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Gerich, Joachim, und Christoph Weber. „The Ambivalent Appraisal of Job Demands and the Moderating Role of Job Control and Social Support for Burnout and Job Satisfaction“. Social Indicators Research 148, Nr. 1 (11.10.2019): 251–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02195-9.
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Abstract Within an extended challenge–hindrance framework, it is assumed that job demands are subjectively appraised both as challenges (that is, as working conditions that are associated with potential personal gains) and hindrances (as working conditions associated with constrains) at the same time. In accordance with transactional stress theory, the association between demand intensity and work-related attitudes (work satisfaction) and psychological strain (burnout) is expected to be mediated by individual appraisal. Moreover, because curvilinear relationships between demand and challenge and hindrance appraisals are assumed, and appraisal is expected to be moderated by job control and social support, we tested complex nonlinear moderated mediation models for four types of job demands (task difficulty, time pressure, interruptions, and responsibility). Based on cross-sectional data of a heterogeneous sample of employees, we confirmed simultaneous challenge and hindrance appraisals. Challenge components are positively associated and hindrance components are negatively associated with favorable outcomes (higher work satisfaction and lower burnout). Challenge appraisals are found to be more relevant for work satisfaction, while hindrance appraisals are more relevant for burnout. The relationship between demand intensity and challenge appraisal is confirmed as curvilinear, whereas hindrance appraisals are approximately linearly related to demand intensity. The relationship between demand intensity and outcome variables is partly mediated by challenge and hindrance appraisal, and significant interaction effects suggest that the appraisal process is moderated by job control and social support.
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Pretorius, T. B., und M. Diedricks. „Problem-Solving Appraisal, Social Support and Stress-Depression Relationship“. South African Journal of Psychology 24, Nr. 2 (Juni 1994): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639402400206.
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In this paper the authors report on a study that focused on the interactive effects of social support and appraisal of problem solving on the stress-depression relationship. The findings suggest a health-sustaining role (direct effects) for social support for both self-appraised effective and ineffective problem solvers. A stress-reducing function (buffering effect) for social support, however, seems to apply only to self-appraised effective problem solvers. In addition, an analysis of the interaction between stress and social support for self-appraised effective problem solvers seems to indicate that the expected moderating function of support operates only in the case of satisfaction with supports. In the case of number of supports, increased network size is related to an increase rather than a decrease in depression.
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Berger, Charles R., Yerheen Ha und Meng Chen. „Story Appraisal Theory: From Story Kernel Appraisals to Implications and Impact“. Communication Research 46, Nr. 3 (04.04.2016): 303–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650216641186.
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Story Appraisal Theory posits that reduced memory representations of stories, or story kernels, are appraised in a three-dimensional story appraisal space. Stories deemed to have a point (pointedness), to be plausible (plausibility), and to be generalizable to society (probative value) are more likely to provoke implications than stories found wanting on one or more of these appraisal parameters. Story kernel–prompted implications, in turn, produce attitudinal and behavioral effects. Stories may have implications for the self, others (family and friends), and society. Four experiments found general support for the proposition that favorable appraisals promote implication generation. Experiments 2 to 4 revealed that implications partially mediate between the story appraisal dimensions and estimates of behavior change in response to the stories.
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Arogundade, Oluwasefunmi 'Tale, Bolanle Ojokoh, Mojisola Grace Asogbon, Oluwarotimi Williams Samuel und Babatope Sunday Adeniyi. „Fuzzy Driven Decision Support System for Enhanced Employee Performance Appraisal“. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals 11, Nr. 1 (Januar 2020): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijhcitp.2020010102.
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Employee performance appraisal is often considered a core management task in most standard organizations because it could potentially inspire an employee towards the pursuit of organizational goals and objectives. Meanwhile, issues such as delay in appraisal processes, inevitable human error, and emotional status of the appraiser, are common with the traditional appraisal methods. Hence, this research proposes a fuzzy decision-support system based on Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management for the appraisal of employees' performance. A questionnaire consisting of 44 structured questions was designed based on these principles and administered to the employees of Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Fuzzy inference system that incorporates Mamdani computational technique was built based on the feedback extracted from the questionnaires, and used for appraising the employee performance. Experimental results show that the proposed system could predict the appraisal status of an employee with 75% accuracy in comparison to the conventional appraisal method.
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Szymona-Pałkowska, Katarzyna, Konrad Janowski, Agnieszka Pedrycz, Dariusz Mucha, Tadeusz Ambroży, Piotr Siermontowski, Jolanta Adamczuk, Marta Sapalska, Dawid Mucha und Janusz Kraczkowski. „Knowledge of the Disease, Perceived Social Support, and Cognitive Appraisals in Women with Urinary Incontinence“. BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3694792.
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Social support and knowledge of the disease have been shown to facilitate adaptation to a chronic disease. However, the adaptation process is not fully understood. We hypothesized that these factors can contribute to better adaptation to the disease through their impact on disease-related cognitive appraisal. To analyze the links between social support and the knowledge of the disease, on one hand, and disease-related appraisals, on the other hand, one hundred fifty-eight women with stress UI, aged 32 to 79, took part in the study. Questionnaire measures of knowledge of UI, social support, and disease-related appraisals were used in the study. The level of knowledge correlated significantly negatively with the appraisal of the disease as Harm. The global level of social support correlated significantly positively with three disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, and Value. Four subgroups of patients with different constellations of social support and knowledge of the disease were identified in cluster analysis and were demonstrated to differ significantly on four disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, Harm, and Value. Different cognitive appraisals of UI may be specifically related to social support and knowledge of the disease, with social support affective positive disease-related appraisals, and the knowledge affecting the appraisal of Harm.
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Mantz, Sharlene C., und Maree J. Abbott. „Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Paediatric and Adult Samples: Nature, Treatment and Cognitive Processes. A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature“. Behaviour Change 34, Nr. 1 (April 2017): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2017.6.
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The appraisal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggests that six key appraisal domains contribute to the aetiology and maintenance of OCD symptoms. An accumulating body of evidence supports this notion and suggests that modifying cognitive appraisals may be beneficial in reducing obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. This literature review first summarises the nature of OCD and its treatment, followed by a summary of the existing correlational and experimental research on the role of cognitive appraisal processes in OCD across both adult and paediatric samples. While correlational data provide some support for the relationship between cognitive appraisal domains and OCD symptoms, results are inconclusive, and experimental methods are warranted to determine the precise causal relationship between specific cognitive appraisal domains and OCD symptoms.
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Hudek-Knežević, Jasna, und Igor Kardum. „The Effects of Dispositional and Situational Coping, Perceived Social Support, and Cognitive Appraisal on Immediate Outcome“. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 16, Nr. 3 (September 2000): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.16.3.190.
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Summary: The effects of coping styles and strategies, perceived social support, and primary and secondary cognitive appraisal on immediate outcome were examined in this study. Two theoretical models were tested via linear structural equation modelling (LISREL VI) on a sample of 116 women. The first model was derived from the structural approach to stress and coping, while the second was based primarily on a theoretical position of the transactional approach to stress and coping process. Both models were tested twice, by taking into account appraisal of threat and appraisal of controllability. The results indicate the importance of cognitive appraisals and their effects on adaptational outcomes, situational coping efforts as well as their mediating role between some coping resources and adaptational outcomes. The main differences obtained in the models tested account for the type of cognitive appraisal included in the analyses. The appraisal of threat proved to be a more central component of stressful experience than appraisal of controllability. The results also show that dispositional as well as situational coping strategies exert relatively weak effects on immediate outcome.
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Litwic-Kaminska, Kamila. „Types of Cognitive Appraisal and Undertaken Coping Strategies during Sport Competitions“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 18 (08.09.2020): 6522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186522.
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The main aim of the research was to distinguish different types of sport competition appraisals and verify if athletes’ interpretation of a stressful situation changed their choice of coping methods. Athletes change their perception during competitions; thus, we assumed that configuration of different ways of interpreting stressful events is more important for coping than one particular appraisal. In total, 193 athletes filled out The Stress Appraisal Questionnaire and The Sport Stress-Coping Strategies Questionnaire to describe their stress appraisals and undertaken coping strategies during a remembered competition that took place within a month before the study. The athletes most often appraised stressful competitions as a challenge. They preferred the coping strategy of being determined to accomplish the established goal. The athletes hardly applied techniques that constituted the basis of mental training. The cluster analysis of the competitors determined three types of sport competition appraisals: positive, negative, and active. An ANOVA with post hoc comparisons showed that participants who revealed positive appraisals undertook the highest number of actions aimed at reaching goals and least frequently sought support. Athletes should be taught not only specific strategies for coping with stress, but also more frequent use of positive judgments of sports competitions.
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Daly, Joanne M., Britton W. Brewer, Judy L. Van Raalte, Albert J. Petitpas und Joseph H. Sklar. „Cognitive Appraisal, Emotional Adjustment, and Adherence to Rehabilitation Following Knee Surgery“. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 4, Nr. 1 (Februar 1995): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.4.1.23.
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Cognitive appraisal models of adjustment to sport injury hold that cognitive appraisals of the injury determine emotional responses to the injury, which in turn influence behavioral responses (e.g., adherence to rehabilitation). To test this model, recreational and competitive athletes undergoing rehabilitation following knee surgery (N = 31) appraised their ability to cope with their injury and completed a measure of mood disturbance. Adherence to rehabilitation was measured in terms of attendance at rehabilitation sessions and physical therapist/athletic trainer ratings of patient behavior during rehabilitation sessions. As predicted, cognitive appraisal was associated with emotional disturbance. Emotional disturbance was inversely related to one measure of adherence (attendance) but was unrelated to the other measure of adherence (physical therapist/athletic trainer ratings). The results of this study provide support for cognitive appraisal models and suggest that emotional disturbance may be a marker for poor adherence to sport injury rehabilitation regimens.
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Meredith, Pamela J., Jenny Strong und Judith A. Feeney. „Evidence of a Relationship between Adult Attachment Variables and Appraisals of Chronic Pain“. Pain Research and Management 10, Nr. 4 (2005): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/745650.
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OBJECTIVE: Although threat and challenge appraisals of pain have been linked to both the acute and laboratory-induced pain experience, these appraisals have not yet been explored in relation to chronic pain. In addition, although attachment theory has been separately linked to the chronic pain experience and to responses to perceived threat, it has not been explored in the context of threat and challenge appraisals of chronic pain. The present paper addresses these two main goals.METHODS: A sample of 141 participants reporting noncancer pain longer than two months in duration completed a battery of assessments before commencing treatment in one of two multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs.RESULTS: Analysis of the pain appraisal inventory produced two factors (threat and challenge), replicating earlier findings. Reliability coefficients for the two extracted scales were 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. Links between the two pain appraisal scales and adult attachment variables proved to be significant. In particular, comfort with closeness was strongly related to challenge appraisal, while anxiety over relationships was strongly associated with threat appraisal. As expected, both appraisals and attachment variables were also related to catastrophizing and emotional distress.CONCLUSIONS: Results support use of the pain appraisal inventory as an evaluation tool for those with chronic pain. Findings further suggest a substantial association between adult attachment and pain appraisal, supporting the need for more in-depth analysis and consideration of implications for treatment.
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Zhu, Fei, Katrin Burmeister-Lamp und Dan Kai Hsu. „To leave or not? The impact of family support and cognitive appraisals on venture exit intention“. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, Nr. 3 (02.05.2017): 566–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-04-2016-0110.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how family support affects challenge and hindrance appraisals, which in turn, influence entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention drawing on the challenge-hindrance job stressor model, family support, and the venture exit literature. Design/methodology/approach An experimental study (Study 1) was conducted to establish the relationships among family support, challenge and hindrance appraisals, and entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention. Two survey studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to extend the external validity of findings in Study 1 and to examine whether the theoretical framework holds in both the US and Chinese contexts. Findings All three studies demonstrate that family support decreases entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention by reducing hindrance appraisal. Study 3 also shows the mediating role of challenge appraisal in the family support – venture exit intention relationship. Originality/value This research contributes to the family embeddedness perspective not only by showing its relevance to the venture exit context but also by validating the relationship of family support with cognitive appraisals and venture exit intention in two cultural contexts. It also contributes to venture exit research by highlighting the unique role of cognitive appraisals in the formation of entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention.
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NILES, SPENCER G. „Offering Appraisal Support Within Career Counseling“. Journal of Employment Counseling 33, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1996): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.1996.tb00449.x.
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Wilkes, F. M., und J. M. Samuels. „Financial appraisal to support technological investment“. Long Range Planning 24, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1991): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(91)90044-o.
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Doszyń, Mariusz. „Econometric Support of a Mass Valuation Process“. Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 20, Nr. 1 (01.06.2020): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0005.
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AbstractResearch background: The issues undertaken in the paper include the specification of an econometric model in real estate mass appraisal. Advantages and disadvantages of using econometric models in real estate mass appraisal are discussed.Purpose: The issue of aiding the valuation process with an econometric model based on the Szczecin algorithm of real estate mass appraisal is discussed in the paper. Such problems like multicollinearity, lack of coincidence and nonmonotonic influence of attributes are pointed out. Also, potential solutions to these problems are mentioned. Moreover, the paper features a discussion of cases in which econometric appraisal is not sufficient.Research methodology: The base for constructing an econometric model is the so-called Szczecin algorithm of real estate mass appraisal. Based on the algorithm, the econometric model was created to enable determining the impact of real estate attributes and location on their value.Results: problems related with specification, estimation and verification of the real estate mass appraisal econometric model are discussed in an empirical example.Novelty: A non-linear model is proposed, which features explanatory variables introduced into the model, and by taking into consideration the scale of their measurement. The proposed model, by introducing dummy variables, also account for the impact of a location, which significantly improves the fit to empirical values.
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Taufiq, Rohmat, Ri Sabti Septarini, Ahmad Hambali und Yulianti Yulianti. „Analysis and Design of Decision Support System for Employee Performance Appraisal with Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Method“. Jurnal Informatika Universitas Pamulang 5, Nr. 3 (30.09.2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/informatika.v5i3.6777.
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The decision support system (DSS) for employee performance appraisal is a decision support system used in the employee performance appraisal process at PT. Surya Toto Tbk. Currently, the employee performance appraisal process still done manually (paper-based) so that the reports produced were not real-time. From the existing problems, this research aimed to analyze and design a decision support system according to the existing criteria using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method to be able to develop into a Web-based DSS. The method used began with communication with management, especially the perpetrators of employee performance appraisals. Furthermore, planning, the process of data collection, analysis, design, and finally making reports carried out. The conclusion of this study provided a suggestion to use the criteria that had given two more criteria. By giving weights and calculations carried out for three employees, the value obtained for employee C got the highest score (0.98) followed by employee B, and the lowest score (0.85) was employee A.
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Stevenson, Michelle L., Tammy L. Henderson und Eboni Baugh. „Vital Defenses“. Journal of Family Issues 28, Nr. 2 (Februar 2007): 182–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x06293852.
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Guided by the conceptual frameworks of social support appraisal mechanisms and cultural variant perspectives, the reported experiences of 23 Black grandmothers parenting grandchildren who receive cash assistance under the current welfare program, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), were used to integrate macro- and micro-level perspectives by exploring mechanisms used to appraise social support resources within a historical context. Mechanisms of social support appraisals included personal esteem (i.e., adaptive pride, self-reliance, and personal resources) and social penetration (i.e., family respect and responsibility, reaction to myths or stereotypical views held about poor people, and normative child-centered activities) as economically poor grandmothers demonstrated strong personal integrity and familial responsibility. Grandmothers relied on a wide range of sources for formal and informal support to provide for their grandchildren. Recommendations for future research are discussed to fortify established family defenses.
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Sung, Billy, und Jennifer Yih. „The direct and indirect effects of anger and its cognitive appraisals in public relations incidents“. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 31, Nr. 5 (11.11.2019): 1344–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-08-2018-0292.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the predictive power of anger and its associated appraisal dimensions of consumer responses to two different public relations incidents. Design/methodology/approach A natural quasi-experiment was conducted within a month after the public relations incidents. Participants randomly viewed one of the two videos relating to the incidents. Path analysis was used to examine the direct and indirect effects of anger, acceptability appraisal, motivational incongruence appraisal, relevance appraisal and other accountability appraisal on consumers’ intention to harm the brand and future purchase intention. Findings Appraisals of acceptability, motivational incongruence and relevance, but not other accountability, have both direct and indirect effects on anger and its motivational tendency. Acceptability appraisal directly increases consumers’ intention to harm, whereas relevance appraisal directly increases their intention to harm and reduces future purchase intention. The degree to which these appraisal structure and anger occur account for the level of negative consumer responses toward the two public relations incidents. Practical implications The current findings empirically replicate the diverse consumer responses toward two public relations incidents and use anger and its appraisal structure to account for the negative responses. This provides researchers and practitioners a framework to explain and manage consumers’ reaction toward different public relations incidents. Originality/value The current findings not only support the motivational role of anger and its accompanying appraisals in public relations incidents, but also demonstrate their predictive power in the given contexts.
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Dhiman, Amit, und Manjari Singh. „Appraisal Politics: Revisiting from Assessors' Perspective“. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 32, Nr. 1 (Januar 2007): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920070106.
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Politics is a bane of administrative systems such as performance appraisals. It not only debilitates the system's credibility in the eyes of various stakeholders, but also adversely affects the employees' morale and the organizational effectiveness. While admitting that rooting it out completely is impossible, it is in the organizational interest that it is mitigated to a large extent. In case of performance appraisals, assessees and assessors, both try to influence the assessees� performance rating to advance self-interests. The former typically aims at higher ratings/rewards, and uses informal influence means such as upward connections, ingratiation, etc., to achieve it. The latter may use appraisals to fulfil their vested interests like building in�groups by rewarding certain favoured assessees, and projecting good departmental performance, by manipulating assessees� ratings (inflation or deflation). Some managers consider these actions legitimate because it helps them manage effectively. While these manipulations may fulfil the assessors' short-term goals, it hurts the organization in the long run by compromising performance culture, demoralizing genuine performers, discrediting pay for performance policies, etc. This paper focuses on the assessors' perspective and conceptualizes their perceptions of politics in appraisals (PAPS). We argue that PAPS constitutes the assessors' perception about political behaviours of other stakeholders�reviewers, assessees, and fellow appraisers�and shapes their own perceptions. These perceptions will be influenced by certain contextual factors in which appraisals are conducted. We have focused on four such factors: ambiguity about policies, procedures, performance standards, criteria, etc. assessors' accountability with respect to appraisals assessors' and assessees' instrumentality linked to appraisal organizational support in terms of assessors� training to conduct better appraisals. We argue that these are key variables closely related to many job and organizational characteristics, and thus are fair representation of the appraisal context. In relation to these antecedents, we propose that these reduce assessors� PAPS when: Appraisal process and system ambiguity is low. The assessors are accountable to a neutral authority for following appraisal procedures which enhance rating accuracy; on the other hand, assessors' outcome accountability accentuates politicking. Some of the procedures which enhance accuracy are frequent feedback, 360-degree feedback, assessees' involvement in the process, etc. The assessors are trained to conduct fair appraisals. The assessors' and the assessees' appraisal instrumentality directly affects PAPS as well as moderates the above relations. It is further proposed that PAPS predict the assessors' intentions to pursue certain appraisal goals. It can be rating accuracy if political perceptions are low; and, it can be other political goals, if these perceptions are high. These intentions predict actual assessor actions. This paper contributes to appraisal literature and informs managers about mitigating appraisal politics.
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Kim, Seong Jin, Young-Wuk Cho und Jung Yul Park. „The present and future of the Korean Medical Practice Review Authority“. Journal of the Korean Medical Association 64, Nr. 8 (10.08.2021): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2021.64.8.512.
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Background: The Korean Medical Association (KMA) has been working on medical appraisals for the last 30 years. In 2019, the Korean Medical Practice Review Authority (KMPRA) was established to systematically promote medical appraisal. In addition, regulations related to medical appraisals were amended, professional committees of KMPRA established, and medical case management programs developed. This study reviews the history, present challenges, and the future of KMPRA.Current Concepts: The efforts made by KMA for the development of KMPRA have provided evidence of the excellence of medical appraisal system, with a highly professional, fast, and transparent medical practice review system. Nevertheless, KMPRA has not completely resolved the social distrust of fairness and the quickness of medical appraisals. It is necessary to identify the obstacles that exist in the current appraisal system for the continued development of KMPRA. Currently, KMPRA faces several challenges, such as lack of independence, financial constraints, dichotomized process of medical appraisal, and insufficient administrative manpower, in the process of handling thousands of requested cases. To improve the level of expertise of the professional medical appraisal system, independence, fairness, and speed of its process, KMPRA requires more attention and support from KMA and other major professional medical organizations.Discussion and Conclusion: KMPRA is committed to fulfilling the social responsibility of fair medical appraisal, and it will ultimately contribute to resolving social conflicts derived from medical services and further improving trust relationships with the public.
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Barfod, Michael Bruhn. „SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT APPRAISALS USING STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT AND MCDA“. Transport 33, Nr. 4 (05.12.2018): 1052–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2018.6596.
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Appraisal processes for transport initiatives are often characterised by their complexity involving a wide range of impacts that need to be addressed and many stakeholders that attempt to influence the decisions to be made. The increasing interest for the environment and sustainable development in general has stressed the need for taking a broad perspective into account when addressing transport initiatives. This means that economic, social and environmental dimensions need to be considered simultaneously in the appraisal process. The focus on incorporating such sustainability considerations has set new demands for the appraisal process and has revealed an increasing need for involving stakeholders in the decision support process to capture all aspects of the often complex decision problems. Conventional appraisals within the transport area are often only based on cost-benefit analysis, which captures the impacts that can be assigned with a monetary value. Thus there is a need for a decision support system that is able to assess the effect of other types of impacts as well and include this in the appraisal. This paper seeks to fill this gap in research by proposing a methodology making use of planning workshops and multi-criteria decision analysis in combination to improve the decision support. In order to serve the purpose of promoting a more sustainable transport planning approach a proposal is made for how the methodology can be integrated in the current practice for appraisal of infrastructure projects in Denmark (and countries with similar approaches). The paper concludes that the approach allowing for active stakeholder participation in the appraisal process can serve as a helpful and effective decision support system in the quest for more sustainable solutions to transport problems.
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Otieno, Agnes Meave. „3529 The main effects of threat appraisal on the well-being of African Americans living with HIV/AIDS in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, and the role of religious social support as a buffer“. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (März 2019): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.133.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study considered how threat appraisal and religious social support associate with subjective well-being and subjective experience of pain. Appraisal in this study refers to the individual’s perception and interpretation of the significance of learning of his/her HIV status. The study incorporated the stress-buffering model to propose that the beneficial effects of religious social support will modify the association between threat appraisal and well-being for PLHIV in a palliative care setting. Well-being was assessed both as the participant’s subjective report of their well-being, and their subjective report of their experience with bodily pain. Participants’ subjective report of well-being was hypothesized to be inversely associated with threat appraisal, and positively associated with religious social support. Subjective experience with bodily pain was hypothesized to be directly associated with threat appraisal, and inversely associated with religious social support. It was further also hypothesized that religious social support modifies the impact of threat-appraisal on well-being such that higher levels of religious social support reduce the observed effect of threat appraisal. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This was a cross-sectional study using baseline data from a randomized clinical trial–the FACE palliative care study in Washington, DC (FACE: FAmily CEntered Advance Care Planning). Participants were PLHIV who received their HIV care from 5 Washington, DC hospital-based HIV-specialty clinics. The FACE 3000 study paired participants into dyads of patient and surrogate decision-maker. The patient is a PLHIV for whom the advanced care planning care study is geared. The surrogate decision-maker is considered the patient’s healthcare proxy who agrees to honor and advocate for the patient’s treatment preferences, if the patient were unable to communicate with the health care team directly. Some surrogates are HIV positive, however due to their role as the patient’s healthcare proxy, some of their surveys contain different content from those of the patient’s. Potentially eligible participants in the FACE study received a secondary screening to determine eligibility to ensure competency to participate in end-of-life decision making. For this analysis, only the patient data was used. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Subjective well-being showed significant associations with total threat appraisal, and four threat appraisal sub-constructs. Those with lower threat appraisals reported higher values of well-being compared to those with higher threat appraisals. Results from the regression analysis indicated that only one of the threat appraisal sub-constructs was significantly associated with a participant’s subjective experience of pain. Overall, religious social support did not seem to buffer the effect of threat appraisal on well-being or subjective experience of pain. Findings from this study suggest that subjective well-being is associated with cognitive threat appraisal and this finding could assist PLHIV and their caregivers in understanding the coping processes of HIV-infected people. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Due to stigmatization, an HIV diagnosis can influence a person’s physical, behavioral, psychological, and even spiritual health (McIntosh & Rosselli, 2012). As a stressor, it can compromise immune function to worsen the effects of the infection, while mentally depressing an individual and contributing to adverse coping mechanisms (e.g. alcohol consumption, drug use) (McIntosh & Rosselli, 2012). How someone copes with stress (threat appraisal) may contribute to health-promoting or health-damaging behaviors (Fife, Scott, Fineberg, & Zwickl, 2008). Hence, the quality of life of those managing HIV/AIDS remains a pressing concern. Findings from this study suggest that Lazarus and Folkman’s theoretical framework on the cognitive appraisal of threat could assist PLHIV and their caregivers in understanding the coping processes in PLHIV. For service providers, recognizing early threat appraisals and damaging coping mechanisms can be useful, especially for patients receiving an initial HIV diagnosis. For example, an understanding of the patient’s HIV appraisal can provide insight into the barriers to optimal care and adherence to ART and, potentially, help to reduce these barriers (Anderson, 1995). Furthermore, with the advancements of HIV medication, living with HIV has become a chronic condition, though as a stressor, it also poses long-term effects on the psychopathology of an individual living with HIV(McIntosh & Rosselli, 2012). Studies such as this study can help illuminate interventions aimed at reducing the psychological impact of HIV on a person’s life. For example, support groups have been developed and structured to provide social support and have been demonstrated to increase the perceived well-being among PLHIV (Hyde, Appleby, Weiss, Bailey, & Morgan, 2005). This has further expanded into the consideration of online-based support groups for PLHIV (Blackstock, Shah, Haughton, & Horvath, 2015). In another light, but still within psychosocial interventions for managing HIV infection, mindfulness meditation has been used pervasively in studies assessing its use as an intervention to reduce depression and perceived stress in people living with HIV in order to increase both physical and psychological health (Moskowitz etal., 2015). Interventions, such as mindful meditation, have risen as we understand more about appraisal pathways and coping strategies (such as seeking social support), and how they influence both physiological and psychological responses (Moskowitz etal., 2015) to affect the health of a person. Therefore, longitudinal research aimed toward management of the psychological and social consequences of HIV is central to promoting an accurate understanding of the quality of life for PLWH (Anderson, 1995).
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Rahayuni, Ni Wayan Sri, Ketut Tuti Parwati Merati und Dewa Nyoman Wirawan. „Emotional support is the only social support associated with the quality of life of people living with HIV“. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive 7, Nr. 1 (31.07.2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/phpma.v7i1.192.
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Background and purpose: The quality of life of people living with HIV is influenced by many factors, one of which is social support. Social support consists of four elements, namely information, instrumental, emotional and appraisal supports. Publication on the association between the quality of life of people living with HIV and the four elements of social support shows inconsistent results. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between the four elements of social support and the quality of life of people living with HIV.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out at the WM Medika Clinic, Kerti Praja Foundation, Denpasar, Bali. Samples were people living with HIV who came to the clinic between July-August 2018 to take antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. The total number of samples was 92 patients selected through the convenience sampling. Data was collected by conducting individual interviews and consisted of respondent characteristics, quality of life, information, instrumental, emotional and appraisal supports. Data were analyzed using logistic regression to determine the association between social support and quality of life of people living with HIV.Results: Emotional support was the only element of social support found to be significantly associated with quality of life of people living with HIV with AOR=4.918 (95%CI: 1.268-19.082). Whereas the other three elements were not found to be related to the quality of life of people living with HIV, these were instrumental support (AOR=0.865; 95%CI: 0.228-3.278); information support (AOR=0.949; 95%CI: 0.248-3.637); and appraisal support (AOR=0.317; 95%CI: 0.095-1.057).Conclusion: The quality of life of people living with HIV is found to be related to emotional support and is not found to be related to information, instrumental and appraisal supports. Emotional support needs to be addressed in order to further improve the quality of life of people living with HIV.
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Nash, Maggie. „Critical appraisal to support evidence-based practice“. Dental Nursing 8, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2012): 662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denn.2012.8.10.662.
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Stephenson, Ellen, und Anita DeLongis. „A 20-year prospective study of marital separation and divorce in stepfamilies: Appraisals of family stress as predictors“. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, Nr. 6 (09.04.2018): 1600–1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407518768445.
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The current study aimed to test competing hypotheses about the role of appraisals of family stressor severity in long-term relationship outcomes. Traditional cognitive models of stress predict that those who appraise stress as most serious are at greatest risk of poor outcomes. However, social contextual and dyadic models of stress and coping argue that a belief that one’s spouse shares in this appraisal might play a protective role in marital outcomes. We examined the associations between appraisals of family stressor severity and subsequent marital dissolution in a sample of 170 couples in stepfamilies. Stepfamilies are an at-risk group, given they have been found to experience a greater number and variety of stressors as compared to traditional families, and have an increased risk of marital instability. As predicted by traditional cognitive models of stress, participants who reported family problems that they appraised as more serious were found to be at greater risk of marital dissolution over time. However, the risk of separation or divorce was lower when participants reported that their spouse also considered the problem as serious. In addition, comparing data from both spouses indicated that when both reported the same problem as their most serious, the risk of marital dissolution was also decreased. Our findings support social contextual and dyadic coping models in which shared appraisals of stress, and even the perception of such, can serve a protective function. Understanding how couples appraise the stressors they encounter may help identify useful targets for preventive marital interventions.
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Parkinson, Brian. „Untangling the Appraisal-Emotion Connection“. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_5.
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This article aims to clarify the nature of the relation between cognitive appraisal and emotion. I distinguish a range of alternative possible hypotheses according to whether this appraisal—emotion connection is assumed to operate at the conceptual or empirical level, whether it is supposed to be a descriptive or causal relation, and whether it is seen as having a contingent or necessary basis. Reviewing the varieties of available evidence for connections at different levels, I find little support for empirical rather than conceptual relations or for necessary as opposed to contingent ones. Ways are suggested in which this evidence might be extended so that more substantive conclusions are possible. I contend that future progress in this research area requires tighter specification of the different kinds of appraisal process that operate during real-time emotional episodes and of their potential interactions with other aspects of the unfolding emotional syndrome. Finally, I develop an alternative perspective on appraisal—emotion relations that views appraisals as representing the message value of interpersonally directed emotions, and I suggest future directions for research based on this approach.
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Lee, Dong-Gwi, Hyun-Joo Park und Mary J. Heppner. „Do Clients' Problem-Solving Appraisals Predict Career Counseling Outcomes or Vice Versa? A Reanalysis of Heppner, et al.“ Psychological Reports 105, Nr. 3_suppl (Dezember 2009): 1159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.105.f.1159-1166.
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Using Heppner, et al.'s data from 2004, this study tested career counseling clients in the United States on problem-solving appraisal scores and career-related variables. A cross-lagged panel design with structural equation modeling was used. Results supported the link between clients' precounseling problem-solving appraisal scores and career outcome. This finding held for career decision-making, but not for vocational identity. The study provided further support for Heppner, et al.'s findings, highlighting the influential role of clients' problem-solving appraisals in advancing their career decision-making processes.
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Schwartz, Carolyn E., Jie Zhang, Wesley Michael, David T. Eton und Bruce D. Rapkin. „Reserve-building activities attenuate treatment burden in chronic illness: The mediating role of appraisal and social support“. Health Psychology Open 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 205510291877344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055102918773440.
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This study examines the importance of four psychosocial factors—personality, cognitive appraisal of quality of life, social support, and current reserve-building—in predicting treatment burden in chronically ill patients. Chronically ill patients ( n = 446) completed web-based measures. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate psychosocial factors predicting treatment burden. Reserve-building activities indirectly reduced treatment burden by: (1) reducing health worries appraisals, (2) reducing financial difficulties, (3) increasing calm and peaceful appraisals, and (4) increasing perceived social support. These findings point to key behaviors that chronically ill people can use to attenuate their treatment burden.
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Pohan, Achmad Baroqah, Sofian Wira Hadi, Syaifur Rahmatullah, Robi Aziz Zuama, Achmad Rifai und Deni Gunawan. „Employee Performance Apparaisal Using Decision Support System by AHP and TOPSIS Methods“. Jurnal Teknik Komputer 7, Nr. 1 (07.02.2021): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/jtk.v7i1.9670.
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During this time the performance appraisal of PT. Injep Inti Cemerlang has not been implemented optimally, especially in employee performance appraisal. Performance appraisal so far is only determined from the results, there are no clear appraisal criteria. Based on this reason, a decision support system is needed to help find the best alternative for the employees selection. In this research a decision support system for employee performance appraisal will be developed based on Attitude, Responsibility, Attendance, Discipline and Collaboration. This research aims to design a decision support system for employee performance appraisal using data collection methods by observation, interviews and giving questionnaires to employees of PT. Injep Inti Cemerlang. The data collected is carried out the process of analyzing data and looking for weighting values using the AHP method and for ranking using the TOPSIS method, where each criterion is appraisal factors and alternatives in this case employees are compared the criteria that have been weighted through the process of calculating the AHP and TOPSIS method starting from giving the weighting of criteria by calculating with Ms. Excel and calculating with Expert Choice software. The results have been obtained from weighting the next ranking by the TOPSIS method. thus providing a value output that results in a system that employees appraisal. This decision support system helps the employee performance apprasial at PT. Injep Inti Cemerlang in determining the employee who has the best performance
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Brett, C. M. C., E. P. Peters, L. C. Johns, P. Tabraham, L. R. Valmaggia und P. K. Mcguire. „Appraisals of Anomalous Experiences Interview (AANEX): a multidimensional measure of psychological responses to anomalies associated with psychosis“. British Journal of Psychiatry 191, S51 (Dezember 2007): s23—s30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.51.s23.
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BackgroundCognitive models of psychosis suggest that whether anomalous experiences lead to clinically relevant psychotic symptoms depends on how they are appraised, the context in which they occur and the individual's emotional responseAimsTo develop and validate a semi-structured interview (the Appraisals of Anomalous Experiences Interview; AANEX) to assess (a) anomalous experiences and (b) appraisal, contextual and response variablesMethodFollowing initial piloting, construct validity was tested via cross-sectional comparison of data from clinical and non-clinical samples with anomalous experiences. Interrater reliability was also assessedResultsScores from AANEX measuring appraisals, responses and social support differentiated the clinical and nonclinical groups. Interrater reliability was satisfactory for 65 of the 71 items. Six items were subsequently amendedConclusionsThe AANEX is avalid multidimensional instrument that provides a detailed assessment of psychotic-like experiences and subjective variables relevant to the development of a need for clinical care
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Sugiartawan, Putu, und Paholo Iman Prakoso. „Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Kelompok Promosi Jabatan dengan Metode AHP dan BORDA“. Jurnal Sistem Informasi dan Komputer Terapan Indonesia (JSIKTI) 1, Nr. 4 (30.06.2019): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33173/jsikti.40.
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Abstract Determination of the best employees in a company aims to improve competitiveness and give awards to employees who have high dedication to the company. Difficulties in evaluating employees are the many assessment factors and characteristics of the appraisal and who will provide the appraisal, so that the appraisal is appropriate and transparent. Employee performance appraisal is carried out by 2 assessors namely the company manager and the head of the human resource management department (HRD) and consists of a number of criteria. The assessment will be difficult if done manually considering that each assessor has their own preferences in conducting the assessment. To overcome this we need a computer system that helps decision making, namely a group decision support system (GDSS) determining the best employees in a company
The group decision support system developed in this study uses the AHP and BORDA methods to assist group decision making. AHP method is used for decision making in each appraiser, while the Borda method is used to combine the decision results of each appraiser so that the final result is the best employee in the company. Based on the final results of the best employee determination system in the form of ranking the final value of each employee. The highest value is used as a recommendation as the best employee.
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Taufiq, Rohmat, Sulkhan Sulkhan, Yulianti Yulianti und Aries Saifudin. „Analisis dan Desain Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penilaian Kinerja Pegawai dengan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)“. Jurnal Informatika Universitas Pamulang 5, Nr. 3 (30.09.2020): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/informatika.v5i3.6775.
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The decision support system (DSS) for employee performance appraisal is a decision support system used in the employee performance appraisal process at PT. Surya Toto Tbk. Currently, the employee performance appraisal process is still done manually (paper based) so that the reports produced are not real time. From the existing problems, this research aims to analyze and design a decision support system according to the existing criteria using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with the aim of being able to be developed into a Web-based DSS. The method used begins with communication with management, especially the perpetrators of employee performance appraisals. Furthermore, planning, data collection process, analysis, design and finally making reports are carried out. The conclusion of this study provides a suggestion for the addition of subcriteria from the existing criteria. After calculating with AHP, the value that appears for the work outcome criteria (A) on the quantitative subcriteria A11 with a score of 0.123, qualitative A12 with a score of 0.033, delivery A13 with a score of 0.024 and Implementation of SOP A14 with a score of 0.018. The score is for a very good value (BS).
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Lin, Yu-Chun, und J. Edward Kellough. „Performance Appraisal Problems in the Public Sector: Examining Supervisors’ Perceptions“. Public Personnel Management 48, Nr. 2 (26.09.2018): 179–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091026018801045.
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Employee perceptions of performance appraisal processes have received considerable attention in the public management literature, but the views of supervisors who actually conduct the appraisals have received relatively little consideration. This article addresses that gap in the literature by examining supervisors’ perceptions of individual employee performance appraisal in the U.S. federal service in an attempt to identify structural and operational problems associated with that system as viewed by those responsible for making it work. Data are drawn from a Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), Merit Principles Survey, which contained a section asking supervisors to evaluate nine potential problems associated with performance appraisal. Responses indicated that inflated ratings, flawed standards, and a lack of support were the most problematic aspects of the appraisal process. An agency’s use of performance-based rewards, a supervisor’s belief that his or her own performance is assessed objectively, and supervisor age are consistent predictors of supervisors’ perceptions.
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Windarto, Agus Perdana. „Penilaian Prestasi Kerja Karyawan PTPN III Pematangsiantar Dengan Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW)“. Jurasik (Jurnal Riset Sistem Informasi dan Teknik Informatika) 2, Nr. 1 (31.07.2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30645/jurasik.v2i1.22.
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Performance appraisal of employees is absolutely done to know the achievements that have been achieved every employee. With achievement appraisal means subordinates get attention from the topics to encourage their passionate work, with reference to the process of honest and objective assessment and there follow-up. Follow-up appraisals enable employees to be promoted, demotivated, cultivated, and rewarded for service. The purpose of this study is to make a decision support system employee performance appraisal employee used to increase the class. This decision support system uses Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Method. Where the criteria used are Work Attitude Employees, How Employees Work, Employees Work and Employee Duty Day. The sample data used is 5 with different weights on each criterion. This study took a case study of PTPN III Pematangsiantar with the calculation that 0.90 has the highest value according to SAW calculation. The value is in the name of Mr. Syamsul Arifin, SE. Therefore this method can be used to assess employees by entering actual data in the system created and can solve the selection problem in multi-process decision making.
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Oddershede, Astrid M., Luis E. Quezada, Felisa M. Cordova und Rolando A. Carrasco. „Decision Support for Healthcare ICT Network System Appraisal“. International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 7, Nr. 5 (14.09.2014): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2012.5.1351.
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Stonehouse, David. „Appraisal and its benefits for the support worker“. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants 7, Nr. 5 (Mai 2013): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjha.2013.7.5.246.
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Beer, Ursula M., Mark A. Neerincx, Nexhmedin Morina und Willem-Paul Brinkman. „Computer-Based Perspective Broadening Support for Appraisal Training“. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 16, Nr. 3 (Juli 2020): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthi.2020070106.
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Post-traumatic stress affects millions of people worldwide. Appraisal training is an intervention that has been used to decrease the negative effects of a traumatic event. In two studies, the acceptance and effects of technology in supporting appraisal was studied. Study 1, a descriptive study, examined the response to and acceptance of a workshop on perspective broadening with technological support among soldiers and firefighters. Results revealed that both groups evaluated the training as useful and feasible, and both favoured the full version of the tool. Study 2 investigated the effect of the support tool among a student sample in comparison to the paper-based training. Participants followed the training individually. Comparisons between the two groups revealed no significant differences on multiple outcome measures. Behaviour observed during the training suggests that shorter sessions might prove more effective. The findings indicate acceptance of the technology supported training but gives no indication that the effects of the training are improved by technological support.
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Mackenzie, Rob. „Supervision and appraisal: how to support staff performance“. Nursing and Residential Care 15, Nr. 6 (Juni 2013): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2013.15.6.452.
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Cordella, Tito, und Giovanni Dell'Ariccia. „Budget Support Versus Project Aid: A Theoretical Appraisal“. Economic Journal 117, Nr. 523 (21.09.2007): 1260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02082.x.
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Ball, Kerry, Nick Lyons, Maurice Conlon und Ralph Critchley. „Strengthening Medical Appraisal: Reactions to Proposals for a New Appraisal System to Support Revalidation“. Education for Primary Care 22, Nr. 6 (Januar 2011): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14739879.2011.11494044.
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Nair, Chenicheri Sid, Jinrui Li und Li Kun Cai. „Academics’ feedback on the quality of appraisal evidence“. Quality Assurance in Education 23, Nr. 3 (06.07.2015): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qae-05-2014-0023.
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Purpose – This paper aims to explore academics’ perspectives on the quality of appraisal evidence at a Chinese university. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey with both closed items and open-ended questions was distributed among all academics at the university (n = 1,538). A total of 512 responded to the questionnaire. The closed items were initially analysed using EXCEL and SPSS; the open-ended questions were thematically analysed. Findings – The academics believed that the quality of student survey and peer observation of teaching were affected by subjectivity and the lack of understanding of appraisal. Academics also suggested that appraisals should be contextualised and the approach standardised. The study suggests the need for training that informs and engages relevant stakeholders to ensure the rigour of appraisal. Originality/value – The study raises the issue of quality assurance regarding appraisal data from the perspective of academics. It is based on the collaborative effort of academics in Australia, China and New Zealand, with the support of the management staff at the case study university. The study informs both appraisers and academics of quality assurance issues in appraisal. It also contributes to the literature, in that it initiates dialogues between communities of practices through collective questioning on the quality and mechanisms of appraisal in tertiary education.
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Vallerand, Robert J. „Antecedents of Self-Related Affects in Sport: Preliminary Evidence on the Intuitive-Reflective Appraisal Model“. Journal of Sport Psychology 9, Nr. 2 (März 1987): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.9.2.161.
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In line with various cognitive theories of emotion, Vallerand (1983, 1984) has proposed an intuitive-reflective appraisal model for self-related affects in achievement situations. A fundamental postulate of the model states that it is the cognitive evaluation of events and not events per se that produces emotions. Such cognitive evaluation can be seen as intuitive (almost automatic) and reflective (deliberate) in nature. Whereas the intuitive appraisal is akin to one's almost automatic subjective assessment of performance, the reflective appraisal is hypothesized to include several forms: (a) intellectualization, (b) comparison (self, outcome, and social) processes, (c) mastery-related cognitions, (d) information processing functions, and (e) causal attributions. Two studies tested some of the model's postulates in field (Study 1) and laboratory (Study 2) settings. Results showed support for some of the model's postulates in that both the intuitive and reflective attributional appraisals were found to have important effects on self- and general-type affects. In addition, perceptions of success/failure (the intuitive appraisal of performance) had more potent effects on affects than did objective success/failure. On the other hand, the intellectualization reflective appraisal (task importance) did not have appreciable effects on affects. Results are discussed in light of the intuitive-reflective appraisal model, and implications for future studies on emotion in sport are underscored.
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Tasman, Abel, und R. Mahdalena Simanjorang. „Decision Support System Honorary Employee Performance Appraisal with TOPSIS method the Public Works Department and Spatial Deli Serdang“. Journal Of Computer Networks, Architecture and High Performance Computing 2, Nr. 2 (01.06.2020): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/cnapc.v2i2.428.
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Honorary employee performance appraisal on the Department of Public Works and Spatial Deli Serdang conducted on 10 honorary staff as samples of employee performance appraisal of data as material for consideration of the continuation of the cooperative relationship for the future budget. Components of employee performance appraisal onconducted on 10 honorary staff as samples of employee performance appraisal of data as material for consideration of the continuation of the cooperative relationship for the future budget. Components of employee performance appraisal on the Department of Public Works and Spatial Deli Serdang namely work performance, performance quantity, performance discipline, cooperation, and commitment. Problems with the employee performance appraisal process that occur due to unclear criteria and weight of the appraisal. A method in the decision support system can help the optimal decision making process that is TOPSIS method in Determining the performance appraisal of honorary employees. There are three employee performance weights, the which are very good, good, and quite good, from 10 employees Categorized by performance appraisal, after being applied with the TOPSIS method, Joko Suprapto Obtained value = 0.8394 and Suhendra value = 0.7862 both honorary employees are Categorized by assessment very good performance.
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De Pretis, Francesco, und Jürgen Landes. „EA3: A softmax algorithm for evidence appraisal aggregation“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 6 (17.06.2021): e0253057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253057.
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Real World Evidence (RWE) and its uses are playing a growing role in medical research and inference. Prominently, the 21st Century Cures Act—approved in 2016 by the US Congress—permits the introduction of RWE for the purpose of risk-benefit assessments of medical interventions. However, appraising the quality of RWE and determining its inferential strength are, more often than not, thorny problems, because evidence production methodologies may suffer from multiple imperfections. The problem arises to aggregate multiple appraised imperfections and perform inference with RWE. In this article, we thus develop an evidence appraisal aggregation algorithm called EA3. Our algorithm employs the softmax function—a generalisation of the logistic function to multiple dimensions—which is popular in several fields: statistics, mathematical physics and artificial intelligence. We prove that EA3 has a number of desirable properties for appraising RWE and we show how the aggregated evidence appraisals computed by EA3 can support causal inferences based on RWE within a Bayesian decision making framework. We also discuss features and limitations of our approach and how to overcome some shortcomings. We conclude with a look ahead at the use of RWE.
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Schuldberg, David, Stephanie B. Karwacki und G. Leonard Burns. „Stress, Coping, and Social Support in Hypothetically Psychosis-Prone Subjects“. Psychological Reports 78, Nr. 3_suppl (Juni 1996): 1267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3c.1267.
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This paper examined stress processes in hypothetically psychosis-prone individuals. Subjects scoring high on Perceptual Aberration/Magical Ideation (Per-Mag subjects), Anhedonia, and low-scoring control subjects were compared for scores on Hassles and Uplifts, cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, emotions in two stressful situations, and on perceived social support. The groups differed in their experiences of minor life events and Secondary Appraisal but not in Primary Appraisal or emotions. There were notable differences in coping patterns and perceptions of social support. Per-Mag subjects contrasted with controls in using more coping by Escape-avoidance and Accepting responsibility, and reported less social support. Anhedonic subjects differed in their experience of minor life events and coped less through Positive reappraisal and Seeking social support. Per-Mag subjects are mainly distinguished by their coping processes. Anhedonic subjects are also sensitive to the incidence of minor life events. The results indicate that risk factors, stress, and coping interact in the absence of mental disorder.
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Levo, Lynn M., und Donald Biggs. „Cognitive Factors in Effectively Coping with Home/Career Stress“. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 3, Nr. 1 (Januar 1989): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.3.1.53.
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Many women who choose to combine family and career often report stress related to professional, parental, and marital obligations and expectations. Surprisingly, little research has examined the adequacy of women’s efforts to cope with this stress. In particular, research is needed to identify the critical cognitive variables that can influence women’s inferences about home/career stress and their choice of coping strategies. Such data would be useful for targeting the cognitive change mechanisms in any cognitive-based treatment interventions for this population. The present study compared two models for describing critical cognitive factors that influence women’s choices of effective coping strategies for dealing with home/career stress. In the first model, two cognitive characteristics of a woman, her sex-role beliefs and her conceptual level, are viewed as the major causal factors that influence her choice of effective coping strategies. In the second model, a woman’s sex-role beliefs and her conceptual level are assumed to influence her cognitive appraisal of her level of stress and/or her appraisal of her resources for coping with stress, and these appraisals subsequently influence the woman’s choice of effective coping strategies. The findings from this study provide some support for a cognitive mediated model of home/career stress-coping. In this model, a woman’s sex-role beliefs and her conceptual level influence her cognitive appraisal of her resources for coping with the stressful demands, and this appraisal then influences her level of effectiveness in coping with the situation. In particular, a woman’s sex-role beliefs and her cognitive appraisal of her resources for coping with stressful home/career demands appear to be significant cognitive variables that influence her level of effective coping. Androgynous women tend to report more confidence in their ability to cope with stressful home/career demands than do feminine women, and women who appraise themselves as having more resources to cope with stressful home/career demands tend to select more effective coping strategies.
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Febrian, Tri Benny, und Agustina Simangunsong. „Decision Support System Employee Performance Appraisal Method Using TOPSIS“. Journal Of Computer Networks, Architecture and High Performance Computing 2, Nr. 2 (01.06.2020): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/cnapc.v2i2.412.
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Employee performance is the level of achievement of an employee of a particular task that is influenced by internal and external factors of the company where the employee works. Employee performance is influenced by many factors including competency, attendance, loyalty and length of work. The purpose of this study is to create and design a Decision Support System (SPK) for evaluating employee performance using the TOPSIS method and applying the method to employee performance evaluation SPK. TOPSIS is a decision-making method that has multiple criteria or criteria. This type of research is a quantitative descriptive method that presents methods and research objects based on numbers. The study population was 42 employees at PT Catur Karya Sentosa and used as many as 4 employees as research samples and data were collected by interview method. The results showed that the calculation of employee performance using the TOPSIS algorithm runs well and efficiently and can be done every month so as to minimize or even eliminate the employee performance appraisal method subjectively. Ranking taken from the results of this method is the final result after the calculation of positive and negative ideal solutions as consideration of the final decision making by the board of directors.
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Goonetilleke, K. S., und A. K. Siriwardena. „SYSTEMATIC APPRAISAL OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY“. Pancreas 31, Nr. 4 (November 2005): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpa.0000193670.17149.3f.
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Suroso, Arif Imam, Sugiharto und Arief Ramadhan. „Decision Support System for Agricultural Appraisal in Dryland Areas“. Advanced Science Letters 20, Nr. 10 (01.10.2014): 1980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2014.5687.
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Morison, Jim, Bill Irish und Julia Whiteman. „Professionalised educational appraisal and support for the struggling GP“. Education for Primary Care 23, Nr. 6 (Januar 2012): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14739879.2012.11494146.
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Dees, Robert A., Scott T. Nestler und Robert Kewley. „WholeSoldier Performance Appraisal to Support Mentoring and Personnel Decisions“. Decision Analysis 10, Nr. 1 (März 2013): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/deca.1120.0263.
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