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1
Breen, Gavan, und Veronica Dobson. „Central Arrernte“. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2005): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100305002185.
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Central Arrernte is the language of an area centred on the present-day town of Alice Springs, in Central Australia. It is one of a group of dialects or closely-related languages spoken or formerly spoken over most of the southeast quarter of the Northern Territory and extending on the east side into the far-western part of Queensland; a slightly less closely-related language extends south into the north-central part of South Australia. They include varieties using the names Anmatyerr, Alyawarr and Antekerrepenh as well as several varieties using the name Arrernte with (nowadays) English geographical qualifiers. The major surviving varieties, Eastern, Central and Western Arrernte, Eastern and Western Anmatyerr, Southern and Northern Alyawarr each have several hundred to a thousand speakers, and are still being learned by many of the children, who grow up bilingual (in English) or multilingual. Breen (2001) is a brief introduction to the phonology of these languages.
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Glennen, Sharon. „Language Development and Delay in Internationally Adoped Infants and Toddlers“. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 11, Nr. 4 (November 2002): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2002/038).
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When children change cultures through adoption, they experience a transition from a birth first language to a new adoptive first language. Because adoptive families rarely speak the birth language, use of that language arrests at the time of adoption and undergoes attrition while the child learns the new adopted language. During this process, internationally adopted children have limited abilities in both languages. This makes it difficult to determine which children require speech and language services, and which will learn the new language spontaneously over time. This article reviews information on arrested language development in bilingual children and applies it to the internationally adopted child. The influence of cross-linguistic patterns of transfer and interference in infants and toddlers is explored, along with the medical and developmental risks associated with children adopted from orphanages. The primary goal of this article is to help professionals understand post-adoption language learning issues affecting internationally adopted children, as well as the impact of preadoption history on those developmental processes.
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Hamel,, John. „In Dubious Battle: The Politics of Mandatory Arrest and Dominant Aggressor Laws“. Partner Abuse 2, Nr. 2 (2011): 224–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.2.2.224.
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A major component of in the effort to reduce domestic violence in our communities has been a vigorous criminal justice response, one that holds perpetrators accountable for their actions and helps victims feel safe. In light of research finding higher rates of arrest per calls made to police and a corresponding decline in domestic violence crimes, mandatory arrest and pro-arrest laws were initially welcomed by advocates. When, however, it was apparent that these same laws led to a large number of dual arrests, and a proportionately greater increase in arrests of women compared to men, advocates started calling for primary aggressor or dominant aggressor laws. These laws, adopted in several states, including California, direct police officers to consider context and abuse history so that victims are not wrongfully arrested. A review of the relevant literature is conducted, as well as an examination of two law enforcement training programs, suggesting that primary aggressor and dominant aggressor laws, although written in gender-neutral language, are gender biased (mostly against men), are difficult to properly implement, and may, at times, be counterproductive in reducing domestic violence. Alternatives are then presented for consideration.
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Schiff-Myers, Naomi B., Janine Djukic, Janine McGovern-Lawler und Daisy Perez. „Assessment Considerations in the Evaluation of Second-Language Learners: A Case Study“. Exceptional Children 60, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1993): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440299406000305.
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The learning of a second language before the primary language is fully developed may result in arrested development or loss of proficiency in the first language. Therefore, the finding that a child is delayed in both languages does not necessarily mean that the child has a language disorder. This article presents a case study of a child who was classified as communication disabled but seems to have suffered from language loss or arrested development of the primary language (Spanish) before attaining full competence in English. The child experienced a temporary delay of development in both languages but eventually mastered English.
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Roux, Franck-Emmanuel, und Michel Trémoulet. „Organization of language areas in bilingual patients: a cortical stimulation study“. Journal of Neurosurgery 97, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2002): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.4.0857.
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Object. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of how multiple languages are represented in the human brain, the authors studied bilingual patients who underwent surgery for brain tumors, during which the authors mapped cortical language sites by using electrostimulation. Methods. Reading, counting, and word retrieval tasks were studied in 12 right-handed bilingual patients with no language deficit. All bilingual patients were native to France. One patient spoke four languages. The patients constituted a nonhomogeneous group in terms of language proficiency or age of acquisition. Languages were evaluated and classified into three major groups, depending on proficiency and date of acquisition. Strict conditions of language site validation were applied, separating typical anomia sites from speech arrest or other language sites (such as hesitation sites). A total of 30 speech arrest sites, 16 anomia sites, and three sites of language difficulties (not typically classified as speech arrest) were found throughout the 26 language studies performed. Strict overlapping of language areas (for all language tasks) was found in five patients, whereas the remaining seven had at least one area that was language-specific and sometimes task-specific. Specific areas for a particular language were found for word retrieval tasks (anomia) in eight sites (50%) but also in six (20%) of the reading or counting sites (speech arrest), either in frontal (three patients) or in temporoparietal (four patients) regions. Among the four early bilingual patients tested (languages acquired before the age of 7 years), three had language-specific cortical areas. Interestingly, six patients in this series who had a discrepancy between two languages did not have more cortical areas devoted to the less proficient language (with acknowledgment of the limit in cortical exposure available for testing by the craniotomy). Conclusions. In this series, the authors found that bilingual patients could have common but also different cortical areas for both languages in temporoparietal areas and in frontal areas. In some cases, the authors found that language tasks such as counting, reading, or word retrieval in different languages can be sustained by language- and task-specific cortical areas. In bilingual patients, cortical mapping should ideally be performed using different language tasks in all languages in which the patient is fluent.
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Topintzi, Nina, und Andrew Nevins. „Moraic onsets in Arrernte“. Phonology 34, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2017): 615–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675717000306.
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The Australian language Arrernte has been argued by Breen & Pensalfini (1999) and Evans & Levinson (2009) to present a case of VC syllabification with coda maximisation, rather than CV syllabification with onset maximisation. In this paper we demonstrate that greater insights into a number of phenomena are achieved when they are analysed with CV syllabification and onset consonants that are moraic, a possibility independently proposed for a wide range of languages by Topintzi (2010). We review a range of evidence from phonetic studies, acquisition and musicology that points towards CV syllabification in Arrernte, and analyse allomorphy, stress assignment, reduplication and the transpositional language game ‘Rabbit Talk’ in terms of reference to moraic structure. The results lend themselves to new directions in the analysis of Arrernte, and provide further evidence for moraic onsets in prosodic morphology.
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Breen, Gavan, und Rob Pensalfini. „Arrernte: A Language with No Syllable Onsets“. Linguistic Inquiry 30, Nr. 1 (Januar 1999): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999553940.
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That syllable onsets are present in all languages is widely regarded as axiomatic, and the preference for syllabifying consonants as onsets over codas is considered a linguistic universal. The Central Australian language Arrernte provides the strongest possible counterevidence to this universal, with phenomena generally used to determine syllabification suggesting that all consonants in Arrernte are syllabified as codas at the word level. Attempts to explain the Arrernte facts in terms of syllables with onsets either make the wrong predictions or require proposals that render the putative onset universal unfalsifiable.
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Schiff-Myers, Naomi B. „Considering Arrested Language Development and Language Loss in the Assessment of Second Language Learners“. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 23, Nr. 1 (Januar 1992): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2301.28.
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The evaluation of a child who is a second language learner should include an evaluation of the primary language (e.g., Spanish) as well as English. However, the discovery that a child is deficient in both languages does not necessarily mean that the child is not a normal language learner. The dialect and other variations of the language used in the child’s home may be different from the standard language used in the assessment. Furthermore, the learning of a second language before competency in the first language is fully developed may result in arrested development or loss of proficiency in the primary language. This negative effect on the primary language occurs most often if the native language is devalued.
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Tabain, Marija. „Electropalatography data from Central Arrernte: A comparison of the new Articulate palate with the standard Reading palate“. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, Nr. 3 (11.11.2011): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100311000132.
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This paper presents electropalatography (EPG) data from two female speakers of Central Arrernte, a language with six places of articulation, including four coronal contrasts. Both speakers were recorded reading the same list of words using two different types of artificial palate: the standard Reading palate, and the new Articulate palate. Data are presented from seventeen lingual consonants of this language. It is suggested that since the Articulate palate provides more coverage of the velar and dental regions, it may be able to better capture the crucial laminal and apical distinctions that exist in Australian languages such as Central Arrernte. However, caution is advised in interpreting the results from the two different types of artificial palate, since for many consonants, palatograms as well as values for standard analysis measures differ greatly between the two palate types.
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Lu, Junfeng, Zehao Zhao, Jie Zhang, Bin Wu, Yanming Zhu, Edward F. Chang, Jinsong Wu, Hugues Duffau und Mitchel S. Berger. „Functional maps of direct electrical stimulation-induced speech arrest and anomia: a multicentre retrospective study“. Brain 144, Nr. 8 (01.04.2021): 2541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab125.
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Abstract Direct electrical stimulation, the transient ‘lesional’ method probing brain function, has been utilized in identifying the language cortex and preserving language function during epilepsy and neuro-oncological surgeries for about a century. However, comparison of functional maps of the language cortex across languages/continents based on cortical stimulation remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective multicentre study including four cohorts of direct electrical stimulation mapping from four centres across three continents, where three indigenous languages (English, French and Mandarin) are spoken. All subjects performed the two most common language tasks: number counting and picture naming during stimulation. All language sites were recorded and normalized to the same brain template. Next, Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed to explore the consistency of the distributions of the language cortex across centres, a kernel density estimation to localize the peak coordinates, and a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to detect the crucial epicenters. A total of 598 subjects with 917 speech arrest sites (complete interruption of ongoing counting) and 423 anomia sites (inability to name or misnaming) were included. Different centres presented highly consistent distribution patterns for speech arrest (Spearman’s coefficient r ranged from 0.60 to 0.85, all pair-wise correlations P < 0.05), and similar patterns for anomia (Spearman’s coefficient r ranged from 0.37 to 0.80). The combinational speech arrest map was divided into four clusters: cluster 1 mainly located in the ventral precentral gyrus and pars opercularis, which contained the peak of speech arrest in the ventral precentral gyrus; cluster 2 in the ventral and dorsal precentral gyrus; cluster 3 in the supplementary motor area; cluster 4 in the posterior superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus. The anomia map revealed two clusters: one was in the posterior part of the superior and middle temporal gyri, which peaked at the posterior superior temporal gyrus; and the other within the inferior frontal gyrus, peaked at the pars triangularis. This study constitutes the largest series to date of language maps generated from direct electrical stimulation mapping. The consistency of data provides evidence for common language networks across languages, in the context of both speech and naming circuit. Our results not only clinically offer an atlas for language mapping and protection, but also scientifically provide better insight into the functional organization of language networks.
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McConvell, Patrick. „Mixed Languages as Outcomes of Code-Switching: Recent Examples from Australia and Their Implications“. Journal of Language Contact 2, Nr. 1 (2008): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525327.
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AbstractThere has been much debate about whether mixed languages arise from code-switching. This paper presents one clear example of this kind of genesis, Gurindji Kriol, and other probable examples, from recent language contact in Australia between traditional Australian languages and English-based pidgins/creoles. In particular the paper focuses on what has been called the Verbal-Nominal split in the genesis of these languages, which is parallel to other cases elswhete in the world, such as Michif. Here the Verbal-Nominal split is reanalysed as a split between INFL (Tense-Aspect-Mood) dominated elements and the rest of the clause. There are two classes of such INFL mixed languages with contrasting characteristics: those in which the new language takes over the INFL elements and the nominal morphology is still drawn from the old language, like Gurindji Kriol; and those in which the verb and its morphology is retained from the old language but other elements are drawn from the new language. This is explained in terms of the 'arrested turnover' hypothesis of Myers-Scotton. The original 'centre of gravity' hypothesis of McConvell related the two kinds of mixed language outcomes to the grammatical type of the old language: whether it was 'dependent-marking' or 'headmarking'. In this paper this hypothesis is modified by seeing the important causal factor in the second type as incorporation of INFL and pronouns in the verb in head-marking and polysynthetic languages. Finally some other examples of mixed languages of the INFL-split type are mentioned, and a research program outlined aiming to detect where this kind of language-mixing forms part of the history of other languages by looking at the current pattern of composition of elements from different language sources.
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Finn, Mary A., Brenda Sims Blackwell, Loretta J. Stalans, Sheila Studdard und Laura Dugan. „Dual Arrest Decisions in Domestic Violence Cases: The Influence of Departmental Policies“. Crime & Delinquency 50, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2004): 565–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128703261381.
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Dual arrests in family violence cases have increased following passage of proarrest laws. This study examined the relationship between officers’perceptions of their departmental policies and arrest outcomes. Each officer was given 1 of 6 hypothetical scripts that varied as to whether the wife only was injured or the wife and husband were injured. They were then asked what action they would take. Results indicate that officers who believed that their department would support arrest of both parties are more likely to arrest both parties. Officers who perceived that their department encouraged arrest of the primary aggressor only are more likely to arrest the husband only. When both parties were injured, officers were likely to arrest both. Experienced officers were more likely than novice officers to use dual arrest. Implications for the importance of primary aggressor language are discussed.
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Marnetti, NFN. „MAJAS SARKASME DALAM PENULISAN KOMENTAR PADA “WARTAWAN SENIOR BONGKAR KEBUSUKAN ANTASARI, NASRUDIN DAN PERMAINAN JAHAT PDIP”“. SUAR BETANG 12, Nr. 1 (07.01.2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v12i1.18.
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EdyA Effendi is a senior journalist who wrote comment about AntasariAzhar, Nasrudin and PDIP’s engage in some evils. Antasari Azhar is a former head of Corruption Fight Commission who was arrested and sentenced for 18 years punishment. The ex of KPK has been free from prison in debating program of couple of candidate of Jakarta Province Governor election on January 2, 2017. Antasari’s chatter got responses from social media users. Many of the written comments about AntasariAzhar are negative. This article aims at describing the form of figurative and language registers language register that used in expressing sarcasm metaphor in the comments of article “Wartawan Senior Bongkar Kebusukan Antasari, Nasrudin dan Permainan Jahat PDIP (Senior Journalist Reveals Antasari’s Evil, Nasrudin And PDIP’s Engage In Some Evils)” (www.idnusa.com).This study was carried out from January to April 2017. The method used is qualitative descriptive method.The data was analyzed by using discourse analysis technique.The result of the study shows that sarcasm metaphor that used in article to be data in the form of words and phrase. The type of words that used is adjectives, nouns and verbs. Besides, the language register used is based on the meaning and the language used. Language register based on meaning can be differed to be metaphor such as hoping, cursing, appealing and expressing. The language registers used are regional languages and foreign languages
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Ediyani, Muhammad. „تاريخ نشأة اللغة العربية وتطورها“. لسـانـنـا (LISANUNA): Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Arab dan Pembelajarannya 9, Nr. 1 (11.04.2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ls.v9i1.6730.
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Arabic is the language of the tribes that inhabited the peninsula from Yemen to the Levant to the race and the borders of Palestine and Sana to reach their purposes, which is one of the Semitic languages, and the subject of the emergence of language of the subjects addressed by the researchers of old and recent, and expanded in them a lot and their work that some opinions, The most important of these are: humility and terminology, and language inspired by God. The first person was taught the names of everything (arrest), and the language was born cumulatively subject to the factor of space-time and human need. After the advent of Islam, the Arabic language evolved with the decline of the Holy Quran, because the Arabic language before the descent of the Qur'an was classified into poetry and prose. When the Quran came down, the linguistic expressions in the three Arabic languages became Quran, poetry and prose. There is no doubt that the Arabic language reached the height of its glory and rose in the era of Islam because it became part of religion, and in the era of prophecy and the origin of Islam, people take care of Arabic a lot and are keen on it because it is the language of the Koran and religion and the true and faithful messenger. Other factors affecting the development of Arabic are political, social and cultural factors.
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Tabain, Marija. „A preliminary study of jaw movement in Arrernte consonant production“. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39, Nr. 1 (23.03.2009): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100308003678.
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This study presents jaw movement data from Central Arrernte, an Australian Aboriginal language with six places of articulation in the stop series, including four coronal places of articulation. The focus of the study is on jaw consonant targets, and on the opening and closing movements of the jaw. As a point of comparison, data are also presented for English, a language with three places of articulation in the stop series. In line with previous results for English, jaw position in Arrernte is lowest for the velar /k/. The apico-post-alveolar (retroflex) /ʈ/, which is not found in English, has a jaw position almost as low as /k/. By contrast, the lamino-alveo-palatal /c/, which is also not found in English, has the highest jaw position. The remaining coronal consonants in Arrernte, /t/ (apico-alveolar and lamino-dental, respectively), show intermediate jaw positions, with differences between speakers. In terms of the kinematic measures examined (namely, variability in distance, duration and velocity of opening and closing movements), results show no consistent differences between English and Arrernte jaw movement.
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Tabain, Marija. „Aspects of Arrernte prosody“. Journal of Phonetics 59 (November 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2016.08.005.
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Bowern, Claire. „Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte (review)“. Language 80, Nr. 1 (2004): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0012.
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Henderson, J. „Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte“. International Journal of Lexicography 15, Nr. 3 (01.09.2002): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/15.3.229.
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Khubchandani,, Lachman M. „Language plurality of South Asia: A search for alternate models in knowledge construction“. Applied Linguistics Review 3, Nr. 2 (10.10.2012): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2012-0015.
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AbstractUnder the influence of the purists' tradition in philology and in pedagogy, agencies concerned with social planning analyze linguistic heterogeneity as a serious problem of human adjustment. Viewing language in monolithic terms, there has been a traditional bias that language diversity is a problem. Constituting the mother tongue as a cult and marker of identity, many linguists and language agencies since the European Renaissance have joined nationalists (taking language as a defining characteristic of ‘nation-state’) in isolating bilinguals as being ‘rootless’ and of ‘dubious loyalty’ to the nation. In recent years, however, there has been more lip service paid to language pluralism. The characteristic of maintaining of two (or more) mother tongues is a notable feature of plurilingual India. Contemporary disciplines do not take cognizance of multiple languages existing side by side, and a speech community continues to be identified according to homogeneous constructs, in terms of formal structures and monistic values, attitudes and usage. The local and the global, the particular and the universal should be viewed, as two sides of the same coin rather than competing with each other. In the light of this, we look for new paradigms in applied linguistics so as to effectively arrest the trends of large scale commodification and homogenization pertaining to language development and make transparent the qualities of communication for an integral and sustainable development of social diversity.
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Nauen, Milana. „Übersetzung von Gerichtsdokumenten“. Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 66, Nr. 2 (19.03.2020): 254–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00147.nau.
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Abstract The article examines the translation of court documents (indictments, penalty and arrest warrants, court decisions and court orders) and the challenges they pose. The activity of court translators is regulated by law. This unique position entrusts them with a special responsibility. Even if the actual addressees of the translation are unlikely to fully understand the text, the translation must be accurate and complete. This requires a thorough knowledge of both legal systems and an understanding of both legal languages. The present article discusses parts of a court document from a translator’s point of view, analysing the difficulties of translating court names, titles of laws, classification units and standardised formulations. The article contains many examples from the language pair German-Russian but is also comprehensible and of potential interest for translators from and into other languages.
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Petrovich, Nicole, Andrei I. Holodny, Viviane Tabar, Denise D. Correa, Joy Hirsch, Philip H. Gutin und Cameron W. Brennan. „Discordance between functional magnetic resonance imaging during silent speech tasks and intraoperative speech arrest“. Journal of Neurosurgery 103, Nr. 2 (August 2005): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.2.0267.
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Object. The goal of this study was to investigate discordance between the location of speech arrest during awake cortical mapping, a common intraoperative indicator of hemispheric dominance, and silent speech functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging maps of frontal language function. Methods. Twenty-one cases were reviewed retrospectively. Images of silent speech fMR imaging activation were coregistered to anatomical MR images obtained for neuronavigation. These were compared with the intraoperative cortical photographs and the behavioral results of electrocorticography during awake craniotomy. An fMR imaging control study of three healthy volunteers was then conducted to characterize the differences between silent and vocalized speech fMR imaging protocols used for neurosurgical planning. Conclusions. Results of fMR imaging showed consistent and predominant activation of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during silent speech tasks. During intraoperative mapping, however, 16 patients arrested in the precentral gyrus (PRG), well posterior to the fMR imaging activity. Of those 16, 14 arrested only in the PRG and not in the IFG as silent speech fMR imaging predicted. The control fMR imaging study showed that vocalized speech fMR imaging shifts the location of the fMR imaging prediction to include the motor strip and may be more appropriate for neurosurgical planning.
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Breshears, Jonathan D., Derek G. Southwell und Edward F. Chang. „Inhibition of Manual Movements at Speech Arrest Sites in the Posterior Inferior Frontal Lobe“. Neurosurgery 85, Nr. 3 (12.12.2018): E496—E501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyy592.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Intraoperative stimulation of the posterior inferior frontal lobe (IFL) induces speech arrest, which is often interpreted as demonstration of essential language function. However, prior reports have described “negative motor areas” in the IFL, sites where stimulation halts ongoing limb motor activity. OBJECTIVE To investigate the spatial and functional relationship between IFL speech arrest areas and negative motor areas (NMAs). METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, intraoperative stimulation mapping was performed to localize speech and motor function, as well as arrest of hand movement, hand posture, and guitar playing in a set of patients undergoing awake craniotomy for dominant hemisphere pathologies. The incidence and localization of speech arrest and motor inhibition was analyzed. RESULTS Eleven patients underwent intraoperative localization of speech arrest sites and inhibitory motor areas. A total of 17 speech arrest sites were identified in the dominant frontal lobe, and, of these, 5 sites (29.4%) were also identified as NMAs. Speech arrest and arrest of guitar playing was also evoked by a single IFL site in 1 subject. CONCLUSION Inferior frontal gyrus speech arrest sites do not function solely in speech production. These findings provide further evidence for the complexity of language organization, and suggest the need for refined mapping strategies that discern between language-specific sites and inhibitory motor areas.
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Nevins, Andrew. „On formal universals in phonology“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2009): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09990537.
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AbstractUnderstanding the universal aspects of human language structure requires comparison at multiple levels of analysis. While Evans & Levinson (E&L) focus mostly on substantive variation in language, equally revealing insights can come from studying formal universals. I first discuss how Artificial Grammar Experiments can test universal preferences for certain types of abstract phonological generalizations over others. I then discuss moraic onsets in the language Arrernte, and how its apparent substantive variation ultimately rests on a formal universal regarding syllable-weight sensitivity.
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Hisham, Alyaa, Aya Ahmed, Mariam Khaled, Nour Abdullatif und Sally Kassem. „Modelling of Crime Record Management System Using Unified Modeling Language“. Ingénierie des systèmes d information 26, Nr. 4 (31.08.2021): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/isi.260404.
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Crime records management is a system that helps police keep records of citizens’ complaints files, investigation evidence and processes. In addition, it helps police keep records of the criminals who have been arrested or who are to be arrested. This paper aims to model the Crime Record Management System (CRMS) using various Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams, to demonstrate an explicit visualization of the system. Also, showing the communication among different actors, and the sequence of activities and interactions. The perspective of modeling the CRMS is by covering four stages, which are Counter (Station Diary Constable), Crime Investigation, Prosecution, and Adjudication. It is concluded that applying UML diagrams facilitates understanding and perceiving the processes of recording crime files, as it illustrates detailed activities and interactions.
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Tasnim, Israt, Nuri Ince, Sujit Prabhu, Kyle Noll, Chandra Swamy, Katherine Connelly, Priscella Asman et al. „NIMG-64. INTRAOPERATIVE LANGUAGE MAPPING USING GAMMA-BAND MODULATIONS OF ELECTROCORTICOGRAM (ECOG) INDUCED BY WORD/SOUND CATEGORIZATION TASK: VALIDATION WITH REPRODUCIBLE SPEECH ARRESTS DURING LINGUISTIC TASKS“. Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_7 (01.11.2022): vii178—vii179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac209.682.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE Determination of the correlation between gamma-band modulations of electrocorticogram (ECoG) induced by linguistic tasks and reproducible speech arrests caused by bipolar direct cortical stimulations (DCS). METHODS 3 subjects (age 39, 56, 64 years) with left temporal lobe glioma underwent surgery involving awake craniotomy. A 4x8 ECoG electrode grid (2.3mm contact exposure, 1cm contact spacing) was placed above the respective tumor area. A MATLAB-Simulink based real-time software system running on a portable laptop computer was used to map gamma-band modulations as a 2D heat map while the subjects engaged in different linguistic tasks: word/sound categorization by pressing a button, object naming, action naming, written descriptive naming, and auditory descriptive naming. Auditory stimulus was applied during word/sound categorization task (duration 300 – 500ms), auditory descriptive naming ( > 1s); other tasks involved visual stimulus only. The subjects repeated the four naming tasks while bipolar DCS (2/4/6 mA, 60Hz, 2s) was applied at different electrode pairs. RESULTS The electrodes having stronger gamma-band modulations were distinct for different tasks. Reproducible speech arrests occurred during object, action, auditory naming tasks while stimulating specific electrode pairs, even though not all these electrodes had strong activations during these tasks. Across all subjects these electrodes had strong activations consistently during word/sound categorization tasks, starting as early as 250ms and lasting even after the auditory stimuli were terminated (~ 650ms). The longer activations can be associated with word recognition process. The subjects self-reported about having difficulty in comprehension rather than speech production during speech arrests. 3D brain rendering using MRI images showed that the speech arrest electrodes were identically located on the superior temporal gyrus, inferior to central sulcus for all 3 subjects. CONCLUSION Intraoperative language mapping guided by gamma-band ECoG modulations induced by word/sound categorization tasks can be utilized to localize eloquent cortex associated with auditory processing.
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Jeong, Eun Kyung. „Language Expressions by Laypersons Observing Cardiac Arrest Situations and Determinants of Cardiac Arrest Recognition“. Crisis and Emergency Management 11, Nr. 11 (30.11.2015): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/krcem.2015.11.11.73.
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Sheraton, Mack, John Columbus, Salim Surani, Ravinder Chopra und Rahul Kashyap. „Effectiveness of Mechanical Chest Compression Devices over Manual Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis“. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 22, Nr. 4 (19.07.2021): 810–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2021.3.50932.
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Introduction: Our goal was to systematically review contemporary literature comparing the relative effectiveness of two mechanical compression devices (LUCAS and AutoPulse) to manual compression for achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods: We searched medical databases systematically for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies published between January 1, 2000–October 1, 2020 that compared mechanical chest compression (using any device) with manual chest compression following OHCA. We only included studies in the English language that reported ROSC outcomes in adult patients in non-trauma settings to conduct random-effects metanalysis and trial sequence analysis (TSA). Multivariate meta-regression was performed using preselected covariates to account for heterogeneity. We assessed for risk of biases in randomization, allocation sequence concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, and selective outcome reporting. Results: A total of 15 studies (n = 18474), including six RCTs, two cluster RCTs, five retrospective case-control, and two phased prospective cohort studies, were pooled for analysis. The pooled estimates’ summary effect did not indicate a significant difference (Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval, 0.97 to 1.39, P = 0.11, I2 = 0.83) between mechanical and manual compressions during CPR for ROSC. The TSA showed firm evidence supporting the lack of improvement in ROSC using mechanical compression devices. The Z-curves successfully crossed the TSA futility boundary for ROSC, indicating sufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions regarding these outcomes. Multivariate meta-regression demonstrated that 100% of the between-study variation could be explained by differences in average age, the proportion of females, cardiac arrests with shockable rhythms, witnessed cardiac arrest, bystander CPR, and the average time for emergency medical services (EMS) arrival in the study samples, with the latter three attaining statistical significance. Conclusion: Mechanical compression devices for resuscitation in cardiac arrests are not associated with improved rates of ROSC. Their use may be more beneficial in non-ideal situations such as lack of bystander CPR, unwitnessed arrest, and delayed EMS response times. Studies done to date have enough power to render further studies on this comparison futile.
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Komter, Martha L. „Frances Rock. Communicating rights: The language of arrest and detention“. Information Design Journal 16, Nr. 2 (04.08.2008): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.16.2.08rev.
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Johnson, A. „Frances Rock: Communicating Rights. The Language of Arrest and Detention.“ Applied Linguistics 30, Nr. 4 (30.11.2009): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp053.
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Rymes, Betsy. „Watch your language! Students as citizen sociolinguists“. Phi Delta Kappan 101, Nr. 5 (27.01.2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721720903821.
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Carelessly used language can create offense and miscommunication, so it’s important for students and teachers alike to pay attention to the language they use. Betsy Rymes advocates adopting a practice of citizen sociolinguistics, which involves curiosity about the differences in the way people use language. She encourages teachers to build on students’ curiosity and wonderment about language to start conversations about how the words people use vary according to context. In addition, she suggests that when someone critiques another person’s language use, those “citizen sociolinguist’s arrests” can provide fodder for conversations about when and where certain types of language are appropriate. Such conversations require a willingness to take others’ views seriously and to avoid being tone-deaf about the different ways language is used.
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Donato, Katharine M., und Leslie Ann Rodríguez. „Police Arrests in a Time of Uncertainty“. American Behavioral Scientist 58, Nr. 13 (11.06.2014): 1696–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764214537265.
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Using a novel data set created from police narratives between 2005 and 2010, this article examines whether and how police reporting varies before and after the implementation of 287(g), a local enforcement program located in Nashville’s Davidson County, a new immigrant gateway city. We examine patterns of symbolic language used by police officers related to arrests of immigrants and U.S. natives, and examine whether differences emerge before and after May 2007, when the 287(g) program began. Results show significant shifts in the reasons given for arrests before and after implementation of 287(g), and characteristics about foreignness such as country of origin, language use, and legal status that became more salient after 287(g). We argue that the 287(g) program—coupled with the political climate in which it was embedded—bestowed salience on traits that, in the past, were not relevant. That is, our findings suggest that anti-immigrant laws, such as 287(g), play an important role in the social construction of legal status among police officers.
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Irfariati, Irfariati. „MAJAS SARKASME DALAM PENULISAN KOMENTAR PADA "5 IRONI AKIL MOCHTAR, KETUA MK YANG DITANGKAP KPK"“. Madah: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, Nr. 2 (16.02.2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.31503/madah.v6i2.380.
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As a Chairman of the Constitutional Court that is used to be associated with the law, it is unfortunate if Akil Mochtar ultimately can not escape from the law itself over what he had done. The crimes committed have forced him to leave the position and accepted the punishment, both the law and the punishment of public justice. Criticism and scathing comments from the public flew due to deep disappointment at the head of this legal institution. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of sarcasm figure of speech contained in the group www.merdeka.com which commented and described a variety of language used in the disclosure of sarcasm figure of speech group www.merdeka.com comments (5 Ironi Akil Mochtar, Ketua MK yang ditangkap KPK. ("5 irony Akil Mochtar, who was arrested KPK Chief Justice"?) This study applied a qualitative descriptive method and discourse analysis technique. This study showed that the figure of speech used were in the form of sarcasm words and phrases. Types of the words used were in the form of adjective, noun, and verb. While the language variation used based on the meaning and the language used. The language variation used can be divided into a figure of speech in the form of calumny, calls, and commands. They included regional languages and foreign languages. The use of local and foreign languages are not completely due to there are so many code mixing occurred when delivering the comments.Abstrak Sebagai seorang Ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi yang notabene selalu berhubungan dengan hukum, sangat disayangkan jika Akil Mochtar akhirnya juga tidak dapat menghindar dari hukum itu atas apa yang telah dilakukannya. Tindakan kriminal yang dilakukan telah memaksanya untuk melepaskan jabatan dan menerima hukuman, baik hukum peradilan maupun hukuman dari masyarakat. Kritikan dan komentar pedas dari masyarakat mengalir deras akibat kekecewaan yang dalam terhadap ketua institusi hukum ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan bentuk majas sarkasme dan ragam bahasa yang digunakan dalam pengungkapan majas sarkasme tersebut dalam komentar pada 5 Ironi Akil Mochtar, Ketua MK yang Ditangkap KPK (www.merdeka.com). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif melalui teknik analisis wacana. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa majas sarkasme yang digunakan dalam artikel yang dijadikan sebagai data berupa kata dan frasa. Jenis kata yang digunakan berupa kata sifat, kata benda, dan kata kerja. Sementara ragam bahasa yang digunakan antara lain berdasarkan maksudnya dan bahasa yang digunakan. Ragam bahasa berdasarkan maksudnya dapat pula dibedakan menjadi majas yang berupa umpatan, imbauan, dan perintah. Ragam bahasa yang digunakan meliputi bahasa daerah dan bahasa asing. Penggunaan bahasa daerah dan bahasa asing ini tidak secara utuh penyajiannya karena banyak terlihat campur kode dalam penyampaian kalimat komentar tersebut.
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Stanley-Price, Nicholas. „ILLICIT EXCAVATION: THE TRIAL OF ALESSANDRO PALMA DI CESNOLA IN CYPRUS IN 1878“. Antiquaries Journal 98 (September 2018): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000358151800001x.
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The prosecution in Cyprus of an Italian citizen for illicit excavation in 1878 is a very early case in modern cultural heritage law. In taking over from the Ottoman empire the administration of Cyprus in June 1878, Britain inherited the Ottoman legal system, including its 1874 law on antiquities. Four months later, the British arrested Alessandro Palma di Cesnola for flouting a newly announced ban on excavation. The evidence of official, confidential records reveals the steps leading to the Italian’s arrest, trial and conviction in court. His trial followed Ottoman legal procedures, but the verdict was decided by the district commissioner, a British military officer unfamiliar with local law and languages. Alessandro Palma di Cesnola’s claims of American citizenship and a diplomatic status are shown to have been invalid. A closing review suggests that the British Museum was influential in prompting the ban on excavation and that moral and financial pressures led Alessandro Palma di Cesnola to ignore it.
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Osman, Ghada, und Claudia V. Angelelli. „“A crime in another language?” revisited“. Translation and Interpreting Studies 6, Nr. 1 (23.06.2011): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.6.1.01osm.
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In 1995, Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman was convicted for his role in the 1993 plot to bomb the World Trade Center. In 2002, Abdel-Rahman’s attorney Lynne Stewart and his interpreter Mohammed Yousry were arrested and charged with aiding terrorism. The crux of the evidence against them came from their jail visits with Abdel-Rahman. This article examines the roles of Abdel-Rahman, Stewart, and Yousry during those visits. It argues that due to factors such as ethnicity, gender, and religious background, the Arabic language and its related cultural discourse became the central context of interaction. The article focuses on three main facets of this interaction: Arabic-English vis-à-vis English-Arabic translations, Yousry’s mediation of relations through Arabic-centered cultural phenomena, and Stewart’s acceptance of — and to a certain extent participation in — an Arabic-centered discourse through her use of Arabic phrases (particularly religious ones). Twelve segments have been selected from the transcripts to illustrate these phenomena in this situation of violent conflict, which is highly relevant in today’s politically charged climate.
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Carney, Terrence R. „Understanding one’s rights when arrested and detained: An assessment of language barriers that affect comprehension“. South African Journal of Criminal Justice 34, Nr. 1 (2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/sacj/v34/i1a1.
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Difficult text formulations, on the one hand, as well as poor linguistic skills and comprehension on the other, can severely hamper the communication effort of basic human rights during the judicial process. The rights entrenched in s 35 of the Constitution of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), as they apply to individuals who are arrested, detained and accused, and read out by a member of the local South African Police Service (SAPS), are written in a legal register that can be too difficult for additional language speakers to understand. This begs the question of whether arrested, detained and accused individuals are fully aware of their rights and whether they can exercise these rights if they do not understand the language that expresses them. This article appraises the potential comprehensibility of the notice of rights (SAPS 14A), as provided to arrested, detained and accused individuals by the SAPS. The researcher’s assessments indicate that the text is pitched at an English readability level suited to university graduates and could be too difficult for South Africans with limited schooling and linguistic abilities to comprehend. A revision of SAPS 14A is offered as an illustration of a possible improvement to increase readability and, subsequently, better access to the mentioned rights.
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Tabain, Marija. „Jaw movement and coronal stop spectra in Central Arrernte“. Journal of Phonetics 40, Nr. 4 (Juli 2012): 551–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2012.03.003.
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Langan, Celeste. „“Education Is Our Occupation”“. PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 127, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2012): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2012.127.4.1010.
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When my berkeley colleague the poet robert hass wrote for the new york times an account of the occupy cal event of 9 november 2011, he described the “strange contingencies” that struck his mind (even as the police baton struck his body). Since that day, when I was arrested (the police used a technique they call a hair-pull takedown) for linking arms with students to protect tents erected in solidarity with Occupy and in defiance of the campus's no-tents policy, I too have felt those contingencies. My decision to participate was no accident; I wanted to resist the conceptual and practical attenuation of the ideal of education as a res publica. But at the time of my arrest I had not yet recognized how much Occupy resonates with issues I have made the center of my scholarly life: vagrancy, mobility, freedom. This brief essay considers the new inflection Occupy has given to my understanding of the work of education. To exercise freedom of thought is not merely to engage heterodox ideas; it is to make thinking take place and take its time. It is to refuse attempts to constrain, by regulations concerning time, place, and manner, the public exercise of thinking.
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Jamie Foong Siew Wei, Mohd Azmani bin Sahar und Ahmad Zulkarnain Ahmad Zahedi. „Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitude and confidence regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation among ambulance drivers in Malaysia“. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, Nr. 4 (16.10.2019): 2973–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1581.
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Out of hospital cardiac arrest is a major cause of death worldwide. The outcome from out of hospital cardiac arrest remains poor, thus requiring immediate emergency medical intervention and high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ambulance drivers are part of the prehospital care team and therefore play a critical role in providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation to cardiac arrest patient. As present, there is no study that has been developed to assess the knowledge, attitude and confidence regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation among ambulance drivers. Thus, this study has developed a reliable and validated a questionnaire called AmKAC to evaluate their knowledge, attitude and confidence. The questionnaires are available in two languages, English and Bahasa Malaysia, in view of different educational background. The content validity was then assessed by content experts. Subsequently, the questionnaires underwent face validity which were pretested among 10 ambulance drivers to check for the understanding, language and readability. Afterwards, the refined questionnaires were administered to 108 ambulance drivers from the emergency trauma department of six different hospitals. The process was repeated one week after for the retest. This study reviewed reliable questionnaires in measuring knowledge, attitude and confidence among ambulance driver with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.685, 0.703 and 0.905, respectively. In addition, the questionnaire also showed good test-retest reliability and correlation between the items, by using Spearman’s rho and intraclass coefficient, respectively. In conclusion, the developed, validated AmKAC can be used in future to provide better insights of the ambulance drivers knowledge, attitude and confidence level regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation permitting organization of courses and training.
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Chang, Edward F., Doris D. Wang, David W. Perry, Nicholas M. Barbaro und Mitchel S. Berger. „Homotopic organization of essential language sites in right and bilateral cerebral hemispheric dominance“. Journal of Neurosurgery 114, Nr. 4 (April 2011): 893–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.11.jns10888.
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Object Language dominance in the right hemisphere is rare. Therefore, the organization of essential language sites in the dominant right hemisphere is unclear, especially compared with cases involving the more prevalent left dominant hemisphere. Methods The authors reviewed the medical records of 15 patients who underwent awake craniotomy for tumor or epilepsy surgery and speech mapping of right hemisphere perisylvian language areas at the University of California, San Francisco. All patients were determined to have either complete right-sided or bilateral language dominance by preoperative Wada testing. Results All patients but one were left-handed. Of more than 331 total stimulation sites, 27 total sites were identified as essential for language function (14 sites for speech arrest/anarthria; 12 for anomia; and 1 for alexia). While significant interindividual variability was observed, the general pattern of language organization was similar to classic descriptions of frontal language production and posterior temporal language integration for the left hemisphere. Speech arrest sites were clustered in the ventral precentral gyrus and pars opercularis. Anomia sites were more widely distributed, but were focused in the posterior superior and middle temporal gyri as well as the inferior parietal gyrus. One alexia site was found over the superior temporal gyrus. Face sensory and motor cortical sites were also identified along the ventral sensorimotor strip. The prevalence and specificity of essential language sites were greater in unilateral right hemisphere–dominant patients, compared with those with bilateral dominance by Wada testing. Conclusions The authors' results suggest that the organization of language in right hemisphere dominance mirrors that of left hemisphere dominance. Awake speech mapping is a safe and reliable surgical adjunct in these rare clinical cases and should be done in the setting of right hemisphere dominance to avoid preventable postoperative aphasia.
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Sahu, Arpita, Antariksh Vijan, Prakash Shetty, Parthiban Velayutham und Aliasgar Moiyadi. „NIMG-104. PRE-OPERATIVE LANGUAGE FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI) FOR LOCALIZATION OF THE RIGHT VENTRAL PREMOTOR CORTEX (VPMC) IN COMPARISON WITH DIRECT CORTICAL STIMULATION“. Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_7 (01.11.2022): vii189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac209.722.
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Abstract PURPOSE To assess the concordance of pre-operative language functional MRI (fMRI) for localization of the right ventral premotor cortex (vPMC) in comparison with Direct Cortical Stimulation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Prospective analysis was performed for 11 (n=11) patients with right-sided tumors who underwent language mapping by fMRI, followed by awake neurosurgery and intra-operative mapping by Direct Cortical Stimulation (DCS). Multi-paradigm language fMRI was performed using a standard 3-paradigm language protocol, with additional tongue movement paradigm on a Phillips Ingenia, 1.5T Scanner. The vPMC was identified as BOLD signal activation seen in at least two paradigms anterior to and discrete from the motor orofacial cortex. Pre-operative fMRI findings were validated intra-operatively using DCS with the intra-operative responses of anarthria (speech arrest) and dysarthria recorded separately. RESULTS We obtained moderate concordance (sensitivity) of 72.2% (n=8) for anarthria (speech arrest). The vPMC was the site of speech arrest in 75% cases (n=6), followed by the oro-facial motor cortex in the remainder (n=2, 25%). Higher frequency of vPMC activation was seen with Tongue Movement and Number Counting paradigms, while that of Broca’s area with Verb Generation. Tumour size >5cm, presence of peritumoral edema and intra-tumoral haemorrhage were some of the features associated with fMRI-DCS discordance. CONCLUSIONS vPMC detection by fMRI shows good concordance (sensitivity) with anarthria responses on Direct Cortical Stimulation. Thus, fMRI serves as a useful non-invasive tool in pre-operative planning for maximal safe resection of brain tumors.
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Schwartz, Theodore H., Orrin Devinsky, Werner Doyle und Kenneth Perrine. „Preoperative predictors of anterior temporal language areas“. Journal of Neurosurgery 89, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1998): 962–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1998.89.6.0962.
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Object. Although it is known that 5 to 10% of patients have language areas anterior to the rolandic cortex, many surgeons still perform standard anterior temporal lobectomies for epilepsy of mesial onset and report minimal long-term dysphasia. The authors examined the importance of language mapping before anterior temporal lobectomy. Methods. The authors mapped naming, reading, and speech arrest in a series of 67 patients via stimulation of long-term implanted subdural grids before resective epilepsy surgery and correlated the presence of language areas in the anterior temporal lobe with preoperative demographic and neuropsychometric data. Naming (p < 0.03) and reading (p < 0.05) errors were more common than speech arrest in patients undergoing surgery in the anterior temporal lobe. In the approximate region of a standard anterior temporal lobectomy, including 2.5 cm of the superior temporal gyrus and 4.5 cm of both the middle and inferior temporal gyrus, the authors identified language areas in 14.5% of patients tested. Between 1.5 and 3.5 cm from the temporal tip, patients who had seizure onset before 6 years of age had more naming (p < 0.02) and reading (p < 0.01) areas than those in whom seizure onset occurred after age 6 years. Patients with a verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) lower than 90 had more naming (p < 0.05) and reading (p < 0.02) areas than those with an IQ higher than 90. Finally, patients who were either left handed or right hemisphere memory dominant had more naming (p < 0.05) and reading (p < 0.02) areas than right-handed patients with bilateral or left hemisphere memory lateralization. Postoperative neuropsychometric testing showed a trend toward a greater decline in naming ability in patients who were least likely to have anterior language areas, that is, those with higher verbal IQ and later seizure onset. Conclusions. Preoperative identification of markers of left hemisphere damage, such as early seizure onset, poor verbal IQ, left handedness, and right hemisphere memory dominance should alert neurosurgeons to the possibility of encountering essential language areas in the anterior temporal lobe (1.5–3.5 cm from the temporal tip). Naming and reading tasks are required to identify these areas. Whether removal of these areas necessarily induces long-term impairment in verbal abilities is unknown; however, in patients with a low verbal IQ and early seizure onset, these areas appear to be less critical for language processing.
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Sollmann, Nico, Thomas Picht, Jyrki P. Mäkelä, Bernhard Meyer, Florian Ringel und Sandro M. Krieg. „Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation for preoperative language mapping in a patient with a left frontoopercular glioblastoma“. Journal of Neurosurgery 118, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.9.jns121053.
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Up to now, navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) has been used for motor mapping in the vicinity of rolandic brain lesions. Recently, nTMS has also been suggested to be useful in mapping human language areas. The authors describe the case of a left-handed patient with a left-side glioblastoma within the opercular inferior frontal gyrus who presented with severe motor aphasia. Preoperative functional MRI (fMRI) indicated speech dominance of the right hemisphere and did not show any language-related activation in the vicinity of the tumor. Navigated TMS, however, showed a significantly higher rate of induced speech arrests for the left than for the right. Left-side direct cortical stimulation induced clear speech arrests during awake surgery. This case suggests that nTMS may be useful for preoperative speech mapping in tumors affecting the anatomy, vasculature, and brain oxygen levels and therefore impairing fMRI reliability.
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Fincke, Steven, Shantanu Agarwal, Scott Miller und Elizabeth Boschee. „Language Model Priming for Cross-Lingual Event Extraction“. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, Nr. 10 (28.06.2022): 10627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21307.
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We present a novel, language-agnostic approach to "priming" language models for the task of event extraction, providing particularly effective performance in low-resource and zero-shot cross-lingual settings. With priming, we augment the input to the transformer stack's language model differently depending on the question(s) being asked of the model at runtime. For instance, if the model is being asked to identify arguments for the trigger "protested", we will provide that trigger as part of the input to the language model, allowing it to produce different representations for candidate arguments than when it is asked about arguments for the trigger "arrest" elsewhere in the same sentence. We show that by enabling the language model to better compensate for the deficits of sparse and noisy training data, our approach improves both trigger and argument detection and classification significantly over the state of the art in a zero-shot cross-lingual setting.
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VEERAMANI, Dr B. R., und A. KUMARAVALLI. „Social Reform and Remedy Rendered in the Select Novels of Indira Goswami“. Think India 22, Nr. 3 (19.09.2019): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8404.
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Dr. Indira Goswami (Mamoni Raisom Goswami) is one of the leading writers of the India today. She has won the Jnanpith Award for the year 2000, which is the highest literary award of India today. She belongs to the family of Sattra adhikars (Head of Vaisnava monastery) of South Kamrup in Assam. Her father, Late Uma Kanta Goswami, was an economist, who worked as the Director of Public Instruction of the Government of Assam. Indira did her schooling in Guwahati and Shillong. She has written eighteen novels, and several hundreds of short stories. Her novels and short stories have been translated into many Indian and Foreign languages. She tries to write from her direct experiences of her life. She only moulds her experiences with her imagination. Her language is like a velvet dress by which she endeavors to cover the restless soul in its journey through existence. But however hard, she might try, the fabric of this dress seldom takes on the texture of velvet or fine Muslim, and it comes out rather tattered. Sometimes they feel that it is a futile effort to arrest the soul with language and capture it in cold print. It is better, perhaps to feel it only in numb science. But, then, those very experiences impel a person to unload them from the psyche by creative effort which gives a sort of relief. And, the tattered fabric has a beauty which puts to shame the finest of velvets.
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Collins, Chik. „Vygotsky on Language and Social Consciousness: Underpinning the Use of Voloshinov in the Study of Popular Protest“. Historical Materialism 7, Nr. 1 (2000): 41–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920600100414632.
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AbstractThe term ‘Bakhtin Circle’ is used to refer to a group of Russian thinkers centred around Mikhail Bakhtin in the years following the 1917 Revolution. The group's prime concern was with the importance of questions of language-use in social life, and with the way in which language-use registered conflicts between social groups and classes. Prominent members, as well as Bakhtin himself, included P.N. Medvedev and V.N. Voloshinov. Between 1929, when a number of members were arrested, and his death in 1975, Bakhtin continued to work on the issues which had occupied the group.
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Avrahova, Iryna. „"Throwing the word is my craft!" (to the 100th anniversary of S. Karavansky's birth)“. Вісник Книжкової палати, Nr. 11 (24.03.2022): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2020.11(292).44-47.
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Many misfortunes befell this extraordinary man. War, captivity, arrest and many, many decades in the concentration camps of the USSR, and then - emigration . After all, Ukraine and his native language were the meaning of his whole life.
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Truong, Tran. „*ABA effects in kinship allomorphy & syncretism“. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, Nr. 1 (23.03.2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4713.
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Morphological contiguity domains are pockets of natural language grammar wherein formal irregularity in one component predicts co-irregularity in a related, and often more marked, component. At the surface level, they foreclose certain allomorphic and/or distributional possibilities, producing so-called *ABA effects. Contiguity phenomena have been documented in the study of comparatives, case, pronouns, tense/aspect, inter multa alia. To this expanding list, this study adds kinship. It shall be shown that nonsingular pronouns in Lower Arrernte exemplify an apparent *ABA allomorphy-constraining distribution in which the agnate-disharmonic and non-agnate forms must co-supplete. An implementation using toy features demonstrates that the emergence of at least some *ABA patterns may be artifactual of how a paradigm is set up, and that Lower Arrernte nonsingulars do not instantiate Bobaljik (2012)'s containment hypothesis. These results are consonant with a picture of contiguity effects as a group of etiologically and derivationally heterogeneous phenomena, instead of an unambiguous diagnostic for syntactic hierarchical structure.
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Britton, C. „HOW DOES MEURSAULT GET ARRESTED?“ French Studies Bulletin 31, Nr. 114 (01.03.2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/frebul/ktq001.
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Political leaders often use language as an instrument to establish their legitimacy. From the end of the 1980s, the Belarusian language became the symbol of Belarusian independence; however, it has never been the language of power. The language law of Belarus, which was adopted in 1990 and made Belarusian the official language of the state, appears to have been more a symbolic action for a new appropriation of power than the expression of a real political will. During perestroika political elites, mostly Russophones, preferred to rely on the language situation inherited from the Soviet system, in which the majority spoke Russian, rather than question a policy that could guarantee their popularity. When Alyaksander Lukashenka came to power in 1994, the gradual process of Belarusian language development was slowly reversed in order to integrate language policy into the continuity of Soviet practice. The promotion of the Russian language and the increase of discrimination against Belarusian have taken place along with the establishment of an authoritarian regime, which is based on press censorship, arrests of political opponents, and the monopolization of social, political, economic, and cultural activities. Faced with a direct threat to its existence, the Belarusian language became, as was the case during the Soviet period, a language of opposition and of counter-power. Belarusian leaders have tried to keep the Belarusian language and the discourses related to it out of power. The opposition, however, uses Belarusian as a political weapon against the regime, seeking to transform Belarusian into a future language of power. Considering the language as a crucial political issue, language policy is a way to manage and control not only the use of language, but also the discourse and the persons who are using it. In that context, language implies a speech, and the French distinction between langue and language is interesting in this respect. Language politics implies social and political representations of language and speech, which can be studied, analyzing the influence of political actors on these representations and the way in which they deal with the language problem.