Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Ask innehåll“

The global energy demand supplies mainly from fossil fuels, which is neither sustainable nor environmentally friendly and aims to global warming. Therefore, both more investments in renewable energy sources such as bioenergy are required, as well as new technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) to handle the emissions from existing combined heat and power (CHP) plants. In this degree project, the focus is to determine the moisture content, ash content, heating value, and elemental compositions of solid biofuel mixtures in real-time by utilizing the optical technique of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A total number of 150 samples of solid biofuel mixtures were prepared and illuminated by NIR light. All spectra of the samples were recorded in a wavenumber range of 12000 cm-1 – 400 cm-1 in a dish on a turn table which was in a moving mode with a speed of 0.5 m/s. Each sample was scanned three times to avoid, or at least minimize the deviation of the spectra and the samples were mixed between each scan to get more reliable representative spectra data. Partial least square regression models were created to analyze the spectra data. A data split was done randomly, 100 for calibration and 50 for validation. Then the data was pre-processed with different methods including multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), Savitzky-Golay 1st derivative (SG 1st), Savitzky-Golay 2nd derivative (SG 2nd), and orthogonal signal correction (OSC) to reduce noise and scatter effect. The results of NIR spectra treated by OSC method obtained  , RMSE and SE of 0.900, 2.241 and 2.204, respectively for prediction of moisture content, 0.424, 0.913 and 0.922 for prediction of ash content, 0.640, 0.370 and 0.368 for prediction of heating value, respectively. The obtained prediction of  , RMSE and SE were 0.687, 0.066 and 0.058 for nitrogen, 0.636, 0.361 and 0.364 for carbon, 0.483, 0.269 and 0.270 for hydrogen, respectively. As the results shows, these models to predict the ash content and hydrogen content has a lower accuracy than what is expected in process modeling while the prediction of moisture content has the highest accuracy.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur socialarbetare inom socialtjänsten upplever arbetet med barn som blivit utsatta för sexuella övergrepp. För att belysa detta undersökte vi socialarbetarnas metodarbete kring klientgruppen, deras kunskap kring sexuella övergrepp och hur de hanterar de egna emotionerna. För att uppnå syftet har studien genomförts genom fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med verksamma socialarbetare inom en kommun. Det insamlade materialet har bearbetats ur en hermeneutisk ansats och analyserats utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Vi har vidare använt oss av begreppen kongruens, acceptans, empati, coping samt Ingrams modell om hur man som socialarbetare kan kombinera emotioner med rationellt tänkande och beslut. Dessa begrepp har möjliggjort förklaringar till hur socialarbetare förhåller sig till arbetet med sina klienter samt hjälpt oss förstå hur socialarbetare hanterar sina emotioner som uppstår i samtal med sina klienter. Resultatet visar att socialtjänsten inte specifikt arbetar behandlande med barn som blivit utsatta för sexuella övergrepp utan att de snarare är en första hjälp för utsatta barn när hjälpen från de som innehar specialkompetensen gällande traumatiserade barn på ett eller annat sätt dröjer. Vidare visar resultatet att det inte används några specifika och tydliga riktlinjer eller handlingsplaner som påtalar vilka arbetsmetoder som ska användas i arbetet med barn som blivit utsatta för sexuella övergrepp. Studien belyser vikten av kunskap och specialkompetens gällande trauma och hur trauma kan uttryckas hos de barn som blivit utsatta för sexuella övergrepp, detta för att kunna bemöta och ge rätt hjälp. Resultatet belyser att det är i kombination med erfarenhet och löpande fortbildning som de professionella får beredskap och kunskap i att möta barn som blivit utsatta för sexuella övergrepp.<br>The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers in social services experience working with children who had been sexually abused. To illustrate this, we investigated the social worker's approach work around the client group, their knowledge about sexual abuse and how they deal with their own emotions. For that purpose, to be achieved, the study carried out by five semi-structured interviews with active social workers in a Swedish municipality. The collected material is processed from a hermeneutical approach and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. We have also used the concepts of congruence, acceptance, empathy, and coping and Ingram's model of how social workers can combine emotion with rational thinking and decision, which has made possible explanations for how the social workers relate to their work with clients and helped us to understand how social workers deal with their emotions that arise in conversations with their clients. The results show that social services do not specifically work therapeutic with children who have been sexually abused but they are rather a first help for vulnerable children when the help from those who possess special expertise regarding traumatized children in one way or another lingers. Furthermore, the results show that the department do not provide specific and clear guidelines or action plans which tells the operating method to be used in work with children who have been sexually abused. The study highlights the importance of knowledge and expertise regarding trauma and how trauma can be expressed in those children who have been sexually abused, in order to be able to respond and provide the right help. The results illustrate that it is combined with the experience and ongoing training that the professional are getting the preparedness and knowledge to meet children who have been sexually abused.

Elevers delaktighet och förmågan att kunna kommunicera är två grundläggande faktorer som kan påverka elevers framtid. För att elever med olika kommunikationsformer ska kunna vara delaktiga i sin lärprocess krävs att det finns tillgång till varierande kommunikationssätt. Formuleringarna i Skolverkets styrdokument var dock inte tillräckligt tillgängliga för elever som läser gymnasiesärskolans individuella program. För att förtydligöra det centrala innehållet i kursplanen och kunskapskraven skapade pedagogerna en unik samtalskarta som använder elevnära språk, AKK, och illustrerade skrifttexterna till bilderna. Syftet med denna fallstudie är att undersöka hur elever med utvecklingsstörning kan ges möjlighet att bli mer delaktiga i undervisning och kunskapsbedömning genom användningen av alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation (AKK). Studien baseras på det sociokulturella perspektivet och KASAM-teori (Känsla av SAMmanhang) och har en kvalitativ deduktiv forskningsansats. Metoden som används i denna studie är intervjuer med speciallärare och elever samt observationer av olika lektioner för att veta mer om de samtalskartor som främjar elevers delaktighet i undervisning och kunskapsbedömning. Analysmetod i den studien är kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att med användning av de samtalskartor som illustrerar det centrala  innehållet i kursplan  och kunskapskravens ”trappor ” blir lektionerna meningsfulla, begripliga och hanterbara, så att eleverna blir motiverade och vill vara delaktiga i undervisning och kunskapsbedömning.<br>Students participation and their ability of communication are two fundamental factors that can influence their future. For enabling students with different communication forms to participate in their learning processes, it is necessary to create accesses to varying methods of communication. However, the governing documents of the Swedish National Education Agency were not sufficiently accessible for students in special needs upper secondary school individual program. In order to clarify the central content of the syllabus and the knowledge requirements, the educators created a unique conversation map that illustrates scripture texts for images in the student-friendly language, AAC (Augmentative and alternative communication). This case study aims to investigate the ways to support students to become more active in the education and knowledge evaluation by using the conversation maps.  The study is based on the sociocultural perspective and SOC-theory (Sense of Coherence) and follows a deductive approach. The methods used in this study consist of interviews with specialist teachers and students as well as observations of various lessons, in order to acquire a deep understanding of how the conversation maps can be utilized to promote the participation of students in education and knowledge assessment. The analysis method in this study is qualitative content analysis. The result shows that, by using the conversation maps that illustrate the central content of the syllabus and the required knowledge levels, the lessons became more meaningful, comprehensible and manageable, and consequently the students got more motivated and eager to participate in education and knowledge assessment.