s mind and to individuals in the field is of course ongoing and very likely to evolve and change over time. This applies not only to the relationships built but also to the researcher’s sense of self and how he or she relates to those encountered in the field. It is partly in and through these encounters that the researcher’s understanding of self is influenced, shaped and negotiated on a continual basis. During three phases of fieldwork in 2006, 2007 and 2008 I interviewed over 40 Hispanic journalists, media executives and active members of the Cuban-American community in Miami, Florida. How much was I willing to disclose of myself during these encounters and subsequent e-mail exchanges? Should I correct informants when they wrongly assumed I was British because I was based at a British institution? Do they need to know why I have chosen to research this particular topic and them as a group, why I was based at a Scottish university and what brought me to the U.K. in the first place? The answers were no secrets, but neither was I comfortable to share them with all informants I met in the field. Gender and age-related dynamics came into play here with the majority of interviewees being male and significantly older than me (Easterday). At times, I was uneasy when it came to talking about myself. While I defined the majority of my initial relations as mostly, though not entirely, professional, some interviewees did have a different take on this. In particular, I felt that one interviewee who after the interview started asking me personal questions about my move to Scotland, clearly overstepped an invisible line, although it would have been perfectly alright from my perspective to ask him questions similar, though different in tone, within the context of an interview. A further aspect of disclosure within the context of ethnographic work is the open discussion of the research process with informants. Although this can be very fruitful, it can also be source of scorn and end in closed doors, especially in the highly polarised field I was researching: Once interviews were finished, some interviewees would ask whom I had interviewed previously—maybe just out of interest, maybe to go on and suggest future interviewees. I had never considered in detail what kind of reactions interviewees might have by my naming of previous contacts because for one, reactions had so far been positive and secondly, all interviewees had some understanding of what research entails and that I would naturally want to speak to as many people and as many “sides” as possible. In one particular case, though, the interviewee showed clear disapproval of my talking to a journalist at a well-known Miami-based newspaper. At the time, I did not take this minor condemnation very seriously, but in retrospect it turned out that this interviewee could have been a valuable source for further information and contacts. It taught me that it is wise to hold my cards closer to my chest in such a sensitive environment. This does not mean, however, that secrecy and constant striving towards a neutral position is always the best way to proceed, nor a believable position to hold as Kloos (511) found out: “One of the clergymen in Eastern Flevoland asked me once: ‘Do you have any opinions of your own?’”Virtual Exposure and DisclosurePrevious studies underlined that relationships forged and maintained online mirror offline everyday-life contacts, interests, concerns and vice versa. (Castells; Miller and Slater) For ethnographers whose informants have ready Internet access, this can bring significant advantages as well as challenges. Contacting informants whom I had heard about but not yet met in person by e-mail proved an extremely useful approach. An e-mail allowed me to say a few words about myself and introduce my research project. If there was no response to the e-mail, I was much more comfortable to call the person at this stage—rather than before an e-mail had been sent. E-mails proved a very successful way in contacting informants, thanking people after the interview and exchanging further information that had been touched upon in conversation. What surprised me, however, was that e-mails were also used by interviewees to contact me months after I had been in touch with them and had physically left the field. On a couple of occasions, interviewees sent me information that they thought was essential for my research or, in fact, asked me to fill out a questionnaire and comment on matters relating to my research topic. My role in the field and my relation to informants had turned from researcher to research participant, or interviewee in this case.While e-mails offer a rather controlled environment when approaching informants, other information about the researcher might be more unpredictable and harder to control or manage. I sometimes found myself wondering what information about me informants would find when they Googled my name. How would they combine and make sense of their offline construction of me as a researcher with my virtual persona? And to which extent is impression management in the context of social networking sites feasible and perhaps to be recommended? Of course these questions do not solely apply in a research context. However, it is worth considering them in an effort of understanding the dynamics which underlie the research process. Even though my research methodology included an online component, such as the monitoring of selected blogs and discussion forums, the majority of the data was gathered in clearly defined periods of physical ethnographic work. The relationship that evolved via e-mails and on Facebook outside of fieldwork phases were initiated by informants. I could obviously have ignored these contacts, however, as someone involved in media research I thought it strange and discourteous not to respond or accept informants as “Friends,” while seeking them out offline.Disclosing (personal) information on Facebook can become a risky business due to the diverse relationship of the people merged through Facebook’s list of “Friends.” Facebook does not force users to define or distinguish between different types of relationships. In my role as a researcher, I have always been highly uneasy to put on detailed information about “What’s on my Mind,” the facility Facebook offers for bringing others up to date on what is happening in one’s life. Reporting to my “Friends,” including informants, that most of my time was spent struggling with the data I had gathered in the field, could undermine their view of me as a researcher and a person worth talking to. Apart from that, there were obvious faux-pas that I needed to avoid online. Joining a Ernesto “Che” Guevara Fan group—like wearing a ‘Che’ T-shirt or pin – is not a smart move when trying to build a relationship with Cuban exiles. But even expressing fairly main-stream political opinion did not seem a good idea. Without being aware of it at the time, I was trying to perform a “stable research self,” as opposed to a fragmented, continuously changing and relationally constructed one. Following Geertz’s line of thought, I furthermore hoped that “the natives” had a similar perspective to mine and would perceive me as the balanced, neutral researcher that I was trying to be (Geertz).Arguably, Facebook allows for personal information and entries to be hidden from some contacts. It gives users the option to group contacts, thereby specifying who gets to see what kind of information. However, all contacts can see all contacts, to allow for networking to take place. Given the politically-charged and polarised nature of the community I was researching—and keeping in mind the incident recounted above, with one informant disapproving of me talking to a certain journalist and subsequently breaking up all communication—being connected with some people can have unwelcome side-effects for the research process.Personal and intercultural variations when reading and making sense of social networking sites are a further aspect worth noting in this context. Dalsgaard (10-12) underlines the hierarchical nature which characterises the practical use of the Internet and often mirrors offline power constellations. Unlike earlier celebration of the horizontal communication devoid of power structures, Internet interaction reproduces and adds further stratifications and “forms of ranking—some hierarchical, some not”. This also holds true for the number of contacts on a social networking site:Networks consist of nodes, and in the ‘Facebook society’, every person is a node. But there are differences between nodes. Some are more central than others and function as the hub for many more transactions. Some may only have ten ‘connections’ or ‘friends’, while others may have several hundreds – notwithstanding that there is qualitative difference between relationships, that not all relationships are personal, that many ‘friends’ are perhaps what we would normally call acquaintances and so on. (Dalsgaard 10)Drawing on Goffman, Dalsgaard (12) argues that popularity on social networking sites, has a symbolic or performance-orientated character, as it can be safely assumed that not every contact is “an important relationship built on long-term mutual exchange of greetings, gifts, favours, opinions and so on.”Even the number of friends and contacts can be understood as disclosing something about ourselves. How many people from the field and from outside the field are on my list of contacts? Who is there and who is not? Which relations are not included, pursued online, kept secret or ignored? Concerns of how individual informants would read my Facebook profile have left me feeling uneasy while keeping my activities to a minimum. However, secrecy, inactivity—which is in a way an attempt of the impossible act of non-performance or disappearance, can be just as harmful as disclosure. During the time of research I kept wondering whether someone working towards a doctorate in communication studies should know how to “work” Facebook. My wariness of disclosing too much of myself, aspects of my identity that would threaten my performance as a “stable researcher self,” held other parts of my fragmented identity captive and disclosed. In a way, I was happy with the relational construction of myself as the doctoral researcher in face-to-face encounters, but online encounters, not initiated by myself, had a different quality to them. They led me to struggle with the authentic, stable and singular self that Facebook encourages people to present to the outside world.Concluding RemarksManaging and handling acts of disclosure in geographically located fieldwork has been explored in great depth in recent scholarship. Voluntary and involuntary disclosure of the researcher’s fragmented identity in the context of social networking sites is a new phenomenon, and an unexpected challenge for those who did not see virtual ethnography as part of their main methodology. Similar to the fading dichotomy of public/private, e-mails and social networking sites have torn down the temporal and spatial boundaries fieldwork and the performance of the ethnographic self has been associated with. For the researcher who is connected with informants on Facebook, or other social networking sites, this can mean an ongoing performance of the researcher’s role; a continuous relating and positioning to those encountered in the field. This process might fade out with the end of a project, turning the informant into an acquaintance, friend or someone who happens to be our “Friend” on Facebook but has little further impact on our life and sense of self. When researching a group of people with ready access to digital media, virtual ethnography should possibly be part of the mix from the start. Hine (Virtual Methods 8) has pointed out that defining what exactly ethnography entails is problematic in itself. Immersing oneself in the field can take many different forms. Ethnography as a method is flexible enough to encompass encountering informants on social networking sites. In itself, it is worth noting who is online, who is not and what kind of interaction the informant is looking for. However, gathering this type of information raises ethical questions about the research process. In my case, geographically located field work was considered and approved by the university’s ethics committee, but online encounters—outside the chosen methodology—were not covered. Dealings with research participants were therefore institutionally endorsed within temporal and spatial limits and this indisputably contributed to my sense of a professional research self. Being contacted by informants on a social networking site, significantly challenges this framework and clouds the terms of reference. Whose rules apply? Or are there no rules? Observing participants’ profiles as an add-on to previously collected data, though tempting it may be, seems not a good option. But then informants might monitor the researcher’s profile for their own purposes, be it general curiosity, entertainment, or simply an enjoyable free-time activity. Once again, traditional roles of researcher and researched are easily reversed in the online encounter. For the time being, ethical guidelines generally assume a situation in which the researcher in some form is seeking out the researched, not the other way around. With the proliferation of social networking sites and online encounters, standard institutional ethical protocols fall short here.Nonetheless, online encounters between researcher and researched also bear potential. Asymmetric power structures can shift with the informant being able to contact, construct the researcher and disclose aspects of the researcher’s identity, or rather online persona, on their own terms and in a less controlled environment. As the incidence recounted above shows, this can entail a role reversal which blurs the lines between researcher and researched and underlines the performative and relational aspect of self. Furthermore, this indicates a much more flexible approach to roles of the researcher and informant which allow for mutual disclosing and exchanging—if both parties are willing to let this happen. On the other hand, this potential shift in power does not absolve the researcher from the responsibility inherent in the research process. As with other aspects of ethnographic work, “there can be no set formulae, only broad guidelines, sensitive to specific cases” (Okely 32). The unexplored terrain and ongoing experimentation of integrating social networking sites into everyday life call for a heightened sense of reflexivity and ethical awareness in the research process.ReferencesBerger, Peter L. Invitation to Sociology. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966.Brewer, John. Ethnography. Buckingham: Open UP, 2000.Castells, Manuel. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. 1, The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.Coffey, Amanda. 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Judith Okely and Helen Callaway. London: Routledge, 1992. 1-28.Orgad, Shani. “How Can Researchers Make Sense of the Issues Involved in Collecting and Interpreting Online and Offline Data?” Internet Inquiry: Conversations about Method. Ed. Annette N. Markham and Nancy K. Baym. London: Sage. 33–53.Pink, Sarah. Doing Visual Ethnography. London: Sage, 2007.Roberts, Brian. Getting the Most out of the Research Experience: What Every Researcher Needs to Know. London: Sage, 2007.Taylor, Steven and Robert Bogdan, Introduction to Qualitative Methods: A Phenomenological Approach to the Social Sciences. New York: Wiley, 1975.AcknowledgementsI would like to thank my supervisors Prof. Philip Schlesinger, Prof. Raymond Boyle and Dr. Myra Macdonald for their advice throughout this project. My gratitude also to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for funding fieldwork in 2007 and 2008. Finally, a big thank you to the editors and reviewers of M/C Journal for their insightful comments.