Thematische Bibliographien / Approach-Avoidance Training / Zeitschriftenartikel

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Approach-Avoidance Training“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 23. November 2024

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 7. Juli 2025

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Sean Hughes, and Jan De Houwer. "Consequence-Based Approach-Avoidance Training: A New and Improved Method for Changing Behavior." Psychological Science 29, no. 12 (2018): 1899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618796478.

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The repeated performance of approach or avoidance actions in response to specific stimuli (e.g., alcoholic drinks) is often considered a most promising type of cognitive-bias modification that can reduce unwanted behavior (e.g., alcohol consumption). Unfortunately, approach-avoidance training sometimes fails to produce desired outcomes (e.g., in the context of unhealthy eating). We introduce a novel training task in which approach-avoidance actions are followed by affective consequences. Four experiments (total N = 1,547) found stronger changes in voluntary approach-avoidance behavior, implicit and explicit evaluations, and consumer choices for consequence-based approach-avoidance training in the food domain. Moreover, this novel type of training reduced self-reported unhealthy eating behavior after a 24-hr delay and unhealthy snacking in a taste test. Our results contrast with dominant (association-formation) accounts of the effects of approach-avoidance training and support an inferential explanation. They further suggest that consequence-based approach-avoidance training, and inference training more generally, holds promise for the treatment of clinical behavior.

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Mertens, Gaëtan, Pieter Van Dessel, and Jan De Houwer. "The contextual malleability of approach-avoidance training effects: approaching or avoiding fear conditioned stimuli modulates effects of approach-avoidance training." Cognition and Emotion 32, no. 2 (2017): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1308315.

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Machulska, Alla, Mike Rinck, Tim Klucken, et al. "“Push it!” or “Hold it!”? A comparison of nicotine-avoidance training and nicotine-inhibition training in smokers motivated to quit." Psychopharmacology 239, no. 1 (2022): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-06058-5.

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Abstract Rationale Recently, experimental paradigms have been developed to strengthen automatic avoidance or inhibitory responses for smoking cues. However, these procedures have not yet been directly compared regarding their effectiveness and mechanisms of action. Objective This study compared the effects of avoidance vs. inhibitory training as an add-on to a brief smoking cessation intervention. The standard Approach-Avoidance-Task (AAT) was adapted for both training types and control conditions. Methods One hundred twenty-four smokers attended behavioral counseling for smoking cessation and were thereafter randomized to one of four training conditions: avoidance-AAT, sham-avoidance-AAT, inhibition-AAT, sham-inhibition-AAT. During a 2-week training period including five training sessions, smokers in the avoidance-AAT trained to implicitly avoid all smoking-related cues, while smokers in the inhibition-AAT trained to implicitly inhibit behavioral response to smoking cues. During sham training, no such contingencies appeared. Self-report and behavioral data were assessed before and after training. Cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence were also assessed at 4- and 12-week follow-ups. Results At posttest, avoidance training was more effective in reducing daily smoking than inhibition training. However, this difference was no longer evident in follow-up assessments. All training conditions improved other smoking- and health-related outcomes. Neither training changed smoking-related approach biases or associations, but approach biases for smoking-unrelated pictures increased and Stroop interference decreased in all conditions. Smoking devaluation was also comparable in all groups. Conclusions Avoidance training might be slightly more effective in reducing smoking than inhibitory training. Overall, however, all four training types yielded equivalent therapy and training effects. Hence, a clear preference for one type of training remains premature.

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Woud, Marcella L., Eni S. Becker, Wolf-Gero Lange, and Mike Rinck. "Effects of Approach-Avoidance Training on Implicit and Explicit Evaluations of Neutral, Angry, and Smiling Face Stimuli." Psychological Reports 113, no. 1 (2013): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/21.07.pr0.113x10z1.

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A growing body of evidence shows that the prolonged execution of approach movements towards stimuli and avoidance movements away from them affects their evaluation. However, there has been no systematic investigation of such training effects. Therefore, the present study compared approach-avoidance training effects on various valenced representations of one neutral (Experiment 1, N = 85), angry (Experiment 2, N = 87), or smiling facial expressions (Experiment 3, N = 89). The face stimuli were shown on a computer screen, and by means of a joystick, participants pulled half of the faces closer (positive approach movement), and pushed the other half away (negative avoidance movement). Only implicit evaluations of neutral-expression were affected by the training procedure. The boundary conditions of such approach-avoidance training effects are discussed.

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Krishna, Anand, and Andreas B. Eder. "The influence of pre-training evaluative responses on approach-avoidance training outcomes." Cognition and Emotion 33, no. 7 (2019): 1410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1568230.

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Jan De Houwer, Anne Gast, and Colin Tucker Smith. "Instruction-Based Approach-Avoidance Effects." Experimental Psychology 62, no. 3 (2015): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000282.

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Prior research suggests that repeatedly approaching or avoiding a certain stimulus changes the liking of this stimulus. We investigated whether these effects of approach and avoidance training occur also when participants do not perform these actions but are merely instructed about the stimulus-action contingencies. Stimulus evaluations were registered using both implicit (Implicit Association Test and evaluative priming) and explicit measures (valence ratings). Instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were observed for relatively neutral fictitious social groups (i.e., Niffites and Luupites), but not for clearly valenced well-known social groups (i.e., Blacks and Whites). We conclude that instructions to approach or avoid stimuli can provide sufficient bases for establishing both implicit and explicit evaluations of novel stimuli and discuss several possible reasons for why similar instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were not found for valenced well-known stimuli.

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Li, Wenqian, Peiqiao Shang, and Jing Huang. "An Obstacle Avoidance Approach Based on Naive Bayes Classifier." Journal of Autonomous Intelligence 3, no. 1 (2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jai.v3i1.139.

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Obstacle avoidance plays an important role in mobile robot. However, the traditional methods of obstacle avoidance have difficulty in distinguishing multiple obstacles by edge detection. In this paper, the traditional obstacle avoidance methods are improved to realize the function of multi-obstacle avoidance. Regarding the implementation process, the LiDAR is used instead of the RGBD camera, which reduces the difficulty of handling image noise and achieves reliable obstacle detection. It can accurately detect the borders of the nearest obstacle even in complex environments and perform obstacle avoidance. Regarding the obstacle avoidance prediction, the model training is performed through the Naive Bayes classifier based on the three attributes of the velocity of the robot, the left boundary of the obstacle and the right boundary of the obstacle. In the training process, dataset was expanded to enhance the accuracy of classifier model. When the robot goes forward, the improved method enable the robot to move at a higher velocity. The results show the feasibility of advanced obstacle avoidance method by simulation.

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Andreas B. Eder, and Sean Hughes. "Mechanisms underlying effects of approach-avoidance training on stimulus evaluation." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 44, no. 8 (2018): 1224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000514.

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Kakoschke, Naomi, Rowan Page, Barbora de Courten, Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, and Jon McCormack. "Brain training with the body in mind: Towards gamified approach-avoidance training using virtual reality." International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 151 (July 2021): 102626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102626.

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Sun, Zhe, Yunsheng Fan, and Guofeng Wang. "An Intelligent Algorithm for USVs Collision Avoidance Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach with Navigation Characteristics." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4 (2023): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040812.

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Many achievements toward unmanned surface vehicles have been made using artificial intelligence theory to assist the decisions of the navigator. In particular, there has been rapid development in autonomous collision avoidance techniques that employ the intelligent algorithm of deep reinforcement learning. A novel USV collision avoidance algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning theory for real-time maneuvering is proposed. Many improvements toward the autonomous learning framework are carried out to improve the performance of USV collision avoidance, including prioritized experience replay, noisy network, double learning, and dueling architecture, which can significantly enhance the training effect. Additionally, considering the characteristics of the USV collision avoidance problem, two effective methods to enhance training efficiency are proposed. For better training, considering the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea and USV maneuverability, a complete and reliable USV collision avoidance training system is established, demonstrating an efficient learning process in complex encounter situations. A reward signal system in line with the USV characteristics is designed. Based on the Unity maritime virtual simulation platform, an abundant simulation environment for training and testing is designed. Through detailed analysis, verification, and comparison, the improved algorithm outperforms the pre-improved algorithm in terms of stability, average reward, rules learning, and collision avoidance effect, reducing 26.60% more accumulated course deviation and saving 1.13% more time.

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Wilt, Joshua A., and Shelby E. Johnson. "Emotional states, achievement goals, and performance in NCAA Division I swimmers." Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance 3, no. 1 (2023): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55860/jqkv9793.

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There is much interest in how emotions and achievement goals predict sports performance, yet little research has examined these topics in elite swimmers. This study involving NCAA Division 1 swimmers aimed to (a) present descriptive information on emotions and goals related to training and meets and (b) predict performance from emotions and 2 x 2 (performance-mastery x approach-avoidance) achievement goals. Over the course of five meets, 13 swimmers (4 men, 9 women) completed weekly ratings of bipolar emotional dimensions (e.g., sluggish-energetic) and achievement goals regarding their training. One day prior to meets, swimmers rated the same emotions and goals regarding the upcoming meet. Event performance was recorded in standardized FINA points. Swimmers (a) experienced neutral emotions (close to the midpoint of bipolar scales) regarding training and positive emotions about meets and (b) endorsed high levels of approach goals and moderate levels of avoidance goals. Correlational analyses revealed that positive emotions associated positively with approach goals and negatively with mastery-avoidance goals. Multilevel models predicting performance from emotions and goals showed sparse associations, with some evidence indicating that increases in energy and decreases in performance avoidance goals prior to a meet related to better performance. We discuss the implications of these findings.

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Dickson, Hugh, David J. Kavanagh, and Colin MacLeod. "The pulling power of chocolate: Effects of approach–avoidance training on approach bias and consumption." Appetite 99 (April 2016): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.026.

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Jan De Houwer, and Anne Gast. "Approach–Avoidance Training Effects Are Moderated by Awareness of Stimulus–Action Contingencies." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42, no. 1 (2015): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167215615335.

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Richter, Svenja, Timo Kortsch, and Simone Kauffeld. "Understanding learning spillover: the major role of reflection in the formal–informal learning interaction within different cultural value settings." Journal of Workplace Learning 32, no. 7 (2020): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jwl-01-2020-0008.

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Purpose This study uses a holistic approach to learning at work to examine the role of reflection in the formal–informal learning interaction. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the reflection on a formal training affects the subsequent informal learning activities. This study also aims to provide insights into the effects of national culture values (in terms of uncertainty avoidance) on learning in the context of a globalized world of work. Design/methodology/approach In a longitudinal study, 444 employees working for a global acting automotive company located in 6 countries were surveyed 2 times (4–6 weeks between both measurements). Participants reflected on a training they participated in (t1: satisfaction and utility) and indicated their informal learning activities (t2). Structural equation modelling was used to investigate the effect of the reflection of training (t1) on the proceeding use of informal learning strategies (t2) and how uncertainty avoidance affects the use of different learning forms. Findings Results show a spillover effect: when employees reflect a formal training and rate it as satisfying, more use of informal learning proceeds. No effects were found for utility. Uncertainty avoidance had direct effects: high uncertainty avoidance results in better evaluations and more informal learning. Furthermore, uncertainty avoidance had an indirect effect on informal learning via reflection. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the formal–informal learning interaction longitudinally and to introduce reflection as a mediator within this process. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that uncertainty avoidance is an important factor for formal and informal learning in the globalized world of work.

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Afacan, Şenol, and Emin Erdem. "Investigating Problem-Solving Skills of Students Having Professional Music Training in Terms of Multiple Variables." International Journal of Educational Methodology 8, no. 1 (2022): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/ijem.8.1.117.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">The present study aims to investigate the problem-solving skills of the students getting professional music training. For this study, the problem-solving inventory was administered to participants from two different universities in Turkey. Participants’ problem-solving skills were assessed in relation to the overall inventory and subscales, and the differences based on grade level, gender, and universities were examined using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results revealed that participants occasionally used their problem-solving skills, rarely felt confident in their problem-solving skills, and occasionally performed the behaviors in the subscales of approach-avoidance and personal control. The grade level differentiated music students’ problem-solving skills in the overall scale and approach-avoidance subscale. It is also found that there are no significant differences in students’ problem-solving skills based on gender. However, the participants’ universities led to significant differences in the approach-avoidance subscale. The results were discussed considering the literature, and the recommendations were suggested due to the results.</p>

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Cándido, Antonio, Antonio Maldonado, Alicia Rodríguez, and Alberto Morales. "Successive Positive Contrast in One-Way Avoidance Learning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B 55, no. 2b (2002): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724990143000261.

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The main finding of these experiments was a positive contrast effect in one-way avoidance learning. Experiment 1 showed that increasing safety time during one-way avoidance training led to improved performance, surpassing that of a control group that had received the high reward (safe time) from the beginning of training. Experiment 2 showed that a similar positive contrast effect occurred when the time spent in the danger compartment before the onset of the warning signal was shortened. These results suggest that time spent in a safe context acts as a reinforcer of the avoidance response; however, its incentive value depends not only on its duration, but also on the length of the time spent in the danger compartment before the onset of the signal. Overall, results also suggest that the avoidance response is a mixture of flight (motivated by fear) and approach (to a safe place) behaviour. The specific weight of the flight or approach component may be a function of the time and the amount of activation of each emotional state (fear or relief) due to opponent homeostatic compensatory processes that occur in the danger and safe compartments during one-way avoidance learning.

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Meule, Adrian, Anna Richard, Radomir Dinic, and Jens Blechert. "Effects of a Smartphone-Based Approach-Avoidance Intervention on Chocolate Craving and Consumption: Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 7, no. 11 (2019): e12298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/12298.

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Background Repeatedly pushing high-calorie food stimuli away based on joystick movements has been found to reduce approach biases toward these stimuli. Some studies also found that such avoidance training reduced consumption of high-calorie foods. Objective This study aimed to test effects of a smartphone-based approach-avoidance intervention on chocolate craving and consumption, to make such interventions suitable for daily use. Methods Within a 10-day period, regular chocolate eaters (n=105, 86% female) performed five sessions during which they continuously avoided (ie, swiped upward) chocolate stimuli (experimental group, n=35), performed five sessions during which they approached and avoided chocolate stimuli equally often (placebo control group, n=35), or did not perform any training sessions (inactive control group, n=35). Training effects were measured during laboratory sessions before and after the intervention period and further continuously through daily ecological momentary assessment. Results Self-reported chocolate craving and consumption as well as body fat mass significantly decreased from pre- to postmeasurement across all groups. Ecological momentary assessment reports evidenced no differences in chocolate craving and consumption between intervention days and rest days as a function of the group. Conclusions A smartphone-based approach-avoidance training did not affect eating-related and anthropometric measures over and above measurement-based changes in this study. Future controlled studies need to examine whether other techniques of modifying food approach tendencies show an add-on benefit over conventional, monitoring-based intervention effects. Trial Registration AsPredicted 8203; https://aspredicted.org/pt9df.pdf.

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Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Inna Arnaudova, Marieke Effting, Merel Kindt, and Tom Beckers. "Effects of Approach-Avoidance Training on the Extinction and Return of Fear Responses." PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (2015): e0131581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131581.

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Jan De Houwer, Arne Roets, and Anne Gast. "Failures to change stimulus evaluations by means of subliminal approach and avoidance training." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 110, no. 1 (2016): e1-e15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000039.

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Krishna, Anand, and Andreas B. Eder. "No effects of explicit approach-avoidance training on immediate consumption of soft drinks." Appetite 130 (November 2018): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.023.

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Chen, Zhang, and Pieter Van Dessel. "Action Interpretation Determines the Effects of Go/No-Go and Approach/Avoidance Actions on Stimulus Evaluation." Open Mind 8 (2024): 898–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00151.

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Abstract Executing go/no-go or approach/avoidance responses toward a stimulus can change its evaluation. To explain these effects, some theoretical accounts propose that executing these responses inherently triggers affective reactions (i.e., action execution), while others posit that the evaluative influences originate from interpreting these responses as valenced actions (i.e., action interpretation). To test the role of action execution and action interpretation in these evaluative effects, we developed a novel training task that combined both go/no-go and approach/avoidance actions orthogonally. Participants either responded or did not respond (i.e., go/no-go) to control a shopping cart on screen, and as a result, either collected or did not collect (i.e., approach/avoidance) certain food items. When the task instructions referred to the go/no-go actions (Experiment 1, N = 148), we observed an effect of these actions. Participants evaluated no-go items less positively than both go and untrained items. No effect of approach/avoidance actions was observed. Contrarily, when the task instructions referred to the approach/avoidance actions (Experiment 2, N = 158), we observed an approach/avoidance effect. Participants evaluated approached items more positively and avoided items less positively than untrained items. No effect of go/no-go actions was observed. This suggests that action interpretation determined whether go/no-go or approach/avoidance actions influenced stimulus evaluation, when the same motor responses were made. Further examination of the role of action interpretation can inform theories of how actions influence stimulus evaluation, and facilitate the use of these interventions in applied settings.

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Gillam, Andrew R., and Alina M. Waite. "Gender differences in predictors of technology threat avoidance." Information & Computer Security 29, no. 3 (2021): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-01-2020-0008.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine gender differences in predictors of technology threat avoidance motivation and behavior among working US adults. Implications were considered in regard to cybersecurity awareness training motivation and perceptions of need for protective cybersecurity behavior in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach A single-shot regression-based study used ordinal regression supported by K-means clustering to evaluate the moderating effects of gender on predictors of technology threat avoidance motivation and behavior on a sample of n = 206 US adult workers. Findings The regression model explained 47.5% of variance in avoidance motivation and 39% of avoidance behavior variance. Gender moderated predictive associations between several independent variables and avoidance motivation: perceived susceptibility, perceived effectiveness, perceived cost and self-efficacy. Gender also moderated the association between avoidance motivation and avoidance behavior. Research limitations/implications The predictive impact of gender extends beyond the main effects in technology threat avoidance. Data frequency distributions and inter-variable relationships should be routinely considered in threat avoidance studies, especially if sample variables exhibit non-normal frequency distributions and nonlinear associations. Practical implications Gender was significantly associated with threat avoidance motivation and avoidance behavior and exhibited notable associations with antecedents of avoidance motivation. Related insights can inform the design and delivery of training content relating to technology threat avoidance as organizations strive to more effectively leverage information technology end-users as protective assets for the enterprise. Originality/value The uniqueness of this study derives from its focus and findings regarding the moderating effects of gender on technology threat avoidance factors and techniques used to measure and evaluate the associations between them.

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Juergensen, James, and Christina Leckfor. "Stop Pushing Me Away: Relative Level of Facebook Addiction Is Associated With Implicit Approach Motivation for Facebook Stimuli." Psychological Reports 122, no. 6 (2018): 2012–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118798624.

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The use of Facebook and other social media sites has increased to the point that some consider it to be a behavioral addiction. Previously, research has used the Approach–Avoidance Task to measure implicit approach and withdrawal tendencies in response to a variety of stimuli, including alcohol, desserts, cigarettes, spiders, and cannabis. When responding to these types of stimuli, individuals typically evidence an approach bias toward appetitive images and a withdrawal bias in response to undesirable and/or fearful stimuli. The present study was designed to test the validity of an adapted version of the Approach–Avoidance Task by investigating how self-reported Facebook addiction tendencies, measured via the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, predicted automatic approach tendencies toward Facebook-related stimuli using the Facebook-Approach–Avoidance Task. Participants with higher self-reported tendencies of Facebook addiction tended to approach Facebook-related stimuli faster. The present study is the first to indicate a relationship between self-reported Facebook addiction tendencies and implicit approach motivation using a behavioral measure. This finding provides initial support for the use of the Facebook-Approach–Avoidance Task as a measure of Facebook addiction, and further validation could lead to the development of additional assessment and training paradigms in the future.

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Gråstén, Arto, Hannele Forsman, and Anthony Watt. "The associations and development of motivational climate, achievement goals, and physical functional skills in young floorball players." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (2018): 958–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118787656.

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The present study examined the associations and development of motivational climate, achievement goals, and physical functional skills in young floorball players, as simultaneous antecedents and outcomes of achievement goals and the game of floorball warrant further studies. A total of 283 male players with a mean age of 11.49 (±.27) years in the beginning of the data collection were followed across two measurement phases, separated by a 12-month interval. Players completed physical functional skill tests and self-report questionnaires. The findings showed that the perceptions of task-involving coaching practices that encourage learning and effort over competition were moderately related with mastery-approach, whereas perceptions of ego-involving climate were moderately linked with performance-approach and performance-avoidance. Higher mastery-avoidance was also linked with weaker aerobic endurance. Finally, performance-approach, mastery-approach, performance-avoidance, running speed, aerobic endurance, and lower limb strength improved over time. To reduce negative perceptions of mastery-avoidance and develop young floorball players’ physical functional skills, it could be important that coaches promote appealing aerobic endurance activities. For instance, by providing opportunities to design or lead an activity or through formulating options representing a wide range of endurance training activities, especially among players with higher perceptions of mastery-avoidance.

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Veling, Harm, Iris A. M. Verpaalen, Huaiyu Liu, Farnaz Mosannenzadeh, Daniela Becker, and Rob W. Holland. "How can food choice best be trained? Approach-avoidance versus go/no-go training." Appetite 163 (August 2021): 105226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105226.

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Schakel, Lemmy, Dieuwke S. Veldhuijzen, Henriët van Middendorp, et al. "The effects of a gamified approach avoidance training and verbal suggestions on food outcomes." PLOS ONE 13, no. 7 (2018): e0201309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201309.

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Lester, Kathryn J., Stephen C. Lisk, Nina Mikita, et al. "The effects of verbal information and approach-avoidance training on children's fear-related responses." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 48 (September 2015): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.008.

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Eiler, Tanja Joan, Benjamin Haßler, Armin Grünewald, et al. "Swipe up to smoke less cigarettes! Introducing a mobile Approach-Avoidance Task Application to fight Smoking." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 3 (2020): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3145.

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AbstractAutomatic tendencies to approach addictionrelated stimuli have been linked to the development and maintenance of harmful drug use behavior. Recent studies have shown that these automatic approaches can be directly addressed and modified by cognitive bias modification (CBM). However, the training and treatment effects are rather small and compliance could be impaired by time-consuming, multiple laboratory training sessions. Here we present a mobile variant of the Approach-Avoidance Task (app-AAT), which is evaluated by a feasibility study. The app-AAT is designed to improve the efficiency of CBM training by allowing smokers to access the training at any time, and by offering the option to track consumed cigarettes. Our first run with eight participants showed that the app was rated very positively with 4.2 out of 5 points (engagement: 3.7, functionality: 4.5, aesthetics: 4.4) by using the german Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS-G).

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Laurens, Melissa C., Marcel E. Pieterse, Marjolein Brusse-Keizer, et al. "Alcohol Avoidance Training as a Mobile App for Problem Drinkers: Longitudinal Feasibility Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 4 (2020): e16217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16217.

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Background Alcohol use is associated with an automatic tendency to approach alcohol, and the retraining of this tendency (cognitive bias modification [CBM]) shows therapeutic promise in clinical settings. To improve access to training and to enhance participant engagement, a mobile version of alcohol avoidance training was developed. Objective The aims of this pilot study were to assess (1) adherence to a mobile health (mHealth) app; (2) changes in weekly alcohol use from before to after training; and (3) user experience with regard to the mHealth app. Methods A self-selected nonclinical sample of 1082 participants, who were experiencing problems associated with alcohol, signed up to use the alcohol avoidance training app Breindebaas for 3 weeks with at least two training sessions per week. In each training session, 100 pictures (50 of alcoholic beverages and 50 of nonalcoholic beverages) were presented consecutively in a random order at the center of a touchscreen. Alcoholic beverages were swiped upward (away from the body), whereas nonalcoholic beverages were swiped downward (toward the body). During approach responses, the picture size increased to mimic an approach movement, and conversely, during avoidance responses, the picture size decreased to mimic avoidance. At baseline, we assessed sociodemographic characteristics, alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems, use of other substances, self-efficacy, and craving. After 3 weeks, 37.89% (410/1082) of the participants (posttest responders) completed an online questionnaire evaluating adherence, alcohol consumption, and user satisfaction. Three months later, 19.03% (206/1082) of the participants (follow-up responders) filled in a follow-up questionnaire examining adherence and alcohol consumption. Results The 410 posttest responders were older, were more commonly female, and had a higher education as compared with posttest dropouts. Among those who completed the study, 79.0% (324/410) were considered adherent as they completed four or more sessions, whereas 58.0% (238/410) performed the advised six or more training sessions. The study identified a significant reduction in alcohol consumption of 7.8 units per week after 3 weeks (95% CI 6.2-9.4, P<.001; n=410) and another reduction of 6.2 units at 3 months for follow-up responders (95% CI 3.7-8.7, P<.001; n=206). Posttest responders provided positive feedback regarding the fast-working, simple, and user-friendly design of the app. Almost half of the posttest responders reported gaining more control over their alcohol use. The repetitious and nonpersonalized nature of the intervention was suggested as a point for improvement. Conclusions This is one of the first studies to employ alcohol avoidance training in a mobile app for problem drinkers. Preliminary findings suggest that a mobile CBM app fulfils a need for problem drinkers and may contribute to a reduction in alcohol use. Replicating these findings in a controlled study is warranted.

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Laskov, Lasko. "Error Management Training in Computer Programming Courses through a System of Tasks." Mathematics and Informatics LXV, no. 5 (2022): 450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/math2022-5-1-err.

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Errors are an indivisible part of computer programming, and as such their incorporation as a tool in teaching is a natural approach to stimulate learners to be an active side in the educational process. The application of errors as an instrument for illustration of knowledge, and the encouragement of students to learn from them, is the main approach of Error Management Training (EMT). EMT has been shown in number of psychological studies (Frese 1995; Keith & Frese 2008; Dyre et al. 2017) as an efficient teaching technique, even compared to the traditional error-avoidance methods. In this paper we present an application of EMT in computer programming courses, based on different approaches for error handling, which must be an important part of the curriculum.

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Abramowicz, P., M. Gołębiewski, A. Górecka-Bruzda, and P. Brzozowski. "Effectiveness of »natural stockmanship« training in cattle." Archives Animal Breeding 56, no. 1 (2013): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-011.

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Abstract. The objective of this study was to investigate whether natural stockmanship training can be effective in the elimination of avoidance reactions by generating submissive behaviour in dairy cattle. The training session was divided into two procedures: natural stockmanship training focused on getting a submissive response to human approach; natural halter training focused on acceptance of stroking with a halter and fitting it. Both procedures were conducted on unrestrained animals by skilled trainer. Two tests were developed to assess the effectiveness of the method: »udder touching« testing natural stockmanship training and »halter-fitting« testing both natural stockmanship training and natural halter training. Training procedures followed the idea of employing natural behaviour of cattle (avoiding discomfort of pressure) to negative reinforcement conditioning (chasing away when an animal moved away) and habituation to trainer and training/testing arena. Sixty-three (n=63) animals from two barns were studied: 32 heifers and 31 cows followed by control group of 7 heifers and 11 cows. The approach developed proved to be an effective method of handling cattle: 93.7 % of animals completed »udder test« in an average 400.4 s and 75.8 % completed »halter fitting test« in an average 559.7 s compared to control group results: 77.8 % and 33.3 %, respectively. Animals responded with submission and avoidance distance was shortened to zero. Previous experience of being milked had a significant positive effect on »udder touching« test performance and duration but not »halter-fitting« test. No environmental impact was found and animals from both farms responded similarly.

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Hahn, Austin M., Raluca M. Simons, Jeffrey S. Simons, Reinout W. Wiers, and Logan E. Welker. "Can Cognitive Bias Modification Simultaneously Target Two Behaviors? Approach Bias Retraining for Alcohol and Condom Use." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 5 (2019): 1078–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619834570.

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This study tested the effectiveness of a cognitive bias modification (CBM) intervention to simultaneously reduce approach biases toward alcohol and increase approach biases toward condoms among high-risk young adults. Participants ( N = 102) were randomly assigned to either a training condition or a sham-training condition. Participants in the training condition were trained to make avoidance movements away from alcohol stimuli and approach movements toward condom stimuli over four training sessions. Approach biases and behavior were assessed at pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up. Approach biases changed for both stimulus categories in accordance with training condition. Condom behavior and attitudes also changed as a function of training condition such that participants in the training condition reported fewer instances of condom nonuse and more positive attitudes toward condoms at a 3-month follow-up. Participants in both conditions had significant reductions in alcohol consumption following the intervention and did not differ by training condition.

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Abdul Rahman, Rahayu, Suraya Masrom, Normah Omar, and Maheran Zakaria. "An application of machine learning on corporate tax avoidance detection model." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 9, no. 4 (2020): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v9.i4.pp721-725.

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Corporate tax avoidance reduces government revenues which could limit country development plans. Thus, the main objectives of this study is to establish a rigorous and effective model to detect corporate tax avoidance to assist government to prevent such practice. This paper presents the fundamental knowledge on the design and implementation of machine learning model based on five selected algorithms tested on the real dataset of 3,365 Malaysian companies listed on bursa Malaysia from 2005 to 2015. The performance of each machine learning algorithms on the tested dataset has been observed based on two approaches of training. The accuracy score for each algorithm is better with the cross-validation training approach. Additionationally, with the cross-validation training approach, the performances of each machine learning algorithm were tested on different group of features selection namely industry, governance, year and firm characteristics. The findings indicated that the machine learning models present better reliability with industry, governance and firm characteristics features rather than single year determinant mainly with the Random Forest and Logistic Regression algorithms.

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Zhu, Xiaojun, Yinghao Liang, Hanxu Sun, Xueqian Wang, and Bin Ren. "Robot obstacle avoidance system using deep reinforcement learning." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 49, no. 2 (2021): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-06-2021-0127.

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Purpose Most manufacturing plants choose the easy way of completely separating human operators from robots to prevent accidents, but as a result, it dramatically affects the overall quality and speed that is expected from human–robot collaboration. It is not an easy task to ensure human safety when he/she has entered a robot’s workspace, and the unstructured nature of those working environments makes it even harder. The purpose of this paper is to propose a real-time robot collision avoidance method to alleviate this problem. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a model is trained to learn the direct control commands from the raw depth images through self-supervised reinforcement learning algorithm. To reduce the effect of sample inefficiency and safety during initial training, a virtual reality platform is used to simulate a natural working environment and generate obstacle avoidance data for training. To ensure a smooth transfer to a real robot, the automatic domain randomization technique is used to generate randomly distributed environmental parameters through the obstacle avoidance simulation of virtual robots in the virtual environment, contributing to better performance in the natural environment. Findings The method has been tested in both simulations with a real UR3 robot for several practical applications. The results of this paper indicate that the proposed approach can effectively make the robot safety-aware and learn how to divert its trajectory to avoid accidents with humans within the workspace. Research limitations/implications The method has been tested in both simulations with a real UR3 robot in several practical applications. The results indicate that the proposed approach can effectively make the robot be aware of safety and learn how to change its trajectory to avoid accidents with persons within the workspace. Originality/value This paper provides a novel collision avoidance framework that allows robots to work alongside human operators in unstructured and complex environments. The method uses end-to-end policy training to directly extract the optimal path from the visual inputs for the scene.

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Warschburger, Petra, Michaela Gmeiner, Marisa Morawietz, and Mike Rinck. "Battle of plates: a pilot study of an approach–avoidance training for overweight children and adolescents." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 2 (2017): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017002701.

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AbstractObjectiveApproach–avoidance training (AAT) is a promising approach in obesity treatment. The present study examines whether an AAT is feasible and able to influence approach tendencies in children and adolescents, comparing implicit and explicit training approaches.Design/Setting/SubjectsFifty-nine overweight children and adolescents (aged 8–16 years; twenty-six boys) participated in an AAT for food cues, learning to reject snack items and approach vegetable items. Reaction times in the AAT and an implicit association test (IAT) were assessed pre- and post-intervention.ResultsA significant increase in the AAT compatibility scores with a large effect (η2=0·18) was found. No differences between the implicit and explicit training approaches and no change in the IAT scores were observed.ConclusionsAutomatic tendencies in children can be trained, too. The implementation of AAT in the treatment of obesity might support the modification of an unhealthy nutrition behaviour pattern. Further data from randomized controlled clinical trials are needed.

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Van Dessel, Pieter, Jan De Houwer, Anne Gast, Arne Roets, and Colin Tucker Smith. "On the effectiveness of approach-avoidance instructions and training for changing evaluations of social groups." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 119, no. 2 (2020): e1-e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000189.

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Becker, Daniela, Nils B. Jostmann, Reinout W. Wiers, and Rob W. Holland. "Approach avoidance training in the eating domain: Testing the effectiveness across three single session studies." Appetite 85 (February 2015): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.017.

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Rupp, Lydia Helene, Marie Keinert, Stephanie Böhme, et al. "Sadness-Based Approach-Avoidance Modification Training for Subjective Stress in Adults: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Formative Research 7 (November 30, 2023): e50324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/50324.

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Background A key vulnerability factor in mental health problems is chronic stress. There is a need for easy-to-disseminate and effective interventions to advance the prevention of stress-related illnesses. App-based stress management trainings can fulfill this need. As subjectively experienced stress may be influenced by dysfunctional beliefs, modifying their evaluations might reduce subjective stress. Approach-avoidance modification trainings (AAMT) can be used to modify stimulus evaluations and are promising candidates for a mobile stress intervention. As the standard training reactions of the AAMT (swiping and joystick motion) have little valence, emotions could be incorporated as approach and avoidance reactions to enhance the effectiveness of AAMTs. Objective We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a mobile emotion-enhanced AAMT that engages users to display sadness to move stress-enhancing beliefs away and display positive emotions to move stress-reducing beliefs toward themselves (emotion-based AAMT using sadness and positive emotions [eAAMT-SP]). We explored the clinical efficacy of this novel intervention. Methods We allocated 30 adult individuals with elevated stress randomly to 1 of 3 conditions (eAAMT-SP, a swipe control condition, and an inactive control condition). We evaluated the feasibility of the intervention (technical problems, adherence, usability, and acceptability). To explore the clinical efficacy of the intervention, we compared pretest-posttest differences in perceived stress (primary clinical outcome) and 3 secondary clinical outcomes (agreement with and perceived helpfulness of dysfunctional beliefs, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms) among the conditions. Results The predetermined benchmarks of 50% for intervention completion and 75% for feasibility of the study design (completion of the study design) were met, whereas the cutoff for technical feasibility of the study design (95% of trials without technical errors) was not met. Effect sizes for usability and acceptability were in favor of the eAAMT-SP condition (compared with the swipe control condition; intelligibility of the instructions: g=−0.86, distancing from dysfunctional beliefs: g=0.22, and approaching functional beliefs: g=0.55). Regarding clinical efficacy, the pretest-posttest effect sizes for changes in perceived stress were g=0.80 for the comparison between the eAAMT-SP and inactive control conditions and g=0.76 for the comparison between the eAAMT-SP and swipe control conditions. Effect sizes for the secondary clinical outcomes indicated greater pretest-posttest changes in the eAAMT-SP condition than in the inactive control condition and comparable changes in the swipe control condition. Conclusions The findings regarding the feasibility of the intervention were satisfactory except for the technical feasibility of the intervention, which should be improved. The effect sizes for the clinical outcomes provide preliminary evidence for the therapeutic potential of the intervention. The findings suggest that extending the AAMT paradigm through the use of emotions may increase its efficacy. Future research should evaluate the eAAMT-SP in sufficiently powered randomized controlled trials. Trial Registration German Clinical Trials Registry DRKS00023007; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00023007

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Kim, Haena, and Brian A. Anderson. "On the Relationship between Value- and Threat-Driven Attentional Capture and Approach-Avoidance Biases." Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (2023): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020158.

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Reward learning and aversive conditioning have consequences for attentional selection, such that stimuli that come to signal reward and threat bias attention regardless of their valence. Appetitive and aversive stimuli have distinctive influences on response selection, such that they activate an approach and an avoidance response, respectively. However, whether the involuntary influence of reward- and threat-history-laden stimuli extends to the manner in which a response is directed remains unclear. Using a feedback-joystick task and a manikin task, which are common paradigms for examining valence-action bias, we demonstrate that reward- and threat-signalling stimuli do not modulate response selection. Stimuli that came to signal reward and threat via training biased attention and invigorated action in general, but they did not facilitate an approach and avoidance response, respectively. We conclude that attention can be biased towards a stimulus as a function of its prior association with reward or aversive outcomes without necessarily influencing approach vs. avoidance tendencies, such that the mechanisms underlying the involuntary control of attention and behaviour evoked by valent stimuli can be decoupled.

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Mao, Ziqiang, and T. C. Hsia. "Obstacle avoidance inverse kinematics solution of redundant robots by neural networks." Robotica 15, no. 1 (1997): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574797000027.

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This paper investigates the neural network approach to solve the inverse kinematics problem of redundant robot manipulators in an environment with obstacles. The solution technique proposed requires only the knowledge of the robot forward kinematics functions and the neural network is trained in the inverse modeling manner. Training algorithms for both the obstacle free case and the obstacle avoidance case are developed. For the obstacle free case, sample points can be selected in the work space as training patterns for the neural network. For the obstacle avoidance case, the training algorithm is augmented with a distance penalty function. A ball-covering object modeling technique is employed to calculate the distances between the robot links and the objects in the work space. It is shown that this technique is very computationally efficient. Extensive simulation results are presented to illustrate the success of the proposed solution schemes. Experimental results performed on a PUMA 560 robot manipulator is also presented.

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Wu, Menghao, Yanbin Gao, Pengfei Wang, Fan Zhang, and Zhejun Liu. "The Multi-Dimensional Actions Control Approach for Obstacle Avoidance Based on Reinforcement Learning." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (2021): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081335.

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In robotics, obstacle avoidance is an essential ability for distance sensor-based robots. This type of robot has axisymmetrically distributed distance sensors to acquire obstacle distance, so the state is symmetrical. Training the control policy with a reinforcement learning method is a trend. Considering the complexity of environments, such as narrow paths and right-angle turns, robots will have a better ability if the control policy can control the steering direction and speed simultaneously. This paper proposes the multi-dimensional action control (MDAC) approach based on a reinforcement learning technique, which can be used in multiple continuous action space tasks. It adopts a hierarchical structure, which has high and low-level modules. Low-level policies output concrete actions and the high-level policy determines when to invoke low-level modules according to the environment’s features. We design robot navigation experiments with continuous action spaces to test the method’s performance. It is an end-to-end approach and can solve complex obstacle avoidance tasks in navigation.

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Bukhari, Syed Sarmad, Anisa Kalsoom, Muhammad Junaid, and Maqbool Raza. "THE TRANSNASAL APPROACH TO SELLAR LESIONS. A NEUROSURGICAL EXPERIENCE AND PERSPECTIVE." PAFMJ 71, Suppl-3 (2021): S634–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v1i1.7914.

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The transnasal approach for pituitary lesions has been adopted increasingly by neurosurgeons for removing sellar lesions. It has made surgery in this region safer with fewer complications in experienced hands. However, the approach requires good knowledge of nasal anatomy and formal training to achieve good results since the territory is unfamiliar to most neurosurgeons. The approach has a somewhat steep learning curve. In our experience of 41 cases, we have presented here. We have discussed the history of this approach, technique and relevant complications and their avoidance.

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Jacobus, Joanna, Charles T. Taylor, Kevin M. Gray, et al. "A multi-site proof-of-concept investigation of computerized approach-avoidance training in adolescent cannabis users." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 187 (June 2018): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.007.

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Matsuda, Izumi, and Hiroshi Nittono. "Repeated response execution and inhibition alter subjective preferences but do not affect automatic approach and avoidance tendencies toward an object." PeerJ 11 (October 10, 2023): e16275. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16275.

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Background Repeated action or inaction toward objects changes preferences for those objects. However, it remains unclear whether such training activates approach-avoidance motivation toward the objects, which leads to actual behavior. We conducted a pre-registered online experiment to examine whether approach and avoidance tendencies were affected by the experience of having executed or withheld a button-press response to a stimulus. Methods Participants (N = 236) performed a Go/NoGo task in which they were asked to repeatedly execute a response to a picture of a mug (i.e., Go-primed stimulus) and suppress a response to another picture of a mug (i.e., NoGo-primed stimulus). They then received one of two manikin tasks, which were implicit association tests designed to assess approach–avoidance tendencies. One manikin task measured the reaction times of moving a manikin toward or away from the Go-primed stimulus and the other picture of a mug (i.e., unprimed stimulus). The other manikin task measured the reaction times of moving a manikin toward or away from the NoGo-primed stimulus and the unprimed stimulus. The participants then rated their preference for the Go-primed, NoGo-primed, and unprimed items. Results The Go-primed item was evaluated as more highly preferable than the unprimed item in the Go condition, while the NoGo-primed item was evaluated as less preferable than the unprimed item in the NoGo condition. In contrast, the mean approach/avoidance reaction times in the manikin task showed no difference between the Go-primed and unprimed stimuli or between the NoGo-primed and unprimed stimuli. Conclusion When participants repeatedly responded or inhibited their responses to an object, their explicit preference for the object increased or decreased, respectively. However, the effect did not occur in approach-avoidance behaviors toward the object.

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Lopina, Erika C., Steven G. Rogelberg, and Haley Woznyj. "Understanding Older Workers’ Decisions to Participate in Voluntary Training Opportunities." Journal of Personnel Psychology 18, no. 4 (2019): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000235.

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Abstract. Age-related changes in training decisions were examined using a within-subject experimental design presenting training framing cues of topic (generativity vs. non-generativity), goal (direction: approach vs. avoidance; referent: mastery vs. performance), and structure (self-paced vs. instructor-paced). As age increased, age-related cues were hypothesized to be more strongly and positively related to the training decision. One hundred and twenty-nine participants completed a policy-capturing study and self-report survey. Age moderated the relationship between the training topic and the training decision. Contrary to the hypothesis, as age increased, the non-generativity topic (rather than the generativity topic) was more strongly and positively related to the training decision. Age did not moderate the relationship between the other training features and the training decision.

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Stelly, Claire E., Graham C. Haug, Kaitlyn M. Fonzi, et al. "Pattern of dopamine signaling during aversive events predicts active avoidance learning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 27 (2019): 13641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904249116.

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Learning to avoid aversive outcomes is an adaptive strategy to limit one’s future exposure to stressful events. However, there is considerable variance in active avoidance learning across a population. The mesolimbic dopamine system contributes to behaviors elicited by aversive stimuli, although it is unclear if the heterogeneity in active avoidance learning is explained by differences in dopamine transmission. Furthermore, it is not known how dopamine signals evolve throughout active avoidance learning. To address these questions, we performed voltammetry recordings of dopamine release in the ventral medial striatum throughout training on inescapable footshock and signaled active avoidance tasks. This approach revealed differences in the pattern of dopamine signaling during the aversive cue and the safety period that corresponded to subsequent task performance. Dopamine transmission throughout the footshock bout did not predict performance but rather was modulated by the prior stress exposure. Additionally, we demonstrate that dopamine encodes a safety prediction error signal, which illustrates that ventral medial striatal dopamine release conveys a learning signal during both appetitive and aversive conditions.

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Feng, Shumin, Bijo Sebastian, and Pinhas Ben-Tzvi. "A Collision Avoidance Method Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning." Robotics 10, no. 2 (2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics10020073.

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This paper set out to investigate the usefulness of solving collision avoidance problems with the help of deep reinforcement learning in an unknown environment, especially in compact spaces, such as a narrow corridor. This research aims to determine whether a deep reinforcement learning-based collision avoidance method is superior to the traditional methods, such as potential field-based methods and dynamic window approach. Besides, the proposed obstacle avoidance method was developed as one of the capabilities to enable each robot in a novel robotic system, namely the Self-reconfigurable and Transformable Omni-Directional Robotic Modules (STORM), to navigate intelligently and safely in an unknown environment. A well-conceived hardware and software architecture with features that enable further expansion and parallel development designed for the ongoing STORM projects is also presented in this work. A virtual STORM module with skid-steer kinematics was simulated in Gazebo to reduce the gap between the simulations and the real-world implementations. Moreover, comparisons among multiple training runs of the neural networks with different parameters related to balance the exploitation and exploration during the training process, as well as tests and experiments conducted in both simulation and real-world, are presented in detail. Directions for future research are also provided in the paper.

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Zhang, Sitong, Yibing Li, Fang Ye, Xiaoyu Geng, Zitao Zhou, and Tuo Shi. "A Hybrid Human-in-the-Loop Deep Reinforcement Learning Method for UAV Motion Planning for Long Trajectories with Unpredictable Obstacles." Drones 7, no. 5 (2023): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7050311.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be an important component in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem due to their ability to collect and transmit data from remote and hard-to-reach areas. Ensuring collision-free navigation for these UAVs is crucial in achieving this goal. However, existing UAV collision-avoidance methods face two challenges: conventional path-planning methods are energy-intensive and computationally demanding, while deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based motion-planning methods are prone to make UAVs trapped in complex environments—especially for long trajectories with unpredictable obstacles—due to UAVs’ limited sensing ability. To address these challenges, we propose a hybrid collision-avoidance method for the real-time navigation of UAVs in complex environments with unpredictable obstacles. We firstly develop a Human-in-the-Loop DRL (HL-DRL) training module for mapless obstacle avoidance and secondly establish a global-planning module that generates a few points as waypoint guidance. Moreover, a novel goal-updating algorithm is proposed to integrate the HL-DRL training module with the global-planning module by adaptively determining the to-be-reached waypoint. The proposed method is evaluated in different simulated environments. Results demonstrate that our approach can rapidly adapt to changes in environments with short replanning time and prevent the UAV from getting stuck in maze-like environments.

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Sweet, Alison M., Sarah L. Pearlstein, Martin P. Paulus, Murray B. Stein, and Charles T. Taylor. "Computer‐delivered behavioural activation and approach‐avoidance training in major depression: Proof of concept and initial outcomes." British Journal of Clinical Psychology 60, no. 3 (2021): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12287.

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Shillingsburg, M. Alice, Crystal N. Bowen, and Steven K. Shapiro. "Increasing social approach and decreasing social avoidance in children with autism spectrum disorder during discrete trial training." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 8, no. 11 (2014): 1443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.07.013.

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