Thematische Bibliographien / Apraxia

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Apraxia“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 10. März 2023

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  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
  6. Berichte der Organisationen

Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Apraxia":

1

Mutha, Pratik K., Lee H. Stapp, Robert L. Sainburg und Kathleen Y. Haaland. „Motor Adaptation Deficits in Ideomotor Apraxia“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, Nr. 2 (Februar 2017): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771600120x.

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AbstractObjectives: The cardinal motor deficits seen in ideomotor limb apraxia are thought to arise from damage to internal representations for actions developed through learning and experience. However, whether apraxic patients learn to develop new representations with training is not well understood. We studied the capacity of apraxic patients for motor adaptation, a process associated with the development of a new internal representation of the relationship between movements and their sensory effects. Methods: Thirteen healthy adults and 23 patients with left hemisphere stroke (12 apraxic, 11 nonapraxic) adapted to a 30-degree visuomotor rotation. Results: While healthy and nonapraxic participants successfully adapted, apraxics did not. Rather, they showed a rapid decrease in error early but no further improvement thereafter, suggesting a deficit in the slow, but not the fast component of a dual-process model of adaptation. The magnitude of this late learning deficit was predicted by the degree of apraxia, and was correlated with the volume of damage in parietal cortex. Apraxics also demonstrated an initial after-effect similar to the other groups likely reflecting the early learning, but this after-effect was not sustained and performance returned to baseline levels more rapidly, consistent with a disrupted slow learning process. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the early phase of learning may be intact in apraxia, but this leads to the development of a fragile representation that is rapidly forgotten. The association between this deficit and left parietal damage points to a key role for this region in learning to form stable internal representations. (JINS, 2017, 23, 139–149)
2

Presotto, Monia, Maira Rozenfeld Olchik, Artur Francisco Shumacher Shuh und Carlos R. M. Rieder. „Assessment of Nonverbal and Verbal Apraxia in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease“. Parkinson's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/840327.

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Objective. To assess the presence of nonverbal and verbal apraxia in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and analyze the correlation between these conditions and patient age, education, duration of disease, and PD stage, as well as evaluate the correlation between the two types of apraxia and the frequency and types of verbal apraxic errors made by patients in the sample.Method. This was an observational prevalence study. The sample comprised 45 patients with PD seen at the Movement Disorders Clinic of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Patients were evaluated using the Speech Apraxia Assessment Protocol and PD stages were classified according to the Hoehn and Yahr scale.Results. The rate of nonverbal apraxia and verbal apraxia in the present sample was 24.4%. Verbal apraxia was significantly correlated with education (p≤0.05). The most frequent types of verbal apraxic errors were omissions (70.8%). The analysis of manner and place of articulation showed that most errors occurred during the production of trill (57.7%) and dentoalveolar (92%) phonemes, consecutively.Conclusion. Patients with PD presented nonverbal and verbal apraxia and made several verbal apraxic errors. Verbal apraxia was correlated with education levels.
3

Martins, Fernanda Chapchap, und Karin Zazo Ortiz. „The relationship between working memory and apraxia of speech“. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 67, Nr. 3b (September 2009): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2009000500012.

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The present study aimed to verify the relationship between working memory (WM) and apraxia of speech and explored which WM components were involved in the motor planning of speech. A total of 22 patients and 22 healthy adults were studied. These patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: a single brain lesion in the left hemisphere, presence of apraxia of speech and sufficient oral comprehension. This study involved assessment of apraxia of speech and evaluation of working memory capacity. The performance of apraxic patients was significantly poorer than that of controls, where this reached statistical significance. The study concluded that participants with apraxia of speech presented a working memory deficit and that this was probably related to the articulatory process of the phonoarticulatory loop. Furthermore, all apraxic patients presented a compromise in working memory.
4

Motomura, Naoyasu, Wolfgang Hartje, Andrea Redbrake und Klaus Willmes. „Sensorimotor Learning in Ideomotor Apraxia“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, Nr. 3_suppl (Dezember 1995): 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1123.

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Sensorimotor learning ability in patients with ideomotor apraxia was investigated, using as subjects, eight patients with ideomotor apraxia, 8 with aphasia without ideomotor apraxia, and 8 normal controls. The aphasia, apraxia, and normal control groups were matched for age, sex, and education. The aphasia and apraxia groups were chosen to control for lesion size and scores on Kimura's recurring figure test, the Token test, and intelligence. The mirror-aiming test was performed and the learning effect in terms of decreases in total time, the number of errors, and the times for errors were examined. There was no statistically significant difference between the learning effect of the apraxic group and that of the aphasic group for total time, the number of errors, and the times for errors; however, there were group differences on each trial for number of errors and the times for errors. These results suggest that patients with ideomotor apraxia have some difficulties in motor performance rather than disturbance of learning.
5

Motomura, Naoyasu. „Motor Performance in Aphasia and Ideomotor Apraxia“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1994): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.2.719.

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Motor performance in 11 patients with ideomotor apraxia, 11 with aphasia without such apraxia, and 11 normal controls was compared. These three groups were matched on age, sex, education, severity of aphasia, intelligence, and size of lesion. Measures of aiming, tapping, line-following, and steadiness developed by Schoppe in 1974 were used. Both apraxic and aphasic groups showed difficulties with motor performance, and the data of the apraxic group were poorer than those of the aphasic group. These results were consistent with Liepmann's theory.
6

Foundas, Anne L., Beth L. Macauley, Anastasia M. Raymer, Lynn M. Maher, Kenneth M. Heilman und Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. „Ecological implications of limb apraxia: Evidence from mealtime behavior“. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 1995): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700000114.

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AbstractHumans learn skilled acts in order to effectively interact with their environment. A loss of the ability to perform skilled acts is termed apraxia. Apraxia has been thought to be of theoretical interest, but the ecological implications of apraxia are controversial and have not been fully studied. We examined ten patients with unilateral left hemisphere cerebral infarctions (eight of whom were apraxic) and compared their mealtime eating behavior to a group of neurologically normal, age-matched controls. The stroke patients were less efficient in completing the meal. They made more action errors and were less organized in the sequencing of mealtime activities. Because the patients made more errors while using tools than when performing nontool actions, their deficit could not be accounted for by an elemental motor deficit. A positive relationship was found between mealtime action errors and the severity of apraxia. These findings suggest that limb apraxia may adversely influence activities of daily living. (JINS, 1995, I, 62–66.)
7

Rounis, Elisabeth, und Ferdinand Binkofski. „Limb Apraxias: The Influence of Higher Order Perceptual and Semantic Deficits in Motor Recovery After Stroke“. Stroke 54, Nr. 1 (Januar 2023): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.122.037948.

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Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Limb apraxia is a group of higher order motor disorders associated with greater disability and dependence after stroke. Original neuropsychology studies distinguished separate brain pathways involved in perception and action, known as the dual stream hypothesis. This framework has allowed a better understanding of the deficits identified in Limb Apraxia. In this review, we propose a hierarchical organization of this disorder, in which a distinction can be made between several visuomotor pathways that lead to purposeful actions. Based on this, executive apraxias (such as limb kinetic apraxia) cause deficits in executing fine motor hand skills, and intermediate apraxias (such as optic ataxia and tactile apraxia) cause deficits in reaching to grasp and manipulating objects in space. These disorders usually affect the contralesional limb. A further set of disorders collectively known as limb apraxias include deficits in gesture imitation, pantomime, gesture recognition, and object use. These deficits are due to deficits in integrating perceptual and semantic information to generate complex movements. Limb apraxias are usually caused by left-hemisphere lesions in right-handed stroke patients, affecting both limbs. The anterior- to posterior-axis of brain areas are disrupted depending on the increasing involvement of perceptual and semantic processes with each condition. Lower-level executive apraxias are linked to lesions in the frontal lobe and the basal ganglia, while intermediate apraxias are linked to lesions in dorso-dorsal subdivisions of the dorsal fronto-parietal networks. Limb apraxias can be caused by lesions in both dorsal and ventral subdivisions including the ventro-dorsal stream and a third visuomotor pathway, involved in body schema and social cognition. Rehabilitation of these disorders with behavioral therapies has aimed to either restore perceptuo-semantic deficits or compensate to overcome these deficits. Further studies are required to better stratify patients, using modern neurophysiology and neuroimaging techniques, to provide targeted and personalized therapies for these disorders in the future.
8

Ortiz, Karin Zazo, und Fernanda Chapchap Martins. „The relationship between severity of apraxia of speech and working memory“. Dementia & Neuropsychologia 4, Nr. 1 (März 2010): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642010dn40100011.

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Abstract Based on previously observed relationships between working memory (WM) and speech, the current study investigated the relationship between degree of oral apraxia (AOS) and WM capacity. Methods: This study involved assessment and classification of degree of apraxia of speech in 22 apraxic participants and evaluation of WM capacity using digit span and word-list repetition tests. Both tests were able to assess the phonoarticulatory loop, while the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test investigated the phonoarticulatory loop and the episodic buffer. Results: Independently from the degree of apraxia of speech, all of participants presented compromise in WM. Conclusions: The data presented might suggest that individuals with AOS typically have WM impairment, but it is still not clear if the severity of AOS is related to WM capacity. Future studies could verify the relationship between the severity of apraxia and the severity of WM deficits.
9

Cera, Maysa Luchesi, Karin Zazo Ortiz, Paulo Henrique Ferreira Bertolucci und Thaís Soares Cianciarullo Minett. „Speech and orofacial apraxias in Alzheimer's disease“. International Psychogeriatrics 25, Nr. 10 (07.06.2013): 1679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213000781.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects not only memory but also other cognitive functions, such as orientation, language, praxis, attention, visual perception, or executive function. Most studies on oral communication in AD focus on aphasia; however, speech and orofacial apraxias are also present in these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of speech and orofacial apraxias in patients with AD with the hypothesis that apraxia severity is strongly correlated with disease severity.Methods:Ninety participants in different stages of AD (mild, moderate, and severe) underwent the following assessments: Clinical Dementia Rating, Mini-Mental State Examination, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, a specific speech and orofacial praxis assessment, and the oral agility subtest of the Boston diagnostic aphasia examination.Results:The mean age was 80.2±7.2 years and 73% were women. Patients with AD had significantly lower scores than normal controls for speech praxis (mean difference=−2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI)=−3.3 to −2.4) and orofacial praxis (mean difference=−4.9, 95% CI=−5.4 to −4.3). Dementia severity was significantly associated with orofacial apraxia severity (moderate AD: β=−19.63, p=0.011; and severe AD: β=−51.68, p < 0.001) and speech apraxia severity (moderate AD: β=7.07, p = 0.001; and severe AD: β= 8.16, p < 0.001).Conclusion:Speech and orofacial apraxias were evident in patients with AD and became more pronounced with disease progression.
10

Hagedorn, Christina, Michael Proctor, Louis Goldstein, Stephen M. Wilson, Bruce Miller, Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini und Shrikanth S. Narayanan. „Characterizing Articulation in Apraxic Speech Using Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging“. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, Nr. 4 (14.04.2017): 877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0112.

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Purpose Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and accompanying analytical methods are shown to capture and quantify salient aspects of apraxic speech, substantiating and expanding upon evidence provided by clinical observation and acoustic and kinematic data. Analysis of apraxic speech errors within a dynamic systems framework is provided and the nature of pathomechanisms of apraxic speech discussed. Method One adult male speaker with apraxia of speech was imaged using real-time MRI while producing spontaneous speech, repeated naming tasks, and self-paced repetition of word pairs designed to elicit speech errors. Articulatory data were analyzed, and speech errors were detected using time series reflecting articulatory activity in regions of interest. Results Real-time MRI captured two types of apraxic gestural intrusion errors in a word pair repetition task. Gestural intrusion errors in nonrepetitive speech, multiple silent initiation gestures at the onset of speech, and covert (unphonated) articulation of entire monosyllabic words were also captured. Conclusion Real-time MRI and accompanying analytical methods capture and quantify many features of apraxic speech that have been previously observed using other modalities while offering high spatial resolution. This patient's apraxia of speech affected the ability to select only the appropriate vocal tract gestures for a target utterance, suppressing others, and to coordinate them in time.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Apraxia":

1

Presotto, Monia. „Avaliação das habilidades de praxia não verbal e verbal em pacientes com diagnóstico de Doença de Parkinson“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/114990.

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Introdução: A articulação da fala é um dos aspectos fonoaudiológicos mais comprometidos na doença de Parkinson (DP). Pacientes com DP apresentam risco de manifestar apraxia não verbal e verbal. A apraxia não verbal ocorre quando há um déficit na habilidade de sequencialização dos movimentos voluntários não verbais da língua, lábios, mandíbula e outras estruturas orofaciais associadas, e a apraxia verbal é definida como um déficit na habilidade de sequencializar os controles motores necessários para o posicionamento correto dos articuladores durante a produção voluntária da fala. A prevalência com que apraxia da fala ocorre na DP não está bem estabelecida, sendo um distúrbio pouco explorado nesses pacientes. É um estudo inédito, até onde temos conhecimento, quanto à identificação dos erros práxicos verbais na DP. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência da praxia não verbal e verbal em pacientes com doença de Parkinson, correlacionandoas com idade, escolaridade, tempo de doença e estadiamento da DP (Hoehn e Yahr), assim como correlacionar a apraxia não verbal com a apraxia verbal e identificar os erros práxicos verbais. Método: Estudo quantitativo, observacional, descritivo e de prevalência. Foram avaliados 45 pacientes acometidos pela DP, que realizaram seguimento clínico no ambulatório de Distúrbios do Movimento do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil, através da aplicação do Protocolo de Avaliação da Apraxia da Fala, e o estadiamento da DP foi controlado através da escala de Hoehn e Yahr (H&Y). Resultados: A prevalência de apraxia não verbal e verbal nos pacientes com DP foi de 24,4%. Não houve significância entre apraxia não verbal com idade, escolaridade, tempo de doença, estadiamento da DP (H&Y) e gênero. A correlação entre apraxia verbal e escolaridade foi significante (p≤0,05), mas não houve significância com idade, tempo de doença, estadiamento da DP (H&Y) e gênero. Os tipos de erros práxicos verbais mais frequentes foram as omissões (70,8%). Quanto ao ponto e modo articulatório os fonemas mais alterados foram os dentoalveolares (92%) e os vibrantes (57,7%), consecutivamente. Conclusão: Os pacientes com DP apresentaram apraxia não verbal e verbal com manifestação de muitos erros práxicos verbais, estando a apraxia verbal correlacionada com a escolaridade.
Introduction: The speech articulation is one of the aspects most impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients PD present risk of expressing nonverbal and verbal apraxia. The nonverbal apraxia occurs when there is a deficit in the sequencing ability of nonverbal voluntary movements of the tongue, lips, jaw and other associated orofacial structures, while the verbal apraxia is defined as a deficit in the ability of sequencing the necessary motor controls in order to place the articulators correctly during the voluntary speech production. The predominance with which apraxia of speech occurs in PD is not well established and rarely explored in these patients. As far as we know, it is an unprecedented study regarding the identification of verbal praxic errors in PD. Objective: To assess the prevalence of nonverbal and verbal apraxia in patients with Parkinson's disease, correlating them with age, education, duration of disease and PD stage (Hoehn e Yahr), as well as to correlate nonverbal with verbal apraxia and identify the verbal praxic errors. Method: Quantitative, observational, descriptive and prevalence study. Forty-five patients with PD were evaluated. They were submitted to the clinical follow-up in the Movement Disorders Clinic of the Cinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Brazil, through the application of the Speech Apraxia Assessment Protocol. Additionally, the PD stage was controlled through the Hoehn and Yahr scale (H&Y). Results: The prevalence of nonverbal and verbal apraxia in patients with PD was 24.4%. There was no significance between the nonverbal apraxia with age, education, duration of disease, PD stage (H&Y), and genre. The correlation between verbal apraxia and education was significant (p ≤ 0.05), but there was no significance with age, duration of disease, PD stage (H&Y) and genre. Omissions were the most frequent kinds of verbal praxic errors with (70.8 percent). Regarding the place and mode of articulation, the most changed phonemes were the dentoalveolar (92%)and the vibrants (57.7%), consecutively. Conclusion: Patients with PD presented nonverbal and verbal apraxia with manifestation of many verbal praxic errors and verbal apraxia correlated with education levels.
2

Cera, Maysa Luchesi [UNIFESP]. „Apraxia de fala e apraxia não-verbal na doença de Alzheimer“. Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2010. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/8965.

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Objetivos: avaliar as praxias verbal e não-verbal em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA) e identificar os erros práxicos verbais em diferentes fases da doença, além de verificar a similaridade entre as suas ocorrências. Métodos: foram avaliados 90 indivíduos, 30 em cada fase da DA (leve, moderada e grave), submetidos às escalas: Escala clínica da demência (CDR), Mini-exame do estado mental (MEM) e avaliação das atividades instrumentais de vida diária de Lawton, além da avaliação das praxias, por meio das tarefas de agilidade oral do teste de Boston, para a comparação com os dados de normalidade, e do Protocolo de Avaliação da Apraxia Verbal e Não-verbal, para a comparação do desempenho entre os três grupos. Resultados: Em relação à população estudada, 66 pacientes eram mulheres, a média da idade foi de 80,2 ±7,2 e da escolaridade de 4,2 ±3,5 anos. As médias de agilidade oral (verbal e não-verbal) dos grupos estudados foram significativamente menores do que as da população normal. As alterações práxicas verbais e não-verbais aumentaram com a progressão da doença. Quanto aos tipos de erros, os erros de omissão e substituição apresentaram maiores médias, seguidos de ensaio, repetição, autocorreção e adição. O erro do tipo adição determinou padrões de erros diferentes entre as fases da doença. Conclusões: os pacientes com DA apresentaram apraxia verbal e não-verbal que aumentaram com a gravidade demência.
Purpose: to assess the speech and orofacial apraxia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and identify praxic speech errors at different stages of the disease and to verify the similarity among their occurrences. Methods: thirty subjects in each stage of AD (mild, moderate and severe) were submitted to the following assessment: Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, and praxis tasks, using the oral agility subtest of the Boston diagnostic aphasia examination and the protocol assessment speech and orofacial apraxias. Results: there were 66 women, the mean age was 80,2±7,2 years and means educational was 4,2 ±3,5 years. The means in the oral agility task of AD patients were significantly lower than of the normal population. Difficulties in verbal and nonverbal praxis increased with the progression of the disease. Regarding the types of errors, omission and substitution were more common, followed by trial-and-error, repetition, self-correction and addition. The error type addition determined different patterns of errors between stages of the disease. Conclusions: the speech and orofacial praxias of patients with AD were impaired and deteriorated according to the stage of the disease.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
3

Ietswaart, Magdalena. „Visuomotor transformations in apraxia“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU141949.

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This thesis investigates whether the clinical neurological condition of apraxia is associated with impaired transformation of visual input into motor actions. Apraxia is generally a result of damage to the left cerebral hemisphere and is characterised by the inability to imitate gesture, to perform movements on verbal command, or to handle objects correctly. The justification for this study is that the mechanisms underlying apraxia are not well understood. Apraxia explained as a defect of visuomotor integration would provide a novel and possibly converging account of the disorder. This work used a hierarchical approach to examine different levels of visuomotor transformation in apraxic patients, looking at processes from input to output and movement classes from simple to complex. The tasks ranged from simple reaching and grasping actions, with or without on-line visual feedback, through delayed reaching and grasping actions, to complex imitative actions. The current work determined that apraxia was independent of general motor programming deficits, perceptual problems, or compromised access of the motor system to stored representations per se. No evidence was found for compromised integrated action of the perceptual and visuomotor systems in apraxia due to the disconnection of the dorsal and ventral streams according to the two visual pathways model (Milner &'38; Goodale 1995). Investigation of imitative actions did suggest that, in the process of imitation, visuomotor transformations based on egocentric body schema, especially when made in the absence of contextual cues from the environment, were essentially impaired in apraxia.
4

Buchmann, Ilka [Verfasser]. „Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Limb Apraxia and Anosognosia of Limb Apraxia / Ilka Buchmann“. Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1221524607/34.

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Maciel, Junior Jayme Antunes 1948. „Apraxia construtiva subcortical : estudo comparativo com a apraxia construtiva cortical em lesões vasculares cerebrais“. [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313611.

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Tese (Livre-docencia) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Embasado no pressuposto da singularidade da apraxia construtiva dentro do universo dos distúrbios executivos, e de que na prática, a apraxia é caracterizada pelos tipos de erros de natureza executiva, foram exaustivamente estudados, 27 pacientes com lesão subcorticai de natureza vascular com enfoque na semiologia neuropsicológica da apraxia construtiva. Os achados semiológicos de 17 pacientes com lesão sub cortical à direita [10 homens (idade média: 45,4 anos; escolaridade média: 4,6 anos) e 7 mulheres (idade média: 49,8 anos; escolaridade média: 6,0 anos)] e dez è esquerda [6 homens (idade média: 57,8 anos, escolaridade média: 8,5 anos) e 4 mulheres (idade média: 54,5 anos; escolaridade média: 6,7 anos)} foram comparados com grupo contraste composto por dez pacientes apresentando lesão vascular isquêmica retrorroiândica à direita e à esquerda. A primeira avaliação neuropsicológica foi realizada após seis semanas do evento vascular inicial e posteriormente aos seis meses, um e dois anos quando possível. Essa sistemática visa estabelecer as repercussões dos distúrbios práxicos construtivos e outros sintomas e sinais neuropsicoíógicos na vida diária dos pacientes. O nível mínimo de escolaridade admitido no estudo foi de fés anos. Apenas um único paciente com lesão subcortical direita apresentava lateralidade homogênea a esquerda. A bateria neuropsicológica de testes construtivos (desenhos de complexidade crescente, figura complexa de Rey, cubos de Kohs, montagem de quebra-cabeça, teste visuomotor de Bender e construção com palitos) foi acrescida pelo estudo da memória visual (reprodução da figura complexa de Rey após período de distração e fase taquistoscópica do teste visuomotor de Bender), de testes visuoespaciais (complementação de figuras, dupla cabeça de bois, cancelamento de linhas e números), de detecção de agnosia visual (figuras hachuradas, discriminação figura/fundo e ordenamento de lâminas de histórias em quadrinhos), e do estudo do cálculo. Todos os pacientes foram enquadrados segundo a avaliação sociolinguística, a lateralidade e o nível de alerta/atenção. Os pacientes com lesão hemisférica esquerda foram ainda submetidos ao exame da linguagem pela aplicação do protocolo Toulouse-Montreal (versão standard inicial) e pela descrição da prancha n°i do protocolo de afasia de Goodglass & Kaplan. Os resultados da avaliação neuropsicológica foram comparados com a extensão da lesão anatômica peia neuroimagem (TC ou RNM) e ao atlas de correlação anatômica e vascular encefálica. Este estudo conclui que: l. a apraxia construtiva por lesão subcorticai, direita ou esquerda, expressa-se de maneira semelhante à observada nas lesões corticais retrorrolàndicas. A negligência ou inatenção visuoespacial freqüentemente se associa a apraxia construtiva na presença de lesão do hemisfério cerebral direito; 2. o desempenho neuropsicológico, semelhante nas lesões subcortícais e corticais, não permite estabelecer o nível da lesão anatômica tendo como base a avaliação neuropsicológica isolada A associação freqüente de distúrbio visuoespacial nas lesões hemisféricas à direita fala a favor do papel relevante deste hemisfério no sistema da atenção: 3. a imensidade dos sintomas e smais neuropsicológicos apresentam variabilidade interindividual e se expressam de maneira heterogênea em função do teste utilizado; 4. a observação dos achados do exame neuropsicológico nas lesões subcortícais serve de argumento para à concepção de que a especialização hemisférica se manifesta na organização hierárquica do SNC abaixo do córtex, 5. a persistência dos distúrbios práxicos construtivos e visuoespaciais no período tardio pós-AVC e suas implicações na vida diária dos pacientes sugerem mecanismos de desconexão córtico-subcortical na gênese dos distúrbios, 6. a constatação de queixas de inabilidade construtiva ou visuoespacial com limitação da função do trabalho sugere que a apraxia construtiva e a negligência visuoespacial podem ser duradouras e produzir incapacidade de grau variável nos pacientes. A presente casuística de apraxia construtiva por lesão subcorticai, direita e esquerda, constitui-se em forte argumento a favor da autonomia desses distúrbios neuropsicológicos, bem como da presença de mecanismos de retrocontrole exercidos pelas estruturas tálamo-lentículo-capsulares sobre a atividade cortical e responsáveis pela modulação de comportamentos complexos
Abstract: For the clinical neurologist, constructional apraxia is one of the most frequent neuropsychological symptoms of brain damage, It is diagnostically most useful since it can be detected at the bedside with simple procedures. For the overwhelming majority of clinical, situations, constructional apraxia is defined by failure to produce a drawing a) in response to verbal command; b) copying from a model. Neuropsychological evaluation based on the constructional disorder was done in 27 patients with a single subcortical vascular lesion on CT or MR1. In 17, the lesion was in the right hemisphere [12 infarctions (9 males, 3 females); 5 intraparenchymal hemorrhages (1 male, 4 females)]; in 10, the lesion was in the left hemisphere [6 infarctions (4 males, 2 females), 4 intraparenchymal hemorrhages (2 males, 2 females)], The controls consisted of 20 patients with a single cortical infarction, 10 on the right and 10 on the left hemisphere. Neuropsychological results were correlated with the extension and topography of the lesion on CT or MRI, with special concern to cerebral anatomy and vascularization. Our study concluded that: 1) Subcortical constructional apraxia, of either left or right hemispheres, is semiologicaliy similar to cortical retrorolandic lesions of the respective hemisphere, and left sided visual spatial inattention is associated with right subcortical lesions; 2) "Neuropsychological performance is not sufficient to determine the level of the vascular lesion (i.e. cortical or subcortical) due to sémiologie similarities. Our data suggest that neglect and visuospatial deficit impair drawing in right hemisphere lesions probably due to attentionai specialization of the right sided subcortical structures; 3) Performances on both visuospatial perceptual tasks and on drawing were heterogeneous between individuals and according to the tests employed, 4) Our data of subcortical constructional apraxia suggest that hemispheric specializations are already found at the level of subcortical structures; 5) Chronic persistence of constructional and visuospatial disorders is due to intrahemispheric disconnection syndrome; 6) Chronically persisting disorders after vascular subcortical lesions interfere in all aspects of the patients' lives such as home, work and social activities. Finally, our data suggest that subcortical constructional apraxia and visuospatial disorders are important arguments favouring the hypothesis that feedback mechanisms between the cerebral cortex and the thalamo-lenticulo-capsular region are implicated in the behaviour observed in our patients
Tese (livre-docencia) - Univer
Neurologia
Livre-docente em Ciencias Medicas
6

Martins, Fernanda Chapchap [UNIFESP]. „A inter-relação entre memória operacional e apraxia de fala“. Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2006. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/8832.

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Objetivo: Verificar a inter-relação entre a memória operacional e a apraxia verbal e explorar quais os componentes desta memória estariam envolvidos na programação motora da fala. Métodos: Foram avaliados 22 sujeitos apráxicos e 22 controles. Foram aplicados um teste de compreensão e um protocolo para avaliar e classificar o grau da apraxia de fala. Para investigar a memória operacional dos indivíduos, foram aplicados o teste de span de dígitos na ordem direta e inversa, um teste de repetição de palavras curtas e longas, sendo que ambos investigam o funcionamento da alça fonoarticulatória e o Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, que investiga, além da alça fonoarticulatória, o buffer episódico. Resultados: Através da análise estatística realizada, algumas diferenças significantes foram encontradas. O desempenho dos apráxicos nos testes de memória, tanto no span de dígitos direto e inverso, quanto na repetição de palavras curtas e longas e no Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test foi estatisticamente significante mais baixo que o desempenho dos controles. Também foi evidenciado que a performance entre os apráxicos em todos os testes de memória foi semelhante, independentemente do grau da apraxia. Conclusão: A partir dos resultados citados anteriormente, o estudo concluiu que os indivíduos com apraxia de fala apresentam um déficit na memória operacional e que este déficit está mais relacionado ao processo articulatório da alça fonoarticulatória. Além deste achado, pôde-se observar que o grau de comprometimento do déficit de memória operacional apresentado pelos apráxicos é independente do grau de apraxia de fala destes indivíduos.
To verify the interference of working memory in the apraxia of speech and explore which components of this memory would be involved in the motor planning of speech. Methods: There were assessed 22 apraxic subjects and 22 control subjects. There were administered a comprehension test and a protocol used to assess and classify the degree of apraxia of speech. To investigate working memory in the subjects, digit span forward and backward test, and a short-lenght and long-lenght word repetition test, both able to assess the phonoarticulatory loop, and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, which investigates both the phonoarticulatory loop and the episodic buffer, were administered. Results: The statistical analysis of the study showed some significant differences. The apraxic subjects performances in the memory tests, in the forward and backward digit span test, as well as in the short-lenght and long-length word repetition test, and in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test was statistically significantly lower than the performance of the control group. It was also emphasized that the performance among the apraxic subjects in all of the memory tests was similar, independently on the degree of the apraxia. Conclusion: From the results mentioned earlier, the study concluded that subjects with apraxia of speech present a working memory deficit and that this deficit is more related to the articulatory process of the phonoarticulatory loop. Furthermore, a degree of compromise in the working memory deficit shown by the apraxic subjects is independent from the degree of apraxia of speech in these individuals.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
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Scott, Louise A. „Analysis of apraxia in Alzheimer's disease“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ53514.pdf.

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Wood, Andrew. „Theatre spectatorship and the "apraxia" problem“. Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59834.

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Some recent work of Suvin (indebted to Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenologie de la perception) asserts that two fundamental aspects of the praxis of theatre spectatorship--the non-tactile, inactive physicality of the spectator, and her/his imaginative cognitive participation in the apperception of the performance text--might better be understood when examined with regard to the "apraxias," neurological disorders of purposive physical movement. This thesis follows up this line of thought in examining clinical material on apraxia, both temporally previous and subsequent to Merleau-Ponty's discussion. Additionally, it is contended that various paradigms in Bergson and within modern cognitive science (Edelman, Schacter) may be applied with some utility to the praxis of theatre spectatorship. This may lead to a better understanding of the mental participation of the spectator in the performance text as a modulation of present perception and past subjective experience. Such an understanding is compatible with a semiotic "encyclopedia" (Eco), possibly buttressing it with arguments extrapolated from neurology.
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Butler, Jennifer Annette. „Apraxia : analysis of assessment and rehabilitation“. Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1998. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/e9325907-b728-4ada-8c1a-a90c2b209a6f/1/.

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This project explored two main areas: the assessment of apraxia and the intervention effectiveness in rehabilitation of the apraxic condition. This was achieved through a group study and a series of single case designs. Three experimental groups were used to investigate clinical tests and the kinematics ofmovement~ apraxic (n=17) and non-apraxic (n=13) left hemisphere damaged patients, and normal control subjects (n=ll). Using computergraphic techniques, the data provided evidence of disruption to the temporalspatial aspects of movement in apraxic people, which was not related to modality of testing, though some normal kinematic profiles were found within the apraxic group. Clinical assessments used to identify apraxia showed no relationship one with another which suggested each was identifying different aspects, or sub-types of a heterogeneous condition. Some tests were found to have low internal consistency, though inter-rater reliability through the observer-judgment process was high. A test devised for identifying agnosia was shown to relate to possible cognitive-perceptual processes or intact vision-to-action routes in the apraxic movement output. Dissociations found between clinical assessments for apraxia and kinematics of movement were explained in relation to different compensatory movement strategies employed by the apraxic patients, and/or as evidence for possible 'sub-types' of the apraxic condition. Analysis also suggested that different task demands might determine compensatory movement strategies and produce altered movement kinematics. This group study was followed by a series of single cases, two of which charted the 'natural history' process in recovery of apraxia using task performance and kinematic analysis as outcome measures. Evidence for spontaneous recovery over a six week period was shown in one case. Four single case ABA design investigations were then carried out on individuals with ideomotor and ideational apraxia to determine the effectiveness of intervention strategies. Specific sensory stimulation protocols were evaluated with no convincing evidence for effectiveness of the intervention, though both natural recovery improvements and learning effects were seen in the outcome measures. Variability of performance was a feature of all cases studied and could be considered a feature of the apraxic condition. Task break-down strategies were also evaluated in functional activities and demonstrated some effectiveness in a case of ideomotor apraxia, though a case with an ideational component indicated a more intractable condition. The strategy was not seen to generalise to other unpracticed tasks. In conclusion, the associations and dissociations found between movement kinematics and the clinical assessment tests for apraxia suggested the presence of 'sub-types' within the blanket diagnosis of the condition. Identification of such sub-types might be facilitated by the development of the agnosia test newly devised for this project. Finally, research into intervention effectiveness in apraxia calls for further investigation to determine what procedures might be used with different sub-types of the condition.
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Clopton, Sara L. „Articulation Errors in Childhood Apraxia of Speech“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1212505684.

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Bücher zum Thema "Apraxia":

1

Miller, Niklas. Dyspraxia and its management. Rockville, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1986.

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Miller, Niklas. Dyspraxia and its management. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

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Huskins, Susan. Working with apraxic clients: A practical guide to therapy for apraxia. Tucson, Ariz: Communication Skill Builders, 1988.

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1947-, Roy Eric A., Hrsg. Neuropsychological studies of apraxia and related disorders. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1985.

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1956-, Moore Christopher A., Yorkston Kathryn M. 1948-, Beukelman David R. 1943- und Clinical Dysarthria Conference (5th : 1990 : San Antonio, Tex.), Hrsg. Dysarthria and apraxia of speech: Perspectives on management. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes Pub. Co., 1991.

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Lindsay, Leslie A. Speaking of apraxia: A parents' guide to childhood apraxia of speech. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House, 2012.

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Lindsay, Leslie A. Speaking of apraxia: A parents' guide to childhood apraxia of speech. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House, 2012.

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Shipley, Kenneth G. Sourcebook of apraxia remediation activities. Oceanside, Calif: Academic Communication Associates, 1990., 1990.

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Wasserman, Theodore, und Lori Drucker Wasserman. Apraxia: The Neural Network Model. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24105-5.

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Dabul, Barbara. Apraxia battery for adults: Examiner's manual. 2. Aufl. Austin, Tex: Pro-Ed, 2000.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Apraxia":

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Katz, Douglas I. „Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 325–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1926.

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Katz, Douglas I. „Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 235–36. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1926.

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Katz, Douglas I. „Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1926-2.

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Bean, Allison. „Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 233–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1657.

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Bean Ellawadi, Allison. „Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 298–301. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_1657.

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Moreira, Lafaiete Guimarães, Jonas Jardim de Paula und Malloy-Diniz Leandro Fernandes. „Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Geropsychology, 1–6. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_312-1.

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Moreira, Lafaiete Guimarães, Jonas Jardim de Paula und Malloy-Diniz Leandro Fernandes. „Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Geropsychology, 290–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-082-7_312.

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Prosje, Michelle A. „Developmental Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, 482–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_815.

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Byerley, Amy K., und Andrew S. Davis. „Constructional Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 695–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1446.

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Moore, Brittney, und Andrew S. Davis. „Constructional Apraxia“. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1446-3.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Apraxia":

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Hair, Adam, Penelope Monroe, Beena Ahmed, Kirrie J. Ballard und Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna. „Apraxia world“. In IDC '18: Interaction Design and Children. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3202185.3202733.

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Shanthakumara, Malaka, und Chathurangika Kahandawaarachchi. „Motor skill improvement tool for Apraxia“. In CHASE '18: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3278576.3278578.

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Roundtree, Aimee. „Speech Recognition Technology for Users with Apraxia: Integrative Review and Sentiment Analysis“. In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001651.

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This research exposes the need for more user experience and usability research on speech recognition software for users with apraxia, a speech disability. It provides feedback about common speech recognition devices from users with apraxia and speech impediments. The relatively high prevalence of apraxia and other speech disorders suggests that a large population may need technology to help improve quality of life and socialization. Speech and audio processing software might help improve both. Voice-controlled software and personal assistants can only improve this community’s lives if they provide parity of user experience. The article provides an overview of research insights and public feedback to help designers create more user-centered speech recognition software for this population. First, the article offers an integrative review of article findings from 2009 to 2020. Only 9 of 120 provided sufficient detail about the 20% of the users diagnosed with apraxia. The studies covered therapeutic rather than mundane settings. Only about a fifth of the users and participants recruited for the studies were diagnosed with apraxia of speech, a particular disorder that directly impacts speech recognition accuracy and precision. The samples were often heterogeneous in speech diagnosis, gender, and age. Others were homogeneous in terms of race and ethnicity. These factors are important because they may impact tone, texture, intonation, and other speech detection variables. Study methods were primarily orthodox user testing involving task scenarios. Second, the research gathers user feedback from users with speech impediments on Twitter. Most of the 143 tweets were negative about the performance of speech recognition technologies. There was far more negative feedback about the technologies and their inability to understand users with apraxia and speech impediments. The tweets did not reveal a wide range of activities, suggesting that the technology is only marginally useful to users with apraxia or speech impediments. Future studies should include more homogeneous samples in terms of speech conditions and more heterogeneous samples in terms of demographics. Future studies should also gather more direct feedback from users and compare technologies, which might require modifying user experience and usability research methods. Furthermore, more research studies reporting product design for this community should detail the user experience and usability testing involved. Finally, product designers should not only test products with diverse populations, including those with disabilities, but they should also test in mundane and therapeutic settings and applications and develop personae to help them keep in mind their particular needs. While recruiting and retaining these users might be difficult, any extra effort will pay dividends in product quality and marketability.
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Ziegler, Wolfram. „A neurophonetic perspective on articulation planning“. In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0003/000418.

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This paper gives an overview of a model that predicts articulation ease for German phonological words on the basis of error data from patients with apraxia of speech (AOS). AOS is introduced as a clinical model of higher order motor processes for articulation. Word production accuracy in AOS is considered as a window into the structure of articulation plans as acquired through speech motor learning in childhood. The NLG model of apraxia of speech is explained. Applications in speech development and adult speech are outlined.
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Della Pia, Flavio, Angelica Di Cecca, Stefania De Marco, Natascia De Lucia und Elena Salvatore. „F33 Constructive apraxia in Huntington’s disease: a retrospective study“. In EHDN 2022 Plenary Meeting, Bologna, Italy, Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-ehdn.124.

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Schröder, S., Y. Li, G. Yigit, E. Boltshauser, A. Uhmann, B. Wollnik und K. Brockmann. „Heterozygous Truncating Variants in SUFU Cause Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia“. In Abstracts of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuropediatrics. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739662.

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Krishna, Gautam, Mason Carnahan, Shilpa Shamapant, Yashitha Surendranath, Saumya Jain, Arundhati Ghosh, Co Tran, Jose Del R. Millan und Ahmed H. Tewfik. „Brain Signals to Rescue Aphasia, Apraxia and Dysarthria Speech Recognition“. In 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629802.

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Ferreira, João Henrique Fregadolli, Amanda Maieski, Caio Disserol und Helio Afonso Ghizoni Teive. „Corticobasal syndrome with Balint syndrome: a clue for Alzheimer disease pathology“. In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.712.

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Context: Balint syndrome (BS), first described in 1909, has three core features: optic ataxia, oculomotor apraxia and simultanagnosia, and has been described after various conditions amongst vascular, infectious, demyelinating and degenerative diseases1 . It has already been reported concomitant with corticobasal syndrome (CBS)2 . Case report: 59 year-old male without history of previous diseases presented with behavior changes in the last two years. He had a previous diagnosis of “stroke” because frequent falls to the left side and difficulty in using his left hand for simple daily activities. After that, he gradually evolved with visual problems (bumped into objects inside his house), fear of walking or sitting, and required constant assistance for basic activities of daily living. On physical examination he presented with clear visuospatial dysfunction, characterized by simultanagnosia, oculomotor apraxia and optic ataxia. Bilateral asymmetric upper limb apraxia (worse on left side), dystonic posturing and stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in the left arm were also present. No signs of parkinsonism or language/speech disturbances were identified. Brain MRI showed severe asymmetric biparietal lobe atrophy (right more than left). DISCUSSION: The pathologic findings underlying CBS are variable, including Corticobasal Degeneration, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Alzheimer Disease (AD). The association of BS and CBS favors the possibility of AD pathologic findings3 . Imaging methods like FDG-PET have recently been shown to be capable of distinguishing AD-related CBS from those associated with other pathologies4 . FDG-PET is not widely available in our country; than the presence of BS in CBS patients may individualize their treatment.
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Parnandi, Avinash, Virendra Karappa, Youngpyo Son, Mostafa Shahin, Jacqueline McKechnie, Kirrie Ballard, Beena Ahmed und Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna. „Architecture of an automated therapy tool for childhood apraxia of speech“. In ASSETS '13: The 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2513383.2513450.

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10

Pinheiro, Mariana Maciel, Victor Albuquerque, Pedro Albuquerque, Eduardo Maranhão, Jonathan Diniz und Breno Barbosa. „CORTICOBASAL SYNDROME DUE TO ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE“. In XIII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1980-5764.rpda055.

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Annotation:
Background: Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS) is a neurodegenerative syndrome that combines cortical and cognitive deficits secondary to different underlying pathological entities. Objectives: to report an early onset dementia case fulfilling criteria of probable CBS due to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) based on biomarkers and neuroimaging. Methods: case report. Results: a 57-yearsold woman with college-level education and 18 months of cognitive decline. The first symptom was progressive inability to change gears in her car, followed by difficulties to get dressed, cognitive and motor complaints. Neurological examination revealed marked limb bilateral ideomotor apraxia and mild asymetric parkinsonism. Cognitive tests showed mild visuospatial and language impairments, scoring 18/30 in the MoCA. Brain MRI and FDG PET showed bilateral posterior atrophy and hypometabolism worse to the left. CSF biomarkers revealed decreased amyloid and increased tau and p-tau levels, a pattern suggestive of CBS due to AD. Conclusions: this case illustrates recent evidence that suggests when AD presents as CBS (CBS-AD), limb apraxia and language impairment are more prevalent. CBS patients with underlying AD pathology and tauopathies correctly diagnosed in the future may benefit from symptomatic therapies and future disease-modifying agents.

Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Apraxia":

1

Thorsen, Deborah. A validation study of the screening test for developmental apraxia of speech. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3311.

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2

Arkell, Kenneth. Articulation Error Rates for Oral Reading Tasks in Children with Developmental Apraxia of Speech. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2264.

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3

Horowitz, Alan. The effects of three stress modes on error productions of children with developmental apraxia of speech. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2755.

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4

DeArmond, Kathryn. The use of phonological process assessment for differentiating developmental apraxia of speech from functional articulation disorders. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5861.

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5

Dawson, Elsa. Current Assessment and Treatment Practices for Children with Autism and Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.29.

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6

Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/policy.ps2007-00277.

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7

Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/policy.tr2007-00278.

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