Zeitschriftenartikel: „Arctic air pollution“

1

Wiersma, G. Bruce, und B. Stonehouse. „Arctic Air Pollution“. Arctic and Alpine Research 20, Nr. 2 (Mai 1988): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551509.

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2

Moriarty, F. „Arctic air pollution“. Environmental Pollution 48, Nr. 2 (1987): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(87)90099-6.

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3

Peel, D. „Arctic air pollution“. Endeavour 11, Nr. 4 (Januar 1987): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(87)90294-8.

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4

Shaw, Glenn E. „Arctic air pollution“. Earth-Science Reviews 25, Nr. 3 (September 1988): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(88)90033-5.

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5

Tanaka, Yoshifumi. „Reflections on Transboundary Air Pollution in the Arctic: Limits of Shared Responsibility“. Nordic Journal of International Law 83, Nr. 3 (19.08.2014): 213–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08303002.

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Air pollution in the Arctic is transboundary by nature and its causes may be attributed to more than one state. An issue thus arises with regard to shared responsibility of multiple states for transboundary air pollution in the Arctic. Transboundary air pollution caused by multiple states clearly differs from traditional bilateral atmospheric pollution as typically shown in the Trail Smelter arbitration. Shared responsibility which is distinct from traditional independent state responsibility is increasingly at issue in international law and the regulation of transboundary air pollution in the Arctic provides an interesting insight into this subject. Thus this article will seek to examine legal issues concerning shared state responsibility for transboundary air pollution in the Arctic.

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6

Law, K. S., und A. Stohl. „Arctic Air Pollution: Origins and Impacts“. Science 315, Nr. 5818 (16.03.2007): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1137695.

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7

Ottar, B. „Arctic air pollution: A Norwegian perspective“. Atmospheric Environment (1967) 23, Nr. 11 (Januar 1989): 2349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90248-5.

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8

Law, Katharine S., Andreas Stohl, Patricia K. Quinn, Charles A. Brock, John F. Burkhart, Jean-Daniel Paris, Gerard Ancellet et al. „Arctic Air Pollution: New Insights from POLARCAT-IPY“. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, Nr. 12 (01.12.2014): 1873–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00017.1.

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Given the rapid nature of climate change occurring in the Arctic and the difficulty climate models have in quantitatively reproducing observed changes such as sea ice loss, it is important to improve understanding of the processes leading to climate change in this region, including the role of short-lived climate pollutants such as aerosols and ozone. It has long been known that pollution produced from emissions at midlatitudes can be transported to the Arctic, resulting in a winter/spring aerosol maximum known as Arctic haze. However, many uncertainties remain about the composition and origin of Arctic pollution throughout the troposphere; for example, many climate–chemistry models fail to reproduce the strong seasonality of aerosol abundance observed at Arctic surface sites, the origin and deposition mechanisms of black carbon (soot) particles that darken the snow and ice surface in the Arctic is poorly understood, and chemical processes controlling the abundance of tropospheric ozone are not well quantified. The International Polar Year (IPY) Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols and Transport (POLARCAT) core project had the goal to improve understanding about the origins of pollutants transported to the Arctic; to detail the chemical composition, optical properties, and climate forcing potential of Arctic aerosols; to evaluate the processes governing tropospheric ozone; and to quantify the role of boreal forest fires. This article provides a review of the many results now available based on analysis of data collected during the POLARCAT aircraft-, ship-, and ground-based field campaigns in spring and summer 2008. Major findings are highlighted and areas requiring further investigation are discussed.

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9

Law, Kathy S., Anke Roiger, Jennie L. Thomas, Louis Marelle, Jean-Christophe Raut, Stig Dalsøren, Jan Fuglestvedt, Paolo Tuccella, Bernadett Weinzierl und Hans Schlager. „Local Arctic air pollution: Sources and impacts“. Ambio 46, S3 (26.10.2017): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-0962-2.

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10

Eckhardt, S., A. Stohl, S. Beirle, N. Spichtinger, P. James, C. Forster, C. Junker, T. Wagner, U. Platt und S. G. Jennings. „The North Atlantic Oscillation controls air pollution transport to the Arctic“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, Nr. 3 (24.06.2003): 3222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-3222-2003.

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Abstract. This paper studies the interannual variability of pollution pathways from northern hemisphere (NH) continents into the Arctic. Using a 1-year model simulation of the dispersion of passive tracers representative of anthropogenic emissions from NH continents, we show that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) exerts a strong control on the pollution transport into the Arctic, particularly in winter and spring. For tracer lifetimes of 5 (30) days, surface concentrations in the Arctic winter are enhanced by about 70% (30%) during high phases of the NAO (in the following referred to as NAO+) compared to its low phases (NAO−). This is mainly due to great differences in the pathways of European pollution during NAO+ and NAO− phases, respectively, but reinforced by North American pollution, which is also enhanced in the Arctic during NAO+ phases. In contrast, Asian pollution in the Arctic does not significantly depend on the NAO phase. The model results are confirmed using remotely-sensed NO2 vertical atmospheric columns obtained from seven years of satellite measurements, which show enhanced northward NO2 transport and reduced NO2 outflow into the North Atlantic from Central Europe during NAO+ phases. Surface measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and black carbon at high-latitude stations further corroborate the overall picture of enhanced Arctic pollution levels during NAO+ phases.

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Eckhardt, S., A. Stohl, S. Beirle, N. Spichtinger, P. James, C. Forster, C. Junker, T. Wagner, U. Platt und S. G. Jennings. „The North Atlantic Oscillation controls air pollution transport to the Arctic“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, Nr. 5 (24.10.2003): 1769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1769-2003.

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Abstract. This paper studies the interannual variability of pollution pathways from northern hemisphere (NH) continents into the Arctic. Using a 15-year model simulation of the dispersion of passive tracers representative of anthropogenic emissions from NH continents, we show that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) exerts a strong control on the pollution transport into the Arctic, particularly in winter and spring. For tracer lifetimes of 5 (30) days, surface concentrations in the Arctic winter are enhanced by about 70% (30%) during high phases of the NAO (in the following referred to as NAO+) compared to its low phases (NAO-). This is mainly due to great differences in the pathways of European pollution during NAO+ and NAO- phases, respectively, but reinforced by North American pollution, which is also enhanced in the Arctic during NAO+ phases. In contrast, Asian pollution in the Arctic does not significantly depend on the NAO phase. The model results are confirmed using remotely-sensed NO2 vertical atmospheric columns obtained from seven years of satellite measurements, which show enhanced northward NO2 transport and reduced NO2 outflow into the North Atlantic from Central Europe during NAO+ phases. Surface measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and black carbon at high-latitude stations further corroborate the overall picture of enhanced Arctic pollution levels during NAO+ phases

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12

Iversen, Trond, und Einar Joranger. „Arctic air pollution and large scale atmospheric flows“. Atmospheric Environment (1967) 19, Nr. 12 (Januar 1985): 2099–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90117-9.

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13

Barrie, Leonard A. „Arctic air pollution: An overview of current knowledge“. Atmospheric Environment (1967) 20, Nr. 4 (Januar 1986): 643–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90180-0.

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14

Rahn, Kenneth A. „Progress in Arctic air chemistry, 1980–1984“. Atmospheric Environment (1967) 19, Nr. 12 (Januar 1985): 1987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90107-6.

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15

Tsukerman, V. A., und S. V. Ivanov. „Problems of Reducing Air Pollution from Industrial Enterprises in the Arctic Regions“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, Nr. 3 (01.02.2022): 032006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/3/032006.

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Abstract The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Arctic) is a unique region which ecosystems have low resilience and recovery. The exploitation of natural resources in the Arctic in particular mineral and raw materials as well as oil and gas complexes can lead to negative impact on the environment which consequences of are often irreversible. In this regard, scientifically based proposals to ensure the technosphere safety of the Russian Arctic are required in order to maintain the ecological balance during industrial exploitation which is the most important not only for the Arctic but for the entire planet. The aim of the work is to study the amounts of emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by enterprises that directly operate in the Arctic and develop proposals to reduce the negative impact. The analysis of the largest resource companies as: PJSC NOVATEK, PJSC Severstal (Division Severstal Resources), PJSC “MMC “Norilsk Nickel” and PJSC ALROSA was carried out for the period 2015 - 2019. The analysis showed that there is no reduction in emissions at PJSC NOVATEK while at the enterprises of other companies there is a decrease associated with a reduction in production volumes or the withdrawal of certain enterprises from the company rather than the implementation of new environmental technologies in sufficient quantities. Despite the measures taken by the enterprises for environmental safety the considered indicators do not always demonstrate stable positive dynamics indicating the insufficient effectiveness of the current environmental policy and the need to develop and implement effective innovation resource-saving technologies.

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16

Schmale, J., S. R. Arnold, K. S. Law, T. Thorp, S. Anenberg, W. R. Simpson, J. Mao und K. A. Pratt. „Local Arctic Air Pollution: A Neglected but Serious Problem“. Earth's Future 6, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2018): 1385–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ef000952.

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17

Ottar, Brynjulf, Jozef M. Pacyna und Thor C. Berg. „Aircraft measurements of air pollution in the norwegian arctic“. Atmospheric Environment (1967) 20, Nr. 1 (Januar 1986): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90209-x.

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18

Vikrant, Kumar, Eilhann E. Kwon, Ki-Hyun Kim, Christian Sonne, Minsung Kang und Zang-Ho Shon. „Air Pollution and Its Association with the Greenland Ice Sheet Melt“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 1 (23.12.2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010065.

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The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has been a topic of extensive scientific research over the past several decades due to the exponential increase in its melting. The relationship between air pollution and GrIS melting was reviewed based on local emission of air pollutants, atmospheric circulation, natural and anthropogenic forcing, and ground/satellite-based measurements. Among multiple factors responsible for accelerated ice melting, greenhouse gases have long been thought to be the main reason. However, it is suggested that air pollution is another piece of the puzzle for this phenomenon. In particular, black carbon (BC) and other aerosols emitted anthropogenically interact with clouds and ice in the Arctic hemisphere to shorten the cloud lifespan and to change the surface albedo through alteration of the radiative balance. The presence of pollution plumes lowers the extent of super cooling required for cloud freezing by about 4 °C, while shortening the lifespan of clouds (e.g., by altering their free-energy barrier to prompt precipitation). Since the low-level clouds in the Arctic are 2–8 times more sensitive to air pollution (in terms of the radiative/microphysical properties) than other regions in the world, the melting of the GrIS can be stimulated by the reduction in cloud stability induced by air pollution. In this study, we reviewed the possible impact of air pollution on the melting of the GrIS in relation to meteorological processes and emission of light-absorbing impurities. Long-term variation of ground-based AERONET aerosol optical depth in Greenland supports the potential significance of local emission and long-range transport of air pollutants from Arctic circle and continents in the northern hemisphere in rapid GrIS melting trend.

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19

Roiger, A., J. L. Thomas, H. Schlager, K. S. Law, J. Kim, A. Schäfler, B. Weinzierl et al. „Quantifying Emerging Local Anthropogenic Emissions in the Arctic Region: The ACCESS Aircraft Campaign Experiment“. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, Nr. 3 (01.03.2015): 441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00169.1.

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Abstract Arctic sea ice has decreased dramatically in the past few decades and the Arctic is increasingly open to transit shipping and natural resource extraction. However, large knowledge gaps exist regarding composition and impacts of emissions associated with these activities. Arctic hydrocarbon extraction is currently under development owing to the large oil and gas reserves in the region. Transit shipping through the Arctic as an alternative to the traditional shipping routes is currently underway. These activities are expected to increase emissions of air pollutants and climate forcers (e.g., aerosols, ozone) in the Arctic troposphere significantly in the future. The authors present the first measurements of these activities off the coast of Norway taken in summer 2012 as part of the European Arctic Climate Change, Economy, and Society (ACCESS) project. The objectives include quantifying the impact that anthropogenic activities will have on regional air pollution and understanding the connections to Arctic climate. Trace gas and aerosol concentrations in pollution plumes were measured, including emissions from different ship types and several offshore extraction facilities. Emissions originating from industrial activities (smelting) on the Kola Peninsula were also sampled. In addition, pollution plumes originating from Siberian biomass burning were probed in order to put the emerging local pollution within a broader context. In the near future these measurements will be combined with model simulations to quantify the influence of local anthropogenic activities on Arctic composition. Here the authors present the scientific objectives of the ACCESS aircraft experiment and the the meteorological conditions during the campaign, and they highlight first scientific results from the experiment.

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Makosko, A. A., A. V. Matesheva und S. V. Emelina. „On trends in environmental and climatic risks for human health in the Arctic zone of Russia under climate change“. Arctic: Ecology and Economy 13, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2023): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2023-4-579-589.

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The authors explore the dynamics of human health risks caused by air pollution and weather and climate comfort in the Arctic zone of Russia in 2020-2050 under two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). According to estimates, in the period up to 2050, there is generally an insignificant dynamics of risks characterized by inter-scenario variability and dispersion across the territory of the Russian Arctic. Only in certain areas there are noticeable trends. Under the RCP4.5 scenario, a significant area of the Arctic shows a trend towards increased health risks from air pollution and improved weather and climate comfort in spring and summer. In winter and autumn, in some Arctic regions of the ETR (European territory of Russia) and Siberia, increased cold discomfort is possible. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, there is a tendency to reduce the risk from air pollution in most areas, and improve comfort in almost the entire territory of the Russian Arctic in spring, in most of the subarctic zone — in other seasons, in the temperate zone — in summer. A trend towards increased cold discomfort is noted in large areas of the Arctic zone in winter, summer and autumn, in certain areas of the European territory of Russia and Siberia in the temperate zone — in autumn and winter, in the subarctic zone — in autumn. The authors outline the need for additional attention when planning measures to adapt to climate change in the territories of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The findings are relevant for strategic planning of the development of Arctic territories, environmental and climatic risks management for the population living and working in the Arctic.

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Sturges, W. T., und L. A. Barrie. „Stable lead isotope ratios in arctic aerosols: evidence for the origin of arctic air pollution“. Atmospheric Environment (1967) 23, Nr. 11 (Januar 1989): 2513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90263-1.

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22

Patrick, Chazette, Raut Jean-Christophe, Totems Julien, Shang Xiaoxia, Caudoux Christophe, Delanoë Julien und Law Kathy. „Raman lidars for a better understanding of pollution in the Arctic System (PARCS)“. EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817604005.

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The development of oil and gas drilling and the opening of new shipping routes, in the Barents and Norway seas, poses new challenges for the Arctic environment due to the impact of air pollution emissions on climate and air quality. To improve our knowledge of the interactions between aerosols, water vapor and cloud cover, within the French PARCS (Pollution in the ARCtic System) project, Raman lidar observations were performed from the ground and from an ultra-light aircraft near the North Cape in northern Norway, and coupled with measurements from a 95 GHz ground-based Doppler radar.

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Arnold, S. R., K. S. Law, C. A. Brock, J. L. Thomas, S. M. Starkweather, K. von Salzen, A. Stohl et al. „Arctic air pollution: Challenges and opportunities for the next decade“. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 4 (19.05.2016): 000104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000104.

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24

Roiger, A., H. Schlager, A. Schäfler, H. Huntrieser, M. Scheibe, H. Aufmhoff, O. R. Cooper et al. „In-situ observation of Asian pollution transported into the Arctic lowermost stratosphere“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, Nr. 5 (31.05.2011): 16265–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-16265-2011.

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Abstract. On a research flight on 10 July 2008, the German research aircraft Falcon sampled an air mass with unusually high carbon monoxide (CO), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and water vapour (H2O) mixing ratios in the Arctic lowermost stratosphere. The air mass was encountered twice at an altitude of 11.3 km, ~800 m above the dynamical tropopause. In-situ measurements of ozone, NO, and NOy indicate that this layer was a mixed air mass containing both air from the troposphere and stratosphere. Backward trajectory and Lagrangian particle dispersion model analysis suggest that the Falcon sampled the top of a polluted air mass originating from the coastal regions of East Asia. The anthropogenic pollution plume experienced strong up-lift in a warm conveyor belt (WCB) located over the Russian east-coast. Subsequently the Asian air mass was transported across the North Pole into the sampling area, elevating the local tropopause by up to ~3 km. Mixing with surrounding Arctic stratospheric air most likely took place during the horizontal transport when the tropospheric streamer was stretched into long and narrow filaments. The mechanism illustrated in this study possibly presents an important pathway to transport pollution into the polar tropopause region.

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Roiger, A., H. Schlager, A. Schäfler, H. Huntrieser, M. Scheibe, H. Aufmhoff, O. R. Cooper et al. „In-situ observation of Asian pollution transported into the Arctic lowermost stratosphere“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, Nr. 21 (07.11.2011): 10975–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10975-2011.

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Abstract. On a research flight on 10 July 2008, the German research aircraft Falcon sampled an air mass with unusually high carbon monoxide (CO), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and water vapour (H2O) mixing ratios in the Arctic lowermost stratosphere. The air mass was encountered twice at an altitude of 11.3 km, ~800 m above the dynamical tropopause. In-situ measurements of ozone, NO, and NOy indicate that this layer was a mixed air mass containing both air from the troposphere and stratosphere. Backward trajectory and Lagrangian particle dispersion model analysis suggest that the Falcon sampled the top of a polluted air mass originating from the coastal regions of East Asia. The anthropogenic pollution plume experienced strong up-lift in a warm conveyor belt (WCB) located over the Russian east-coast. Subsequently the Asian air mass was transported across the North Pole into the sampling area, elevating the local tropopause by up to ~3 km. Mixing with surrounding Arctic stratospheric air most likely took place during the horizontal transport when the tropospheric streamer was stretched into long and narrow filaments. The mechanism illustrated in this study possibly presents an important pathway to transport pollution into the polar tropopause region.

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Khan, Sabaa A. „The Global Commons through a Regional Lens: The Arctic Council on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants“. Transnational Environmental Law 6, Nr. 1 (09.09.2016): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000157.

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AbstractThe regulation of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) is widely seen as an important dimension of global atmospheric pollution control and climate change governance. SLCPs emitted outside the Arctic influence the Arctic atmosphere, Arctic communities, and the rate of ice melt. As an intergovernmental forum that brings together three of the world’s major petroleum producers (Russia, the United States, and Canada), the Arctic Council has a pivotal role in reducing the rate of Arctic warming through SLCP mitigation. This article explores the Arctic Council’s approach to SLCP mitigation. It begins by addressing the current status of black carbon and methane in international legal instruments, and goes on to explore the important regime linkages that are set in place through the Arctic Council’s Framework for Action on Enhanced Black Carbon and Methane Emission Reductions. The article suggests that the Arctic Council provides an experimental platform that may catalyze SLCP regulation not only in Arctic jurisdictions but also in Arctic Council observer states, such as China and India. The transnational and inclusive character of the Arctic Council’s constitutional framework and knowledge-generating mechanisms enables new pathways for global action on climate change and air pollution governance.

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Tietze, K., J. Riedi, A. Stohl und T. J. Garrett. „Space-based evaluation of interactions between aerosols and low-level Arctic clouds during the Spring and Summer of 2008“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, Nr. 7 (08.04.2011): 3359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3359-2011.

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Abstract. This study explores the indirect effects of anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols on Arctic clouds by co-locating a combination of MODIS and POLDER cloud products with output from the FLEXPART tracer transport model. During the activities of the International Polar Year for the Spring and Summer of 2008, we find a high sensitivity of Arctic cloud radiative properties to both anthropogenic and biomass burning pollution plumes, particularly at air temperatures near freezing or potential temperatures near 286 K. However, the sensitivity is much lower at both colder and warmer temperatures, possibly due to increases in the wet and dry scavenging of cloud condensation nuclei: the pollution plumes remain but the component that influences Arctic clouds has been removed along transport pathways. The analysis shows that, independent of local temperature, cloud optical depth is approximately four times more sensitive to changes in pollution levels than is cloud effective radius. This suggests that some form of feedback mechanism amplifies the radiative response of Arctic clouds to pollution through changes in cloud liquid water path.

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Barrie, L. A., und R. M. Hoff. „Five years of air chemistry observations in the Canadian Arctic“. Atmospheric Environment (1967) 19, Nr. 12 (Januar 1985): 1995–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90108-8.

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29

Kosyakov, D. S., N. V. Ulyanovskiy, D. M. Mazur und A. T. Lebedev. „Mass spectrometry in the study of air pollution in the Arctic“. Laboratory and production 13, Nr. 3-4 (2020): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32757/2619-0923.2020.3-4.13.56.68.

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30

Acosta Navarro, J. C., V. Varma, I. Riipinen, Ø. Seland, A. Kirkevåg, H. Struthers, T. Iversen, H. C. Hansson und A. M. L. Ekman. „Amplification of Arctic warming by past air pollution reductions in Europe“. Nature Geoscience 9, Nr. 4 (14.03.2016): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2673.

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31

Svistov, P. F., A. S. Talash und E. S. Semenets. „Air Pollution and Self-Purification by Precipitation in the Russian Arctic“. Russian Journal of General Chemistry 87, Nr. 13 (Dezember 2017): 3173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363217130114.

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32

Ayotte, Pierre, E´ric Dewailly, Suzanne Bruneau, He´le`ne Careau und Anne Ve´zina. „Arctic air pollution and human health: what effects should be expected?“ Science of The Total Environment 160-161 (Januar 1995): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04387-g.

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33

VINOGRADOVA, A. A. „CLEANING THE ARCTIC ATMOSPHERE: DEPOSITION ONTO THE SURFACE AND AIR POLLUTION TRANSPORT OUT OF THE ARCTIC“. Journal of Aerosol Science 32 (September 2001): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(21)00067-7.

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34

Stohl, A., T. Berg, J. F. Burkhart, A. M. Fjæraa, C. Forster, A. Herber, Ø. Hov et al. „Arctic smoke – record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, Nr. 5 (05.10.2006): 9655–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-9655-2006.

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Abstract. In spring 2006, the European Arctic was abnormally warm, setting new historical temperature records. During this warm period, smoke from agricultural fires in Eastern Europe intruded into the European Arctic and caused the most severe air pollution episodes ever recorded there. This paper confirms that biomass burning (BB) was indeed the source of the observed air pollution, studies the transport of the smoke into the Arctic, and presents an overview of the observations taken during the episode. Fire detections from the MODIS instruments aboard the Aqua and Terra satellites were used to estimate the BB emissions. The FLEXPART particle dispersion model was used to show that the smoke was transported to Spitsbergen and Iceland, which was confirmed by MODIS retrievals of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and AIRS retrievals of carbon monoxide (CO) total columns. Concentrations of halocarbons, carbon dioxide and CO, as well as levoglucosan and potassium, measured at Zeppelin mountain near Ny Ålesund, were used to further corroborate the BB source of the smoke at Spitsbergen. The ozone (O3) and CO concentrations were the highest ever observed at the Zeppelin station, and gaseous elemental mercury was also enhanced. A new O3 record was also set at a station on Iceland. The smoke was strongly absorbing – black carbon concentrations were the highest ever recorded at Zeppelin –, and strongly perturbed the radiation transmission in the atmosphere: aerosol optical depths were the highest ever measured at Ny Ålesund. We furthermore discuss the aerosol chemical composition, obtained from filter samples, as well as the aerosol size distribution during the smoke event. Photographs show that the snow at a glacier on Spitsbergen became discolored during the episode and, thus, the snow albedo was reduced. Samples of this polluted snow contained strongly enhanced levels of potassium, sulphate, nitrate and ammonium ions, thus relating the discoloration to the deposition of the smoke aerosols. This paper shows that, to date, BB has been underestimated as a source of aerosol and air pollution for the Arctic, relative to emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Given its significant impact on air quality over large spatial scales and on radiative processes, the practice of agricultural waste burning should be banned in the future.

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Makosko, A. A., und A. V. Matesheva. „On the assessment of environmental risks from air pollution in the Arctic zone under a changing climate in the ХХI century“. Arctic: Ecology and Economy 12, Nr. 1 (März 2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2022-1-34-45.

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The article formulates a methodological approach to assessing environmental risks from atmospheric pollution in the Arctic zone under a changing climate. It is based on the US EPA’s health risk assessment methodology and impurity concentration estimates by solving the adjoint equation for impurities transport and diffusion. The authors investigate the dynamics of health risk from atmospheric pollution PM10, PM2.5 in the areas of five arctic cities due to emissions from potential nearby and remote sources (including sources of transboundary pollution) in 1980—2050 taking into account various scenarios of climate change. The results indicate general tendency towards an increase in the danger of air pollution for humans in the forecast period until 2050 against the background of climate changes. The authors study the spatio-temporal dynamics in the location areas of PM10, PM2.5 sources that create the highest health risk in relation to Arkhangelsk. The results show the moderate narrowing of the high-risk zone in the first quarter of the XXI century and some upward trend in risk in the second quarter of this century. In the period up to 2050, the main impact on public health in the Arkhangelsk region is expected from emission sources located in the west and southwest. At the same time, the authors prove a tendency towards an increase in the influence of sources located in the southwestern and southern directions. In case of transboundary pollution, sources in the Scandinavian states, Baltics, the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, Ukraine and Belarus pose a danger. The results are important to develop proposals for ensuring the environmental safety in Arctic when planning the spatial development of the Russian Arctic zone and other country territories.

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Gong, Wanmin, Stephen R. Beagley, Sophie Cousineau, Mourad Sassi, Rodrigo Munoz-Alpizar, Sylvain Ménard, Jacinthe Racine et al. „Assessing the impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the Canadian Arctic and northern regions: current and future modelled scenarios“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, Nr. 22 (26.11.2018): 16653–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16653-2018.

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Abstract. A first regional assessment of the impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the Canadian Arctic and northern regions was conducted in this study. Model simulations were carried out on a limited-area domain (at 15 km horizontal resolution) centred over the Canadian Arctic, using the Environment and Climate Change Canada's on-line air quality forecast model, GEM-MACH (Global Environmental Multi-scale – Modelling Air quality and CHemistry), to investigate the contribution from the marine shipping emissions over the Canadian Arctic waters (at both present and projected future levels) to ambient concentrations of criteria pollutants (O3, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2), atmospheric deposition of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N), and atmospheric loading and deposition of black carbon (BC) in the Arctic. Several model upgrades were introduced for this study, including the treatment of sea ice in the dry deposition parameterization, chemical lateral boundary conditions, and the inclusion of North American wildfire emissions. The model is shown to have similar skills in predicting ambient O3 and PM2.5 concentrations in the Canadian Arctic and northern regions, as the current operational air quality forecast models in North America and Europe. In particular, the model is able to simulate the observed O3 and PM components well at the Canadian high Arctic site, Alert. The model assessment shows that, at the current (2010) level, Arctic shipping emissions contribute to less than 1 % of ambient O3 concentration over the eastern Canadian Arctic and between 1 and 5 % of ambient PM2.5 concentration over the shipping channels. Arctic shipping emissions make a much greater contributions to the ambient NO2 and SO2 concentrations, at 10 %–50 % and 20 %–100 %, respectively. At the projected 2030 business-as-usual (BAU) level, the impact of Arctic shipping emissions is predicted to increase to up to 5 % in ambient O3 concentration over a broad region of the Canadian Arctic and to 5 %–20 % in ambient PM2.5 concentration over the shipping channels. In contrast, if emission controls such as the ones implemented in the current North American Emission Control Area (NA ECA) are to be put in place over the Canadian Arctic waters, the impact of shipping to ambient criteria pollutants would be significantly reduced. For example, with NA-ECA-like controls, the shipping contributions to the population-weighted concentrations of SO2 and PM2.5 would be brought down to below the current level. The contribution of Canadian Arctic shipping to the atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen is small at the current level, < 5 %, but is expected to increase to up to 20 % for sulfur and 50 % for nitrogen under the 2030 BAU scenario. At the current level, Canadian Arctic shipping also makes only small contributions to BC column loading and BC deposition, with < 0.1 % on average and up to 2 % locally over the eastern Canadian Arctic for the former, and between 0.1 % and 0.5 % over the shipping channels for the latter. The impacts are again predicted to increase at the projected 2030 BAU level, particularly over the Baffin Island and Baffin Bay area in response to the projected increase in ship traffic there, e.g., up to 15 % on BC column loading and locally exceeding 30 % on BC deposition. Overall, the study indicates that shipping-induced changes in atmospheric composition and deposition are at regional to local scales (particularly in the Arctic). Climate feedbacks are thus likely to act at these scales, so climate impact assessments will require modelling undertaken at much finer resolutions than those used in the existing radiative forcing and climate impact assessments.

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Crang, Richard F. E., und Zheng Wu. „Air pollution monitoring of the bioindicator lichen, Cetraria cuculata, using microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100169456.

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Lichens, due their sensitivities to variation in environmental conditions have long served as bioindicators of air pollution in arctic and sub-arctic regions for such agents as gaseous air pollutants, acidic rain and misting, and heavy metal deposition. Lichens are an important part of the food chain in arctic regions due to serving as a major food source for animals such as caribou. In this study the fruticose lichen, Cetraria cuculata, was collected from a site 5 km downwind from a major nickel and copper smelting plant near the city of Norilsk in the Siberian region of Russia 330 km north of the Arctic circle. This site is one of the most heavily polluted regions in the world. In contrast, “clean” samples of C. cuculata, representing controls, were gathered from a remote region 800 km downwind and northeast of Norilsk at the eastern end of Lake Tamyr on the Tamyr Peninsula. Subsequently, different microscopies including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis were employed in order to determine structural and compositional impacts of the atmospheric deposition. Such techniques have recently been proven to be of considerable value in other studies of contaminated lichen thalli.

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Yamineva, Yulia, und Kati Kulovesi. „Keeping the Arctic White: The Legal and Governance Landscape for Reducing Short-Lived Climate Pollutants in the Arctic Region“. Transnational Environmental Law 7, Nr. 2 (14.03.2018): 201–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102517000401.

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AbstractReducing emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) – in particular, black carbon and methane – is a promising option for slowing global and regional warming in the short term, while at the same time reducing local air pollution. This mitigation opportunity seems to be particularly relevant in the Arctic context. The article provides a comprehensive overview and a critical assessment of the state of international law and governance relevant to the reduction of SLCP emissions in the Arctic. The article demonstrates that current legal and governance regimes for reducing SLCP emissions in the Arctic are complex and fragmented, which raises questions about the scope for this option for climate change and air pollution mitigation to reach its full potential. Nevertheless, the article concludes that fragmentation in this policy domain is of a cooperative or synergistic nature and therefore not problematic, provided that greater harmonization of legal instruments and enhanced cooperation between institutions are achieved. It also suggests options for strengthening international law and governance on SLCPs. Although the focus of the article is regional, many of its conclusions are relevant for the global regulation of SLCPs.

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Tietze, K., J. Riedi, A. Stohl und T. J. Garrett. „Space-based evaluation of interactions between pollution plumes and low-level Arctic clouds during the spring and summer of 2008“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, Nr. 11 (26.11.2010): 29113–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-29113-2010.

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Abstract. This study explores the indirect effects of anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols on Arctic clouds by co-locating a combination of MODIS and POLDER cloud products with output from the FLEXPART tracer transport model. During the activities of the International Polar Year for the Spring and Summer of 2008, we find a high sensitivity of Arctic cloud radiative properties to both anthropogenic and biomass burning pollution plumes, particularly at air temperatures near freezing or potential temperatures near 286 K. However, the sensitivity is much lower at both colder and warmer temperatures, likely due increases in the wet scavenging of cloud condensation nuclei: the pollution plumes remain but the component that influences clouds has been removed along transport pathways. The analysis shows that, independent of temperature, cloud optical depth is approximately four times more sensitive to changes in pollution levels than is cloud effective radius. This suggests that some form of feedback mechanism amplifies the radiative response of Arctic clouds to pollution through changes in cloud liquid water path.

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Fisher, J. A., D. J. Jacob, M. T. Purdy, M. Kopacz, P. Le Sager, C. Carouge, C. D. Holmes et al. „Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, Nr. 3 (01.02.2010): 977–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-977-2010.

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Abstract. We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in April 2008 together with multiyear (2003–2008) CO satellite data from the AIRS instrument and a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to better understand the sources, transport, and interannual variability of pollution in the Arctic in spring. Model simulation of the aircraft data gives best estimates of CO emissions in April 2008 of 26 Tg month−1 for Asian anthropogenic, 9.4 for European anthropogenic, 4.1 for North American anthropogenic, 15 for Russian biomass burning (anomalously large that year), and 23 for Southeast Asian biomass burning. We find that Asian anthropogenic emissions are the dominant source of Arctic CO pollution everywhere except in surface air where European anthropogenic emissions are of similar importance. Russian biomass burning makes little contribution to mean CO (reflecting the long CO lifetime) but makes a large contribution to CO variability in the form of combustion plumes. Analysis of two pollution events sampled by the aircraft demonstrates that AIRS can successfully observe pollution transport to the Arctic in the mid-troposphere. The 2003–2008 record of CO from AIRS shows that interannual variability averaged over the Arctic cap is very small. AIRS CO columns over Alaska are highly correlated with the Ocean Niño Index, suggesting a link between El Niño and Asian pollution transport to the Arctic. AIRS shows lower-than-average CO columns over Alaska during April 2008, despite the Russian fires, due to a weakened Aleutian Low hindering transport from Asia and associated with the moderate 2007–2008 La Niña. This suggests that Asian pollution influence over the Arctic may be particularly large under strong El Niño conditions.

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Hoff, R. M., und L. A. Barrie. „Air Chemistry Observations in the Canadian Arctic“. Water Science and Technology 18, Nr. 2 (01.02.1986): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0019.

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Arctic air chemistry measurements made in Canada since 1979 are reviewed. At Mould Bay, Alert and Igloolik, 25 aerosol constituents and aerosol light scattering have been measured routinely. Gas phase measurements of SO2, chlorinated pesticides, nitrogen species, and hydrocarbons have been measured during short-term intensive studies. CO2 has been routinely measured as part of the background air monitoring program at Mould Bay and Alert. Anthropogenic pollution typified by SO4= and V has a persistent seasonal cycle seen at all sites. Alert tends to have slightly higher concentrations than Mould Bay and Igloolik. It is shown that the seasonal cycle is dependent on the source of the aerosol. Anthropogenic pollutants (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn, H+, NH4+ , SO4= and NO3−), halogens except Cl (Br, I, F) , sea salt (Na, Mg, Cl) and soil derived constituents (Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Ti) have distinct seasonal cycles. Anthropogenic constituents (except SO4=) have peak concentrations in winter 1/2 to 1/4 of annual means in southern Sweden. SO4 is an exception to this being only 30% less in the Canadian Arctic than in southern Sweden, because of the production of SO4= from SO2. Light scattering observations indicate that SO4= varies from 10-70% of the total fine particle mass during the polluted winter months. Light scattering coefficients (bscat) greater than 5 × 10−5 m−1 at Mould Bay are associated with trans-polar air trajectories. Weekly-mean SO2 concentrations at Mould Bay between late 1983 and early 1984 ranged from 0.2-0.8 ppb and comprised 48-82% of the airborne sulphur. Recent measurements of chlordane in the Arctic atmosphere are presented.

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Saltykova, M. M., I. P. Bobrovnitskii und A. V. Balakaeva. „AIR POLLUTION AND POPULATION HEALTH IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC: A LITERATURE REVIEW“. Human Ecology, Nr. 4 (22.04.2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2020-4-48-55.

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Mackie, Anna R., Paul I. Palmer, James M. Barlow, Douglas P. Finch, Paul Novelli und Lyatt Jaeglé. „Reduced Arctic air pollution due to decreasing European and North American emissions“. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121, Nr. 14 (22.07.2016): 8692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jd024923.

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Lund Myhre, C., C. Toledano, G. Myhre, K. Stebel, K. E. Yttri, V. Aaltonen, M. Johnsrud et al. „Regional aerosol optical properties and radiative impact of the extreme smoke event in the European Arctic in spring 2006“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, Nr. 4 (03.07.2007): 9519–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-9519-2007.

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Abstract. In spring 2006 a special meteorological situation occurred in the European Arctic region giving record high levels of air pollution. The synoptic situation resulted in extensive transport of pollution predominantly from agricultural fires in Eastern Europe into the Arctic region and record high air-pollution levels were measured at the Zeppelin observatory at Ny-Ålesund (78°54' N, 11°53' E) in the period from 25 April to 12 May. In the present study we investigate the optical properties of the aerosols from this extreme event and we estimate the radiative forcing of this episode. We examine the aerosol optical properties from the source region and into the European Arctic and explore the evolution of the episode and the changes in the optical properties. A number of sites in Eastern Europe, Northern Scandinavia and Svalbard are included in the study. In addition to AOD measurements, we explored lidar measurements from Minsk, ALOMAR (Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research at Andenes) and Ny-Ålesund. For the AERONET sites included (Minsk, Toravere, Hornsund) we have further studied the evolution of the aerosol size. Importantly, at Svalbard it is consistency between the AERONET measurements and calculations of single scattering albedo based on aerosol chemical composition. We have found strong agreement between the satellite daily MODIS AOD and the ground-based AOD observations. This agreement is crucial for the radiative forcing calculations. We calculate a strong negative radiative forcing for the most polluted days employing the analysed ground based data, MODIS AOD and a multi-stream model for radiative transfer of solar radiation.

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Stohl, A., T. Berg, J. F. Burkhart, A. M. Fjǽraa, C. Forster, A. Herber, Ø. Hov et al. „Arctic smoke – record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring 2006“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, Nr. 2 (26.01.2007): 511–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-511-2007.

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Abstract. In spring 2006, the European Arctic was abnormally warm, setting new historical temperature records. During this warm period, smoke from agricultural fires in Eastern Europe intruded into the European Arctic and caused the most severe air pollution episodes ever recorded there. This paper confirms that biomass burning (BB) was indeed the source of the observed air pollution, studies the transport of the smoke into the Arctic, and presents an overview of the observations taken during the episode. Fire detections from the MODIS instruments aboard the Aqua and Terra satellites were used to estimate the BB emissions. The FLEXPART particle dispersion model was used to show that the smoke was transported to Spitsbergen and Iceland, which was confirmed by MODIS retrievals of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and AIRS retrievals of carbon monoxide (CO) total columns. Concentrations of halocarbons, carbon dioxide and CO, as well as levoglucosan and potassium, measured at Zeppelin mountain near Ny Ålesund, were used to further corroborate the BB source of the smoke at Spitsbergen. The ozone (O3) and CO concentrations were the highest ever observed at the Zeppelin station, and gaseous elemental mercury was also elevated. A new O3 record was also set at a station on Iceland. The smoke was strongly absorbing – black carbon concentrations were the highest ever recorded at Zeppelin – and strongly perturbed the radiation transmission in the atmosphere: aerosol optical depths were the highest ever measured at Ny Ålesund. We furthermore discuss the aerosol chemical composition, obtained from filter samples, as well as the aerosol size distribution during the smoke event. Photographs show that the snow at a glacier on Spitsbergen became discolored during the episode and, thus, the snow albedo was reduced. Samples of this polluted snow contained strongly elevated levels of potassium, sulphate, nitrate and ammonium ions, thus relating the discoloration to the deposition of the smoke aerosols. This paper shows that, to date, BB has been underestimated as a source of aerosol and air pollution for the Arctic, relative to emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Given its significant impact on air quality over large spatial scales and on radiative processes, the practice of agricultural waste burning should be banned in the future.

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Carbone, Samara, Minna Aurela, Karri Saarnio, Sanna Saarikoski, Hilkka Timonen, Anna Frey, Donna Sueper et al. „Wintertime Aerosol Chemistry in Sub-Arctic Urban Air“. Aerosol Science and Technology 48, Nr. 3 (21.01.2014): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2013.875115.

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Eckhardt, S., O. Hermansen, H. Grythe, M. Fiebig, K. Stebel, M. Cassiani, A. Baecklund und A. Stohl. „The influence of cruise ship emissions on air pollution in Svalbard – a harbinger of a more polluted Arctic?“ Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, Nr. 1 (30.01.2013): 3071–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-3071-2013.

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Abstract. In this study we have analyzed whether tourist cruise ships have an influence on measured sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), Aitken mode particle and equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations at Ny Ålesund and Zeppelin Mountain on Svalbard in the Norwegian Arctic, during summer. We separated the measurement data set into periods when ships were present and periods when no ships were present in the Kongsfjord area, according to a long-term record of the number of passengers visiting Ny Ålesund. We show that when ships with more than 50 passengers cruise in the Kongsfjord, measured daytime-mean concentrations of 60-nm particles and EBC in summer show enhancements of 72 and 45% relative to values when no ships are present. Even larger enhancements of 81 and 72% were found for stagnant conditions. In contrast, O3 concentrations were 5% lower on average and 7% lower under stagnant conditions, due to titration of O3 with the emitted nitric oxide (NO). The differences between the two data subsets are largest for the highest measured percentiles while relatively small differences were found for the median concentrations, indicating that ship plumes are sampled relatively infrequently even when ships are generally present but carry high concentrations. We estimate that the ships increased the total summer mean concentrations of SO2, 60-nm particles and EBC by 15, 18 and 11%, respectively. Our findings have two important implications: firstly, even at such a remote Arctic observatory as Zeppelin, the measurements can be influenced by tourist ship emissions. Careful data screening is recommended before summer-time Zeppelin data is used for data analysis or for comparison with global chemistry transport models. However, Zeppelin remains one of the most valuable Arctic observatories, as most other Arctic observatories face even larger local pollution problems. Secondly, given landing statistics of tourist ships on Svalbard, it is suspected that large parts of the Svalbard archipelago are affected by cruise ship emissions. Thus, our results may be taken as a warning signal of future pan-Arctic conditions, if Arctic shipping becomes more frequent and emission regulations are not strict enough.

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Eckhardt, S., O. Hermansen, H. Grythe, M. Fiebig, K. Stebel, M. Cassiani, A. Baecklund und A. Stohl. „The influence of cruise ship emissions on air pollution in Svalbard – a harbinger of a more polluted Arctic?“ Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, Nr. 16 (26.08.2013): 8401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8401-2013.

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Abstract. In this study we have analyzed whether tourist cruise ships have an influence on measured sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), Aitken mode particle and equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations at Ny Ålesund and Zeppelin Mountain on Svalbard in the Norwegian Arctic during summer. We separated the measurement data set into periods when ships were present and periods when ships were not present in the Kongsfjord area, according to a long-term record of the number of passengers visiting Ny Ålesund. We show that when ships with more than 50 passengers cruise in the Kongsfjord, measured daytime mean concentrations of 60 nm particles and EBC in summer show enhancements of 72 and 45%, respectively, relative to values when ships are not present. Even larger enhancements of 81 and 72% were found for stagnant conditions. In contrast, O3 concentrations were 5% lower on average and 7% lower under stagnant conditions, due to titration of O3 with the emitted nitric oxide (NO). The differences between the two data subsets are largest for the highest measured percentiles, while relatively small differences were found for the median concentrations, indicating that ship plumes are sampled relatively infrequently even when ships are present although they carry high pollutant concentrations. We estimate that the ships increased the total summer mean concentrations of SO2, 60 nm particles and EBC by 15, 18 and 11%, respectively. Our findings have two important implications. Firstly, even at such a remote Arctic observatory as Zeppelin, the measurements can be influenced by tourist ship emissions. Careful data screening is recommended before summertime Zeppelin data is used for data analysis or for comparison with global chemistry transport models. However, Zeppelin remains as one of the most valuable Arctic observatories, as most other Arctic observatories face even larger local pollution problems. Secondly, given landing statistics of tourist ships on Svalbard, it is suspected that large parts of the Svalbard archipelago are affected by cruise ship emissions. Thus, our results may be taken as a warning signal of future pan-Arctic conditions if Arctic shipping becomes more frequent and emission regulations are not strict enough.

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Geels, Camilla, Morten Winther, Camilla Andersson, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Jørgen Brandt, Lise M. Frohn, Ulas Im, Wing Leung und Jesper H. Christensen. „Projections of shipping emissions and the related impact on air pollution and human health in the Nordic region“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, Nr. 16 (19.08.2021): 12495–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12495-2021.

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Abstract. International initiatives have successfully brought down the emissions, and hence also the related negative impacts on environment and human health, from shipping in Emission Control Areas (ECAs). However, the question remains as to whether increased shipping in the future will counteract these emission reductions. The overall goal of this study is to provide an up-to-date view on future ship emissions and provide a holistic view on atmospheric pollutants and their contribution to air quality in the Nordic (and Arctic) area. The first step has been to set up new and detailed scenarios for the potential developments in global shipping emissions, including different regulations and new routes in the Arctic. The scenarios include a Baseline scenario and two additional SOx Emission Control Areas (SECAs) and heavy fuel oil (HFO) ban scenarios. All three scenarios are calculated in two variants involving Business-As-Usual (BAU) and High-Growth (HiG) traffic scenarios. Additionally a Polar route scenario is included with new ship traffic routes in the future Arctic with less sea ice. This has been combined with existing Current Legislation scenarios for the land-based emissions (ECLIPSE V5a) and used as input for two Nordic chemistry transport models (DEHM and MATCH). Thereby, the current (2015) and future (2030, 2050) air pollution levels and the contribution from shipping have been simulated for the Nordic and Arctic areas. Population exposure and the number of premature deaths attributable to air pollution in the Nordic area have thereafter been assessed by using the health assessment model EVA (Economic Valuation of Air pollution). It is estimated that within the Nordic region approximately 9900 persons died prematurely due to air pollution in 2015 (corresponding to approximately 37 premature deaths for every 100 000 inhabitants). When including the projected development in both shipping and land-based emissions, this number is estimated to decrease to approximately 7900 in 2050. Shipping alone is associated with about 850 premature deaths during present-day conditions (as a mean over the two models), decreasing to approximately 600 cases in the 2050 BAU scenario. Introducing a HFO ban has the potential to lower the number of cases associated with emissions from shipping to approximately 550 in 2050, while the SECA scenario has a smaller impact. The “worst-case” scenario of no additional regulation of shipping emissions combined with a high growth in the shipping traffic will, on the other hand, lead to a small increase in the relative impact of shipping, and the number of premature deaths related to shipping is in that scenario projected to be around 900 in 2050. This scenario also leads to increased deposition of nitrogen and black carbon in the Arctic, with potential impacts on environment and climate.

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Schacht, Jacob, Bernd Heinold, Johannes Quaas, John Backman, Ribu Cherian, Andre Ehrlich, Andreas Herber et al. „The importance of the representation of air pollution emissions for the modeled distribution and radiative effects of black carbon in the Arctic“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, Nr. 17 (04.09.2019): 11159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11159-2019.

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Abstract. Aerosol particles can contribute to the Arctic amplification (AA) by direct and indirect radiative effects. Specifically, black carbon (BC) in the atmosphere, and when deposited on snow and sea ice, has a positive warming effect on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation balance during the polar day. Current climate models, however, are still struggling to reproduce Arctic aerosol conditions. We present an evaluation study with the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 to examine emission-related uncertainties in the BC distribution and the direct radiative effect of BC. The model results are comprehensively compared against the latest ground and airborne aerosol observations for the period 2005–2017, with a focus on BC. Four different setups of air pollution emissions are tested. The simulations in general match well with the observed amount and temporal variability in near-surface BC in the Arctic. Using actual daily instead of fixed biomass burning emissions is crucial for reproducing individual pollution events but has only a small influence on the seasonal cycle of BC. Compared with commonly used fixed anthropogenic emissions for the year 2000, an up-to-date inventory with transient air pollution emissions results in up to a 30 % higher annual BC burden locally. This causes a higher annual mean all-sky net direct radiative effect of BC of over 0.1 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere over the Arctic region (60–90∘ N), being locally more than 0.2 W m−2 over the eastern Arctic Ocean. We estimate BC in the Arctic as leading to an annual net gain of 0.5 W m−2 averaged over the Arctic region but to a local gain of up to 0.8 W m−2 by the direct radiative effect of atmospheric BC plus the effect by the BC-in-snow albedo reduction. Long-range transport is identified as one of the main sources of uncertainties for ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3, leading to an overestimation of BC in atmospheric layers above 500 hPa, especially in summer. This is related to a misrepresentation in wet removal in one identified case at least, which was observed during the ARCTAS (Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites) summer aircraft campaign. Overall, the current model version has significantly improved since previous intercomparison studies and now performs better than the multi-model average in the Aerosol Comparisons between Observation and Models (AEROCOM) initiative in terms of the spatial and temporal distribution of Arctic BC.

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