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Ankrah Twumasi, Martinson, Yuansheng Jiang, Frank Osei Danquah, Abbas Ali Chandio und Wonder Agbenyo. „The role of savings mobilization on access to credit: a case study of smallholder farmers in Ghana“. Agricultural Finance Review 80, Nr. 2 (26.12.2019): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2019-0055.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of savings mobilization on access to credit among smallholder farmers’ in the Birim central municipality of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional primary data set was used to estimate the factors influencing smallholder farmers’ access to credit and size of loan to be borrowed using the IV-Probit and IV-Tobit model. Findings The results of the study revealed that savings mobilization has a positive significant impact on access to credit and the total amount of credit one can borrow as well. Other control variables such as transaction cost and farm size depicted a negative significant impact on access to credit. Land ownership, member of an association, household size, years of farming experience and education also showed a positive significant impact on access to credit. Research limitations/implications The paper only examined the savings effect on credit accessibility among smallholder farmers in one of the municipality’s in the Eastern region of Ghana. Future research should consider all or many municipality for an informed generalization of findings. Practical implications This paper provides evidence that smallholder farmers knowledge on the financial market is poor and it would require the policymakers or NGOs to organize financial management training programs so that the farmers high ignorance of the financial market will significantly reduce. Originality/value Although existing studies have examined smallholder farmers’ access to credit, the unique contribution of this paper is the analysis of the impact of saving mobilization on credit accessibility in Ghana, a major access to credit determinant in the financial market. In addition, those researchers who factored in savings as an access to credit determinant did not also consider the casual relationship between these two variables, thus, the present of endogeneity of which this paper does.
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Epper, Thomas, Ernst Fehr, Helga Fehr-Duda, Claus Thustrup Kreiner, David Dreyer Lassen, Søren Leth-Petersen und Gregers Nytoft Rasmussen. „Time Discounting and Wealth Inequality“. American Economic Review 110, Nr. 4 (01.04.2020): 1177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181096.
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This paper documents a large association between individuals’ time discounting in incentivized experiments and their positions in the real-life wealth distribution derived from Danish high-quality administrative data for a large sample of middle-aged individuals. The association is stable over time, exists through the wealth distribution and remains large after controlling for education, income profile, school grades, initial wealth, parental wealth, credit constraints, demographics, risk preferences, and additional behavioral parameters. Our results suggest that savings behavior is a driver of the observed association between patience and wealth inequality as predicted by standard savings theory. (JEL C91, D15, D31, E21)
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Singh, Pukhraj, Nitin Kumar Nag, Lalit Kumar Verma und Dushyant Kumar. „Performance and problems of self help groups (SHGs) in Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh“. International Journal of Agricultural Invention 4, Nr. 01 (17.06.2019): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2019.4.1.12.
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The present study was carried out in the rural area of Meerut district, with the objective to find out the study the performance of SHGs and problems faced by the SHGs in the study area. As a part of primary data collection, a sample (random) of 110 women respondents were selected out of 22 SHGs operating in the district. The data was collected during the period July 2018 - Dec 2018. A self-help is a small, economically and attractive group of 10-20 rural people which comes together to save small amounts regularly. It generally performs various types of economic activities with the help of their small savings. Self-help groups are informal association of women. The main purpose of such an association is to enable members to mobilization of savings and credit facilities gain economic benefits out of mutual help, solidarity and social responsibility. SHGs is the group based approach, which helps the women members of each SHGs to accumulate capital by way of small saving and helping them to get credit facilities from their funds. Presently, the women of the society are facing the financial problem to start business or to undertake different economic activities to become self-employed and self-reliant.
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Ateiwi Alrawahdeh, Salah Turki, und Ali Abdel Fattah Hamda Zyadat. „The Role of the Islamic Banks in Increasing Domestic Saving and Funding Economic Development in Jordan“. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (21.05.2021): 905–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.86.
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This article explored the role of Islamic banks in increasing the amount of domestic savings and funding the economic development process in Jordan during the period (2010-2019). A descriptive analytical approach was adopted. The data was obtained from the Association of Banks in Jordan. It was analyzed through carrying out the linear regression analysis. The researchers concluded that the assets of Jordanian Islamic banks increased. That indicates that there was an increase in the savings of Islamic banks. They found that the total credit facilities provided by Islamic banks to individuals and for all sectors have increased. They found that there is a positive significant relationship between the assets in Islamic banks from one hand and credit facilities from another hand. They recommend exerting effort to increase the savings of Islamic banks.
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Sadr, Seyed Kazem. „The optimum size of rotating qarḍ ḥasan savings and credit associations“. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 9, Nr. 1 (10.07.2017): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijif-07-2017-003.
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Purpose Several indigenous credit and savings schemes have been accredited recently in developing countries for the benefit of households and entrepreneurs alike. Famous among them are the Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) that exist in almost all continents currently. The rapid development of ROSCAs and their varied structures in many countries have been the subject of numerous studies. What has not been thoroughly analysed is the optimum size of these associations and the fact that lending and borrowing is without interest. The aim of this paper is to present a model that would determine the optimum size of ROSCAs and deal with the following issues: how the group size varies with changes in the income level of the members, the demand for the loan, the size of the collected loan and its duration. Further, the question of whether or not lending to the association in return for obtaining larger sums is a violation of the qarḍ (loan) contract is dealt with, and several Sharīʿah compatible formulations are provided. Design/methodology/approach Economic analysis has been applied to show the optimum size of Qarḍ Ḥasan Associations (QHAs), which are the Sharīʿah-compliant equivalent of ROSCAs, and the Sharīʿah rules of the qarḍ contract to illustrate the legitimacy of group lending. Findings The major findings of this study are determination of the optimum size of QHAs, the factors that affect the size and suggestion of alternative legal forms for group financing. Research limitations/implications Inaccessibility to sources of data to test the hypothesis that has been put forth is the main difficulty encountered when conducting research on the subject. Practical implications The paper concludes that the development of informal interest-free ROSCAs in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries is an efficient informal microfinance scheme and that it is compatible with Sharīʿah rules. Originality/value The optimum size of ROSCAs and QHAs has been presented in this paper.
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van den Brink, Rogier, und Jean‐Paul Chavas. „The Microeconomics of an Indigenous African Institution: The Rotating Savings and Credit Association“. Economic Development and Cultural Change 45, Nr. 4 (Juli 1997): 745–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452306.
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Widyastuti, Pristiana, Ari Soeti Yani und Kustiadi Basuki. „Household Financial Management through Arisan for Saving and Lending Association in Kiarasari Village [Pengelolaan Keuangan Rumah Tangga melalui Peranan Arisan Simpan Pinjam di Desa Kiarasari]“. Proceeding of Community Development 2 (21.02.2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30874/comdev.2018.96.
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Household financial problems occur due to expenditure exceeds income. Ideally, financial planning is based on the amount of expenditure divided into 40% for consumption or living cost, 30% for credit, 20% for savings or investment and 10% for another unexpected cost. The most important things that need to be done in managing household finances is the existence of savings or investment. However, the people of Kiarasari Village, Sukajaya Sub-District, Bogor District still face several obstacles such as minimum road access and lack of banking retail. Arisan in Kiarasari Village was expected to be an alternative to providing non-formal financial services. Arisan has a function for saving and lending money in a traditional way. This community service aimed at counseling and educating household financial planning and Arisan management. Based on the results of the activity, the target community was committed to applying the counseling material in real life. This activity had an impact on the community to be able to manage household finances in a disciplined manner
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Umar, Haruna S., und Emmanuel Peter. „Level of Savings among Maize Farmers in Doma Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria“. Journal of Agricultural Extension 25, Nr. 1 (01.03.2021): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v25i1.3s.
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The study examined level of savings among maize farmers in Doma Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 80 respondents in the study area. Primary data were collected using well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Multiple Linear Regression. The results show that half of the respondents (50.0%) were within the age bracket of 21 - 40 years with a mean age of 42 years. Majority (83.8%) of the respondents were married. About 26.2% of the respondents had between 11 and 15 years of farming experience. More than half (56.2%) of the respondents belong to one cooperative association or another. Most of the respondents (81.2%) had access to extension contact with 46.3% of the respondents operating savings accounts with commercial banks. Household size (0.819**), farming experience (-0.589**), membership of association (-5.635**) and revenue from maize farming (0.00028**) were significant at 5% and constitute major determinants of savings in the study area. It is recommended that efforts should be made to increase earnings from maize farming through improved productivity by appropriate extension service. Also, savings with the financial institutions by the maize farmers should be encouraged through whittling down of administrative bottlenecks and, through extension of collateral-free credit facilities to them.
Keywords: Savings, maize farmers, commercial banks
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Azar, Alex M. „FIRREA: Controlling Savings and Loan Association Credit Risk Through Capital Standards and Asset Restrictions“. Yale Law Journal 100, Nr. 1 (Oktober 1990): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/796766.
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Ajija, Shochrul Rohmatul, und Asif Iqbal Siddiqui. „Impact of Joining Rotating Savings and Credit Association (Rosca) on Household Assets in Indonesia“. Journal of Developing Areas 55, Nr. 3 (2021): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2021.0061.
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Odoh, Ngozi Ekunyi, Simon Uguru Nwibo, Anayochukwu Victor Eze und Esther Onyinyichi Igwe. „Farmers income and savings pattern in Benue State, Nigeria“. Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, Nr. 1 (04.02.2020): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i1.13.
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The study analysed farmers’ income and savings pattern in Benue State. Both multi-stage random and purposive sampling procedures were employed to select 140 respondents for the study. The study employed primary data which were collected through the use of the structured questionnaire. The result showed that farm size, level of access to credit, diversification of income sources, types of investment and risks inherent in the business are the major determinants of the income level of the small scale farmers. The farmers engaged in the following farm activities, crop production, hunting, fishing, gathering of forest products, marketing of agricultural products and livestock production. Meanwhile, trading, teaching, and non-farm wage labour were the main non-farm activities they engaged in. The result equally showed that farmers adopted both formal and informal savings methods but have higher preference for the informal method as indicated by their preference for savings in rotational savings and credit Association (ESUSU) and daily contribution schemes. Educational attainment, annual income, farming experience, and farm size had positive influence on the farmers’ savings pattern. The test of the hypothesis indicated that the socio-economic characteristics of the small scale farmers have significant effects on the savings pattern adopted in the area. Consequently, the study recommended the establishment of banks in the rural area so as to increase farmers’ savings capacity in formal sector; establishment of enlightenment programme to create awareness among the rural farmers, and introduction of risk reduction policy to minimize risks associated with farming, thereby encouraging farmers to remain in farming business.Keywords: Farm activities, non-farm activities, farmers, formal and informal savings
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Wysocka, Ewa. „Ewolucja regulacji prawnych w bankowości spółdzielczej w Polsce“. Studia Iuridica 72 (17.04.2018): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7646.
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Cooperative banking in Poland has more than 150 years of tradition, going back to the period of Partitions. The first Polish credit associations and cooperatives were established in Greater Poland in the years 1861–1862, in the fashion of credit cooperatives for farmers established by Friedrich Raiffeisen and the so-called cooperative “people’s banks” associating craftsmen, that were founded by Franz Schultze. In 1899, on the territory of the Austrian Partition, small credit institutions, the so-called “Stefczyk Savings Unions” (“Kasy Stefczyka”), were created, associating mainly farmers, In the period of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), Polish Agricultural Bank (Polski Bank Rolny) was established in Warsaw (1919). The bank’s task was to provide financial backing for agriculture, and in 1921 it was transformed into State Agricultural Bank (Państwowy Bank Rolny), only to become Agricultural Bank (Bank Rolny) in 1948. It was replaced by Food Economy Bank (Bank Gospodarki Żywnościowej), called into being in 1975 as a financial head office for cooperative banks which originated from saving and loan cooperatives. In the period of the Polish People’s Republic (1952–1989), state-cooperative banking was in place. The system and economy transformations that took place after 1989 caused crisis and the necessity of state intervention in the Polish cooperative banking. In the years 1990–1994 efforts were made to fix the cooperative banking system through implementation of the Act of June 24, 1994 on restructuring of cooperative banks and Food Economy Bank and on amendments to certain acts. Food Economy Bank was transformed into a joint-stock company as a bank of the National Association of cooperative banks. Besides, nine regional associations were established in the form of a joint-stock company of cooperative banks, which became shareholders of the national bank. The system and functioning of cooperative banks are currently governed by: Banking Law Act of August 29, 1997, Cooperative Law Act of September 16, 1982 and the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks. The structure of cooperative banking was based on the division into cooperative banks and associating banks. Two associations of cooperative banks are currently operating in Poland: Bank of the Polish Cooperative Movement (Bank Polskiej Spółdzielczości S.A.) with its seat in Warsaw and Cooperative Banking Group – Bank (Spółdzielcza Grupa Bankowa – Bank S.A.) with its seat in Poznań. All the cooperative banks are covered by the Bank Guarantee Fund and under supervision of the Financial Supervision Authority. In 2015 the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks was amended due to the changes implemented in the European Union Law (the so-called CRD IV/CRR package). Financial security of cooperative banks was increased through establishment of the Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS). Cooperative banks are an important element for development of the entire Polish banking system. Therefore, the financial supervision over the entire system of banking and Cooperative Savings and Credit Unions (SKOK) should be conducted in appropriate manner.
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Rao, Preethi, und Sharon Buteau. „Modelling credit and savings behaviour of chit fund participants“. Gates Open Research 2 (04.05.2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12767.1.
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Chit funds are a form of Rotating Saving and Credit Association (ROSCA) prevalent in India. In this institution, a group of individuals pool in equal amounts of money at a fixed frequency, and at every time period a round of competitive bidding takes place among the individuals to identify a borrower for the collected amount. The borrower foregoes his/her right to participate in further auctions, but continues paying his/her share of the pool till every individual in the group has collected the pooled amount. The auction process relies on the bidders’ willingness to give up a certain amount of the pool and take the rest as loan. The amount given up at every time period is shared equally among all individuals in the group. A chit fund, therefore, is structurally similar to the modern formal banking and financial institutions: they act as an intermediary to optimally mobilize funds collected from savers to borrowers and manage repayment of loans from borrowers such that savers receive their dues at the appropriate time. The latter role exposes the industry to credit risk. Modern banking and financial institutions rely heavily on their ability to assess and mitigate credit risk; and, over the last century, they have been able to move from a system where risk assessment was based on human judgment and simple intuition to a system reliant on statistical and mathematical techniques. However, the standard chit fund company still relies heavily on human judgment for assessing risk. The pilot envisages a move towards a standardized statistical methodology for risk assessment and mitigation as the path ahead for the industry.
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Patra, Sudip, und Sayantan Ghosh Dastidar. „Finance and Growth: Evidence from South Asia“. Jindal Journal of Business Research 7, Nr. 1 (19.04.2018): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2278682118761747.
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The article examines the empirical relationship between financial development and economic growth for five South Asian countries over the time period 1990–2015, using both panel model approach and time series analysis. We employ multiple proxies for financial development, namely, foreign direct investment, total debt service, gross domestic savings, domestic credit to private sector by banks, and domestic credit provided by financial sector to test the relationship. The panel model approach results indicate that there is an overall positive association between finance and growth for South Asia through the FDI and savings channels. The country-specific analyses suggest that the growth effects of financial channels are most pronounced in Sri Lanka, whereas, on the other hand, financial development plays no role in the Indian growth process in the short run. Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan lie somewhere in between this spectrum with every country exhibiting unique growth paths which highlights the heterogeneity of the region.
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Liu und Sathye. „Bank Interest Rate Margin, Portfolio Composition and Institutional Constraints“. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, Nr. 3 (18.07.2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030121.
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This study empirically examines how the bank specific factors, macro-economic, and institutional variables impact interest margins in China’s banking sector. A panel data analysis of bank data for the period 1988–2015 was carried out. We found a significant association between credit quality, risk aversion, liquidity risk, and the proportion of corporate and industrial loans and the adjusted interest spread (AIS). GDP growth rate, inflation, and the proportion of national savings to the GDP were found to have significant association with the AIS. Furthermore, institutional variables were found to have a significant moderating effect on the AIS. We contribute to the literature by examining a unique context and a more accurate measure of bank interest margin not used in prior studies.
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Ngome Chisika, Sylvester, und Chunho Yeom. „The Key Factors Affecting Tree Producer Associations Involved in Private Commercial Forestry in Kenya“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 10 (14.05.2020): 4013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104013.
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Formal tree producer associations are critical for the sustainable management of private commercial farm forests in Kenya. However, there is limited information on their current status and the key factors driving their operations in the country. This paper sought to address this informational gap by reviewing the existing literature in the country from the theoretical background of sustainable development and later validating the obtained findings with the current state of knowledge at regional and global levels. Results from document content analysis indicate that there are over 10,000 tree growing farmers organized into planting groups across the country after many years of piloting by the government and private sector players. At the national level, there are two associations. These include Kenya Forest Growers Association (KEFGA), mainly composed of large scale planters, and Farm Forestry Smallholder Producers Association of Kenya (FFSPAK), targeting small-holders. Besides these two, six major sub-national associations are seeking to improve members' welfare by enhancing the acquisition of livelihood assets. Further, various socio-cultural, economic, and political factors affect their operations in Kenya. These associations have deployed multiple strategies to benefit their members. However, the formation of savings and credit cooperative societies (SACCOs) seems to be their preferred mode of community empowerment. In conclusion, even though these associations are still at the infancy stage, their future remains promising in-view of the observed behavioral change in their governance, which appears to favor entrenched equality and equity towards sustainable development.
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Hilmi, Angela. „The Alfredo Namitete Agroecology Credit System: A New Business Model That Supports Small-Scale Lending“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 15 (27.07.2019): 4062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154062.
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A major obstruction in the development of sustainable agriculture is the weakness of the financial and banking sectors in supporting smallholder farming. While farmers need to invest in their farms, they struggle to find credit schemes adapted to their specific needs. This study explores the literature on a range of credit systems applied in different geographical and historical contexts to analyse the underlying drivers of their successes or otherwise. In light of this review, the study investigates a farmers’ association, Alfredo Namitete (AN), in Mozambique, offering a range of agroecology credit modalities. It is then assessed as to whether a new business model initiated with seed funding could be self-managed by the association itself and lead to greater autonomy. The AN pilot tested three schemes between 2015 and 2019. Based on the findings, i.e., better production, increased revenue and greater self-determination, the study combines elements for a new business model for small-scale lending. It concludes that to be effective, a credit scheme needs to meet several conditions simultaneously: believe in the genuine will to repay, abolish the lender–borrower distance, ensure a role for women in decision making, add a savings mechanism, combine individual and collective investments and, finally, reserve funds for solidarity and climate issues.
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Abimbola. O, Ademola, Ben-Caleb Egbide, Adegboyegun Adekunle. E, Eluyela Damilola. F, Falaye Adebanjo. J und Ajayi Abiodun. S. „Rotating and Savings Credit Association (ROSCAs): A Veritable Tool for Enhancing the Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises in Nigeria“. Asian Economic and Financial Review 10, Nr. 2 (2020): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2020.102.189.199.
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Han, Shenchao, Qiang Zhang und Liyun Liu. „The Risk Management Mechanism of China’s Bidding Rotating Savings and Credit Association: A Case Study of Chengnan Village in Wenzhou“. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 56, Nr. 13 (26.03.2019): 3095–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1540496x.2019.1587609.
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Bundi, Mercy Gacheri, Wilson Muema und Clement Nkaabu. „COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES AND MARKET SHARE OF SAVINGS AND CREDIT CO-OPERATIVES IN MERU COUNTY, KENYA“. International Journal of Business Strategies 2, Nr. 2 (15.08.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ijbs.284.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the competitive strategies’ effect on the market share of savings and credit cooperatives in Meru County, Kenya.Methodology: This study was quantitative in nature and utilized a descriptive research design. The study target population was 53 SACCOs registered in Meru Country. Stratified proportionate random sampling technique was used to select the sample. The study sample size was 120 respondents. The main instrument for the study was the use of questionnaires that were administered to the respondents. The data and information obtained through the questionnaires was first checked for completeness. Quantitative data gathered from correctly filled questionnaires was coded, tabulated and analyzed using SPSS version 20 by both descriptive statistics which included mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics which included Pearson correlation and regression coefficient. A multiple linear regression model was used to test the significance of the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable.Results: The study findings revealed that there is a positive and significant association between service quality, corporate image; organizational structure; technology and market share of the firms. Further, the findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between service quality, corporate image; organizational structure; technology and market share of SACCOs in Meru County.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Based on the findings, the study recommended that SACCOs should invest in improving the quality of services they offer; should engage more in corporate social responsibility activities; should have a well-structured chain of command; and should embrace and adapt the use of modern technology in their operations.
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Chen, Tingqiang, Qinghao Yang, Yutong Wang und Suyang Wang. „Double-Layer Network Model of Bank-Enterprise Counterparty Credit Risk Contagion“. Complexity 2020 (30.10.2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3690848.
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Banks and enterprises constitute a multilayered, multiattribute, multicriteria credit-related super network due to financial transaction behaviors, such as credit, wealth management, savings, and derivatives. Such a network has become an important channel for credit risk cross-contagion. This study constructs a two-layer network model of credit risk contagion between the bank and corporate counterparties from the perspective that banks do not withdraw loans from enterprises by considering the influence of corporate credit defaults on their counterparties under the credit linkage. This study analyzes the mechanism of influencing the evolution of bank-enterprise counterparty credit risk contagion in the two-tier network through theoretical analysis, including the following: the enterprises’ coping ability, risk preference, influence, level of interenterprise credit risk contagion and its network heterogeneity in the interenterprise credit association network, the risk prevention and control ability, business correlation degree, interbank credit risk contagion and its network heterogeneity in the interbank credit association network, the level of credit risk contagion between bank-enterprise counterparty credit association networks, and other factors in the case that banks do not withdraw loans from enterprises. In addition, this study performs a calculation experiment to analyze the characteristics of the evolution of counterparty credit risk contagion of bank and corporate counterparties under the double-layer network. The following four major conclusions can be drawn from the results. First, in the interenterprise credit-related network, the threshold of credit risk contagion rate is positively correlated with the marginal increase in risk perception and risk leveling ability of the enterprise. By contrast, such threshold is negatively correlated with the marginal decrease in the initial economic impact, leverage level, and influence of the enterprise. Moreover, the scale of corporate counterparty credit risk contagion is negatively correlated with the enterprise’s risk perception level and risk spillover ability but positively correlated with the enterprise’s initial economic shock level, the enterprise’s leverage level, and influence. Second, in the interbank credit association network, the threshold of the rate of credit risk contagion is negatively correlated with the marginal decrease in the degree of interbank business association but positively correlated with the marginal increase in the bank’s risk resistance ability and risk information processing ability. Furthermore, the scale of credit risk contagion of bank counterparties is positively correlated with the degree of interbank business association but negatively correlated with the bank’s ability to resist risks and process risk information. Third, if the heterogeneity of the credit-related network of bank-enterprise counterparties is high, then the rate threshold of credit risk contagion is high and the scale of credit risk diffusion is low. Moreover, the scale of credit risk contagion of bank counterparties is positively correlated with the marginal decrease in the degree of corporate and bank counterparties. Finally, the scale of bank counterparty credit risk contagion is a monotonically increasing convex function of the credit risk contagion rate in the enterprise credit association network and among the bank-enterprise networks.
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Kabui, Jackline Wairimu, und Samuel Maina. „Rebranding Strategies and Performance of Savings and Credit Cooperative Organization in Kirinyaga County, Kenya“. International Journal of Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation 3, Nr. 2 (13.09.2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/jbmed.v3i2.184.
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Many SACCOs operating in Kirinyaga County are facing fierce international and local competition forcing relocation to other counties and shop closure to others. Different branding strategies are being employed by SACCOS in order remain competitive in the increasing volatile business environment. Hence this research will investigate how Kirinyaga County Savings and Credit Cooperative Organization’ performance is influenced by rebranding strategies. The specific objectives were to examine how corporate culture revision, product differentiation and business process reengineering influence performance. Dynamic capability and RBV theories will form the study’s anchor. Descriptive survey research design was adopted. Three SACCOs that have rebranded in Kirinyaga County will be the population of interest. The target population was the 172,222 ordinary members and 33 managers. In respondents’ selection simple random sampling method was utilized and in respondents’ sampling stratified sampling method will be utilized. For data collection, questionnaires were used. The pilot study findings assisted the researcher in improving the instrument and ensure that the questionnaires items are valid and reliable. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were used to analyze data. Standard deviation, mean and distribution frequency were utilized in data presentation. Further, the study conducted inferential statistical involving regression and correlation and analysis. It found a positive and significant association between corporate culture revision, product differentiation, business process reengineering and performance. The study concluded that employees’ ability is supported by well-defined corporate values vision and mission. The study concluded that introducing distinctive, unique features or characteristics to a product with the aim of ensuring a unique product selling proposition is product differentiation. The study concluded that business process enable the organization to analyze its workflows to discover processes that are not efficient and then optimize those processes to eliminate tasks that do not offer any value. The study recommends that the organization should demonstrate to employees that their involvement is critical. The study recommended that the organization should understand the market type which it is competing with, give consideration to what their target clients want from their product which the competing products are not offering, differences in product attributes, and have direct online access of the product by customers. The study recommends that the organization should first define its requirements based on a benchmark, current state, and an ideal future state. Understand what the current performance level is based on the objective and key performance indicators or break the overall process into component parts and set up benchmarks within each one.
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EROĞLU, ŞEBNEM. „Informal Finance and the Urban Poor: An Investigation of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations in Turkey“. Journal of Social Policy 39, Nr. 3 (03.02.2010): 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409990699.
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AbstractThis study focuses on the organisation among poor households of rotating savings and credit associations locally known in Turkey as gün. Based on a longitudinal study of 17 households, the research demonstrates the distinctive ability of various güns to operate smoothly under inflationary conditions. Unlike the predominant portrayal of güns as a leisure activity for middle-class women, they are shown to act as a self-welfare instrument whereby poor households acquire the discipline of saving towards both their consumption and investment needs. Contrary to the conventional view, these households are found to use güns in circumstances where formal credit and savings options are available.
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Dhungana, Bharat Ram. „Does Loan Size Matter for Productive Application? Evidence from Nepalese Micro-finance Institutions“. REPOSITIONING The Journal of Business and Hospitality 1 (20.11.2016): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/repos.v1i0.16043.
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This paper examines the loan size and its productive application after involvement in micro-finance programme in western development region of Nepal. The paper is based on primary sources of data collected through structured questionnaires. The survey includes 500 clients from four districts of western development region both from government and Private microfinance institutions. The study shows that there is positive association between size of savings and loans, size of savings and loan application, current loan size and ethnicity, loan size and duration of membership, and finally loan size and its application. It has been found that clients who have taken small size of loans, they have mostly spent their loans on domestic purposes and found poor application of loans in micro-business whereas big loan size clients have greater application of loans in productive sectors. Micro-finance institutions should increase loan size (as per the provision of monitory policy) with necessary entrepreneurship skills that will help to enhance productive application of loans however, strict monitoring and supervision is essential. Thus, MFIs should give equal priority for non-financial services such as financial literacy and provision of entrepreneurship skills through government and non-government organizations that ultimately helps to utilize micro-credit into productive sectors.Repositioning Vol.1(1) 2016: 63-72
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Njora, Grace Wambui, und Priscilla Ndegwa. „Motivation and Employee Retention in Savings and Credit Co-Operative Societies in Nairobi City County, Kenya“. International Journal of Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2, Nr. 3 (16.10.2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/jbmed.v2i3.137.
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This study sought to assess how motivation affect employee retention in Savings and Credit Co-operative societies in Nairobi City County. The researcher conducted the study in SACCO societies located in Westlands sub-county.The objectives were as follows: to determine the effect of employee rewards in promoting employee retention in SACCO societies; to establish how job design affect employees retention in SACCO societies; and to evaluate how career opportunities affect employee retention in SACCO societies. The evaluation was done using questionnaires tailored towards collecting primary data in line with the objectives of the study. Due to the broad nature of the study, a descriptive research study design was used. The target population of the study was 270 SACCO societies located in Westlands sub-county. The researcher used simple random sampling to select senior staff and junior staff of employed in deposit taking SACCO societies, non-deposit taking SACCO societies, public service SACCO societies to arrive at a sample size of 83. The researcher distributed 83 questionnaires to the respondents of which 62 were returned representing a 75% response rate. The data collection instruments were checked for reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha method. The researcher used descriptive statistics to analyse data using mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics using regression analysis, and analysis of variance. The researcher employed multiple regression analysis at 5% level of significance to establish the association between the variables. The study findings established that the employee rewards, job design and career opportunities are crucial factors that positively affect retention of employees.The study recommends that SACCO societies should formulate well-structured employee rewards with supportive policies. The societies should improve on these rewards to improve the level of employee retention. The study also recommends that the SACCO societies should have a variety of career opportunities to satisfy different employee needs. The study suggest that in future, researchers should carry out a longitudinal study to establish the extent to which employee rewards, job design and career opportunities affect employee retention in SACCO societies.
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Rodima-Taylor, Daivi, und Erik Bähre. „INTRODUCTION: MUTUAL HELP IN AN ERA OF UNCERTAINTY“. Africa 84, Nr. 4 (22.10.2014): 507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972014000461.
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African communities are witnessing a perplexing proliferation of diverse arrangements of mutual security that draw upon old and new solidarities and inventively merge market logic with reciprocal forms of distribution and sharing. The dynamics of such voluntary arrangements and their broader social impacts emerge as increasingly important topics of study. The changing nature of global economies poses challenging questions about the novel relationships between state and market, and the potential of human agency to find alternatives to address growing inequalities. This collection focuses on local institutions of mutual security as alternative – yet also interdependent – forms of distribution that have become particularly relevant in the current era of global financialization and the changing dynamics between private and public social spheres. Various voluntary associations and informal economic networks, financial mutuals and savings/credit groups are becoming central in regulating access to resources and defining patterns of association in African communities. The articles in this themed part-issue explore these social security networks and organizations, concentrating on their ambiguous potential to empower the marginal as well as to contribute to social strife and political conflict. Ethnographic cases from diverse parts of Africa illustrate the impacts of the environments of uncertainty on the emergence of novel forms of association. The contributions suggest that contemporary mutual help arrangements should be seen as being central to the emergence of new social spaces and power configurations in such settings, revealing a broader social dynamic of globalization.
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Mathuva, David Mutua, und H. Gin Chong. „Impact of regulatory reforms on compliance with mandatory disclosures by savings and credit co-operatives in Kenya“. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 26, Nr. 2 (14.05.2018): 246–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-04-2016-0036.
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Purpose This paper aims to utilize institutional theory to examine the impact of the 2008-2010 regulatory reforms on compliance with mandatory disclosures by savings and credit co-operatives (SACCOs) in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach Two-stage least squares panel regression approach is utilized to analyse data covering 1,272 firm-year observations for 212 SACCOs over a six-year period, 2008-2013. An analysis of the pre- and post-regulation impacts on compliance with mandatory disclosure requirements is also performed. Findings The results, which are in support of the institutional theory, reveal that licensed SACCOs engage in higher compliance with mandatory disclosures, and this improves from the pre- to the post-regulation period. The results show that SACCOs under inquiry engage in lower compliance with mandatory disclosure requirements, especially in the post-regulation period. The findings also reveal a significant and positive association between SACCO size, co-operative governance and compliance with mandatory disclosure requirements. Research limitations/implications The study focuses on transition-level SACCOs in a single country. An extension into other jurisdictions with nascent, transitional and mature SACCOs would provide greater insights into the impact of disclosure regulation. Further, the study uses a self-constructed disclosure checklist which is subject to coding errors and biases. Practical implications The findings highlight the need for SACCO regulators and accounting professional body to devise incentives to improve the level of compliance with required disclosures. Originality/value The study contributes to the dearth of evidence on the efficacy of the introduction of mandatory disclosure requirements in a developing country where compliance is problematic because of difficulties with enforcement.
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Mathuva, David Mutua, Elizabeth Wangui Muthuma und Josephat Mboya Kiweu. „The impact of name change on the financial performance of savings and credit co-operatives in Kenya“. Management Research Review 39, Nr. 10 (17.10.2016): 1265–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-04-2015-0097.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of name change, if any on the financial performance of deposit-taking savings and credit co-operatives (SACCOs) in a developing country characterized by a vibrant SACCO sector. Sparse studies exist on the impact of name changes on revenue-cost performance in mutual financial institutions such as SACCOs. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a standard event methodology over a six-year period (2008-2013) to investigate the impact of name change on the return on assets (ROA) and operating profit margin (OPM). The study then uses a panel regression method to study the impact of name change on ROA and OPM for a sample of 212 deposit-taking SACCOs over the period 2008-2013. Findings The results, which are robust for a variety of controls, provide evidence in support of a consistent positive association between name change and subsequent financial performance of deposit-taking SACCOs in Kenya. The positive impact of name change seems to be experienced about four years after the name change. The results reveal muted influence of regulation on name change and financial performance of SACCOs in Kenya. Research limitations/implications The study focuses solely on deposit-taking SACCOs in a developing country context over a six-year period only. Extending the time period and including a sample of control SACCOs operating purely back-office service activities would add power to the analyses. Practical implications The current study illustrates the contribution of name change on the financial performance of SACCOs in a developing country characterized by a vibrant SACCO sector. Overall, the results show that name change announcements signal an improvement in SACCOs’ future prospects. Originality/value This study provides empirical evidence on the contribution of name change announcements on the financial performance of SACCOs in a developing country context. The study adds to the sparse literature on the impact of name change on the financial performance of mutual financial institutions that are not listed on the securities exchange.
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Besley, T., S. Coate und G. Loury. „Rotating Savings and Credit Associations, Credit Markets and Efficiency“. Review of Economic Studies 61, Nr. 4 (01.10.1994): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297915.
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Munala, Daniel Ambundo, und Dr Julius Korir. „CONSTRAINTS TO GROWTH OF MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA“. International Journal of Finance 2, Nr. 1 (02.02.2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijf.45.
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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the constraints to growth of micro finance institutions in Nairobi County, KenyaMethodology:The study adopted a descriptive survey research design to study the factors constraining the growth of the MFls. A census of all the 54 MFIs registered with the Association of Microfinance Institutions of Kenya AMFI was carried out. The informants for the study were drawn from the senior employees.Data was collected using questionnaires. Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics by use of graphs and pie charts.Results: The study findings revealed that Only 36 per cent MFIs offer micro savings as a service, the reason being that the rest (64%) are not registered as Deposit Taking Microfinance institutions by the Central bank of Kenya.Policy recommendation: The study recommends that loan repayment should be constantly monitored and whenever there is a default in repayment, a quick action should be taken. The Microfinance should also avoid granting loans to the risky customers or for speculative ventures, monitor loan repayments, and renegotiate loans whenever borrowers get into difficulties. Credit analysis of potential borrowers should be carried out in order to judge the credit risk with the borrower and to reach a lending decision
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Sato, Koryu, Naoki Kondo und Katsunori Kondo. „Rotating savings and credit association, its members' diversity, and higher‐level functional capacity: A 3‐year prospective study from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study“. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 19, Nr. 12 (22.11.2019): 1268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13798.
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Kharisma, Bayu, Sutyastie Soemitro Remi, Ferry Hadiyanto und Andhika Dwi Saputra. „The Economics of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) and Poverty in Indonesia“. Jurnal Economia 16, Nr. 1 (08.04.2020): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/economia.v16i1.30308.
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Abstract: Arisan or Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) constitute one of the most commonly found informal financial institutions in the developing world. This study aims to analyze the effect of Rotating Savings And Credit Associations (ROSCAs) on poverty in Indonesia using panel data sourced from the fourth and fifth wave of the Family Life Survey (IFLS). This study used a conditional logit or fixed effect logit to see the effect of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) participation and control variables, which include individual, household, and community characteristics on poverty variables that are binary or categorized. The results showed that Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) participation can reduce poverty. Meanwhile, this study shows that women who participate in Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) can reduce poverty significantly. Keywords: poverty, ROSCAs, IFLS, conditional logit Ekonomi Arisan dan Kemiskinan di Indonesia Abstrak: Arisan atau Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) merupakan salah satu lembaga keuangan informal paling umum yang terdapat di negara berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh arisan (ROSCAs) terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia dengan menggunakan data panel yang bersumber dari Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) gelombang keempat dan kelima. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Conditional Logit atau Fixed Effect Logit untuk melihat pengaruh variabel partisipasi arisan dan variabel kontrol yang meliputi karakteristik individu, rumah tangga, dan komunitas terhadap variabel kemiskinan yang bersifat biner atau kategori. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi arisan dapat mengurangi kemiskinan. Selain itu, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perempuan yang berpartisipasi dalam arisan dapat mengurangi kemiskinan secara signifikan. Kata kunci: Kemiskinan, arisan, IFLS, conditional logit
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David, Ikwuoche, Obinna Adubisi, Bilkisu Farouk und Mary Adehi. „Assessing MSMEs Growth Through Rosca Involvement Using Paired t-Test and One Sample Proportion Test“. Journal of Social and Economic Statistics 9, Nr. 2 (01.12.2020): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jses-2020-0011.
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AbstractIn this research work, rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA) effect on the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and identification of a factor supporting the continuity of ROSCAs is studied. A well-designed questionnaire with a reliability value of 0.957 was distributed to 400 entrepreneurs in Wukari through snowball sampling technique. After validity check, 368 valid questionnaires were used for the research. Firstly, a paired t-test was applied to know if entrepreneurs achieve significant positive growth in their business before and after 5 years of joining ROSCAs. At 5% level of significance, entrepreneurs achieved significant positive growth in their businesses 5 years and above of joining ROSCAs. Secondly, a one sample proportion Z-score test was used to identify the major factor responsible for ROSCAs continuity. At 5% significance level, flexibility was identified as the major factor responsible for ROSCAs. It was concluded based on the results obtained that ROSCAs has a significant positive effect on the growth of MSMEs and ROSCAs continuity towards MSMEs growth is due to its flexibility factor in terms of operations, disbursement, seeking loans and interest rate.
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David, Ikwuoche, Obinna Adubisi, Bilkisu Farouk und Mary Adehi. „Assessing MSMEs Growth Through Rosca Involvement Using Paired t-Test and One Sample Proportion Test“. Journal of Social and Economic Statistics 9, Nr. 2 (01.12.2020): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jses-2020-0011.
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Abstract In this research work, rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA) effect on the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and identification of a factor supporting the continuity of ROSCAs is studied. A well-designed questionnaire with a reliability value of 0.957 was distributed to 400 entrepreneurs in Wukari through snowball sampling technique. After validity check, 368 valid questionnaires were used for the research. Firstly, a paired t-test was applied to know if entrepreneurs achieve significant positive growth in their business before and after 5 years of joining ROSCAs. At 5% level of significance, entrepreneurs achieved significant positive growth in their businesses 5 years and above of joining ROSCAs. Secondly, a one sample proportion Z-score test was used to identify the major factor responsible for ROSCAs continuity. At 5% significance level, flexibility was identified as the major factor responsible for ROSCAs. It was concluded based on the results obtained that ROSCAs has a significant positive effect on the growth of MSMEs and ROSCAs continuity towards MSMEs growth is due to its flexibility factor in terms of operations, disbursement, seeking loans and interest rate.
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Chhetri, Ram. „Rotating Credit Associations in Nepal:Dhikurias Capital, Credit, Saving, and Investment“. Human Organization 54, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1995): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.54.4.f17uj648g43k3n75.
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Thom, Bridgette, Catherine Benedict, Danielle Novetsky Friedman, Samantha Watson, Michelle Zeitler und Fumiko Chino. „The enduring negative effects of financial toxicity in young adult cancer survivors.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2021): 12117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.12117.
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12117 Background: Due to disruptions in education, workforce entry, and career development caused by cancer and its treatment, young adult (YA) cancer survivors face financial toxicity (i.e., cancer-related financial distress) at rates higher than older survivors. Financial toxicity in YA survivors is associated with avoiding care and diminished psychosocial well-being, but enduring effects on employment, personal finances, and healthcare use and the association with YA’s financial capability are not well studied. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of a national sample of YAs with cancer (n = 214) recruited online and via mailing lists. It included the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST), demographic/clinical self-report, and questions on medical cost-coping and healthcare use. Financial capability questions considered respondents’ knowledge about finances, self-efficacy for managing health expenses, and attitudes and behaviors regarding tracking expenses, budgeting, saving, investing, and bill paying. Multiple linear regression assessed associations among financial toxicity, financial capability, and cost-coping. Results: Mean respondent age was 35.4 years ( sd= 5.40) at survey and 27.5 years ( sd= 7.23) at diagnosis. Breast cancer (28%) and lymphoma (17%) were the most common diagnoses; most respondents were white (79%) women (87%) with college degrees (74%). Financial toxicity, as measured by COST, was high (mean = 13.9, sd= 9.3; possible range 0-44, scores < 26 indicate severe financial toxicity). Nearly all of the sample (96%) had health insurance, but 30% said their insurance does not meet their needs. One-half of the sample lacked confidence to manage health expenses. Cost-coping strategies included skipping/delaying: treatment (23%), survivorship care (35%), or medications (39%); 65% relied on a family member to pay for some/all medical bills. Negative events related to medical expenses included using money from savings (58%), taking on credit card debt (45%), post-cancer credit score decrease (44%), borrowing money to pay bills (42%), debt collection contact (37%), lacking money to pay for basic necessities (23%), loan denial (20%), and thoughts about and/or filing for bankruptcy (15%). In multivariate analyses, greater financial toxicity was associated with lower self-efficacy for managing health expenses (β = -0.88, p =.01), poorer financial behaviors (β = -0.54, p =.001), lower income (β = -5.27, p =.001), and skipping/delaying: treatment (eβ= 1.16, p <.001), survivorship care (eβ= 1.13, p <.001), or prescribed medication (eβ= 1.10, p =.001). Conclusions: Our findings illustrate the profound enduring impact of financial toxicity among YAs after cancer treatment. Multilevel interventions are needed to provide YAs the tools to navigate financial aspects of the healthcare system and connect them with resources toward gaining financial independence.
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Arthur, Emmanuel Kwesi, Salome Mwongeli Musau und Festus Mithi Wanjohi. „Remittances through formal and alternative channels and its effect on financial inclusion in Kenya“. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, Nr. 7 (12.12.2020): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i7.956.
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In the current dynamic world, those with no or little access to key financial products and services suffer a great deal of disservice. This study examines the effect of remittance channels (commercial banks and alternative sources) have on financial inclusion and then check the moderating effect of money remittance regulation on the relationship between the remittance channels and financial inclusion in Kenya. It uses the World Bank and Central Bank of Kenya’s dataset on remittances and financial inclusion covering the period from 2009 to 2018. We estimate our model using the Ordinary Least Square assumptions to find the association. We find that remittances from alternative channels other than commercial banks influence financial inclusion in Kenya. We further notice that the money remittance regulations have no moderating effect on the relationship between remittance channels and financial inclusion in Kenya. Our results suggest that commercial banks are not able to appropriately sell their products and services to remittance-receiving households while fintech and other internet remitting service providers seem to roll on products and services that enhance the use of savings and credit facilities. We suggest that more avenues and policies should be enacted to foster the use of alternative sources while improving structures within commercial banks to empower financial inclusion in Kenya
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Edwards, Alexander. „The Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance and Firm Creditworthiness“. Journal of the American Taxation Association 40, Nr. 1 (01.07.2017): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/atax-51846.
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ABSTRACT In this study, I provide evidence that the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets helps predict the future creditworthiness of a firm. Under the provisions of SFAS No. 109, a firm records a deferred tax asset provided it expects to generate sufficient taxable income to realize the asset in the form of tax savings in the future. If a firm does not expect to generate sufficient taxable income to realize the asset, then a valuation allowance is created to reduce the balance. As a result, the valuation allowance indicates management's expectation of future taxable income, which could be informative in predicting the ability of the firm to make future interest and principal payments on debt. Alternatively, the valuation allowance may not be informative regarding creditworthiness if it is a result of overly conservative accounting practices or if it is used as an earnings management tool. I document a negative association between material increases in the valuation allowance and contemporaneous and future changes in credit ratings, evidence that is consistent with the valuation allowance providing a summary measure of a decline in firms' creditworthiness. JEL Classifications: G29; H25; M41. Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the paper.
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Pauly, Mark V., John C. Goodman, Judith Feder, Larry Levitt, Stuart M. Butler, David M. Cutler und Gail R. Wilensky. „Tax Credits For Health Insurance And Medical Savings Accounts“. Health Affairs 14, Nr. 1 (Januar 1995): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.14.1.125.
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Klonner, Stefan. „Rotating Savings and Credit Associations When Participants are Risk Averse*“. International Economic Review 44, Nr. 3 (August 2003): 979–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2354.t01-1-00097.
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Bouman, F. J. A. „Rotating and accumulating savings and credit associations: A development perspective“. World Development 23, Nr. 3 (März 1995): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(94)00141-k.
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Cottin-Euziol, Edouard. „The repayment of bank credits having financed investments in the Domar model“. Brazilian Keynesian Review 1, Nr. 2 (24.12.2015): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v1i2.37.
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In the Domar model, based on the Keynesian multiplier theory, investment generates savings. Therefore, savings cannot fund investments, at least ex ante. Investments have first to be financed by bank credit, hence the question on their repayment. In this article, we suppose that investments are financed by bank credits issued on several periods, as it typically takes years for firms to reimburse their investment debt. What we then obtain is that, in order to avoid an overproduction crisis, the rate of capital accumulation has to gradually rise throughout a growth phase. This result paves the way to a theory of cycles based on the repayment of bank credits.
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Kimuyu, Peter Kiko. „Rotating Saving and Credit Associations in Rural East Africa“. World Development 27, Nr. 7 (Juli 1999): 1299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(99)00049-2.
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Callier, Philippe. „Informal Finance: The Rotating Saving and Credit Association ? An Interpretation“. Kyklos 43, Nr. 2 (Mai 1990): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1990.tb00211.x.
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Clevenger, Caroline M., Moatassem Abdallah und Jayapradha Madhavan. „ANALYZING TAX CREDITS FOR RESIDENTIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY USING ENERGY MODELING“. Journal of Green Building 13, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.13.1.83.
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From roughly 2013 to 2016, ten building product categories related to residential energy efficiency were eligible for United States ENERGY STAR Federal Tax Credits. In general, the objective of residential energy-efficiency tax credits is to encourage individuals to increase residential energy-efficiency investments and invest in properties that generate renewable energy. This research analyses eight of the available tax credit categories for four climatic zones and recommends packages based on low Life Cycle Cost and low First Cost for the eligible ENERGY STAR products. An experiment was conducted using energy modeling software for different tax credits and costs combinations, to explore potential variability in economic impact of the federal program. Analysis used Building America B10 Benchmark as a reference, and the energy computations were completed using Building Energy Optimization (BEopt) software. Results suggest that ENERGY STAR product packages that include PV systems generally have the lowest (best) Life Cycle Costs and packages that include Geothermal Heat Pumps generally have the highest (worst) Life Cycle Costs. However, there are tradeoffs between cost savings and energy source savings, and the particular economics of tax incentives for ENERGY STAR products depend on project specifics as well as owner priorities.
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Garbi, Malamou, Michas, Pontikas, Doulamis, Protopapadakis, Mikkelsen, Kanellakis und Baradat. „BENEFFICE: Behaviour Change, Consumption Monitoring and Analytics with Complementary Currency Rewards“. Proceedings 20, Nr. 1 (24.07.2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019020012.
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BENEFFICE designed (eco-)system aims to reduce wasted electricity by incentivizing long-term consumption savings. It leverages Internet of Things enabled, low cost devices, which capture electricity use patterns at the level of clusters of devices and of each individual consumer. An energy behavior model correlates these patterns with optimal, personalized comfort levels and geographic and energy use contexts to determine optimal energy use behavior to reduce wastage of energy and to increase the use of renewable resources. Personalised, real-time motivational paths and challenges are contributing to deliver sustainable reductions of electricity consumption. Voluntarily engagement is achieved by the provision of monetary rewards -CO2 credits- in return of electricity savings and successful challenges. A novel ecosystem of like-minded actors of businesses who pay in CO2 credits and consumers who act for earning them is established.
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Kilgour, John G. „Employer Matching Contributions to Section 529 College Savings Plans“. Compensation & Benefits Review 51, Nr. 3 (Juni 2019): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368719880380.
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The alarming increase of higher education and the resulting growth of student debt in recent years has resulted in a number of employers adopting programs to assist employees with 529 college savings plans. However, the design or adoption of such plans is complicated. They are 529 prepaid tuition plans, educational savings plans or Coverdell Educational Savings Accounts. Many states offer tax deductions, tax credits or grants. Fees and expenses vary significantly among the different types of plans and from state to state as does investment performance. This article examines these matters from the perspective of an employer considering the adoption of a 529 or other college savings plan as an employee benefit.
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Ghebregiorgis, Fitsum, und Habteab Tekie Mehreteab. „Determinants of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) Features: Evidences from Asmara“. Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi 2, Nr. 7 (30.12.2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26677/tr1010.2019.282.
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Tsai, Kellee S. „Banquet Banking: Gender and Rotating Savings and Credit Associations in South China“. China Quarterly 161 (März 2000): 142–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000003970.
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The thirty members of Mr. Chang's society were asked to meet at his house on the 18th of the seventh month. As they were coming at his request and were going to help him with his need for funds. Mr. Chang provided a feast for his friends. A feast was served at all subsequent meetings of the [credit] society, but after the first meeting each member paid his share of the expense. (Sidney D. Gamble, “A Chinese mutual savings society,”Far Eastern Quarterly, No. 41 (1944), p. 41)
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Scholten, Ulrich. „Rotating Savings and Credit Associations in Developed Countries: The German–Austrian Bausparkassen“. Journal of Comparative Economics 28, Nr. 2 (Juni 2000): 340–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcec.2000.1657.
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