Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Arts of the Pre-Inca Period“

In the pre-Columbian Andes, the use of hallucinogens during the Formative period (900–300 BC) often supported exclusionary political strategies, whereas, during the Late Horizon (AD 1450–1532), Inca leaders emphasised corporate strategies via the mass consumption of alcohol. Using data from Quilcapampa, the authors argue that a shift occurred during the Middle Horizon (AD 600–1000), when beer made from Schinus molle was combined with the hallucinogen Anadenanthera colubrina. The resulting psychotropic experience reinforced the power of the Wari state, and represents an intermediate step between exclusionary and corporate political strategies. This Andean example adds to the global catalogue documenting the close relationship between hallucinogens and social power.

First coined in the UK in the early 1990s as a new label for an ostensibly new, post-1979 kind and cycle of period cinema, the ‘heritage film’ is now firmly established as a widely used term and category in academic film studies. Although the heritage film’s defining features, ideological character and ontological coherence would remain debated, its status as a ‘new’ category hinges, self-evidently, on the presumption that the films of post-1979 culturally English heritage cinema marked a new departure and were clearly distinct from their pre-Thatcher-era precursors. Yet, paradoxically, the British period/costume films of the preceding decade, the 1970s, have attracted almost no scholarly attention, and none which connects them with the post-1979 British heritage film, nor the 1980s cultural and industry conditions said to have fostered these productions with those of the 1970s. This article pursues these questions through the prism of Britain’s largest film production and distribution entity throughout 1970–86, EMI, and EMI’s place as a significant and sustained, but little-acknowledged, force in British period film production throughout that time. In so doing, the article establishes the case for studying ‘pre-heritage’ period cinema. EMI’s period film output included early proto-heritage films but also ventured notably wider. This field of production is examined within the broader terrain of 1970s British and American period cinema and within wider 1970s UK cinema box-office patterns and cultural trends, attending to commercial logics as well as to genre and the films' positioning in relation to the later heritage film debates.

We argue for an interdisciplinary pedagogical approach that we call the Integration of Research and Education in the Classroom, which highlights and crosses disciplinary boundaries to challenge each field’s assumptions, limitations, conceptual and interpretive purview. We use a set of examples that center on problematizing various aspects of the concept of indigeneity in the Spanish Colonial Period of Latin America. These examples draw explicitly on material from literary and culture studies, archaeology and anthropology, and foster students’ critical thinking about the works of early indigenous authors such as the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. We show how an Integration of Research and Education in the Classroom approach provides rich fodder for classroom discussions as well as scholarship.

This study reports on pre-school age children becoming familiar with their hometown’s cultural history through children’s literature, personal stories, and craft products. The aim of this study is to discuss the educational value of arts-based activities and authentic learning environments from the perspective of visualizing children’s experiences. In the learning process, children create stories and craft products based on a picture book of a home museum in their town and the experience of visiting the museum. The research is in line with the curriculum of Finnish pre-schools (valid from 2016), according to which children should be offered opportunities to empathize with their immediate environment using a variety of arts-based methods as support. The theoretical framework of this study is based on Kolb’s model of experiential learning, different approaches of arts-based learning and the theory of situated learning by Lave and Wenger. The data consist of children’s oral follow-up stories and craft products. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, which is a valid replicable method for making specific inferences from text to other states or properties of a source. It appears that different learning environments and arts-based, experiential activities contribute to learning in a child-centered way and may vizualize children’s thoughts and experiences, for the teacher, for the children themselves, and for other learners. The different stages of the experiential learning process proved to be beneficial to each other: The materials the children produced during the experiment could be used to activate educational discussions in pre-schools and make them more child-centered. In addition, the literature element and the authentic experience gave the children ideas for their own products..

The research examined the relevance of the visual arts curriculum content with the view of assessing the extent to which it equips pre-service visual arts teachers with the knowledge and skills required for effective teaching. The study adopted a descriptive case study design. Data were collected from three purposively selected National Teacher Colleges (NTCs), six tutors and 90 final year pre-service visual arts teachers participated in this study. The research findings showed that teacher education institutions are inadequately preparing pre-service visual arts teachers because of the gaps in the Visual Arts Curriculum (VAC) used in NTCs. Some of these gaps are attributed to the structure of the visual arts curriculum tutors use in NTCs. The visual arts curriculum lacks explicit visual arts assessment strategies; it has wide and combined visual arts content to be covered within a short period of two years and the limited knowledge of the available art materials, tools and equipment. The research recommended the restructuring of the VAC to accommodate more practical; and the introduction of specialized knowledge in the visual arts education (VAE) to enable tutors decipher practical knowledge from the theory studied so as to adopt an integrated approach in VAE curriculum. Keywords: case study, pre-service teachers, relevant visual arts curriculum.

The period of Mu'āwiya b. Sufyān, as governor over Syria and al-Jazīra under the caliph 'Uthmān from at least 25–6/646–7, and then as Umayyad caliph in Damascus 41–60/661–80, was crucial for the first impetus of Arab expansion in the eastern Mediterranean. Egypt had been conquered by 'Amr b. al-'Āṣ during 'Umar's caliphate, and the great port of Alexandria passed definitively into Arab hands by 21/642. Alexandria possessed famed dockyards, and had a Greco-Egyptian population which the Arabs were able to press into service for manning their warships operating out of the Egyptian ports and out of the harbours along the Syrian coast, such as Jaffa, Acre, Beirut and Tripoli.

Задачей исследования является анализ особенностей железообрабатывающего производства в древнерусских княжествах. В качестве примера выбраны Полоцкое и Рязанское княжества как наиболее полно представленные аналитическими материалами. Железообработка Полоцкого и Рязанского княжеств находилась в общем русле развития древнерусского ремесла. Наблюдаемые особенности в кузнечном производстве сравниваемых земель не имеют принципиального значения и объясняются, главным образом, хронологическим фактором. The task of this study is to analyze distinctive features of ironworking production in Russian medieval principalities. The study focuses on the Polotsk and Ryazan principalities as the lands best represented by analytical materials. Ironworking in the Polotsk and Ryazan principalities reflected all mainstream development trends in Ancient Rus arts and crafts. The specific features of blacksmithing in each of the two lands are irrelevant and are, largely, explained by the chronological factor.

Archaeological excavations in Ramla, Jund Filastin capital during the early Islamic period, discovered in a zone of artisans and workshops, a unique complex of built and dug installations. It included barely known and understood components of a proto-chemical toolkit. The finds included an abundance of small, decorated bottles previously identified as perfume containers. Additional small finds of a proto-chemistry toolkit included e.g., bronze pipettes, delicate bronze pestles and weights. The complex is to be associated with the existence of a facility differing from an alchemist studio-laboratory. It involved the commercial, non-artisan, pre-industrial production of perfumes and aromatic oils associated with body care chemistry. The close proximity to a Hammam (bathhouse) is notable. Suitable comparisons were found throughout the Mediterranean Basin, from Spain, where comparable tool kits in close proximity to Hammams were discovered, to Russia, where similar technology and typology were documented. The article discusses the importance of the dictates of the Qur’an and Mohammedan traditions regarding purification of the body and their catalytic influence on social and early technological changes in a pre-industrial society.

AbstractThis commentary article focuses on a crucial moment in the formation of Peruvian Creole nationalism: the 1836–9 Peruvian–Bolivian Confederation. Nationalist sentiments expressed through the anti-confederationist press, satiric poetry and pamphlets, glorified the Inca past while spurning the Indian present. During this period, a nationalist, essentially racist, rhetoric whose roots can be traced to the late eighteenth century, took shape. This rhetoric would provide the foundations of an ideology which has prevailed in Peruvian history. This rhetoric reached its peak in the twentieth century, while evolving into a historiographical discourse instrumental to the exercise of power and which is now in crisis.

The interaction between art and science was high during the Renaissance and it declined later to return significantly in the 20th century, mainly with the use of identification techniques, dating of art works and the development of new materials. The relationship between plastic arts and hand surgery is intense and artistic reproductions of hands are frequent in the illustration of scientific texts. With the objective of understanding the role of the hand in plastic arts, reproductions of works of art (sculptures and paintings) representative of several periods or styles in the history of art were analyzed emphasizing the study of the hands. Anatomical details, relationship with other structures of the human body, role in the composition and symbolic aspects of the hands were studied in historical and artistic contexts of art works in the Paleolithic period (pre-history) until the 20th century. The representation of the hands in plastic arts is directly related to the style or period of the work and to the individual ability of interpretation and execution by the artist.

This thesis attempts to examine and define the degree of influence which the Turks exerted on Islamic art of the Seljuqid period (1040--1194 AD) specifically, and on Islamic art of the medieval period generally. As this thesis represents a first investigation of the topic, it was necessary to retrace Turkish history from its beginnings to fully understand its dynamic, but also to analyze the art historical and cultural past of the Turkish peoples in order to assess the degree of probability of Turkish influence on Islamic art as well as the means of its penetration. The vaster arena of this research is the field of Central Asian history and the growing awareness of the important cultural ramifications of its widespread Indo-Buddhist culture.
Due to the complexity of the thesis topic, a simple method has been followed to present the material. The thesis is divided into three chapters, each addressing a major issue. The first chapter introduces the four major Turkish steppe dynasties and their art in so far as archaeology permits. The second chapter deals with the process of Islamicization of the Turks, while the third chapter broaches the issue of Turkish influence on Islamic art of the Seljuqid period under four headings: architecture, architectural decoration, animal imagery, and figurative iconography. The basic premise of this paper is the assumption that, if the Turks played such a major role in the political developments of medieval dar al-islam, they must have also contributed, consciously or not, to the formation of medieval Islamic art.

This paper endeavors to establish some basic points of reference to better understand the early culture-historical dynamics of the Casma Valley. The revised chronology presented here follows the ceramic sequence developed by Peter Fuchs (1990) on the basis of his Cerro Sechín stratigraphy, confirmed and amplified in its early sections by his recent excavations at Sechín Bajo. A systematic review of the different categories of archaeological data reveals many lacunae that still persist in our record. Monumental architecture most clearly expresses the socio-cultural complexity of the ancient Casma Valley polities. It first appeared during the Sechín Period (3400-1650 cal BC) which is part of the Late Archaic (Preceramic), followed during the Early Formative by the Moxeke Period (1650-1400 cal BC) and the Haldas Period (1400-1000 cal BC) with their diagnostic ceramics. Within this timeframe, some hypotheses formulated by Shelia and Thomas Pozorski (2006) about the socio-political transactions between major Casma Valley sites are evaluated in the light of the archaeological evidence. The tradition of monumental adobe architecture that goes back to about 3400 cal BC in the Casma Valley, reminds us of analogous developments in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the ancient Near East. There still remains the challenge to adapt Archaic Period terminology in the Andes to those new discoveries (Kaulicke 1994, 2007: 17-18).
Las investigaciones recientes permiten esbozar un nuevo cuadro cronológico del valle de Casma gracias a la secuencia cerámica elaborada por Peter Fuchs (1990) sobre la base de la estratigrafía de Cerro Sechín, confirmada y ampliada en su parte temprana por los descubrimientos en Sechín Bajo. Al mismo tiempo, el recuento sistemático categorizado de los datos revelará muchas lagunas en el registro arqueológico actual. El avance sociocultural de los habitantes del valle de Casma se expresa, más claramente, en su arquitectura monumental. Se da a conocer, primero, en el Periodo Sechín (3400-1650 a.C.), que forma parte del Arcaico Tardío y Final, seguido durante el Formativo Temprano —según los contextos cerámicos diagnósticos—, por los periodos Moxeke (1650-1400 a.C.) y Haldas (1400-1000 a.C. [calib.]). Dentro de este marco se tratará de evaluar, a la luz de las evidencias arqueológicas, algunos desarrollos sociopolíticos bosquejados por Shelia y Thomas Pozorski (2006) como si fuesen reales. La presencia de una arquitectura monumental de adobe que se remonta hacia 3400 a.C. (calib.) en el valle de  Casma, hace recordar los desarrollos análogos del Neolítico Precerámico (Pre-Pottery Neolithic) del Cercano Oriente. Permanece pendiente el reto de estructurar una terminología conveniente para el Periodo Arcaico andino, de acuerdo con los nuevos descubrimientos (Kaulicke 1994; 2009: 17-18).

A narrative of decline punctuated by periods of renewal has long structured perceptions of Rome’s late antique and medieval history. In their probing contributions to this volume, a multi-disciplinary group of scholars provides alternative approaches to understanding the period. Addressing developments in governance, ceremony, literature, art, music, clerical education and the construction of the city’s identity, the essays examine how a variety of actors, from poets to popes, productively addressed the intermittent crises and shifting dynamics of these centuries in ways that bolstered the city’s resilience. Without denying that the past (both pre-Christian and Christian) consistently remained a powerful touchstone, the studies in this volume offer rich new insights into the myriad ways that Romans, between the fifth and the eleventh centuries, creatively assimilated the past as they shaped their future.

This chapter illuminates the changing status of the birch tree, how the Finns have perceived it, and what have Finnish standards of environmental literacy have been from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century. This period covers both pre-industrial and industrial socio-economic changes, from the ancient hunters and slash-and-burn cultivators to modern architecture, art and wood processing industries. Finland’s forests are relatively the largest in Europe: 86 % of the country’s surface is covered with the woods. The three most common tree species are pine, spruce and birch. The value of pine and spruce grew significantly when the wood processing industry began to use wood fibres in production, while birch has had its ups and downs which makes it an interesting tree to study.

The chapter delves into the multifaceted stories and experiences of individuals and communities navigating migratory journeys amidst the unprecedented global challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this exploration, the chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the pandemic on migration dynamics, shedding light on the narratives that emerged during this tumultuous period. It then delves into the unique challenges posed by the pandemic, including border closures, travel restrictions, and the exacerbation of pre-existing inequalities faced by migrants.

Abstract In the period of 1909–14, the arts were significantly reshaped in Britain and the United States. The poetic and prose experiments of Anglo-American modernists would culminate in the publication of The Waste Land, Ulysses, and the Later Poems of Yeats in 1922, and the revised Cantos in 1923. In this chapter I will focus on the intellectual context of the pre-war period. In particular, I ask what language was available to writers for understanding the nature of sexual difference during this period when there were wider political debates about the status of liberalism and democracy. Women’s enfranchisement, in particular, became a central political and intellectual issue, and prosuffragists (ranging from pro-suffrage liberal politicians to members of theWomen’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in Britain) employed a liberal discourse of rights and equality to argue their case. In the process, they tended to presuppose a highly legalistic and rational account of liberty and female subjectivity.

Abstract Chapter IV argues that Law and Literature is not solely a U.S. invention, but that any number of pre-1970 Law and Literature(s) preceded it, even if they were not called Law and Literature. The chapter moves from the discussion of individual legal subjectivities in Chapter II to the analysis of how group legal identities are produced, using cultural narrative studies but expanding on this method with an attention to affect, metaphor and media. The chapter demonstrates the specificity of individual Law and Literature(s) and recognizes Law and Literature’s capacity to make legal interventions using aesthetic means. Sections on the German territories in the Vormärz period, on African American literature and the arts of Black Lives Matter, and on pro- and anti-refugee art forms in Germany highlight specific uses of the aesthetic to query and critique the law.

The Maya civilization developed in Mesoamerica persisted approximately 3,000 years and was one of the most advanced of its time. Mayas had the only known full writing system, as well as highly developed mathematical and astronomical systems. They also developed sophisticated architecture and arts. The Maya area of settlement ranged from the Yucatan Peninsula through Guatemala, Belize, and part of the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas, as well as parts of Honduras and El Salvador. The Maya civilization reached its peak of power and influence in the Preclassic period, from 2000 BCE to 250 CE. Despite the profound impact of the Mayan civilization on Mesoamerica and neighboring populations, studies of genetic variation of ancient Maya populations in pre-European times are scarce. Therefore, this work examines evidence in ancient DNA from archaeological sites in the states of Yucatan, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, and Tabasco. We report data analysis from sequences of the mtDNA hypervariable region I (HV1) from bone remains found in excavations of archaeological sites of the Maya region and their relationship with ancient and contemporary communities in this region, including Central and South America, as well as with Asia and Beringia. We discuss the results in the light of the influence of climate change in the area and relate them to evidence from language change. Gene flow within the Maya area occurred with a directional flow to South America in the Preclassic and Classic eras of the Mesoamerican chronology. This is supported by historical documentation, that has shown that the ancestors of the Maya civilization entered the Yucatan Peninsula after the first movement of people from Northern Asia into the Americas, with later migrations of the Maya ancestors to Mesoamerica, through Central America and the Caribbean, and toward the northern portions of South America.

The advantage of learning history through the perspective of the criticism of a certain period lies in the fact that the journalist does not merely reproduce the information, but also describes the state emanating from the events commented upon, himself being contemporary with them. For us, readers of later decades, newspapers are, objectively speaking, a genuine history textbook. However, discovering interwar periodicals from Iasi has proven to be a fairly difficult task. In order to identify the titles from Iasi, I have consulted the catalogues of three major libraries in the city: “Mihai Eminescu” Central University Library, “Gheorghe Asachi” County Library and the library of “George Enescu” National University of Arts. In this endeavor, I discovered titles that appear either in the pre-war or in the post-war periods. Moreover, publications such as Curierul de Iași issued both before and after the wars but ceased their activity in the interwar period. Finally, the titles that circulated in the interwar period and could be accessed are Flacăra Iașului, Ziarul Opinia, Evenimentul, Însemnări ieșene and Ziarul Scânteia. Starting from their pages, I have attempted to reconstruct a side of the interwar artistic climate of Iași.

In Dutch East India, photographic documentation for antiquities was as up-to-date as in Europe that was developed in the last half of the 19th century. Photography became a tool for archaeological surveys which resulted in thousands of enormous resources. In this paper, the historical background regarding how these old photographs were collected and how the material circulated within archaeological activities will be elaborated. The timeline studied is limited to pre-independence Indonesia with the subject mostly focused on Hindu-Buddhist remains. The method used is literature review of both relevant new publications as well as significant old publications. Its turns out that photographic surveys of archaeology in Indonesia during the colonial period developed from early archaeological activities into systematic institutional programs. The qualities of photography were appreciated in miscellaneous application and offered substantial benefits. Photography became a documentation medium, publication complementary, archive, and object representation and substitution. This historical background of photography in the context of Indonesian archaeology marks the significant value of these photographs so that it can be the foundation of preservation for the future. Di Hindia Belanda, dokumentasi fotografis pada tinggalan purbakala sangat mutakhir sebagaimana di Eropa yang dikembangkan sejak paruh terakhir abad ke-19 M. Fotografi menjadi perangkat untuk survei arkeologi yang menghasilkan ribuan sumber daya. Dalam tulisan ini, latar belakang sejarah terkait pengumpulan foto lama tersebut serta penggunaannya dalam berbagai aktifitas arkeologi akan dijabarkan. Lini masa yang dikaji dibatasi pada Indonesia pra-kemerdekaan dengan subjek yang berfokus pada tinggalan Hindu-Buddhis. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka, baik terbitan terbaru yang relevan maupun terbitan lama yang penting. Ternyata survei fotografi pada arkeologi Indonesia selama periode kolonial berkembang sejak aktifitas arkeologis yang masih dini hingga menjadi program institusi yang sistematis. Kualitas fotografi juga diapresiasi dalam beragam penerapan serta menawarkan manfaat yang substansial, Fotografi menjadi media dokumentasi, pelengkap publikasi, arsip, serta representasi dan substitusi objek. Latar belakang sejarah fotografi dalam konteks arkeologi Indonesia semacam ini menjadikan nilai penting dari foto-foto tersebut sehingga dapat dijadikan fondasi dalam pelestarian untuk masa depan.

This work aims to share part of a research carried out in a public school that brought art, school and university closer together. The research aimed to understand the interests of students in the Final Stages of Youth and Adult Education (EJA) and was carried out at the Municipal Expeditionary Aquino de Araújo School, in Duque de Caxias, state of Rio de Janeiro. The audiovisual production comes from the school's partnership with the Audiovisual Resources Laboratory of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Campus Duque de Caxias, Faculty of Education of Baixada Fluminense (LABORAV-UERJ/FEBF). Students, collaborators, go from protagonists to directors and editors of their own productions. In this way, we try to enhance the interests of students who are often invisible. The research gave us the opportunity to get to know in more detail various interests of the students who, along the way, converged mainly on the culture of Skate and Hip Hop. At school, not only skateboarding was present in the classroom, but also skateboarding images, on shirt prints, on the covers of some notebooks. In the pre-investigative period of the project, Mauricio Silva had drawn the letters “R” and “C” on a project for a shirt, an activity that we propose, as an art teacher at the school. Then I met Mauricio Silva with his skater friends, exposing the “Ratarius” brand, that “R” that he drew in his shirt project. This meeting took place at the Meeting of Favelas (MOF) which was recorded in Video 1-MoF2014 Cultura e Imagem Fora das Paredes da Escola https://youtu.be/JdmRNjYygMs?t=7. Ana Mae Barbosa (2015) presents the image as a research narrative. Video 1 was a moment in the research, in which image/writing overflowed beyond paper and videos began to be part of the research methodology as well. We rely on Arts Based Research (PBA) with a/r/tography. Prior to any public presentation of Video 1, students and former students, Mauricio Silva, Thiago Marques, Anthony Oliveira and Raphael Santos were invited to watch Video 1 together on LABORAV, resulting in Video 6 (https://youtu.be/b6E94LzTpxY) with their reactions and comments to the event. see -. Afterwards, from this moment on, the other seven videos were produced with their direct collaboration, getting the invitation to watch. And we are celebrating the approval (October/2021) of the Licentiate Course in Cinema and Audiovisual for the Baixada Fluminense Education Faculty Unit of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, the place that made our research possible.

The present research focuses on the Sensorial Design approach applied to the teaching-learning of artistic drawing. The Sensorial Design is subsidized by the SEE BEYOND method [LIMA JR. G.C.; ZUANON, R. 2017-2019], which is based on cognitive-behavioral neuroscience and neuroeducation studies to develop and apply didactic-pedagogical and didactic-andragogics resources aimed at teaching and learning of Design by students with and without visual impairment. In this approach, the practice of drawing is understood as an intrinsic element to the mental mechanisms of human beings and acting in their sensorimotor, cognitive and behavioral evolution. This is because through the lines, textures, colors and other compositional elements present in the drawing practice, it is possible to elaborate or express affections and materialize emotions, sensations and thoughts, which are experienced in the mind and experienced in the body as a whole. From this understanding, the approach between the fields of artistic drawing and cognitive-behavioral neuroscience is natural. In the context of higher education, specifically in Visual Arts, the cooperation between the fields of drawing, neuroscience and neuroeducation is shown to be capable of equipping educators with pedagogical practices that contribute to the formation of contemporary artists, especially with regard to the achievement of a poetic-artistic and authorial project expression. The activities carried out from the practical approach of Sensorial Design seek to question the protagonism of vision by sensitizing and enhancing the other senses. In this process, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching also gain prominence in the formation of mental images, unlike other teaching-learning methods in which this protagonism focuses only on vision. The Sensorial Design approach is developed in the context of higher education in Visual Arts and applied in the Artistic Drawing I and II disciplines, which are part of the Visual Arts undergraduate course’s curriculum at the University of Campinas, since 2019. Through of student’s somatosensory and sensorimotor stimulations, the classes address several thematic axes fundamental to the field of artistic drawing practice, which are at the base of most artistic drawing teaching programs in Brazil for example: line, contour, filling, figure, ground, movement and rhythm. From this global stimulation of the senses, students are encouraged to expand their perceptive limits and their creative processes while expanding their sensory repertoires. Furthermore, the Sensorial Design approach corroborates the rupture of pre-established visual compositional patterns and, consequently, the reach of an authorial poetic-artistic expressiveness. It is important to highlight that in the period prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, all activities carried out with students took place in the face-to-face education context, and the drawing practice happened mostly through analogical instruments and mediums. With the pandemic already unleashed, such activities were adapted for distance education, in order to preserve their original characteristics, especially with regard to ensuring the application of somatosensory and sensorimotor stimulation in the students. The experience acquired along this methodological adaptation process (from face-to-face to distance education) has indicated relevant contributions to increment this approach in the post-pandemic context, e.g. to increase the number of digital media resources applied in the Sensorial Design practice, which point out to the formulation of a hybrid learning-teaching method (physical-digital).

Objective: The objective of this study was to verify if the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the screening of breast cancer in women in Brazil. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study with a descriptive and quantitative approach, carried out with secondary data provided by the Cancer Information System (SISCAN/DATASUS), considering two temporal clippings — before the pandemic (2015–2019) and during the pandemic (2020 and 2021). Women diagnosed with breast cancer who underwent mammography between 2015 and 2021 were included in the study. Review by the Research Ethics Committee was waived because public, aggregated, and unidentified data were used. Results: Between 2015 and 2021, 17,229,218 mammograms were performed in Brazil. The temporal analysis showed a gradual upward trend in all years, reaching 49.6% growth in the period before the pandemic (from 2,047,504 mammograms in 2015 to 3,063,618 mammograms in 2019). During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a change in the Brazilian epidemiological behavior, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the number of examinations performed. In 2020, 1,864,891 mammograms were recorded, representing a 39.1% drop, while in 2021, 2,606,074 mammograms were recorded, representing a 39.7% increase over the previous year, but if compared to the last pre-pandemic year, there is an important decrease in the number of mammograms performed (14.9%). Besides this, another consequence was the underdiagnosis of some diseases, such as breast cancer. The estimate stipulated by the National Cancer Institute (INCA) for each year of the triennium between 2020 and 2022 was 66,280 new cases of breast cancer in Brazil. As with mammograms, in 2020, there was a 10.3% drop in diagnoses (n=46,509), which represent only 70.2% of the estimate made by INCA for 2020. In 2021, this drop was even more significant (n=24,446), representing only 36.9% of the expected for the period. Conclusion: Due to the emergence of COVID-19 and the magnitude of the pandemic, there was an epidemiological change in public health in Brazil, significantly impacting the screening, monitoring, and treatment of diseases with high incidence in the country. It is believed that this panorama will reflect in the increase of cases and their severity, besides impacting the costs of public health worldwide.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo compartir parte de una investigación realizada en una escuela pública que acercó el arte, la escuela y la universidad. La investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender los intereses de los estudiantes de las Etapas Finales de la Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos (EJA) y se llevó a cabo en la Escuela Municipal Expedicionario Aquino de Araújo, en Duque de Caxias, estado de Río de Janeiro. La producción audiovisual proviene de la alianza de la escuela con el Laboratorio de Recursos Audiovisuales de la Universidad Estadual de Río de Janeiro, Campus Duque de Caxias, Facultad de Educación de la Baixada Fluminense (LABORAV-UERJ/FEBF). Estudiantes, colaboradores, pasan de protagonistas a directores y editores de sus propias producciones. De esta manera, tratamos de mejorar los intereses de los estudiantes, que a menudo se vuelven invisibles. La investigación nos brindó la oportunidad de conocer con más detalle diversos intereses de los estudiantes que, en el camino, convergieron principalmente en la cultura del Skate y el Hip Hop. En la escuela, no solo el skate estaba presente en el aula, sino también en imágenes de skate, en estampados de camisetas, en las portadas de algunos cuadernos... En el período pre-investigativo del proyecto, Mauricio Silva había dibujado las letras “R” y “C” en un proyecto de camiseta, actividad que propuse como profesora de arte en la escuela. Luego, conocí a Mauricio Silva junto a sus amigos skaters, exponiendo la marca “Ratarius”, esa “R” que que había dibujado en su proyecto de camiseta. Esta reunión tuvo lugar en el Encuentro de Favelas (MOF), que fue grabado en Video 1 - MoF 2014 Cultura e Imagem Fora das Paredes da Escola. Ana Mae Barbosa presenta la imagen como un relato de investigación, en sus palabras: “La mejor manera de convencer a los demás de lo que afirmamos verbalmente, de nuestras teorías, de nuestras convicciones, de los resultados de nuestra investigación, es probarlos a través de la imagen”. (BARBOSA, 2015, p. 348). El video 1 fue un momento de investigación, en el que la imagen/escritura desbordó más allá del papel y los videos también comenzaron a ser parte de la metodología de investigación. Antes de cualquier presentación pública del Video 1, los estudiantes y exalumnos Mauricio Silva, Thiago Marques, Anthony Oliveira y Raphael Santos fueron invitados a ver el Video 1 juntos en LABORAV, dando como resultado el Video 2 ,con sus reacciones y comentarios al evento. Posteriormente, a partir de este momento, se produjeron los otros siete videos con su colaboración directa en la invitación a ver. Estamos celebrando la aprobación (octubre - 2021) del Curso de Licenciatura en Cine y Audiovisual para la Unidad de Educación Baixada Fluminense de la Universidad Estadual de Río de Janeiro, el lugar que hizo posible nuestra investigación.

Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3