Dissertationen zum Thema „Apprentissage de la représentation graphique“
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Magnan, Jean-Christophe. „Représentations graphiques de fonctions et processus décisionnels Markoviens factorisés“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066042/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn decision theoretic planning, the factored framework (Factored Markovian Decision Process, FMDP) has produced several efficient algorithms in order to resolve large sequential decision making under uncertainty problems. The efficiency of this algorithms relies on data structures such as decision trees or algebraïc decision diagrams (ADDs). These planification technics are exploited in Reinforcement Learning by the architecture SDyna in order to resolve large and unknown problems. However, state-of-the-art learning and planning algorithms used in SDyna require the problem to be specified uniquely using binary variables and/or to use improvable data structure in term of compactness. In this book, we present our research works that seek to elaborate and to use a new data structure more efficient and less restrictive, and to integrate it in a new instance of the SDyna architecture. In a first part, we present the state-of-the-art modeling tools used in the algorithms that tackle large sequential decision making under uncertainty problems. We detail the modeling using decision trees and ADDs. Then we introduce the Ordered and Reduced Graphical Representation of Function, a new data structure that we propose in this thesis to deal with the various problems concerning the ADDs. We demonstrate that ORGRFs improve on ADDs to model large problems. In a second part, we go over the resolution of large sequential decision under uncertainty problems using Dynamic Programming. After the introduction of the main algorithms, we see in details the factored alternative. We indicate the improvable points of these factored versions. We describe our new algorithm that improve on these points and exploit the ORGRFs previously introduced. In a last part, we speak about the use of FMDPs in Reinforcement Learning. Then we introduce a new algorithm to learn the new datastrcture we propose. Thanks to this new algorithm, a new instance of the SDyna architecture is proposed, based on the ORGRFs : the SPIMDDI instance. We test its efficiency on several standard problems from the litterature. Finally, we present some works around this new instance. We detail a new algorithm for efficient exploration-exploitation compromise management, aiming to simplify F-RMax. Then we speak about an application of SPIMDDI to the managements of units in a strategic real time video game
Magnan, Jean-Christophe. „Représentations graphiques de fonctions et processus décisionnels Markoviens factorisés“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066042.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn decision theoretic planning, the factored framework (Factored Markovian Decision Process, FMDP) has produced several efficient algorithms in order to resolve large sequential decision making under uncertainty problems. The efficiency of this algorithms relies on data structures such as decision trees or algebraïc decision diagrams (ADDs). These planification technics are exploited in Reinforcement Learning by the architecture SDyna in order to resolve large and unknown problems. However, state-of-the-art learning and planning algorithms used in SDyna require the problem to be specified uniquely using binary variables and/or to use improvable data structure in term of compactness. In this book, we present our research works that seek to elaborate and to use a new data structure more efficient and less restrictive, and to integrate it in a new instance of the SDyna architecture. In a first part, we present the state-of-the-art modeling tools used in the algorithms that tackle large sequential decision making under uncertainty problems. We detail the modeling using decision trees and ADDs. Then we introduce the Ordered and Reduced Graphical Representation of Function, a new data structure that we propose in this thesis to deal with the various problems concerning the ADDs. We demonstrate that ORGRFs improve on ADDs to model large problems. In a second part, we go over the resolution of large sequential decision under uncertainty problems using Dynamic Programming. After the introduction of the main algorithms, we see in details the factored alternative. We indicate the improvable points of these factored versions. We describe our new algorithm that improve on these points and exploit the ORGRFs previously introduced. In a last part, we speak about the use of FMDPs in Reinforcement Learning. Then we introduce a new algorithm to learn the new datastrcture we propose. Thanks to this new algorithm, a new instance of the SDyna architecture is proposed, based on the ORGRFs : the SPIMDDI instance. We test its efficiency on several standard problems from the litterature. Finally, we present some works around this new instance. We detail a new algorithm for efficient exploration-exploitation compromise management, aiming to simplify F-RMax. Then we speak about an application of SPIMDDI to the managements of units in a strategic real time video game
Pudelko, Béatrice. „Étude microgénétique des médiations épistémiques d'un outil informatisé de représentation graphique des connaissances au cours d'une activité de compréhension de texte : propositions pour une approche instrumentale étendue des médiations des outils cognitifs dans l'apprentissage“. Paris 8, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA082303.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research investigates the impact of using a computer-based concept mapping tool on text understanding in the context of distance learning in higher education. To explore this issue, we first review research on learning with mindtools and symbolic external representations. Our theoretical framework is based on a deep analysis of the concepts of pragmatic mediation and of cognitive skills based on Rabardel’s (1995) theory of instrument-mediated activity and the works of Piaget. To define the notion of epistemic mediation, we conducted a historical analysis of the concept of mediation in Vygotsky’s socio-historical theory. This analysis shows the internal coherence of his materialistic and dialectical theory of mediation of consciousness and the importance of his hypothesis of private speech in psychological research on conceptual thinking. We also consider Piaget’s position on the act of conceptualisation. With this framework, we conducted a microgenetic study of the concept mapping activity of students registered in an online course at Télé-université (Montréal) using a knowledge modeling tool (MOT). We videotaped the students’ activity and their consecutive verbal reports. Data shows the transformations of the external and internal activity structures induced by the use of the tool. The students’ difficulties to restructure the immediate meanings are clear in the analysis. Finally, dialectics exist between the form and the content of the text and the representational properties of the tool
Moreno, Gordillo Julio Antonio. „Articulation des registres graphique et symbolique pour l'étude des équations différentielles avec Cabri géomètre : analyse des difficultés des étudiants et du rôle du logiciel“. Grenoble 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe teaching of the differential equations privileges the aigebraic approach, in spite of the existence of the numericai and qualitative approaches. Ln the algebraic approach, the link between the symbolic and the graphic registers is indirect: it passes by the symbolic expression of the solutions. On the other hand, making the direct connection between these registers requires the mobilization ofknowledge ofvarious frameworks: functions, analytical geometry, analysis, etc. It requires reasoning on functions which one does not know the symbolic expression. The CUITent efforts to change the dominating algebraic paradigm cali upon the new technology tools. However, software programs as CABRI Géomètre allow creating contexts of browsing of graphic phenomena related to differential equations. Here we study the difficulties of CAPES 'students building links between the graphic and the symbolic registers, as weil as the contribution of the software in helping to develop these links. Ln chapter l, we review sorne reference works. Using certain theoretical tools, we clarify the problematic to articulate these registers. Then, we study the potentialities of the software in the study of differential equations. Ln chapter 2, we present the experimental device designed to check our hypotheses. We dedicate then two chapters to the study 0 the experiments carried out. Ln chapter 5, we draw an assessment from these experiments and we show the difficulties students found, as weil as the contributions of the software. Ln the conclusions, we reconsider the initial questions and the elements ofresponse, and the prospects for our work
Jagtap, Surabhi. „Multilayer Graph Embeddings for Omics Data Integration in Bioinformatics“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBiological systems are composed of interacting bio-molecules at different molecular levels. With the advent of high-throughput technologies, omics data at their respective molecular level can be easily obtained. These huge, complex multi-omics data can be useful to provide insights into the flow of information at multiple levels, unraveling the mechanisms underlying the biological condition of interest. Integration of different omics data types is often expected to elucidate potential causative changes that lead to specific phenotypes, or targeted treatments. With the recent advances in network science, we choose to handle this integration issue by representing omics data through networks. In this thesis, we have developed three models, namely BraneExp, BraneNet, and BraneMF, for learning node embeddings from multilayer biological networks generated with omics data. We aim to tackle various challenging problems arising in multi-omics data integration, developing expressive and scalable methods capable of leveraging rich structural semantics of realworld networks
Segalerba, Maria Guadalupe. „Métalangage et représentation graphique comme manifestations de la représentation mentale de la musique“. Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040113.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur purpose is here to observe the verbal & graphical representations of a melody as the image of its mental representation: verbal & graphical representations of the melody are considered here as tools enabling us to detect the evidence of a cognitive process. The teaching of the melody notation is studied in two different educational situations: within general musical teaching and in a music school. With not-musicians children, meta-language should be considered as a complement of the spontaneous graphical expressions that emerge following a short musical piece. We will characterize the degree of inscription in temporality of these spontaneous graphical expressions. With children of music schools, such a meta-language is considered as a mediator allowing an easier resolution of the tasks required by musical teaching. We therefore develop the idea that the existence of such a mental representation of the melody, which takes support on a verbal representation (meta-language), improves the efficiency of the teaching of musical notation. This process facilitates the transition of a primary mode of musical knowledge, (vocal execution) to a graphical representation of the music
Bigot, Damien. „Représentation et apprentissage de préférences“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30031/document.
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Fiori, Sandra. „Le représentation graphique dans la conception du projet d'éclairage urbain“. Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00399027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParent, Marc Philippe. „Un formalisme graphique de représentation de contraintes sémantiques pour UML“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25276/25276.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAchouri, Abdelghani. „Extraction de relations d'associations maximales dans les textes : représentation graphique“. Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2012. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6132/1/030374207.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTomasini, Linda. „Apprentissage d'une représentation statistique et topologique d'un environnement“. Toulouse, ENSAE, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ESAE0024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChabiron, Olivier. „Apprentissage d'arbres de convolutions pour la représentation parcimonieuse“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30213/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe dictionary learning problem has received increasing attention for the last ten years. DL is an adaptive approach for sparse data representation. Many state-of-the-art DL methods provide good performances for problems such as approximation, denoising and inverse problems. However, their numerical complexity restricts their use to small image patches. Thus, dictionary learning does not capture large features and is not a viable option for many applications handling large images, such as those encountered in remote sensing. In this thesis, we propose and study a new model for dictionary learning, combining convolutional sparse coding and dictionaries defined by convolutional tree structures. The aim of this model is to provide efficient algorithms for large images, avoiding the decomposition of these images into patches. In the first part, we study the optimization of a composition of convolutions with sparse kernels, to reach a target atom (such as a cosine, wavelet or curvelet). This is a non-convex matrix factorization problem. We propose a resolution method based on a Gaus-Seidel scheme, which produces good approximations of target atoms and whose complexity is linear with respect to the image size. Moreover, numerical experiments show that it is possible to find a global minimum. In the second part, we introduce a dictionary structure based on convolutional trees. We propose a dictionary update algorithm adapted to this structure and which complexity remains linear with respect to the image size. Finally, a sparse coding step is added to the algorithm in the last part. For each evolution of the proposed method, we illustrate its approximation abilities with numerical experiments
Roman, Marie-Laure. „Le dessin d'enfant, un malentendu graphique ? : Logique de la représentation et processus de subjectivation“. Montpellier 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON30021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn a psychotherapy, drawing pictures the sketch of an inconscious representation mobilised by the “trait unaire” (Lacan). The child, though successive tentative efforts, uses it to build up then unbuild the representations which fill him, and turn into dialectisation in the supposed request of the Other One. Through the effort of sense which he arouses, and the words that make him ask questions, drawing inscribes itself as the support of subversion that develops subjectivity. When the surrounding prove to be failing, the process of becoming a person is therefore adulterated. The child is then unable to symbolize the pictures which fill him as support oh the Other One's desire. The risle lies in the impossible dialectisation between the ideal ego and the ego ideal. Involved in transference processes the child reproduces what creates a stasis according to him, and which he can't integrate into though, therefore into language. From what has just been said, the treatment will be the place for starting again the process of becoming a subject. From the symptom to the “sinthome” (J. Lacan) the child thus the expression of his first thought of existence, he becomes his own author
Maton, Éric. „Représentation graphique et pensée managériales : le cas de la Harvard Business Review de 1922 à 1999“. Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2007. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003632.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePoussevin, Mickael. „Apprentissage de représentation pour des données générées par des utilisateurs“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066040/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we study how representation learning methods can be applied to user-generated data. Our contributions cover three different applications but share a common denominator: the extraction of relevant user representations. Our first application is the item recommendation task, where recommender systems build user and item profiles out of past ratings reflecting user preferences and item characteristics. Nowadays, textual information is often together with ratings available and we propose to use it to enrich the profiles extracted from the ratings. Our hope is to extract from the textual content shared opinions and preferences. The models we propose provide another opportunity: predicting the text a user would write on an item. Our second application is sentiment analysis and, in particular, polarity classification. Our idea is that recommender systems can be used for such a task. Recommender systems and traditional polarity classifiers operate on different time scales. We propose two hybridizations of these models: the former has better classification performance, the latter highlights a vocabulary of surprise in the texts of the reviews. The third and final application we consider is urban mobility. It takes place beyond the frontiers of the Internet, in the physical world. Using authentication logs of the subway users, logging the time and station at which users take the subway, we show that it is possible to extract robust temporal profiles
Poussevin, Mickael. „Apprentissage de représentation pour des données générées par des utilisateurs“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066040.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we study how representation learning methods can be applied to user-generated data. Our contributions cover three different applications but share a common denominator: the extraction of relevant user representations. Our first application is the item recommendation task, where recommender systems build user and item profiles out of past ratings reflecting user preferences and item characteristics. Nowadays, textual information is often together with ratings available and we propose to use it to enrich the profiles extracted from the ratings. Our hope is to extract from the textual content shared opinions and preferences. The models we propose provide another opportunity: predicting the text a user would write on an item. Our second application is sentiment analysis and, in particular, polarity classification. Our idea is that recommender systems can be used for such a task. Recommender systems and traditional polarity classifiers operate on different time scales. We propose two hybridizations of these models: the former has better classification performance, the latter highlights a vocabulary of surprise in the texts of the reviews. The third and final application we consider is urban mobility. It takes place beyond the frontiers of the Internet, in the physical world. Using authentication logs of the subway users, logging the time and station at which users take the subway, we show that it is possible to extract robust temporal profiles
LERCH, CHRISTOPHE. „Une nouvelle représentation du contrôle organisationnel : le pilotage des processus“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1EC01.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe crisis of management instrumentation wich appeared in the 80's can be interpreted as a crisis of the representation modes of organization. Therfore this thesis offers some thoughts on the type of organization aimed at controlling, starting from a model based an activities. First, we use graphical representations in order to model the activities of organisations in applied cases. Our analysis identifies some limits the functional tools which are most frequently used. We then suggest some solutions by resorting to a cognitive representation of the activities. Secondly, we develop a typology which structures the diversity of the processes. We distinguish three categories : the structured process, the semi-structured process, the non structured process. Those configurations can in particular be differentiated by their strategies of environmental adaptation and their structure of management. The objective to provide a language so as to facilitate the diagnosis on the functioning of the processes. Our study resulted in devising a dashboard intended to drive the collective mechanisms of adaptation and knowledge creation. Our analysis emphasises both the parameters of control of these mechanisms and the impact of those parameters on the dynamic of the learning processes. Finally, managing the processes appears to be a way to mobilise the cognitive attention of the actors of the organisation. The point is especially important when the operators have to solve radically new problems of strategic importance for the organisation and thus need to explore new. Fields of knowledge. Conversely, managing the processes helps to save the cognitive resources of the organisation in situations where the members have to solve well-defined and well-known problems by exploiting available and explicit knowledge
Maton, Eric. „Représentation graphique et pensée managériale, le cas de la Harvard Business Review de 1922 à 1999“. Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003632.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleScherrer, Bruno. „Apprentissage de représentation et auto-organisation modulaire pour un agent autonome“. Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003377.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNous avons considéré trois problèmes de complexité croissante et montré qu'ils admettaient des solutions algorithmiques connexionnistes : 1) L'apprentissage par renforcement dans un petit espace d'états : nous nous appuyons sur un algorithme de la littérature pour construire un réseau connexionniste ; les paramètres du problème sont stockés par les poids des unités et des connexions et le calcul du plan est le résultat d'une activité distribuée dans le réseau. 2) L'apprentissage d'une représentation pour approximer un problème d'apprentissage par renforcement ayant un grand espace d'états : nous automatisons le procédé consistant à construire une partition de l'espace d'états pour approximer un problème de grande taille. 3) L'auto-organisation en modules spécialisés pour approximer plusieurs problèmes d'apprentissage par renforcement ayant un grand espace d'états : nous proposons d'exploiter le principe "diviser pour régner" et montrons comment plusieurs tâches peuvent être réparties efficacement sur un petit nombre de modules fonctionnels spécialisés.
Delteil, Alexandre. „Représentation et apprentissage de concepts et d'ontologies pour le web sémantique“. Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE5786.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDo, Thanh Ha. „Sparse representations over learned dictionary for document analysis“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0021/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we focus on how sparse representations can help to increase the performance of noise removal, text region extraction, pattern recognition and spotting symbols in graphical documents. To do that, first of all, we give a survey of sparse representations and its applications in image processing. Then, we present the motivation of building learning dictionary and efficient algorithms for constructing a learning dictionary. After describing the general idea of sparse representations and learned dictionary, we bring some contributions in the field of symbol recognition and document processing that achieve better performances compared to the state-of-the-art. These contributions begin by finding the answers to the following questions. The first question is how we can remove the noise of a document when we have no assumptions about the model of noise found in these images? The second question is how sparse representations over learned dictionary can separate the text/graphic parts in the graphical document? The third question is how we can apply the sparse representation for symbol recognition? We complete this thesis by proposing an approach of spotting symbols that use sparse representations for the coding of a visual vocabulary
Aldea, Emanuel. „Apprentissage de données structurées pour l'interprétation d'images“. Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENST0053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImage interpretation methods use primarily the visual features of low-level or high-level interest elements. However, spatial information concerning the relative positioning of these elements is equally beneficial, as it has been shown previously in segmentation and structure recognition. Fuzzy representations permit to assess at the same time the imprecision degree of a relation and the gradual transition between the satisfiability and the non-satisfiability of a relation. The objective of this work is to explore techniques of spatial information representation and their integration in the learning process, within the context of image classifiers that make use of graph kernels. We motivate our choice of labeled graphs for representing images, in the context of learning with SVM classifiers. Graph kernels have been studied intensively in computational chemistry and biology, but an adaptation for image related graphs is necessary, since image structures and properties of the information encoded in the labeling are fundamentally different. We illustrate the integration of spatial information within the graphical model by considering fuzzy adjacency measures between interest elements, and we define a family of graph representations determined by different thresholds applied to these spatial measures. Finally, we employ multiple kernel learning in order to build up classifiers that can take into account different graphical representations of the same image at once. Results show that spatial information complements the visual features of distinctive elements in images and that adapting the discriminative kernel functions for the fuzzy spatial representations is beneficial in terms of performance
Fusty-Raynaud, Sylvie. „Apprentissage et dysfonctionnement du langage écrit et représentation motrice de la parole“. Paris 8, 2007. http://octaviana.fr/document/145514919#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleData about expert reader, reading learning and reading disabilities lead neither to a homogeneous definition of dyslexics nor a coherent methodology of remediation. This thesis aims to analyse reading learning difficulties in a new way. Rather than considering the good reader's behavior, we examine the constraints imposed and the resources required by alphabetic system. Rather than examine the dyslexic’s characteristics, we observe how the remediation is adapted to the subjects and influences them. The alphabetic system is based on grapheme / phoneme association. The phoneme is defined by articulatory more than acoustic features. Thus, reading is primarily based on speech-motor representation which actively connects visual and auditory representations. Learning disabilities remediation is based on oral realization, which is the active principle of each remediation program, as it enables readers to recognize speech gesture symbolised by graphemes. Thus it appears that the normal readers and not the dyslexics share a cognitive structure which corresponds to the alphabetic system mark, generating an audio-visuo-grapho-phonatory representation of speech
Ziat, Ali Yazid. „Apprentissage de représentation pour la prédiction et la classification de séries temporelles“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066324/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the development of time series analysis methods. Our contributions focus on two tasks: time series forecasting and classification. Our first contribution presents a method of prediction and completion of multivariate and relational time series. The aim is to be able to simultaneously predict the evolution of a group of time series connected to each other according to a graph, as well as to complete the missing values in these series (which may correspond for example to a failure of a sensor during a given time interval). We propose to use representation learning techniques to forecast the evolution of the series while completing the missing values and taking into account the relationships that may exist between them. Extensions of this model are proposed and described: first in the context of the prediction of heterogeneous time series and then in the case of the prediction of time series with an expressed uncertainty. A prediction model of spatio-temporal series is then proposed, in which the relations between the different series can be expressed more generally, and where these can be learned.Finally, we are interested in the classification of time series. A joint model of metric learning and time-series classification is proposed and an experimental comparison is conducted
Ziat, Ali Yazid. „Apprentissage de représentation pour la prédiction et la classification de séries temporelles“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066324.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the development of time series analysis methods. Our contributions focus on two tasks: time series forecasting and classification. Our first contribution presents a method of prediction and completion of multivariate and relational time series. The aim is to be able to simultaneously predict the evolution of a group of time series connected to each other according to a graph, as well as to complete the missing values in these series (which may correspond for example to a failure of a sensor during a given time interval). We propose to use representation learning techniques to forecast the evolution of the series while completing the missing values and taking into account the relationships that may exist between them. Extensions of this model are proposed and described: first in the context of the prediction of heterogeneous time series and then in the case of the prediction of time series with an expressed uncertainty. A prediction model of spatio-temporal series is then proposed, in which the relations between the different series can be expressed more generally, and where these can be learned.Finally, we are interested in the classification of time series. A joint model of metric learning and time-series classification is proposed and an experimental comparison is conducted
Rusch, Roxanne. „Mesures indirectes de rotation effectuées à partir de l’antenne sismique du LSBB. Quantification et représentation graphique de l’incertitude“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03177660.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnalyzing the rotational motions of the seismic wave field is useful for a multitude of applications ranging from wave field decomposition to geological structure estimation or source inversion. Rotational motions can be indirectly estimated (array-derived rotations) from a three translational components seismic array such as the ones deployed by the Low Noise Inter-Disciplinary Underground Science & Technology laboratory (LSBB) since 2006. In order to be able to interpret the results obtained, it is necessary to know the uncertainty attributed to the rotational measurements. However, uncertainty associated to array-derived rotation has only slightly been approached in the literature. The goal of this thesis was to develop two methods. The first method was used to quantify the deterministic uncertainty associated with array-derived rotations as a function of wavelengths. The second method was used to graphically represent this quantified uncertainty on rotation measurements. Both methods were applied to the Mw 6.2 Amatrice (Italy) earthquake that occurred on the 24th of August 2016 at 01.36 am. This one was recorded by the three translational components (3C) array of the LSBB. The vertical component of array-derived rotation as well as its associated uncertainty were respectively validated against a direct rotation measurement and a statistical uncertainty. The results of this thesis infer that in order to have an uncertainty lower than 10%, then care must be taken, in setting up the seismic array (sensors’ alignment, positioning, calibration), beyond the standards accepted for most seismic array. Extending on this thesis could offers developments in earthquakes characterization from 3C of array-derived rotation
Regnault, Cécile. „Les représentations visuelles des phénomènes sonores : application à l'urbanisme“. Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT2051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePrudhomme, Elie. „Représentation et fouille de données volumineuses“. Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20048/document.
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Orzan, Alexandrina. „Images basées sur les contours : représentation, création et manipulation“. Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0179.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis proposes a novel image primitive—the diffusion curve. This primitive relies on the principle that images can be defined via their discontinuities, and concentrates image features along contours. The diffusion curve can be defined in vector graphics, as well as in raster graphics, to increase user control during the process of art creation. The vectorial diffusion curve primitive augments the expressive powers of vector images by capturing complex spatial appearance behaviours. Diffusion curves represent a simple and easy to manipulate support for complex content representation and edition. In raster images, diffusion curves define a higher level structural organization of the pixel image. This structure is used to create simplified or exaggerated representations of photographs in a way consistent with the original image content. Finally, a fully automatic vectorization method is presented, that converts raster diffusion curve to vector diffusion curve
Arneton, Mélissa. „Bilinguisme et apprentissage des mathématiques : études à la Martinique“. Thesis, Nancy 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN21009/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we try to explain why French overseas pupils have got, for many years, inferior performances to their mainland French school fellows at national academic evaluations. The most surprising is that the observed differences are stronger in mathematics than in French. Then, we focus on the cultural characteristics (bilingualism and collective beliefs) able to influence the school learning, in a French Overseas Department considered as a ?natural laboratory?: Martinique. We carry out four studies with two educational levels (in elementary school and first year of the secondary school). In the first study, we make side analysis of several years' national academic data. They acknowledge the observation as a reality and they invalidate two hypotheses, one to a specific difference in a particular field of mathematics (in geometry for example) and a second relative to an item differential functioning. In the second study, an experimental procedure allows 1) to measure social and cognitive bilingualism of Martinican pupils, 2) to evaluate with different procedures the children performances in mathematics and 3) to collect their scores at national evaluations. This second study refutes the hypothesis of the influence of bilingualism on academic learning. In the third study, we deal with the link between social beliefs (specifically the children?s beliefs of the school disciplines) and their performances. The results do not allow to conclude that the martinican children have worst beliefs of the mathematics than the French mainland children. In the last study, we compile data collected in the precedent analysis, in order to refute the bilingualism?s influence on the school learning. Finally, in the same time, we explain our observations and we submit considered perspectives relatives, for one part, to methodology and the instruments used in this research and, for the second part, to others cultural perspectives, which could be explore
Tremblay, Guillaume. „Optimisation d'ensembles de classifieurs non paramétriques avec apprentissage par représentation partielle de l'information“. Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2004. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/716/1/TREMBLAY_Guillaume.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHay, Julien. „Apprentissage de la représentation du style écrit, application à la recommandation d’articles d’actualité“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUser modeling is an essential step when it comes to recommending products and offering services automatically. Social networks are a rich and abundant resource of user data (e.g. shared links, posted messages) that allow to model their interests and preferences. In this thesis, we propose to exploit news articles shared on social networks in order to enrich existing models with a new textual feature: the writing style. This thesis, at the intersection of the fields of natural language processing and recommender systems, focuses on the representation learning of writing style and its application to news recommendation. As a first step, we propose a new representation learning method that aims to project any document into a reference stylometric space. The hypothesis being tested is that such a space can be generalized by a sufficiently large set of reference authors, and that the vector projections of the writings of a "new" author will be stylistically close to the writings of a consistent subset of these reference authors. In a second step, we propose to exploit the stylometric representation for news recommendation by combining it with other representations (e.g. topical, lexical, semantic). We seek to identify the most relevant and complementary characteristics that can allow a more relevant and better quality recommendation of articles. The hypothesis that motivated this work is that the reading choices of individuals are not only influenced by the content (e.g. the theme of news articles, the entities mentioned), but also by the form (i.e. the style that can, for example, be descriptive, satirical, composed of personal anecdotes, interviews). The experiments conducted show that not only does writing style play a role in individuals' reading preferences, but also that, when combined with other textual features, it increases the accuracy and quality of recommendations in terms of diversity, novelty and serendipity
Chevaleyre, Yann. „Apprentissage de règles à partir de données multi-instances“. Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066502.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoldano, Henry. „Apprentissage : Paradigmes, Structures et abstractions“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00514160.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMuhlenbach, Fabrice. „Evaluation de la qualité de la représentation en fouille de données“. Lyon 2, 2002. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr:8080/sdx/theses/lyon2/2002/muhlenbach_f.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKnowledge discovery tries to produce novel and usable knowledge from the databases. In this whole process, data mining is the crucial machine learning step but we must asked some questions first: how can we have an a priori idea of the way of the labels of the class attribute are separable or not? How can we deal with databases where some examples are mislabeled? How can we transform continuous predictive attributes in discrete ones in a supervised way by taking into account the global information of the data ? We propose some responses to these problems. Our solutions take advantage of the properties of geometrical tools: the neighbourhood graphs. The neighbourhood between examples projected in a multidimensional space gives us a way of characterising the likeness between the examples to learn. We develop a statistical test based on the weight of edges that we must suppress from a neighbourhood graph for having only subgraphs of a unique class. This gives information about the a priori class separability. This work is carried on in the context of the detection of examples from a database that have doubtful labels: we propose a strategy for removing and relabeling these doubtful examples from the learning set to improve the quality of the resulting predictive model. These researches are extended in the special case of a continuous class to learn: we present a structure test to predict this kind of variable. Finally, we present a supervised polythetic discretization method based on the neighbourhood graphs and we show its performances by using it with a new supervised machine learning algorithm
Fernandez, Hélène. „Anatomie de la ville : décrire, dessiner, découper : la représentation graphique des documents d'aménagement de la région de Paris, 1934-1994“. Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA083554.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouchard, Jacqueline. „Imagerie expérientielle, représentation de soi et éducation, la technologie au service de l'enseignement-apprentissage“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0015/MQ56393.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBaere, Campos Neves José Alberto. „Contribution à la construction automatique de représentation 3D d'objets solides“. Compiègne, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989COMPD171.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGautheron, Léo. „Construction de Représentation de Données Adaptées dans le Cadre de Peu d'Exemples Étiquetés“. Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSES044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMachine learning consists in the study and design of algorithms that build models able to handle non trivial tasks as well as or better than humans and hopefully at a lesser cost.These models are typically trained from a dataset where each example describes an instance of the same task and is represented by a set of characteristics and an expected outcome or label which we usually want to predict.An element required for the success of any machine learning algorithm is related to the quality of the set of characteristics describing the data, also referred as data representation or features.In supervised learning, the more the features describing the examples are correlated with the label, the more effective the model will be.There exist three main families of features: the ``observable'', the ``handcrafted'' and the ``latent'' features that are usually automatically learned from the training data.The contributions of this thesis fall into the scope of this last category. More precisely, we are interested in the specific setting of learning a discriminative representation when the number of data of interest is limited.A lack of data of interest can be found in different scenarios.First, we tackle the problem of imbalanced learning with a class of interest composed of a few examples by learning a metric that induces a new representation space where the learned models do not favor the majority examples.Second, we propose to handle a scenario with few available examples by learning at the same time a relevant data representation and a model that generalizes well through boosting models using kernels as base learners approximated by random Fourier features.Finally, to address the domain adaptation scenario where the target set contains no label while the source examples are acquired in different conditions, we propose to reduce the discrepancy between the two domains by keeping only the most similar features optimizing the solution of an optimal transport problem between the two domains
Zeng, Tieyong. „Études de Modèles Variationnels et Apprentissage de Dictionnaires“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00178024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDahmani, Hassen Reda. „Étude des spécificités iconiques et fonctionnelles des images scientifiques (représentations figuratives et graphiques) et de leurs utilisations didactiques pour l’amélioration des apprentissages en biologie au Secondaire et à l’université : cas des molécules“. Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21617.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe study focuses on the analysis of scientific images of molecules used in the teaching of biology in high school and university. As a specific language, the images are used in the construction and appropriation of knowledge among students. Iconic representations, however, are characterized by their great diversity of forms and use. In addition, the virtual images, which are now increasingly present in education, provide new ways of analyzing the phenomena at the molecular level. For various reasons, students do not perceive scientific images the same way because of their complexity and high degree of abstraction. This can lead to discrepancies in interpretation and distortion of meaning. Teachers do not always take into account this problem. After an analysis of the use of scientific images of molecules in the school context (analysis of practice, analysis of interviews and tests …), our study aims at designing teaching activities that use images as tools of communication and conceptualization. The aim is to design educational activities that can positively influence learning. At the end of this study, we show how to achieve successful learning for students by using specific images. We specify the different conditions whereby these images become more functional (teaching conditions and teacher training)
Herment, Michel. „GLEF ATINF, un cadre générique pour la connexion d'outils d'inférence et l'édition graphique de preuves“. Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344974.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLienou, Marie Lauginie. „Apprentissage automatique des classes d'occupation du sol et représentation en mots visuels des images satellitaires“. Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005585.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLienou, Marie Lauginie. „Apprentissage automatique des classes d'occupation du sol et représentation en mots visuels des images satellitaires“. Phd thesis, Paris, ENST, 2009. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00005585.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLand cover recognition from automatic classifications is one of the important methodological researches in remote sensing. Besides, getting results corresponding to the user expectations requires approaching the classification from a semantic point of view. Within this frame, this work aims at the elaboration of automatic methods capable of learning classes defined by cartography experts, and of automatically annotating unknown images based on this classification. Using corine land cover maps, we first show that classical approaches in the state-of-the-art are able to well-identify homogeneous classes such as fields, but have difficulty in finding high-level semantic classes, also called mixed classes because they consist of various land cover categories. To detect such classes, we represent images into visual words, in order to use text analysis tools which showed their efficiency in the field of text mining. By means of supervised and not supervised approaches on one hand, we exploit the notion of semantic compositionality: image structures which are considered as mixtures of land cover types, are detected by bringing out the importance of spatial relations between the visual words. On the other hand, we propose a semantic annotation method using a statistical text analysis model: latent dirichlet allocation. We rely on this mixture model, which requires a bags-of-words representation of images, to properly model high-level semantic classes. The proposed approach and the comparative studies with gaussian and gmm models, as well as svm classifier, are assessed using spot and quickbird images among others
Gerot, Cédric. „Etude et construction d'un modèle de surface fondé sur la représentation par un atlas de cartes“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00097567.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleL'intérêt d'un tel modèle est qu'il permet de travailler localement sur la sur face sans perte de la cohérence globale, et d'autre part d'hériter des notions de géométrie différentielle attachées à cette représentation pour définir une surface régulière, et donc résoudre intrinsèquement les problèmes de continuité ordinairement rencontrés par les représentations paramétriques par morceaux. Nous avons présenté ce modèle dans le cadre des modèles de surfaces d'usage courant en informatique graphique, puis dans le cadre plus théorique de la géométrie différentielle.
Nous avons ensuite proposé la construction d'un tel modèle à partir d'un nuage de points 3D interpolés au préalable par une surface triangulée qui est une variété de dimension 2, connexe et compacte. Cette construction se déroule en trois étapes. Chaque étape rencontre un problème géométrique auquel nous proposons une solution innovante. En particulier, nous avons démontré que le nerf d'un recouvrement bien formé est une triangulation combinatoire. Nous avons également étudié la para métrisation d'une couronne du plan par un C1-difféomorphisme, ainsi que le raccord continu de surfaces par combinaison convexe.
Hébrard, Agnès. „Étude et réalisation d'un module de pilotage et d'un outil de représentation graphique appliqués à la conception d'un système de production flexible“. Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGaujard, Chrystelle. „La représentation idéaltypique d'un nouveau repère organisationnel en formation : l'agencemen L“. Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0185.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research focuses on the disclosure of a new organizational mark due to a favourable context. To this aim, we have first studied the organizational dynamic and then the method and the content in order to represent organizations. The coevolution offers a framework considering organizations, their populations and their environments as the interdependent outcomes of managerial actions, institutional influences and extra-institutional changes. This theory helps us to understand the evolution and the emergence of new organizational forms. Litterature has captured three different organizational idealtypes as three layout marks. In order to reveal this new idealtype the research methodology relies on an idealtype construction in a qualitative approach within start-ups. This research points out a playidealtype in construction which is promoting innovation and learning in the organization
He, Xiyan. „Sélection d'espaces de représentation pour la décision en environnement non-stationnaire : application à la segmentation d'images texturées“. Troyes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TROY0027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objectif of this thesis is to improve or preserve the performance of a decision système in the presence of noise, loss of information or feature non-stationarity. The proposed method consists in first generating an ensemble of feature subspaces from the initial full-dimensional space, and then making the decision by usins only the subspaces which are supposed to be immune to the non-stationary disturbance (we call these subspaces as homogenous subspaces). Based on this idea, we propose three different approaches to make the system decision by using an ensemble of carefully constructed homogenous subspaces. The first approach uses an ensemble of NN classifiers, combined with a heuristic strategy targeting to select the so-called homogeneous feature subspaces among a large number of subspaces that are randomly generated from the initial space. The second approach follows the same principle; however, the geenration of the subspaces is no longer a random process, but is accomplished by using a modified and adaptive LASSO algorithm. Finally, in the third approach, the homogeneous feature subspace selection and the decision are realized by using one-class SVMs. The textured image segmentation constitutes an appropriate application for the evalution of the proposed approaches. The obtained experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the three decision systems that we have developed. Finally, it is worthwhile pointing out that all the work presented in this thesis is limited to the two-class classification problem
Lachiche, Nicolas. „De l'induction confirmatoire à la classification : contribution à l'apprentissage automatique“. Nancy 1, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1997_0267_LACHICHE.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConfirmatory generalisation consists in determining the most general laws confirmed by a set of observations. Confirmatory induction is based on the similarity assumption: unknown individuals behave like known individuals. We show that a circumscription of individuals is more appropriate to model this assumption than a circumscription of properties. Compared to existing approaches, the model we propose can produce more general clauses and avoids the production of unwanted generalisations. We specialise this model defined in first-order logic to attribute-value languages and show that it cornes down, in this case, to the calculation of prime implicates. Considering the problem of classification of objects from examples, we show that the minimal consistent and relevant rules are not, in general, confirmatory generalisations. We propose a new classification technique, called scope classification, which consists of building the set of examples from which a consistent and relevant rule can be built, so it is an instance-based approach of rule-based classification. We present several adaptations of the logical basements of the scope classification to better deal with real data. Scope classification is also extended to instances generalised into rules. The generalisation strategies we introduce, and especially the search of the neighbours, clearly differ from those of existing techniques. We show that, whereas hypotheses built by the scope classification and by the disjunctive version space differ, both techniques leads to the same classification. Though, in addition to a more efficient implementation, our original point of view allows us to propose sorne developments specifie to a rule-based approach. Our system obtains on average a better accuracy and a similar execution time to sorne of the most used instance-based or rule-based systems on an usual set of benchmarks
Renaud-Amsellem, Pascale. „Effets d’aides cognitives langagières sur quelques aspects de la représentation de soi et le processus d’autoévaluation“. Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN1465.
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