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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Arthropodes – Effets des pesticides“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Arthropodes – Effets des pesticides"
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Ratnadass, Alain, und Péninna Deberdt. „Pratiques de protection des cultures en agroécosystèmes tropicaux et risques de maladies humaines et animales d’origine bactérienne“. Cahiers Agricultures 30 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2021028.
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Une revue bibliographique récente montre que les pratiques de protection agroécologique des cultures (PAEC) contre les ravageurs, pathogènes et adventices, réduisent généralement les risques zoonotiques viraux en santé publique et vétérinaire, alors que les pratiques conventionnelles (à base agrochimique) tendent à les augmenter. Nous avons analysé la littérature scientifique pour déterminer si ces conclusions pouvaient être élargies aux infections bactériennes, avec focus sur les agroécosystèmes tropicaux. En santé publique et vétérinaire, les principales infections bactériennes impactées par des pratiques de protection des cultures sont celles ayant pour réservoirs des rongeurs (avec arthropodes vecteurs, comme la peste, ou pas, comme la leptospirose), et les maladies à entérobactéries (e.g., Salmonella) et autres bactéries opportunistes (e.g., Pseudomonas). La problématique d’antibiorésistance en santé publique est peu affectée par les pratiques de protection des cultures conventionnelles. Des pratiques relevant de la substitution aux intrants de synthèse (variétés résistantes aux attaques de rongeurs ou à la colonisation par des entérobactéries ; pesticides minéraux; solarisation) peuvent se traduire par une réduction plus importante du risque sanitaire que certaines pratiques relevant de la reconception des agroécosystèmes (push-pull ; intégration agriculture-élevage). Toutefois, vu ses effets vertueux en termes de réduction des pollutions, conservation de la biodiversité et résilience climatique, la PAEC, basée sur la reconception, contribue, à des échelles spatiotemporelles supérieures, à la réduction du risque sanitaire lié aux infections bactériennes. Les impacts des pratiques de protection des cultures, basées sur l’amélioration de l’efficience des pratiques conventionnelles, sur la substitution ou sur la reconception, sur les risques d’infection bactérienne en santé publique et vétérinaire, sont sensiblement différents de ceux observés avec les risques zoonotiques viraux. Des recherches sont encore nécessaires pour concilier, dans une perspective « Une seule santé », les trois types de pratiques, afin de réduire les risques sanitaires liés aux maladies infectieuses autant à bactéries qu’à virus, parasites (protozoaires et vers) ou champignons.
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El-Naggar, Jehan B., und Nour El-Hoda A. Zidan. „FIELD EVALUATION OF IMIDACLOPRID AND THIAMETHOXAM AGAINST SUCKING INSECTS AND THEIR SIDE EFFECTS ON SOIL FAUNA“. Journal of Plant Protection Research 53, Nr. 4 (01.10.2013): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0056.
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Abstract This work was carried out at Sakha Agriculture Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt during the 2010 and 2011 cotton growing seasons to evaluate the effectiveness of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, used separately as seed treatments and foliar applications at the recommended rate against the sucking insects: thrips, thrips tabaci (lind), jassid, Empoasca spp., whitefly, Bemicia tabaci, and cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover.). The side effects of both insecticides on soil fauna was investigated as well. The experimental results showed the following trends: Seed treatment with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam protected cotton seedlings from thrips for at least 6 weeks from the onset of seed planting. Also, both insecticides induced a fast initial effect (after one week of treatment) on whitefly (immature stages). This fast initial effect then gradually decreased to reach a moderate effect according to the general mean of percent reduction. The two tested insecticides exhibited a moderate initial reduction in the population of whitefly (mature stages) and jassids during the two seasons and then this gradually decreased. Imidacloprid had a better efficiency against this sap sucking pest than thiamethoxam. Treatments with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam as foliar applications were highly effective against aphids, up to 14 days in the case of jassids, while the effect was moderate on the whitefly population (mature and immature stages). Imidacloprid had more initial and residual effect than thiamethoxam against jassids. For all soil arthropod groups implicated in this investigation, the used pesticide and depth, significantly affected their mean numbers. The least number of soil arthropods was sampled from the 10-20 cm layer treated with pesticides compared with the 0-10 cm layer. The control plot at both depths recorded the highest number of soil arthropods sampled. Collembola was most abundant while Psocoptera, Oribatida, Actinedida, and Gamasida were least abundant. Pesticide application increased the overall Collembola density compared to the control plots, while it decreased overall Psocoptera, Oribatida, Actinedida, and Gamasida density compared to the control plots. In case of the foliar treatment, there was a reduction in the mean number of examined micro-arthropods either under plants or between plants, in both depths. The reduction in the number of soil arthropods was significantly more in the 0-10 layer. The reduction was more significant between plants than under plants. The most influenced micro-arthropod was Oribatida. The results also revealed that imidacloprid had more adverse effects on soil fauna than thiamethoxam.
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Raupp, Michael, John Holmes, Clifford Sadof, Paula Shrewsbury und John Davidson. „Effects of Cover Sprays and Residual Pesticides on Scale Insects and Natural Enemies in Urban Forests“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, Nr. 4 (01.07.2001): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.022.
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Cover sprays and residual insecticides are tactics used by landscapers and arborists to control arthropod pests on trees and shrubs in urban settings. Trees in residential landscapes that received three cover sprays annually for at least 4 years harbored a greater diversity of scale insect pests and were much more likely to be infested with scales than trees in landscapes treated with cover sprays for shorter periods of time. Oak (Quercus palustris) trees in an institutional landscape treated with residual insecticides harbored significantly lower numbers of beneficial arthropods than trees treated with a pesticide that lacked residual activity. The suppressive effect of the residual insecticides on natural enemies was pronounced on the community of parasitic wasps that attack the obscure scale (Melanaspis obscura), a common scale insect pest of oak. The effect of residual insecticides on individual wasp species persisted 4 weeks after the pesticides were applied. By reducing the use of cover sprays and residual insecticides, arborists may be able to conserve communities of natural enemies in managed landscapes. This will enhance the biological diversity of beneficial insects found in urban forests and thereby aid in increasing their sustainability.
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Skvarla, Michael, und Jonathan Larson. „A survey of pesticide use in horticulturally-grown carnivorous plants, with a review of arthropod pests“. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 53, Nr. 2 (01.06.2024): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn532.ms168.
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Arthropod pests are sometimes reported from horticulturally-grown carnivorous plants. While it is broadly known which pest groups are involved, little work has been done to characterize them specifically, which can be important when implementing control strategies. Pesticide recommendations are available through books and other media, but pesticides have not been systematically tested for phytotoxic effects in carnivorous plants so growers may worry about using them. In response to these issues, we conducted a survey of carnivorous plant growers to understand what pests they encounter, which pesticides they use, and if any of those pesticides have caused issues to the plants, the results of which are reported herein. We also provide a summary of different arthropod pests recorded from carnivorous plants in order to provide context for these pests and their control, and to encourage growers to document pests they encounter to fill in knowledge gaps.
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Maute, Kimberly, Paul Story, Grant C. Hose, Andrew Warden, Greg Dojchinov und Kristine French. „Observations on populations of a small insectivorous bird“,. Australian Journal of Zoology 69, Nr. 6 (25.10.2022): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo22006.
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The use of chemical pesticides to manage locust populations in natural ecosystems is likely to impact non-target arthropods and their predators. However, the relative effects of different locust control applications on Australian birds are unknown. Aerial applications of fipronil and fenitrothion are examples of two pesticides used in locust control in semiarid Australia. To test the relative impacts of pesticides on non-target fauna, pesticides were applied to replicate sites using aerial ultra-low-volume application methods. The body condition and biomarkers of pesticide exposure in resident white-winged fairy wrens (Malurus leucopterus leuconotus) at treatment and control sites were measured for two weeks before and after treatments. No measures suggested negative impacts of pesticide applications. However, birds monitored at treatment sites gained mass, possibly due to indirect impacts of pesticides on bird feeding patterns or the availability or behaviour of insect prey. Bird mass measures remained high at fipronil sites, whereas the mass of birds at fenitrothion sites returned to baseline levels within one week. As this study was conducted during dry conditions, when locust plagues are less likely, future insecticide research should also consider the availability of insect prey, its effect on insectivore feeding behaviour and the interaction of rainfall events.
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Echeverría-Sáenz, Silvia, Manuel Spínola-Parallada und Ana Cristina Soto. „Pesticides Burden in Neotropical Rivers: Costa Rica as a Case Study“. Molecules 26, Nr. 23 (29.11.2021): 7235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237235.
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Neotropical ecosystems are highly biodiverse; however, the excessive use of pesticides has polluted freshwaters, with deleterious effects on aquatic biota. This study aims to analyze concentrations of active ingredients (a.i) of pesticides and the risks posed to freshwater Neotropical ecosystems. We compiled information from 1036 superficial water samples taken in Costa Rica between 2009 and 2019. We calculated the detection frequency for 85 a.i. and compared the concentrations with international regulations. The most frequently detected pesticides were diuron, ametryn, pyrimethanil, flutolanil, diazinon, azoxystrobin, buprofezin, and epoxiconazole, with presence in >20% of the samples. We observed 32 pesticides with concentrations that exceeded international regulations, and the ecological risk to aquatic biota (assessed using the multi-substance potentially affected fraction model (msPAF)) revealed that 5% and 13% of the samples from Costa Rica pose a high or moderate acute risk, especially to primary producers and arthropods. Other Neotropical countries are experiencing the same trend with high loads of pesticides and consequent high risk to aquatic ecosystems. This information is highly valuable for authorities dealing with prospective and retrospective risk assessments for regulatory decisions in tropical countries. At the same time, this study highlights the need for systematic pesticide residue monitoring of fresh waters in the Neotropical region.
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Chen, Li-Lin, Pei Yuan, Min-Sheng You, Gabor Pozsgai, Xu Ma, Huaiping Zhu und Guang Yang. „Cover Crops Enhance Natural Enemies While Help Suppressing Pests in a Tea Plantation“. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, Nr. 4 (14.01.2019): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say050.
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Abstract Tea is an economically important crop, consumed by billions of people. Despite the increasing market for pesticide-free products, the use of pesticide in tea is still high. In order to investigate whether intercropping promotes biological control organisms, Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene, Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq., Trifolium repens L., and Vigna sinensis (L.) were separately intercropped with free weeding as control in a tea plantation at Yangli, China. Arthropods were collected by taking sweep-net samples, and treatment effects on assemblages were investigated. The combined species richness of all arthropods and that of parasitoids was significantly increased in intercropped treatments while the species richness of herbivores and predators was only greater in C. rotundifolia and I. hendecaphylla intercropped treatments. Compared with control, the combined abundance of all arthropods, and that of herbivores was lower, while the abundance of parasitoids and its taxa was greater in all intercropped treatments. The abundance of predators and its taxa was greater only in tea plantations intercropped with C. rotundifolia or I. hendecaphylla. Of the herbivores, the abundance of Empoasca onukii Matsuda, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae, and Pentatomidae was greater in the areas intercropped with C. rotundifolia in comparison with the control, but the abundance of Thysanoptera and Geometridae caterpillars was lower. The recorded increase in the abundance of beneficial arthropods may explain the lower abundance of Thysanoptera or Geometridae caterpillars detected in the intercropped tea plantations. Our results indicate that intercropping has the potential to enhance arthropod biodiversity, and to provide an option for sustainable pest control in tea plantations.
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Desneux, Nicolas, Axel Decourtye und Jean-Marie Delpuech. „The Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods“. Annual Review of Entomology 52, Nr. 1 (Januar 2007): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440.
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Sterk, G. „STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON BENEFICIAL ARTHROPODS“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 347 (Oktober 1993): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.347.26.
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Kattwinkel, Mira, Matthias Liess, Maria Arena, Stephanie Bopp, Franz Streissl und Jörg Römbke. „Recovery of aquatic and terrestrial populations in the context of European pesticide risk assessment“. Environmental Reviews 23, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2015): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0013.
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In the present review, we compiled and evaluated the available information supporting the assessment of population and community recovery after pesticide application. This information is crucial for the environmental risk assessment of pesticides. We reviewed more than 3900 manuscripts on those organism groups relevant or likely to become relevant for the risk assessment procedures in Europe, that is, aquatic invertebrates, algae, aquatic plants, fish, aquatic microbes, amphibians, as well as birds and mammals, non-target terrestrial arthropods including honeybees, non-arthropod invertebrates, terrestrial microbes, non-target terrestrial plants, nematodes, and reptiles. Finally, 106 aquatic and 76 terrestrial studies met our selection criteria and were evaluated in detail. We extracted the following general conclusions. (i) Internal recovery depends strongly on reproduction capacity. For aquatic invertebrates, recovery was generally observed within a maximum of five generation times. (ii) In cases where recovery occurred within one generation, migration from uncontaminated areas was identified as the main pathway for aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, in particular, for insect species with the ability for aerial recolonization. (iii) Community composition in general did not recover within the study duration in the majority of cases. (iv) The ecological context, including factors such as food resources, habitat quality, and recolonization potential, is a crucial factor for recovery from pesticide effects. (v) Indirect effects acting through food chain processes, including predation and competition, are highly relevant for increasing the magnitude of effect and for prolonging recovery time. Based on our findings, we recommend defining realistic scenarios for risk assessment regarding exposure, taxa considered, environmental conditions, and ecological context. In addition to experimental studies, field monitoring was shown to yield valuable information to identify relevant taxa, long-term effects, and the conditions for recovery, and should therefore be considered to validate approaches of risk assessment. Likewise, ecological modelling was found to be a valuable tool for assessing recovery. Finally, both study design and interpretation of results still often suffer from missing ecological information or from neglect of the available knowledge. Hence, a more rigorous utilization of existing knowledge (e.g., from general disturbance ecology) and the generation of systematic ecological knowledge on the various factors influencing recovery are needed.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Arthropodes – Effets des pesticides"
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Gauthier, Maxime. „Implication de l’acide rétinoïque dans la reproduction et le développement et perturbations par des pesticides chez le gammare (Gammarus fossarum) et l’abeille domestique (Apis mellifera)“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10072.
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La présence de pesticides dans les compartiments écosystémiques terrestres et aquatiques soulève d’importantes préoccupations pour les espèces fauniques non ciblées. Grâce au développement et à l’utilisation de biomarqueurs, une biosurveillance efficace peut déceler de façon précoce les dérèglements de ces organismes. Les rétinoïdes (RETs, vitamine A et dérivés) sont des composés essentiels pour les vertébrés, et sont utilisés comme biomarqueurs pour témoigner de la pression chimique des écosystèmes. Plusieurs études laissent présager d’une implication de l’acide rétinoïque (AR, forme active de la vitamine A) dans le développement et la reproduction des arthropodes. Afin de statuer sur le potentiel des RETs comme biomarqueurs, nous avons étudié deux arthropodes, le gammare Gammarus fossarum (crustacé) et l’abeille domestique Apis mellifera (insecte). Ainsi nous avons 1) identifié et mesuré les RETs de ces modèles, 2) étudié l’implication de l’AR dans la reproduction et le développement et 3) évalué les effets de pesticides sur les RETs et sur ces deux fonctions. Une nouvelle méthode analytique mise au point (CLUHP-MS/MS) a permis l’observation d’une diminution des RETs précurseurs rétinaldéhyde (RALD) et rétinol (ROL) ainsi qu’une augmentation des métabolites de l’AR au cours de la reproduction de G. fossarum et du développement de A. mellifera, respectivement, Les fluctuations à la hausse ou à la baisse en AR ainsi que les effets sur la croissance des abeilles et sur l’ovogénèse, l’embryogénèse et la mue des gammares à la suite des expositions à l’AR et au citral (CIT, inhibiteur de sa synthèse), laissent présager d’un rôle de l’AR dans ces fonctions. Une exposition au MET a modifié le ratio entre les isomères de l’AR chez G. fossarum ce qui pourrait expliquer les effets sur l’oogenèse et la mue. Les expositions au MET et au GLY ont entraîné des perturbations dans les RETs de l’abeille (larves, nymphes et adultes), mais seul le MET a perturbé le développement. Ces résultats montrent que le système des RETs de ces modèles est influencé par la présence de pesticides et ouvrent une piste de recherche pour le développement de biomarqueurs chez les arthropodesThe presence of pesticides in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem compartments is of significant concern for non-target wildlife species. The use of biomarkers allows an effective biomonitoring and points out early imbalances in these organisms. Retinoids (RETs, vitamin A and their derivatives) are essential compounds for vertebrates and are used as biomarkers to assess the chemical pressure in ecosystems. Several studies suggested the involvement of retinoic acid (RA, active form of vitamin A) in the development and reproduction of arthropods. In order to establish the potential of RETs in view of biomarkers development, we studied two arthropods, the gammarid Gammarus fossarum (crustacean) and the honey bee Apis mellifera (insect). The obectives orour study was to 1) identify and measure the RETs of these models, 2) study the involvement of AR in reproduction and development, and 3) evaluate the effects of pesticides on the RETs and on these two functions in G. fossarum and A. mellifera. A new analytical method (UHPLC-MS/MS) allowed the observation of a decrease in the RET precursors retinaldehyde (RALD) and retinol (ROL) during the reproduction of G. fossarum and the development of A. mellifera, respectively, as wel as an increase in RA metabolites. The upward and downward fluctuations in RA concentrations affected the growth of bees and the oogenesis, embryogenesis and molting of gammarids following exposure to AR and citral (CIT, a RA synthesis inhibitor) suggesting endogenous functions of RA in these arthropods. Exposure to MET altered the RA isomers ratio in G. fossarum which may be associated with the observed effects on oogenesis and molting. Exposures to MET and GLY induced disturbances in the bee’s RETs (larvae, pupae, and adults), but only MET interfered with its development. The results suggest an involvement of RA in the reproduction and molting of G. fossarum and in the development of A. mellifera. Here, we demonstrate that the RETs system of these models is influenced by the presence of pesticides. These results open a research avenue for RET-based biomarkers in arthropods
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Rochefort, Sophie. „Impact de différents types d'entretien de pelouses sur l'abondance et la diversité des arthropodes, et potentiel des graminées endophytiques dans la lutte aux insectes ravageurs“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23747/23747.pdf.
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Les surfaces gazonnées constituent des écosystèmes importants de notre environnement urbain, mais leur écologie a été très peu étudiée au Québec. Le type d’entretien des pelouses peut influencer grandement la stabilité du milieu en affectant les interactions entre les communautés d’arthropodes. Ce projet de doctorat visait d’abord à caractériser les communautés d’arthropodes, et plus particulièrement les collemboles et les carabes. Par la suite, l’effet de différents programmes phytosanitaires sur les arthropodes a été évalué. Sur une période de trois ans, les arthropodes de deux surfaces gazonnées, une pelouse nouvellement établie et une pelouse établie depuis une dizaine d’années ont été échantillonnés. Quatre types d’entretien de pelouse ont été testés soit : i-entretien sans contrôle des organismes nuisibles (témoin), ii-entretien avec pesticides de synthèse, iii-entretien avec l’approche de lutte intégrée et iv-entretien écologique. Dans un autre volet, le potentiel des graminées endophytiques pour lutter contre un insecte nuisible, la punaise velue, a été évalué. À partir d’expériences au champ, la survie de ces graminées et de leur endophyte aux hivers québécois a d’abord été déterminée. Par la suite, des expériences en serres ont permis de déterminer le potentiel de différentes combinaisons de ray-grass endophytiques et de pâturin du Kentucky sur la survie de la punaise velue.
Les résultats ont révélé que la diversité des arthropodes en général, et celle des collemboles et des carabes en particulier, était similaire dans les deux types de pelouses malgré une composition végétale différente. Aucune différence entre les quatre types d’entretien de pelouse n’a été détectée à moyen terme concernant l’abondance des arthropodes. Cependant, à court terme, l’application d’insecticides (diazinon et carbaryl) a entraîné une réduction des populations de collemboles et de carabes. Le ray-grass vivace et la fétuque élevée ont la capacité de survivre aux hivers québécois. Toutefois, alors que l’endophyte Neotyphodium lolii vivant en association avec le ray-grass vivace est demeuré à un niveau stable suite à deux hivers, l’association N. coenophialum -fétuque élevée n’a pas persistée. Les expériences en serres ont révélé que le ray-grass vivace endophytique ‘SR 4220’ n’a pas d’effet négatif sur la punaise velue.Turfgrass lawns are important ecosystems in urban areas, but the ecology of cool-season lawns has not been extensively studied in Quebec. Turfgrass management may influence ecosystem stability and arthropod communities. The first objective of this thesis was to characterize arthropod communities associated with turfgrass in Québec, and more specifically Collembola and ground beetle assemblages. Second, the effect of different turfgrass management practices on arthropods was evaluated. In a three-year field study, arthropods were sampled in two turfgrass lawns: a newly established lawn and a 10-year old lawn. Four turfgrass management were tested: i-management without pest control (control), ii-management with chemical pesticides, iii-integrated pest management, and iv-ecological management. Another aspect of this thesis was the evaluation of the potential of endophytic turfgrasses for the control of the hairy chinch bug, an important insect pest in Québec. Overwinter survival of endophytes and their host plants was first tested in two ecologically different areas under natural conditions. Furthermore, the influence of different combinations of endophytic perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass on hairy chinch bug survival and development was determined under greenhouse conditions. The study indicates that the diversity of arthropods in general, and of Collembola and ground beetle in particular was similar for both lawns even if plant composition differed. After three years, no difference between the four turfgrass management practices was detected. However, short term effects following insecticide (diazinon and carbaryl) applications appeared for Collembola and ground beetles communities. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue have the capacity to overwinter under Québec winter conditions. The endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum found in tall fescue didn’t persist over time while the association N. lolii–perennial ryegrass remained stable after two winters. Greenhouse experiments revealed that endophytic perennial ryegrass ‘SR 4220’ did not negatively affect hairy chinch bug survival and development.
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Pinch, Catherine. „Sub-lethal effects of pesticides in beneficial arthropods in cereal crops“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404739.
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Cilgi, Tamer. „Effects of pesticides on non-target invertebrates in arable crops and field boundaries“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295247.
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Baldi, Isabelle. „Effets neurologiques centraux chroniques des expositions professionnelles aux pesticides“. Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28621.
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Kim, Tiam Sandra. „Effets de mélanges de pesticides sur les biofilms périphytiques d'eau douce“. Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017169.
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On considère généralement les biofilms comme des indicateurs biologiques d'alerte, les organismes les composant ayant des temps de génération relativement courts et présentant une grande diversité de preferenda environnementaux et de sensibilité aux altérations anthropiques. Dans ces travaux, les effets de pesticides sur les biofilms de rivière ont été étudiés à différentes échelles de représentativité, allant de mélanges complexes à faible dose en utilisant des extraits d'échantillonneur passif POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) à des molécules testées seules, en passant par des mélanges simples.L'exposition chronique et à faible dose aux extraits de POCIS a révélé des impacts au niveau de la croissance, de la structure (assemblages de diatomées) et du fonctionnement du biofilm en lien avec son exposition passée. De plus les expériences utilisant des molécules testées seules (pesticides et métabolites) et les mélanges simples ont permis de caractériser la toxicité relative des composés présents dans les extraits de POCIS en lien avec leur mode d'action et d'explorer la réponse de descripteurs encore peu utilisés en écotoxicologie comme la construction de Rapid Light Curves (RLCs).Ce travail confirme la pertinence de l'utilisation des extraits d'échantillonneurs passifs comme le POCIS pour mieux appréhender les effets des pesticides en mélanges sur le biofilm de rivière ainsi que l'intérêt des RLCs en tant que descripteur précoces d'exposition aux pesticides.
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Mesnage, Robin. „Effets sur la santé d’un pesticide et des OGM à pesticides“. Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2099.
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Les herbicides à base de glyphosate sont les pesticides les plus utilisés à travers le monde, leur utilisation s’intensifiant avec les cultures d’OGM conçues pour les tolérer. La revue de la littérature scientifique et des tests réalisés par les compagnies de pesticides montre que l’évaluation des effets sur la santé du Roundup et des OGM est insuffisante. Leurs effets à long terme n’avaient jamais été évalués jusqu’à ce que l’on fasse notre propre expérience. Dans cette étude, le Roundup et l’OGM (NK603) entrainaient une augmentation de l’incidence des tumeurs mammaires, et impactaient aussi les foies et les reins de rats à partir de faibles doses environnementales. Ces effets s’expliquent par la négligence des effets hormonaux et spécifiques aux sexes, mais aussi par la toxicité d’adjuvants qui sont considérés comme inertes dans les formulations de pesticides. Les adjuvants éthoxylés, 10. 000 fois plus toxiques que le glyphosate sur les cellules humaines, sont de bons candidats pour expliquer les effets toxiques du Roundup. Nous avons démontré que la toxicité des adjuvants était négligée d’une manière générale dans l’évaluation des effets des pesticides. Ces lacunes entrainent une sous-estimation de la dose journalière admissible du Roundup. Les toxines Bt, qui sont le deuxième principal type de pesticides associés aux OGM, s’avèrent toxiques sur les cellules humaines, contrairement à toutes les idées préconçues mais appliquées à la réglementation sans preuves scientifiques. Toutes ces études ont donné naissance à de vives polémiques qui ont permis de dévoiler la façon dont les conflits d’intérêts dans l’évaluation des effets secondaires peut entrainer des risques pour la santéGlyphosate-based herbicides are the most used pesticides worldwide, their use is increasing with GM crops that are designed to tolerate their residues. A review of the scientific literature and of the tests carried out by pesticide companies showed that the health effects assessment of Roundup and GMOs is insufficient. Their long-term effects were never evaluated until we made our own experience. In this study, Roundup and a GMO (NK603) increased the mammary tumors incidence, and also impacted livers and kidneys of rats from low environmental doses. These effects are due to the neglecting of hormonal and sex-specific effects, and of the toxicity of adjuvants which are mistakenly considered inert in pesticide formulations. Ethoxylated adjuvants are 10. 000 times more toxic than glyphosate on human cells, and are thus good candidates to explain the chronic toxic effects of Roundup. We have demonstrated that the neglecting of adjuvants is a general feature of pesticide toxicology. These gaps lead to an under-estimation of the Acceptable Daily Intake of Roundup. Bt toxins are the second most common type of pesticide associated with GMOs. We evidenced their toxicity to human cells, by contrast to all preconceived ideas used in the regulations without scientific evidence of innocuity. All these studies have given rise to heated debates that have revealed how conflicts of interests in the assessment of side effects can lead to health risks
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Bretaud, Sandrine. „Effets neurotoxiques de pesticides chez le carassin dore (carassius auratus l. )“. Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10035.
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Les travaux effectues dans le cadre de cette these ont permis de caracteriser, chez le carassin dore (carassius auratus l. , cyprinidae), les effets toxiques de pesticides a differents niveaux d'organisation biologique (comportemental, neurophysiologique et biochimique). Les relations entre les impacts constates a ces differents niveaux ont egalement ete abordees. Six pesticides de differentes familles chimiques ont ete etudies : le carbofuran (insecticide), le prochloraze (fongicide), le nicosulfuron, le diuron, l'atrazine et la bentazone (herbicides). Les resultats montrent que : - des perturbations comportementales de diverses natures peuvent etre induites chez le carassin par de courtes expositions aux pesticides, a de faibles concentrations ; - les accelerations brusques de la nage constituent une reponse comportementale particulierement sensible a l'exposition aux pesticides ; - les pesticides etudies ne sont pas detectes par le poisson aux concentrations susceptibles d'etre presentes dans l'environnement aquatique. En revanche, certains d'entre eux (carbofuran, prochloraze) peuvent affecter l'olfaction en diminuant la perception de substances naturelles actives dans la communication chimique chez les poissons ; - parmi les pesticides abordes, le carbofuran represente le compose le plus toxique sur les activites comportementales et neurochimiques ; - a de fortes concentrations, le carbofuran affecte les catecholamines cerebrales (noradrenaline et dopamine) et le glucose plasmatique parallelement a l'activite comportementale. Cependant, une correlation entre les deux types d'impacts n'est guere apparue ; - il existe une correlation entre l'effet du carbofuran sur certaines des activites comportementales observees (locomotion
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Quivet, Étienne. „Analyse du comportement environnemental de pesticides“. Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10278.
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La photodégradation de l'imazapyr et de l'imazamox, deux herbicides de la famille des imidazolinones, a été étudiée en solution aqueuse sous rayonnement UV. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de proposer des schémas de dégradation de ces herbicides. Les cinétiques de dégradation des pesticides d'une part, d'apparition et de disparition des principaux photoproduits d'autre part, ont été suivies par chromatographie liquide couplée à un détecteur à barrettes de diodes (LC-DAD). Après une étape de pré-concentration sur phase solide (SPE), la caractérisation des photoproduits a été réalisée par chromatographie liquide couplée à un spectromètre de masse (LC-MS) et par spectrométrie de masse haute résolution (HRMS). Les pesticides sont stables à l'obscurité mais se dégradent sous irradiation selon une cinétique de premier ordre, l'imazamox étant deux fois plus stable que l'imazapyr. Ces pesticides conduisent en présence d'ions métalliques à des interactions de complexation fortes de type chélate. Une structure cristalline entre l'imazapyr et le cuivre [Cu(Himz)2(H2O)2] a été mise en évidence par diffraction X. Une étude chimiométrique a permis d'évaluer l'influence sur la dégradation de cations métalliques tels que le cuivre ou le calcium, d'anions associés tels que les ions nitrate ou chlorure, et du rapport molaire pesticide/ion métallique, ainsi que les éventuelles interactions entre ces paramètres. Les cinétiques de dégradation et d'apparition des pesticides et des principaux photoproduits sont ralenties en présence d'ions métalliques (Cu2+ > Ca2+). En effet, la complexation tend à stabiliser les molécules. Au contraire, la présence d'ions nitrate augmente la dégradation par suite de formation de radicaux hydroxyle sous irradiation UV
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Yan, Zhixing. „Biodisponibilité et effets secondaires d' herbicides sulfonylurées dans les sols“. Perpignan, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PERP0088.
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La phytotoxicite, la penetration racinaire, la degradation et la mobilite de sulfometuron methyle et metsulfuron methyle ont ete comparees dans les quatre sols naturels. La penetration racinaire est correlee significativement avec la phytotoxicite, et la mobilite augmente quand le ph du sol diminue, mais on n'a pas observe une relation significative entre la phytotoxicite et les proprietes du sol. Les etudes sur la phytotoxicite du metsulfuron methyle sont effectuees avec deux sols en modifiant leur ph, le ph du sol et la teneur en matiere organique pouvant affecter cette phytotoxicite negativement. L'influence du chlorsulfuron sur la biomasse et l'activite deshydrogenasique du sol a ete aussi evaluee. Les resultats ont montre que cet effet etait negligeable quand le chlorsulfuron est applique a la dose normale de 5 a. I. /ha
Bücher zum Thema "Arthropodes – Effets des pesticides"
1
L, Robertson Jacqueline, und Robertson Jacqueline L, Hrsg. Bioassays with arthropods. 2. Aufl. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2007.
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2
Robertson, Jacqueline L. Pesticide bioassays with arthropods. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992.
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3
Croft, Brian A. Arthropod biological control agents and pesticides. New York: Wiley, 1990.
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4
Croft, Brian A. Arthropod biological control agents and pesticides. New York: Wiley, 1989.
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5
R, Forster, Hrsg. Vergleichende Laboruntersuchungen zur Sensitivität von Nichtzielarthropoden gegenüber Pflanzenschutzmitteln und Möglichkeiten der expositionsabhängigen Risikoabschätzung. Berlin: Parey, 1997.
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Neuropeptide systems as targets for parasite and pest control. New York, N.Y: Springer Science+Business Media, 2010.
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Lorraine, Maltby, Hrsg. Aquatic macrophyte risk assessment for pesticides. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010.
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D, Capel Paul, und Dileanis Peter D, Hrsg. Pesticides in stream sediment and aquatic biota: Distribution, trends, and governing factors. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1999.
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J, Kendall Ronald, Hrsg. Wildlife toxicology: Emerging contaminant and biodiversity issues. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.
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10
Robertson, Jacqueline L. Bioassays with Arthropods. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Arthropodes – Effets des pesticides"
1
Georghiou, George P. „The Effect of Agrochemicals on Vector Populations“. In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 183–202. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6429-0_7.
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2
Frampton, Geoff. „The MAFF SCARAB project: seven years of pesticide side-effects research on arthropods“. In Ecotoxicology, 292–300. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5791-3_31.
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3
Wiles, John A., und Katie L. Barrett. „Approaches for extrapolating pesticide side-effects between arthropod species: how much do we know?“ In Ecotoxicology, 325–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5791-3_35.
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4
Frampton, Geoffrey K. „Large-Scale Monitoring of Non-Target Pesticide Effects on Farmland Arthropods in England: The Compromise between Replication and Realism of Scale“. In ACS Symposium Series, 54–67. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0771.ch005.
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5
Mead-Briggs, Michael. „The value of large-scale field trials for determining the effects of pesticides on the non-target arthropod fauna of cereal crops“. In Ecotoxicology, 182–90. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5791-3_19.
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6
McKenzie, John A. „Pesticide Resistance“. In Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0034.
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Biological control, sterile insect release, autocidal control and genetically modified crops have made, and will continue to make, important contributions to specific programs of integrated pest management. However, at least into the immediate future, the effective management of agricultural ecosystems will depend on the judicious use of chemical pesticides to control fungal pathogens, weeds, nematodes, or arthropods that damage crops or livestock and lead to lower productivity. Similar conclusions can be drawn with respect to the control of insect pests that play key roles as vectors in the transmission of diseases that have devastating impact on the health of humans and animals, particularly in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. If pesticides are used inappropriately, their effectiveness can be short-lived, and the residues of the chemicals can be harmful to the environment. Typically, resistance to the pesticide develops, often resulting in increased chemical usage at higher concentrations. This, in turn, produces higher levels of pesticide residues in the environment, with greater deleterious effect on nontargeted species through direct, unintentional exposure or through the incorporation of chemical residues into food chains. Unfortunately, this outcome has not been uncommon. The list of pests and the chemicals to which they have developed resistance is depressingly impressive (Georghiou 1986; Bergelson and Purrington 1996; Denholm et al. 1999). The development of resistance causes significant problems. The phenomenon does, however, provide a rare opportunity: the chance to study natural selection where fundamental research on ecology, genetics, molecular, and developmental biology and physiology can be integrated. An understanding of the microevolutionary processes that lead to the development of resistance enables the derivation of better strategies of pesticide usage that minimize the evolution of resistance to future pesticides. The task of measuring selection in natural populations is not, however, trivial (Fairbairn and Reeve, this volume). In essence, to demonstrate unambiguously that selection is occurring we must: …1. Identify the selective agent(s). 2. Mechanistically associate the action of the selective agent on the phenotype(s) with the product(s) of the genotype(s). 3. Gain predictable results after using our knowledge of the mechanism to manipulate experimental populations….
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Asnath Modiba, Mokgadi, Sinorita Chauke und Yolette Belinda Rapelang Nyathi. „Effect of Spider Diversity and Abundance in Legume Agroecosystems“. In Advances in Legume Research: Physiological Responses and Genetic Improvement for Stress Resistance, 95–110. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815165319123020010.
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An agroecosystem refers to a complex system comprising a couple of different interacting factors, involving species, ecological, and management processes. This system contains lesser species diversity of both plants and animals than a natural ecosystem. The variation in species of plants and insects is critically important to serve as a complex food chain and web whose interactions function to stabilise this ecological unit. However, among the groups of herbivores and predators found in agroecosystems, spiders play a key role in most crop fields by preying on a variety of pests. Besides this, the current pace of research on this subject shows that the role of spiders in regulating pest species and serving as potential biological control agents has been largely ignored. So far, information on agricultural spider communities, diversity and their role as biological pesticides remain scant in various parts of the world with the exception of countries such as the United States of America, Australia, and some parts of the Middle East Asia. Thus, this chapter outlines the most relevant information on the diversity, abundance and effect of arthropodous spiders on agroecosystems, particularly those that are involved in the cultivation of legume crop species. The paper also discusses current relevant threats to spiders, conservation measures, the threat of species extinction, and the role that these arthropods play in agriculture, especially by reducing the growth and productivity of species such as soybean (Glycine max L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).
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Ganesan, Pathalam, und Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu. „Metabolites from Actinobacteria for Mosquito Control“. In Actinobacteria - Diversity, Applications and Medical Aspects. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106885.
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Arthropods like mosquitoes are well-known vectors which are mainly involved in the transmission of pathogens to different human and vertebrate diseases. Most of the pathogens like viruses and nematodes are transmitted by mosquitoes. Controlling vector populations by using actinobacteria can be particularly very effective. Actinobacteria which contain also non filamentous forms of bacteria which produce a large number of biologically active secondary metabolites. Even though many antibiotics have been developed from actinobacteria, not much work have been conducted in the field of pest control. The actinobacteria and their metabolites effectively control mosquito populations and the transmission of diseases by them. The microbial metabolites have many advantages over synthetic chemicals because many of them are host-specific and safe for beneficial organisms. Due to this species-specific effect, microbial pesticides are more reliable to control mosquito populations. These types of metabolites have to be evaluated for the development of novel insecticides for vector control. Some studies have reported the mosquitocidal effects of actinobacterial metabolites like tetranectin, avermectins, spinosad, macrotetrolides, etc; they have less or no residual effect in the environment. This chapter focuses on the mosquitocidal effects of actinobacteria and their metabolites.
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Barrón-Bravo, Oscar, Ismael Montiel-Maya, Ana Cruz-Avalos, Fidel Avila-Ramos, Jaime Molina Ochoa und César Angel-Sahagún. „Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Biological Model of Studies with Anthelmintics“. In Nematodes - Recent Advances, Management and New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99663.
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Anthelmintics used in animals to combat parasitic infections are mainly excreted in manure and cause negative effects on the environment and decomposers. Nematodes are associated with the rhizosphere; some are gastrointestinal parasites of animals, and others regulate insects and other arthropods (entomopathogenic nematodes) and are considered beneficial. The habitat and the similarities that exist among them give the opportunity to use nematodes as a biological model. The availability of target organisms is not always feasible; therefore, experimental studies with models similar to those of the target organisms are a possibility. In veterinary clinics, the study of drug susceptibility is a fundamental tool to monitor the development of resistance. To conserve the biodiversity of the environment, it is necessary to make adequate use of anthelmintics, avoid resistance to these pesticides and prevent the used products from damaging populations of beneficial organisms.
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Burn, A. J. „The effects of intensive pesticide use on arthropod predators in cereals“. In Integrated Crop Protection In Cereals, 147–52. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003079408-19.
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