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Hülskötter, Kirsten, Fred Lühder, Alexander Flügel, Vanessa Herder und Wolfgang Baumgärtner. „Tamoxifen Application Is Associated with Transiently Increased Loss of Hippocampal Neurons following Virus Infection“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 16 (06.08.2021): 8486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168486.
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Tamoxifen is frequently used in murine knockout systems with CreER/LoxP. Besides possible neuroprotective effects, tamoxifen is described as having a negative impact on adult neurogenesis. The present study investigated the effect of a high-dose tamoxifen application on Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced hippocampal damage. Two weeks after TMEV infection, 42% of the untreated TMEV-infected mice were affected by marked inflammation with neuronal loss, whereas 58% exhibited minor inflammation without neuronal loss. Irrespective of the presence of neuronal loss, untreated mice lacked TMEV antigen expression within the hippocampus at 14 days post-infection (dpi). Interestingly, tamoxifen application 0, 2 and 4, or 5, 7 and 9 dpi decelerated virus elimination and markedly increased neuronal loss to 94%, associated with increased reactive astrogliosis at 14 dpi. T cell infiltration, microgliosis and expression of water channels were similar within the inflammatory lesions, regardless of tamoxifen application. Applied at 0, 2 and 4 dpi, tamoxifen had a negative impact on the number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells within the dentate gyrus (DG) at 14 dpi, without a long-lasting effect on neuronal loss at 147 dpi. Thus, tamoxifen application during a TMEV infection is associated with transiently increased neuronal loss in the hippocampus, increased reactive astrogliosis and decreased neurogenesis in the DG.
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Meyer, M. D., und M. K. Hausbeck. „Using Soil-Applied Fungicides to Manage Phytophthora Crown and Root Rot on Summer Squash“. Plant Disease 97, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-11-1071-re.
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Phytophthora crown and root rot (Phytophthora capsici) of summer squash is especially difficult to manage because all commercial cultivars are highly susceptible to P. capsici. Producers have traditionally relied on foliar fungicide applications to control Phytophthora crown and root rot despite their limited efficacy. Soil fungicide applications, including via subsurface drip chemigation, have recently gained interest as a method of improving control of P. capsici infections. In this study, soil drenches and foliar applications of 11 fungicides were compared for control of Phytophthora crown and root rot of summer squash in replicated field and greenhouse trials. Fungicides were applied at 7-day intervals. Incidence (%) of plant death was assessed from 7 to 42 days post inoculation (dpi) in field trials. Crown rot severity was rated on a scale of 1 (no wilting) to 5 (plant death) from 5 to 21 dpi in greenhouse trials. Results of field and greenhouse trials were similar. Plant death of ‘Cougar’ following inoculation with P. capsici isolate 12889 occurred at all growth stages from first true-leaf to full maturity in field trials. Plant death 42 dpi differed significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) among fungicides and application methods. The fungicide–application method interaction also was significant. Some fungicides were ineffective regardless of application method. In general, soil drenches were more effective than foliar applications at limiting plant death but no treatment completely controlled disease symptoms. Mean plant death 42 dpi was 41% for soil drenches and 92% for foliar sprays. Drenches of fluopicolide, mandipropamid, or dimethomorph limited plant death to ≤10% and prevented yield loss associated with root and crown rot. Foliar applications generally did not reduce plant death compared with the untreated, inoculated control, and were unable to prevent yield loss in field trials. In greenhouse trials, crown rot severity differed significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) among fungicides, application methods, and cultivars when plants were inoculated with P. capsici isolate 12889 or SP98. Crown rot was less severe and disease progress was slower following soil drenches than foliar applications. Some fungicide treatments were more effective on ‘Leopard,’ which was less susceptible to P. capsici than ‘Cougar.’ Soil application methods, including soil drench and drip chemigation, should be evaluated when fungicides are registered for soilborne disease control, because these methods provide better control of Phytophthora crown and root rot than foliar application.
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Suzuki, Hiroka, Noriyuki Hatano, Yukiko Muraki, Yuka Itoh, Satoko Kimura, Hidetoshi Hayashi, Kikuo Onozaki, Yoshiaki Ohi, Akira Haji und Katsuhiko Muraki. „The NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium activates the human TRPA1 nociceptor“. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 307, Nr. 4 (15.08.2014): C384—C394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00182.2013.
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Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel expressed in neuronal and nonneuronal cells and plays an important role in acute and inflammatory pain. Here, we show that an NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), functions as a TRPA1 activator in human embryonic kidney cells expressing human TRPA1 (HEK-TRPA1) and in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Application of DPI at 0.03–10 μM induced a Ca2+ response in HEK-TRPA1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The Ca2+ response was effectively blocked by a selective TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031 (HC). In contrast, DPI had no effect on HEK cells expressing TRPV1-V4 or TRPM8. Four other NOX inhibitors, apocynin (APO), VAS2870 (VAS), plumbagin, and 2-acetylphenothiazine, also induced a Ca2+ response in HEK-TRPA1 cells, which was inhibited by pretreatment with HC. In the presence of 5 mM glutathione, the Ca2+ response to DPI was effectively reduced. Moreover, mutation of cysteine 621 in TRPA1 substantially inhibited the DPI-induced Ca2+ response, while it did not inhibit the APO- and VAS-induced responses. The channel activity was induced by DPI in excised membrane patches with both outside-out and inside-out configurations. Internal application of neomycin significantly inhibited the DPI-induced inward currents. In inflammatory synoviocytes with TRPA1, DPI evoked a Ca2+ response that was sensitive to HC. In mice, intraplantar injection of DPI caused a pain-related response which was inhibited by preadministration with HC. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that DPI and other NOX inhibitors activate human TRPA1 without mediating NOX.
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Avram, Sorin, und Cristian Neanu. „Large-scale comparison between the diffraction-component precision indexes favors Cruickshank’s Rfree function“. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, Nr. 00 (2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc200518076a.
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This study aims to provide a first large-scale comparison between the various diffraction-component precision index (DPI) equations, assess the applicability of the parameter, and make recommendations on DPI computation. The DPI estimates the average accuracy of the atomic coordinates obtained by the structural refinement of protein diffraction data, with application in crystallography and cheminformatics. Although, Cruickshank and Blow proposed DPI equations based on R and Rfree in order to calculate DPI values, which remain scarcely employed in the quality assessment of the Protein Data Base (PDB) files, due to the unclear data extraction protocols (to assign variables), the complex equations, the lack of extensive applicability studies and the limited access to automated computations. In order to address these shortcomings, the entire RCSB PDB database was evaluated using Cruickshank?s and Blow?s R and Rfree DPI variations. Computations of 143070 X-ray structures indicate that Rfree-based DPI equations apply to 30% more protein structures compared to R-based DPI equations, with Cruickshank Rfree-based DPI (CRF) exceeding the number of successful Blow?s Rfree-based DPI (BRF) computations. Although our results indicate that, in general, the resol-utions < 2 ? assure consistency among the various DPIs computations (differences <0.05 ?), we recommend the use of CRF DPI because of its wider applicability.
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Zendehdel Baher, Shalaleh, Shadi Yaqoubi, Kofi Asare-Addo, Hamed Hamishehkar und Ali Nokhodchi. „Dry Powder Formulation of Simvastatin Nanoparticles for Potential Application in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension“. Pharmaceutics 14, Nr. 5 (20.04.2022): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14050895.
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It has been hypothesized that simvastatin could be used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This study is intended to formulate a simvastatin nanoparticle dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulation. Simvastatin nanoparticles were prepared via an emulsification and homogenization-extrusion method, followed by spray drying of the colloidal suspension of simvastatin nanoparticles containing mannitol to get it into a respirable size. Particle size distribution, morphology, and crystallinity of the fabricated nanoparticles of the obtained microparticles for DPI formulation were assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction pattern (XRPD), respectively. Aerosolization performance of the DPI formulation was assessed by the Next Generation Impactor (NGI) equipped with an Aerolizer®. Simvastatin nanoparticles were around 100 nm with a very narrow size distribution (PDI = 0.105). The X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that the crystallinity of simvastatin was decreased by the spray drying procedure. Microscopic images displayed that gathered nanoparticles were in the suitable inhalable range and had the appropriate shape and surface properties for pulmonary delivery. Aerosolization assessment by the NGI indicated a suitable inhalation performance (fine particle fraction of 20%). In conclusion, the results confirmed that the spray drying technique for simvastatin can be optimized to obtain simvastatin aggregated nanoparticles without any coarse carrier to be used in DPI formulation for better deposition of the drug in the lungs for local treatment of PAH.
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Walter, Johannes, Jannis Mende, Samuel Hutagalung, Obada T. Alhalabi, Martin Grutza, Guoli Zheng, Thomas Skutella, Andreas Unterberg, Klaus Zweckberger und Alexander Younsi. „The Single-Dose Application of Interleukin-4 Ameliorates Secondary Brain Damage in the Early Phase after Moderate Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, Nr. 16 (14.08.2023): 12756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612756.
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Activation of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) pathway ameliorates secondary injury mechanisms after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI); therefore, we assessed the effect of a therapeutic IL-4 administration on secondary brain damage after experimental TBI. We subjected 100 C57/Bl6 wildtype mice to controlled cortical impact (CCI) and administered IL-4 or a placebo control subcutaneously 15 min thereafter. Contusion volume (Nissl staining), neurological function (hole board, video open field, and CatWalkXT®), and the immune response (immunofluorescent staining) were analyzed up to 28 days post injury (dpi). Contusion volumes were significantly reduced after IL-4 treatment up to 14 dpi (e.g., 6.47 ± 0.41 mm3 vs. 3.80 ± 0.85 mm3, p = 0.011 3 dpi). Macrophage invasion and microglial response were significantly attenuated in the IL-4 group in the acute phase after CCI (e.g., 1.79 ± 0.15 Iba-1+/CD86+ cells/sROI vs. 1.06 ± 0.21 Iba-1/CD86+ cells/sROI, p = 0.030 in the penumbra 3 dpi), whereas we observed an increased neuroinflammation thereafter (e.g., mean GFAP intensity of 3296.04 ± 354.21 U vs. 6408.65 ± 999.54 U, p = 0.026 in the ipsilateral hippocampus 7 dpi). In terms of functional outcome, several gait parameters were improved in the acute phase following IL-4 treatment (e.g., a difference in max intensity of −7.58 ± 2.00 U vs. −2.71 ± 2.44 U, p = 0.041 3 dpi). In conclusion, the early single-dose administration of IL-4 significantly reduces secondary brain damage in the acute phase after experimental TBI in mice, which seems to be mediated by attenuation of macrophage and microglial invasion.
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Meyer, Michael D., und Mary K. Hausbeck. „Using Cultural Practices and Cultivar Resistance to Manage Phytophthora Crown Rot on Summer Squash“. HortScience 47, Nr. 8 (August 2012): 1080–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.8.1080.
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The effects of bed height, mulches, composted poultry litter, and cultivars on Phytophthora crown rot, caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian, of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) were evaluated in the absence of fungicide applications. The experimental design was a split-split-split plot arrangement of a randomized complete block. Bed height (flat or raised) was the main plot treatment. Mulches (bare soil, wheat straw, or plastic) were subplot treatments. Composted poultry litter applications (0 or 4.5 t·ha−1) were sub-subplot treatments. Squash cultivars (Cougar or Payroll) were sub-sub-subplot treatments. Incidence of plant death (%) was assessed from 0 to 35 days post-inoculation (dpi) with P. capsici. Plant death 35 dpi and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC)differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between the cultivars Cougar and Payroll. Mean plant death 35 dpi was 87% for ‘Payroll’ and 99% for ‘Cougar’. The bed height × cultivar interaction was also significant (P = 0.0018) in the analyses of variance for plant death and AUDPC. Plant death at 35 dpi and AUDPC for ‘Payroll’ were greater in flat beds than raised beds. Disease was unaffected by the main effects of bed height, mulch type, or application of poultry litter. Thirty-two summer squash cultivars and 10 germplasm accessions were also evaluated for resistance to Phytophthora crown rot in a separate greenhouse trial. Crown rot severity was rated on a 1 (no symptoms) to 5 (plant death) scale at 18 dpi. Crown rot severity differed significantly (P < 0.0001) among cultivars and germplasm accessions. Crown rot severity averaged 4.3 on commercial cultivars and 2.2 on germplasm accessions. Crown rot was least severe on the commercial cultivar Spineless Beauty (mean rating = 2.9). No disease developed on four accessions of Cucurbita moschata previously reported to be crown rot-resistant.
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Tian, Yufei, Yang Liu, Qiuyuan Wang, Jie Wen, Yiru Wu, Jianwei Han und Chaolai Man. „Stress-Induced Immunosuppression Affects Immune Response to Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine via Circulating miRNAs“. Animals 12, Nr. 18 (12.09.2022): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182376.
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Studies have shown that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are important players in the immune response and stress-induced immunosuppression. However, the function and mechanism of stress-induced immunosuppression affecting the immune response to the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine remain largely unknown. This study analyzed the changes of 15 NDV-related circulating miRNAs at different immune stages by qRT-PCR, aiming to explore the key timepoints, potential biomarkers, and mechanisms for the functional regulation of candidate circulating miRNAs under immunosuppressed conditions. The results showed that stress-induced immunosuppression induced differential expressions of the candidate circulating miRNAs, especially at 2 days post immunization (dpi), 14 dpi, and 28 dpi. In addition, stress-induced immunosuppression significantly affected the immune response to NDV vaccine, which was manifested by significant changes in candidate circulating miRNAs at 2 dpi, 5 dpi, and 21 dpi. The featured expressions of candidate circulating miRNAs indicated their potential application as biomarkers in immunity and immunosuppression. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the candidate circulating miRNAs possibly regulated immune function through key targeted genes, such as Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A) and Nemo-like kinase (NLK), in the MAPK signaling pathway. This study provides a theoretical reference for studying the function and mechanism of circulating miRNAs in immune regulation.
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Zhou, En-min, Jose Riva und Alfonso Clavijo. „Development of an Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Equine and Swine IgM Antibodies to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus“. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, Nr. 3 (01.05.2001): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.3.475-481.2001.
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ABSTRACT An immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MC-ELISA) was developed for the detection of primary infection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in equine and swine sera. The test was based on the use of biotinylated sheep antibodies against equine or swine IgM molecules bound to a streptavidin-coated ELISA plate. The captured IgM antibodies were detected by application of antigens prepared from the New Jersey and the Indiana VSV serotypes (VSV-NJ and VSV-IN, respectively) and mouse polyclonal antibodies against VSV-NJ and VSV-IN. The MC-ELISA was compared to a competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) and the standard microtiter serum neutralization (MTSN) assay by testing serum samples from horses and pigs experimentally infected with VSV-NJ or VSV-IN. The MC-ELISA detected specific homologous IgM antibodies from equine and swine sera as early as 5 and 4 days postinfection (DPI), respectively, and as late as 35 DPI. The MTSN test also detected antibodies as early as 5 DPI and as late as 160 DPI. In a similar fashion, the C-ELISA detected antibodies from 6 to 7 DPI and as late as 160 DPI. These results demonstrated that the MC-ELISA is a useful test for serodiagnosis of primary VSV infection in horses and pigs.
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Spadoti, Leila Maria, José Raimundo Ferreira Dornellas und Salvador Massaguer Roig. „Proteolysis of prato type cheese produced using ultrafiltration“. Scientia Agricola 62, Nr. 3 (Juni 2005): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000300006.
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The application of milk ultrafiltration technology for cheese manufacture presents several advantages. However, it also influences proteolysis and, consequently, cheese ripening. The effects of five different processing methods for Prato cheese were evaluated with respect to the time evolution of the extent and depth of proteolysis indexes (EPI and DPI). The following treatments (T) for cheese production were studied: T1 - without ultrafiltration (standard); T2, T3, T4 and T5 - using milk concentrated by ultrafiltration (UFCM) and respectively: T2 - without pre-fermentation of the UFCM; T3 - pre-fermentation of 10% of the UFCM; T4 - pre-fermentation of 20% of the UFCM, and T5 - pre-fermentation of 20% of the UFCM plus indirect heating. Treatments affected the EPI and DPI of the cheeses (T1 lower values for EPI and DPI and T4 higher values for EPI and DPI). The time influenced the extent and depth of proteolysis indexes.
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Li, Yinping, George N. Mbata und David I. Shapiro-Ilan. „Laboratory virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci“. Journal of Nematology 53, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-096.
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Abstract The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), is a major insect pest on vegetable crops worldwide. Enormous economic losses result from direct and indirect plant damage caused by MEAM1. Biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) may be an effective alternative strategy against MEAM1 because this pest has developed resistance to most insecticides. First, nine EPN species (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. indica, H. georgiana, H. floridensis, Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave, S. glaseri, and S. rarum) were investigated for virulence to MEAM1 third instar nymphs on snap bean leaves under laboratory conditions. The mortality of MEAM1 nymphs was evaluated at 3 days post-inoculation (dpi). Compared to the water control, the application of the nine EPN species except S. glaseri resulted in significantly higher mortality of MEAM1 nymphs, such as H. bacteriophora (66.31%), H. floridensis (56.38%), S. carpocapsae (54.54%), and S. rarum (57.80%). Subsequently, the four virulent EPN species, H. bacteriophora, H. floridensis, S. carpocapsae, and S. rarum were evaluated further for virulence to MEAM1 nymphs on snap bean and tomato leaves. The mortality of MEAM1 nymphs was assessed at 3 dpi and 7 dpi. There were no significant differences in MEAM1 nymphal mortality between tomato and snap bean at either 3 dpi or 7 dpi. The mortality of MEAM1 nymphs caused by the application of H. floridensis (99.25%) was significantly higher than the other three EPN species and the water control at 7dpi. The results indicate that H. floridensis is a very promising biocontrol agent for B. tabaci management.
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de Alba Alvarado, Mariana C., Elia Torres Gutiérrez, Margarita Cabrera Bravo, Edgar Zenteno Galindo, José Antonio Villarreal Muñoz, Paz María Salazar Schettino und Martha Irene Bucio Torres. „Main Cardiac Histopathologic Alterations in the Acute Phase of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in a Murine Model“. Pathogens 12, Nr. 9 (26.08.2023): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091084.
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Symptoms in the acute phase of Chagas disease are usually mild and nonspecific. However, after several years, severe complications like dilated heart failure and even death may arise in the chronic phase. Due to the lack of specific symptoms in the acute phase, the aim of this work was to describe and analyze the cardiac histopathology during this phase in a CD1 mouse model by assessing parasitism, fibrotic damage, and the presence and composition of a cellular infiltrate, to determine its involvement in the pathogenesis of lesions in the cardiac tissue. Our results indicate that the acute phase lasts about 62 days post-infection (dpi). A significant increase in parasitemia was observed since 15 dpi, reaching a maximum at 33 dpi (4.1 × 106). The presence of amastigote nests was observed at 15–62 dpi, with a maximum count of 27 nests at 35 dpi. An infiltrate consisting primarily of macrophages and neutrophils was found in the cardiac tissue within the first 30 days, but the abundance of lymphocytes showed an 8 ≥ fold increase at 40–62 dpi. Unifocal interstitial fibrosis was identified after 9 dpi, which subsequently showed a 16 ≥ fold increase at 40–60 dpi, along with a 50% mortality rate in the model under study. The increased area of fibrotic lesions revealed progression in the extent of fibrosis, mainly at 50–62 dpi. The presence of perivasculitis and thrombus circulation disorders was seen in the last days (62 dpi); finally, cases of myocytolysis were observed at 50 and 62 dpi. These histopathological alterations, combined with collagen deposition, seem to lead to the development of interstitial fibrosis and damage to the cardiac tissue during the acute phase of infection. This study provides a more complete understanding of the patterns of histopathological abnormalities involved in the acute phase, which could help the development of new therapies to aid the preclinical tests of drugs for their application in Chagas disease.
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Miller, Kayla A., Omarh Mendoza, Caleb M. Shull, Tyler Baumann und Nicholas K. Gabler. „163 Peak-Infection Application of Increased SID Lysine:ME Diets Does Not Improve Disease Challenge Growth Performance“. Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (12.04.2022): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.121.
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Abstract Increasing dietary SID Lys:ME augments growth performance of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) challenged pigs when diets with greater SID Lys concentrations are in place at time of infection. Our objective was to evaluate the delayed implementation of increased SID Lys:ME diets post PRRSV challenge on pig performance. 491 grower pigs (45.8 ± 7.4 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary strategies (n = 16 pens/treatment, 10-11 pigs/pen). All pigs received a common diet from day post inoculation (dpi) -14 to dpi 21 (P1), that met SID Lys:ME recommendations. From dpi 21 to 77 (market body weight), dietary treatments were implemented in 2 phases (P2 and P3). The 2 dietary treatments were 2.23 g/Mcal (100%), 2.56 g/Mcal (115%), 2.90 g/Mcal (130%) in P2; and 1.92 g/Mcal (100%), 2.21 g/Mcal (115%), 2.49 g/Mcal (130%) in P3. On dpi 0, all pigs were inoculated with PRRSV. Pig BW, feed disappearance and feed efficiency were determined in each phase. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit in a complete randomized design. During P1, ADG, ADFI, or G:F did not differ (P < 0.05). In P2 and P3, ADG, ADFI, or G:F did not differ between the 100%, 115% and 130% treatments (P > 0.10). Overall, ADG (0.90, 0.90 and 0.92 kg/d, P = 0.44) and ADFI (2.61, 2.57 and 2.57 kg/d, P = 0.48) did not differ between the 100%, 115% and 130% treatments, respectively. However, overall G:F was significantly higher for the 130% compared with the 100% and 115% treatments (0.36 versus 0.34 and 0.35, respectively; P = 0.021). Mortality was similar across treatments (P = 0.717). In conclusion, delayed feeding of diets with increased SID Lys:ME post infection was not beneficial to pig performance indicating this diet strategy needs to be in place near time of disease challenge.
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Wuertz, Sven, Filipa Beça, Eva Kreuz, Konrad M. Wanka, Rita Azeredo, Marina Machado und Benjamin Costas. „Two Probiotic Candidates of the Genus Psychrobacter Modulate the Immune Response and Disease Resistance after Experimental Infection in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, Linnaeus 1758)“. Fishes 8, Nr. 3 (28.02.2023): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030144.
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Probiotic bacteria are a recognized alternative to classical methods of disease prophylaxis and therapy. We tested the effects of their application on the immune reaction in juvenile turbot. To prevent digestion of the probiotics, rectal administration was applied to maximise colonization, by-passing digestion in the stomach. The application of Psychrobacter nivimaris and Psychrobacter faecalis showed beneficial effects on the inflammatory response and disease resistance after infection with the common pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum. Treatment with P. nivimaris and P. faecalis resulted in 0% and 8% mortalities post-infection, while in the treatment control, an elevated mortality of 20% was observed. In the challenge controls (no infection), no mortalities were observed during the entire experimental period. After an experimental infection, mRNA expression of selected immune markers (mhc II α, il-1β, tcr, tgf β and tnf α) were determined by RT-QPCR at 0, 1 and 5 days post-infection (dpi). At 0 dpi, gene expression was comparable between the treatments and the treatment control, suggesting that probiotics did not act via immune stimulation of the host. At 1 dpi, all genes were up-regulated in the treatment control but not in the probiotic groups, indicating that the infection in probiotic-treated fish developed at a less severe level. At 5 dpi, mRNA expression returned to baseline levels. As a conclusion, the native probiotic candidates P. nivimaris and P. faecalis improved survival, whereas, in the control, mortality increased and expression of the immune markers was up-regulated post infection. This highlights a potential application of P. nivimaris and P. faecalis in disease prophylaxis, but further research is needed.
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Gu, Zepei, Lijie Chen, Weixing Zhang, Pin Su, Deyong Zhang, Xiaohua Du, Qianze Peng, Zhuoxin Liu, Xiaolan Liao und Yong Liu. „A Sensitive Method for Detecting Beauveria bassiana, an Insecticidal Biocontrol Agent, Population Dynamics, and Stability in Different Substrates“. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2023 (25.08.2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9933783.
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Beauveria bassiana is a well-known insecticidal biocontrol agent. Despite its broad field applications, its survival, colonization, and stability under field conditions remained unclear, mainly due to the lack of a quick and reliable detection method. In this study, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR technology to monitor the stability and population dynamics of B. bassiana in different substrates (water, soil, and on the cotton leaves surface), different spores of B. bassiana applied on Chinese cabbage leaves surface, and the lethality of Pieris rapae spraying with different spores of B. bassiana. Our results showed a decreased concentration of B. bassiana DNA in all three substrates from the 1st day till 9th day of post inoculation (dpi) period, possibly due to the death of B. bassiana. After this decrease, a quick and significant rebound of B. bassiana DNA concentration was observed, starting from the 11th dpi in all three substrates. The B. bassiana DNA concentration reached the plateau at about 13th dpi in water and 17th dpi in the soil. On cotton leaves surface, the B. bassiana DNA concentration reached the highest level at the 17th dpi followed by a small decline and then stabilized. This increase of DNA concentration suggested recovery of B. bassiana growth in all three substrates. We found that the most suitable killing effectiveness of P. rapae was the 1.0 × 107 spores/mL of B. bassiana. In summary, we have established a detection technology that allows a fast and reliable monitoring for the concentration and stability of B. bassiana under different conditions. This technology can benefit and help us in the development of proper management strategies for the application of this biocontrol agent in the field.
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Sbrollini, Brini, Tillo, Marcantoni, Morettini und Burattini. „Extraction of Digital Cardiotocographic Signals from Digital Cardiotocographic Images: Robustness of eCTG Procedure“. Electronics 8, Nr. 10 (05.10.2019): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101122.
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A recently developed software application, eCTG, extracts cardiotocographic (CTG) signals from digital CTG images, possibly obtained by scanning paper CTG reports. The aim of this study was to evaluate eCTG robustness across varying image formats, resolution and screw. Using 552 digital CTG signals from the “CTU-UHB Intrapartum Cardiotocography Database” of Physionet, seven sets of digital CTG images were created, differing in format (.TIFF, .PNG and .JPEG), resolution (96 dpi, 300 dpi and 600 dpi) and screw (0.0°, 0.5°, and 1.0°). All created images were submitted to eCTG for CTG signals extraction. Quality of extracted signals was statistically evaluated based 1) on signal morphology, by computation of the correlation coefficient (ρ) and of the mean signal error percent (MSE%), and 2) on signal clinical content, by assessment of 18 standard CTG variables. For all sets of images, ρ was high (ρ ≥ 0.81) and MSE% was small (MSE% ≤ 2%). However, significant changes occurred in median values of four, four and five standard CTG variables in image sets with 96 dpi resolution, 0.5° screw and 1.0° screw, respectively. In conclusion, for an optimal eCTG performance, digital images should be saved in lossless formats, have a resolution of at least 300 dpi and not be affected by screw.
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Weng, Hsiu-Ming, Li-Chen Kao, Shu-Min Wang, Chia-Sheng Chen, Ting-Yu Lee, Hsiao-Tung Chang, San-Land Young und Jin-Seng Lin. „Effects of a Dual-Purpose Inoculant on the Quality and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage at the Laboratory and Field Scales“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 17 (06.09.2021): 8257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178257.
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This study investigated the effects of a dual-purpose inoculant (DPI) on the fermentation profile, nutritive value, and aerobic stability of silage. The inoculant effect was first examined with minisilos, and the results were later validated with 400-kg silo bales and a 40-t bunker silo. Briefly, whole-plant corn harvested at the one-half to two-thirds milk line stage was chopped and then treated with or without inoculant containing Lactobacillus plantarum LP1028 and Lactobacillus buchneri LBC1029 at application rates of 2.5 × 105 cfu and 5.0 × 105 cfu per gram of fresh forage, respectively. The results showed that applying DPI had no effect on the nutritive value in all trials. DPI inoculation also slowed yeast and mold growth in silage under aerobic exposure. Inoculation may double the aerobic stability time after 105 d of ensiling (53.25 vs. 113.20 h) in a bunker silo. This study successfully examined the effectiveness of DPI in minisilos, and the results were consistent when moving from the laboratory to the field. Applying DPI made the fermentation more heterolactic without compromising the silage nutritive value, and increasing acetic acid acted as an antifungal agent to inhibit spoilage microbial growth and improve silage aerobic stability.
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Kim, Hyeon Ji, Su Min Kim, Yeon Hwa Kim, Jeong Hoon Park, Dong Ki Kang, Jae Gill Yun, Ryoung Shin und Jeum Kyu Hong. „Reduced Tomato Bacterial Wilt by Ferrous Chloride Application“. Research in Plant Disease 29, Nr. 1 (31.03.2023): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2023.29.1.82.
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Exogenous ferrous chloride (FeCl<sub>2</sub>) suppressed in vitro growth of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, causing bacteria for tomato bacterial wilt. More than 50 μM of FeCl<sub>2</sub> reduced the in vitro bacterial growth in dosedependent manners. Two to 200 μM of FeCl<sub>2</sub> did not affect the fresh weight of detached tomato leaves at 3 and 5 days after the petiole dipping without the bacterial inoculation. The bacterial wilt of the detached tomato leaves was evaluated by inoculating two different inoculum densities of R. pseudosolanacearum (10<sup>5</sup> and 10<sup>7</sup> cfu/ml) in the presence of FeCl<sub>2</sub>. Bacterial wilt in the detached leaves by 10<sup>5</sup> cfu/ml was efficiently attenuated by 10–200 μM of FeCl<sub>2</sub> at 3 and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi), but bacterial wilt by 10<sup>7</sup> cfu/ml was only reduced by 200 μM of FeCl<sub>2</sub> at 3 and 5 dpi. These results suggest that iron nutrients can be included in the integrated disease management of tomato bacterial wilt.
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Pata, Vladimír, Libuše Sýkorová, Jana Knedlova und Martin Řezníček. „Application of Theory of Hypothesis Testing in Process of Laser Micromachining“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 693 (Dezember 2014): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.693.247.
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The article focuses on the field of PMMA laser micromachining at change of the technological parameters. The aim was to evaluate machined surface roughness at different setting of DPI definition (number of dots – paths on square inch). The aim is application of the Theory of Hypothesis testing for evaluation changing of final surface during imputing variable technological parameters.
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Małachowicz, Magdalena, Andrzej K. Siwicki, Stefan Dobosz und Roman Wenne. „Application of 4 × 44 Oligo Microarray to Transcriptomic Analysis of Immune Response in Rainbow Trout Infected with Aeromonas salmonicida“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 23 (29.11.2023): 12793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132312793.
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Rainbow trout, one of the most economically important aquaculture fish species worldwide, is affected by the pathogenic bacteria A. salmonicida, which causes furunculosis outbreaks, leading to huge economic losses. In this study, an oligonucleotide microarray was applied to identify transcriptional changes in the skin of rainbow trout individuals in response to a bacterial infection. Overall, 656 and 434 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 2 and 6 days after a bacterial challenge (dpi), respectively. A comparison of moribund (2 dpi) and survivor fish (6 dpi) revealed 169 DEGs. Between these were many genes involved in immune response, including lysozymes, pattern recognition receptors (c-type lectins), antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin and hepcidin), acute-phase proteins (serum amyloids and haptoglobin), complement cascade proteins (c3, c4, c6 and c7), interleukins (il11 and il1b) and chemokines (ccl19 and cxcl8). Alterations of leptin, eicosanoids and prostaglandins have been found, which suggest metabolic remodeling in conjunction with immune response. Further, the regulation of programmed cell death genes (caspase 8, bcl2 apoptosis regulator, nfkb inhibitor alpha and heme oxygenase) and structural proteins (collagens, myosins, keratins and metalloproteinases) was observed. This study provides, for the first time, a gene expression analysis of rainbow trout skin in response to A. salmonicida infection, revealing the complexity of defense strategies in response to furunculosis.
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Chandrakar, Vibhuti, Amit Dubey und Sahu Keshavkant. „Modulation of arsenic-induced oxidative stress and protein metabolism by diphenyleneiodonium, 24-epibrassinolide and proline in Glycine max L.“ Acta Botanica Croatica 77, Nr. 1 (01.04.2018): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botcro-2018-0004.
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AbstractArsenic (As)-toxicity is a major constraint for crop production. The present study was intended to examine the comparative ameliorative effects of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and proline (Pro) on As-stress inGlycine maxL. Seeds ofGlycine maxL. were subjected to As (100 µM) singly, and together with DPI (10 µM), EBL (0.5 µM) or Pro (10 mM), for five days, and were then analyzed. Experimental results showed that As treatment caused a substantial fall in growth traits like germination percentage, radicle length and dry mass, which was accompanied by As accumulation. Additionally, As application also revealed reduced viability, total protein content and activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), while it increased the levels of total sugar, proline and oxidative stress markers such as electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species, lipid oxidized products, protein carbonyls and hydroperoxides, Amadori and Maillard reaction products, malondialdehyde-/4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-protein adducts, protease and proteasome. Isozymes of antioxidative enzymes were also observed to be altered considerably under As-stress. Impressively, DPI, EBL and Pro played their role as protective agents, hence caused enhanced growth and reduced As accumulation. These protective chemicals also improved the viability, accruals of total protein, total sugar and endogenous proline, and activities of antioxidants, while they reduced the levels of oxidative stress markers. Our findings demonstrated the involvement of DPI, EBL and Pro in As-stress tolerance inGlycine maxL. Further, Pro appears to be superior to DPI and EBL, in alleviating As-induced responses inGlycine maxL.
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Song, Bokyung, Sung Joong Lee und Chong-Hyun Kim. „Roles of Cytokines in the Temporal Changes of Microglial Membrane Currents and Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Efficacy in ATP-Induced Cortical Injury Model“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 13 (25.06.2021): 6853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136853.
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Cytokines are important neuroinflammatory modulators in neurodegenerative brain disorders including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. However, their temporal effects on the physiological properties of microglia and neurons during the recovery period have been unclear. Here, using an ATP-induced cortical injury model, we characterized selective effects of ATP injection compared to needle-control. In the damaged region, the fluorescent intensity of CX3CR1-GFP (+) cells, as well as the cell density, was increased and the maturation of newborn BrdU (+) cells continued until 28 day-post-injection (dpi) of ATP. The excitability and synaptic E/I balance of neurons and the inward and outward membrane currents of microglia were increased at 3 dpi, when expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10/IL-4 were also enhanced. These changes of both cells at 3 dpi were mostly decayed at 7 dpi and were suppressed by any of IL-10, IL-4, suramin (P2 receptor inhibitor) and 4-AP (K+ channel blocker). Acute ATP application alone induced only small effects from both naïve neurons and microglial cells in brain slice. However, TNF-α alone effectively increased the excitability of naïve neurons, which was blocked by suramin or 4-AP. TNF-α and IL-1β increased and decreased membrane currents of naïve microglia, respectively. Our results suggest that ATP and TNF-α dominantly induce the physiological activities of 3 dpi neurons and microglia, and IL-10 effectively suppresses such changes of both activated cells in K+ channel- and P2 receptor-dependent manner, while IL-4 suppresses neurons preferentially.
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Macks, Christian, Daun Jeong, Sooneon Bae, Ken Webb und Jeoung Soo Lee. „Dexamethasone-Loaded Hydrogels Improve Motor and Cognitive Functions in a Rat Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, Nr. 19 (22.09.2022): 11153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911153.
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Functional recovery following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is limited due to progressive neuronal damage resulting from secondary injury-associated neuroinflammation. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as dexamethasone (DX), can reduce neuroinflammation by activated microglia and infiltrated macrophages. In our previous work, we developed hydrolytically degradable poly(ethylene) glycol-bis-(acryloyloxy acetate) (PEG-bis-AA) hydrogels with dexamethasone (DX)-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA-DXM) and demonstrated that dexamethasone-loaded hydrogels (PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM) can reduce neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and lesion volume and improve neuronal cell survival and motor function recovery at seven days post-injury (DPI) in a rat mild-TBI model. In this study, we investigate the effects of the local application of PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM hydrogels on motor function recovery at 7 DPI and cognitive functional recovery as well as secondary injury at 14 DPI in a rat mild-CCI TBI model. We observed that PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM-treated animals exhibit significantly improved motor functions by the rotarod test and cognitive functions by the Morris water maze test compared to untreated TBI animals. We also observed that PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM hydrogels reduce the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and lesion volume compared to untreated animals at 14 DPI. Therefore, PEG-bis-AA/HA-DXM hydrogels can be promising a therapeutic intervention for TBI treatment.
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van Vuuren, A. M., S. Tamminga und R. S. Ketelaar. „In sacco degradation of organic matter and crude protein of fresh grass (Lolium perenne) in the rumen of grazing dairy cows“. Journal of Agricultural Science 116, Nr. 3 (Juni 1991): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600078242.
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SUMMARYIn three experiments, carried out in 1985 and 1986 in the Netherlands, the effects of herbage maturation and rate of nitrogen fertilization on rumen degradability of organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) in fresh herbage (Lolium perenne) were studied using the nylon bag technique. Experimental farms at Lelystad and Swifterbant (clay soil) and Achterberg (sandy soil) provided the herbage samples. From the results, the content of digestible CP entering the small intestine (DPI) was estimated.Crude protein content and in sacco degradability of OM and CP decreased with increasing grass maturity and with decreasing rate of N application. With every 100 g/kg DM decrease in CP content, the estimated content of DPI decreased by 19 g/kg DM, no matter how the CP content was manipulated.
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Heppy Nova Jayanti, Khairunnisa Khairunnisa und Wiryanto. „The role of the pharmacy in the accurate use of inhalation devices on the success of clinical outcome“. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, Nr. 3 (30.03.2023): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.3.0277.
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Asthma is the top ten causes of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. The correct use of inhalers is expected to control and reduce asthma attacks, but there are still many who do not understand the treatment of asthma in the use of proper inhalers. The role of the pharmacist in the application of pharmaceutical care has been shown to improve the outcome of clinical asthma patients in a pharmacy. This study aims to determine the effect of the application of pharmaceutical care on the use of inhalers and outcome of clinical asthma patients. This study used a comparative experimental method with a research design cohort-study prospectively before and after the intervention of 84 Asthma patients who met the inclusion criteria at the Pharmacy in June-August 2022. The data were then analyzed statistically using the wilcoxon. The results of research on the application of pharmaceutical care can increase the accuracy of using the MDI Inhaler, DPI Turbohaler and DPI Accuhaler, and improvement Outcome Clinically based on the APE value of 60.4 ± 26.2 to 91.9 ± 10.4 The results of the assessment of these two parameters from pretest and posttest showed that the changes that occurred were significant (P<0.05). Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the application of pharmaceutical care can increase the use of inhalation devices and increase Outcome Clinical Asthma patient in Pharmacy.
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Sakr, Nachaat. „Silicon reduces Fusarium Head Blight Development in Barley“. Open Agriculture Journal 15, Nr. 1 (18.06.2021): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331502115010054.
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Background: Silicon (Si) can directly or indirectly enhance plant resistance to fungal pathogens, but no report is available concerning the effectiveness of Si in decreasing Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Objective and Methods: The evaluation of Si supplied to barley incorporated into the soil and as a foliar spray against four FHB species under controlled conditions was investigated. In addition, the potential resistance mechanisms related to the reduction of Disease Incidence (DI) and Disease Severity (DS) measured at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) were proposed. Four Si concentrations of both a SiO2 powder incorporated into the soil as a solid source, i.e., of 0.00, 0.50, 1.50 and 3.00 g/kg and a liquid formulation of Si as a foliar spray, i.e., of 0.0, 0.8, 1.7 and 3.4 ppm were tested to study their effect on the development of FHB fungi on two barley moderately resistant “MR” and susceptible “S” cultivars. Results: All concentrations of Si did not significantly reduce DI and DS at 7 dpi. The disease reduction was observed with the application of 1.50 g/kg of soil and 1.7 ppm at 14 dpi and increased with time until 28 dpi, however, the other rates had no significant effect. At 28 dpi, solid and foliar treatments reduced DI by 26.6% and 22.9%, respectively, on “MR” cultivar, and by 19.4% and 19.5%, respectively, on “S” cultivar and decreased DS by 20.4% and 19.5%, respectively, on “MR” plants and by 18.8% and 18.4%, respectively, on “S” plants. Conclusion: No effects of Si were observed during the initial infection stage; our results suggest that Si triggers defense processes in barley plants in the latest infection stages to diminish DI and DS by affecting mycotoxins synthesis. Si inputs can be a valuable tool in integrated FHB management by reducing the disease development on barley.
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Benke, Edit, Árpád Farkas, Piroska Szabó-Révész und Rita Ambrus. „Development of an Innovative, Carrier-Based Dry Powder Inhalation Formulation Containing Spray-Dried Meloxicam Potassium to Improve the In Vitro and In Silico Aerodynamic Properties“. Pharmaceutics 12, Nr. 6 (10.06.2020): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060535.
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Most of the marketed dry powder inhalation (DPI) products are traditional, carrier-based formulations with low drug concentrations deposited in the lung. However, due to their advantageous properties, their development has become justified. In our present work, we developed an innovative, carrier-based DPI system, which is an interactive physical blend of a surface-modified carrier and a spray-dried drug with suitable shape and size for pulmonary application. Meloxicam potassium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), was used as an active ingredient due to its local anti-inflammatory effect and ability to decrease the progression of cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The results of the in vitro and in silico investigations showed high lung deposition in the case of this new formulation, confirming that the interparticle interactions were changed favorably.
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Ilyenko, Anna, Sergii Ilyenko und Oleksandr Vertypolokh. „METHOD FOR PROTECTION TRAFFIC FROM INTERVENTION OF DPI SYSTEMS“. Cybersecurity: Education, Science, Technique 2, Nr. 10 (2020): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2663-4023.2020.10.7587.
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This article discusses further ways to protect traffic from DPI systems. The possibilities of using network protocols and application of DPI systems are investigated in the article. The analysis of the problem made it possible to identify vulnerabilities in the DNS protocol, which is based on the UDP protocol. These vulnerabilities include spoofing, interception, and traffic tethering. Also on the basis of the analysis of methods of protection of DNS traffic from interference, the authors substantiate and define the following: 1) all DNS queries are transmitted in the open; 2) existing approaches to traffic protection do not use encryption and, consequently, do not ensure the confidentiality of information; 3) there is only confirmation of the authenticity of the records. The authors have created a summary table, which identifies reliable methods of protecting DNS traffic. The authors propose the development of a full-fledged local proxy server to provide DNS traffic that can access trusted public DNS resolvers using doh and dot protocols. To understand the principles of protocol interaction, we developed our own local implementation of the main components of the network, which are most often dealt with by network users, namely: 1) web server; 2) DNS server; 3) server providing cryptographic protection and hiding open requests. The practical value of the obtained results lies in the software implementation of methods to protect traffic from DPI systems in Visual Studio Code by using the Python 3.8 programming language, which allows to provide cryptographic protection of traffic. The proposed solution of the local proxying server can be improved in the future by introducing local caching with the addition of the ability to create rules for certain domains and their subdomains. The implemented test doh server can be deployed on a trusted dedicated server outside of possible filter equipment installation points. This implementation will allow you to fully control your own traffic for resolving domain names. The authors further plan a number of scientific and technical solutions to develop and implement effective methods, tools to meet the requirements, principles and approaches to cyber security and traffic protection from interference by DPI systems in experimental computer systems and networks.
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Muawanah, Umi, Penny Diah Kusumaningrum, Hadhi Nugroho und Donald Daniel. „GAMBARAN, KARAKTERISTIK PENGGUNA DAN PERSEPSI NELAYAN TERHADAP KEMANFAATAN SISTEM APLIKASI NELAYAN PINTAR (SINP) DI PELABUHAN PERIKANAN INDONESIA“. Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 7, Nr. 1 (06.01.2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jksekp.v7i1.6460.
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Sistem Informasi Nelayan Pintar (SINP) adalah sebuah aplikasi android yang menampikaninformasi-informasi penting untuk para nelayan dalam melaut. Informasi SINP terdiri dari informasidaerah penangkapan ikan, cuaca, harga ikan, dan dinamika laut. Makalah ini bertujuan mengulasbeberapa hal tentang sistem Nelayan Pintar di Indonesia yaitu: (1) deskripsi sistem kerja sisten SINP,(2) gambaran demografi nelayan calon pengguna NISP dan (3) persepsi nelayan terhadap kemanfaatanbeberapa informasi yang ditampilkan dalam perangkat SIN. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa menurutnelayan, informasi yang dirasa sangat bermanfaat adalah peta DPI dan prakiraan cuaca sebelummelaut. Prakiraan cuaca ini penting untuk keselamatan nelayan. Dalam pertanyaan lanjutan tentangmanfaat informasi Daerah Penangkapan Ikan ini, responden 84,1 % menyatakan bawah informasi ataupeta DPI meningkatkan hasil tangkapan dibanding tidak membaca peta DPI. Peta DPI dapat diperoleholeh nelayan di setiap pelabuhan perikanan seluruh Indonesia. Para nelayan juga merasa bahwa sistemSINP cukup mudah untuk dioperasikan.Title: Overview, Characteristics of Users and Fisher Perception for Usefulness of Smart Fisher Application System (SINP) in Indonesia Fishing PortSmart Fishers Information system (called SINP in Bahasa) is an android based applicationdisplaying important information for fishers to go fishing. The system has information on fishing groundlocation and coordinates, weather, fish price, and ocean dynamics. This paper elaborates the SINPsystem, some demographic characteristics of its users and fisher’s perception on SINP. According to theusers, the most important information is the fishing ground location and their coordinates. Almost 84.1% respondents claim that the fishing ground location does help increase the catch. The map of fishingground can be obtained from the office of provincial or district fishing port. The fishers feel that the SINPis user friendly and easy to operates.
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Kumon, Michiko, Satoshi Machida, Masahiko Suzuki, Akira Kusai, Etsuo Yonemochi und Katsuhide Terada. „Application and Mechanism of Inhalation Profile Improvement of DPI Formulations by Mechanofusion with Magnesium Stearate“. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 56, Nr. 5 (2008): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.56.617.
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Pinto, Joana T., Inês Cachola, João F. Pinto und Amrit Paudel. „Understanding Carrier Performance in Low-Dose Dry Powder Inhalation: An In Vitro–In Silico Approach“. Pharmaceutics 13, Nr. 3 (24.02.2021): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030297.
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The use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to support drug product development has become increasingly popular. The in vitro characterization of the materials of the formulation provides valuable descriptors for the in silico prediction of the drug’s pharmacokinetic profile. Thus, the application of an in vitro–in silico framework can be decisive towards the prediction of the in vivo performance of a new medicine. By applying such an approach, this work aimed to derive mechanistic based insights into the potential impact of carrier particles and powder bulk properties on the in vivo performance of a lactose-based dry powder inhaler (DPI). For this, a PBPK model was developed using salbutamol sulphate (SS) as a model drug and the in vitro performance of its low-dose blends (2% w/w) with different types of lactose particles was investigated using different DPI types (capsule versus reservoir) at distinct airflows. Likewise, the influence of various carrier’s particle and bulk properties, device type and airflow were investigated in silico. Results showed that for the capsule-based device, low-dose blends of SS had a better performance, when smaller carrier particles (Dv0.5 ≈ 50 μm) with about 10% of fines were used. This resulted in a better predicted bioavailability of the drug for all the tested airflows. For the reservoir type DPI, the mean particle size (Dv0.5) was identified as the critical parameter impacting performance. Shear cell and air permeability or compressibility measurements, particle size distribution by pressure titration and the tensile strength of the selected lactose carrier powders were found useful to generate descriptors that could anticipate the potential in vivo performance of the tested DPI blends.
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Cui, Xiao Meng, Guang Xue Chen, Qi Feng Chen, Bao Ling Tang und Jing Lei Tai. „Effect of Instrument Precision on Area Quality Measurement Used in Digital Printing Quality Assessment“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.503.
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In this study the effect on quality measurement introduced by input precision of instrument in image digitizing process was verified through a series experiment. Two categories of samples, which were outputted by EPSON Stylus Pro7880c digital inkjet printer and Xerox DocuColor5000 digital xerographic printer individually, were transformed into digital image with a normal flatbed scanner in 600 DPI, 1200 DPI and 1600DPI resolution. The area quality attributes such as graininess, mottle, NPS and banding were surveyed and analyzed with the aid of PIAS™-II personal image analysis software to investigate the stability of normal instrument used in digital prints measurement system. Results show that precision demands are different for various quality parameters and different application backgrounds, namely it is precise enough for common industry detection which has lager tolerance, but higher resolution does good to more effective and more precise measurement especially in R&D.
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Cui, Yingtong, Xuejuan Zhang, Wen Wang, Zhengwei Huang, Ziyu Zhao, Guanlin Wang, Shihao Cai et al. „Moisture-Resistant Co-Spray-Dried Netilmicin with l-Leucine as Dry Powder Inhalation for the Treatment of Respiratory Infections“. Pharmaceutics 10, Nr. 4 (01.12.2018): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040252.
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Netilmicin (NTM) is one of the first-line drugs for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) therapy, but its nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity caused by intravenous injection restrict its clinical application. Dry powder inhalation (DPI) is a popular local drug delivery system that is introduced as a solution. Due to the nature of NTM hygroscopicity that hinders its direct use through DPI, in this study, L-leucine (LL) was added into NTM dry powder to reduce its moisture absorption rate and improve its aerosolization performance. NTM DPIs were prepared using spray-drying with different LL proportions. The particle size, density, morphology, crystallinity, water content, hygroscopicity, antibacterial activity, in vitro aerosolization performance, and stability of each formulation were characterized. NTM DPIs were suitable for inhalation and amorphous with a corrugated surface. The analysis indicated that the water content and hygroscopicity were decreased with the addition of LL, whilst the antibacterial activity of NTM was maintained. The optimal formulation ND2 (NTM:LL = 30:1) showed high fine particle fraction values (85.14 ± 8.97%), which was 2.78-fold those of ND0 (100% NTM). It was stable after storage at 40 ± 2 °C, 75 ± 5% relative humidity (RH). The additional LL in NTM DPI successfully reduced the hygroscopicity and improved the aerosolization performance. NTM DPIs were proved to be a feasible and desirable approach for the treatment of LRTI.
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Suwanpitak, Kittipat, Lee-Yong Lim, Inderbir Singh, Pornsak Sriamornsak, Thanongsak Thepsonthi, Kampanart Huanbutta und Tanikan Sangnim. „Development of an Add-On Device Using 3D Printing for the Enhancement of Drug Administration Efficiency of Dry Powder Inhalers (Accuhaler)“. Pharmaceutics 14, Nr. 9 (12.09.2022): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091922.
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The goal of this study was to develop an add-on device for dry powder inhalers (Accuhaler) via 3D printing to improve drug administration efficiency in patients with limited inspiratory capacity, including young children, the elderly, and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. With salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate as model active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), the emitted API doses were used to assess the effectiveness of the add-on device. The APIs were quantified by an HPLC assay validated for specificity, range, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The motor power of the add-on device could be regulated to moderate fan speed and the air flow in the assembled device. When 50–100% of the fan motor power of the add-on device was used, the emitted dose from the attached dry powder inhaler (DPI) was increased. A computational fluid dynamics application was used to simulate the air and particle flow in the DPI with the add-on device in order to elucidate the operating mechanism. The use of the add-on device combined with a sufficient inhalation flow rate resulted in a larger pressure drop and airflow velocity at the blister pocket. As these characteristics are associated with powder fluidization, entrainment, and particle re-suspension, this innovative add-on device might be utilized to enhance the DPI emitted drug dose for patients with low inspiratory rates and to facilitate the provision of adequate drug doses to achieve the treatment outcomes.
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Fasih, Majid, und Reza Tavakkol Afshari. „The morphophysiological dormancy of Ferula ovina seeds is alleviated by low temperature and hydrogen peroxide“. Seed Science Research 28, Nr. 1 (31.01.2018): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258517000356.
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AbstractFerula ovina is a perennial Apiaceae with great medicinal and economic value. This study was conducted to better understand the dormancy and germination behaviour of its seeds. Experiments included temperature requirements for both embryo growth and germination under field and laboratory conditions, the effects of warm stratification, gibberellic acid (GA3), dry after-ripening, exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) on dormancy, localizing the accumulation of superoxide (O2−) and measuring endogenous contents of H2O2 in embryos during cold and warm stratification. Embryos were under-developed and did not germinate within one month at temperatures higher than 10°C. Among all treatments, cold stratification and exogenous H2O2 could break dormancy. However, the application of DPI reduced growth and the germination of the embryo at 3°C. During cold stratification, the embryonic axes elongated more than the cotyledons, which coincided with earlier production of O2− in the axes. Only these embryos could eventually complete growth and germinate. Moreover, such asymmetric growth between the axes and cotyledons was also observed when seeds were treated with exogenous H2O2. On the other hand, both axes and cotyledons displayed the same growth over treatments with warm stratification and DPI. Overall, seeds of F. ovina exhibit the characteristics of deep complex morphophysiological dormancy. Moreover, the embryos solely require cold to complete growth and to germinate, and this process seems to be mediated by reactive oxygen species. Under natural conditions, seeds germinate during winter in cold soil, and shoots emerge in spring.
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Mahajan, Hitendra S., Sanket B. Dusunge und Sadanand A. Gundare. „Xyloglucan based Microspheres for Pulmonary Delivery of Rifabutin Dry Powder Inhaler“. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 10, Nr. 3 (31.05.2017): 3709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2017.10.3.2.
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Pulmonary delivery of anti-tubercular drugs can be an effective treatment for tuberculosis. The main objective of the present work was to prepare rifabutin loaded xyloglucan microspheres as dry powder inhaler for pulmonary delivery. Xyloglucan is natural polysaccharide with mucoadhesive property and temperature responsive gelling ability allows its application in microspheres development. Xyloglucan microspheres were prepared by using single step spray drying process using lactose. All microsphere formulations were evaluated for various physical properties such as density and flow. On the basis of results of evaluation parameters such as entrapment efficiency, mucoadhesion, swelling and in vitro drug release, microspheres with 2% xyloglucan and 1% lactose monohydrate were found to be most favorable. They possessed morphology and particle size distribution suitable for pulmonary administration. XRD studies reveal amorphous nature of microspheres. In vitro DPI performance demonstrates suitability of xyloglucan based microspheres for pulmonary delivery. In conclusion, it is suggested that this natural polymer based microspheres containing rifabutin DPI formulation could be used as a significant enhanced treatment for TB.
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Naseri, Neda, Parvin Zakeri-Milani, Hamed Hamishehkar, Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi und Hadi Valizadeh. „Development, In Vitro Characterization, Antitumor and Aerosol Performance Evaluation of Respirable Prepared by Self-nanoemulsification Method“. Drug Research 67, Nr. 06 (13.03.2017): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-102404.
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AbstractPoor water solubility and low oral bioavailability limit the clinical application of Erlotinib as an anticancer. For this purpose, we encapsulated erlotinib in the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and designed a spray-dried dry powder inhalable (DPI) formulation. Erlotinib-loaded SLNs were prepared using self-nanoemulsifying and characterized for physicochemical properties. Pulmonary deposition of spray-dried DPI formulation was performed using Next Generation Impactor. The particle size and zeta potential of Erlotinib-loaded SLNs were 300 to 800 nm and −18 to −32 mV, respectively. High drug entrapment efficiency in the narrow range of 80–85% was achieved. Cytotoxicity results indicated that cell growth inhibition of free drug and drug loaded nanoparticles is dose- and time-dependent. Inhalable dry powders prepared from drug-loaded SLNs were found to have a fine particle fraction in the range of 6.92±0.99 –11.24±2.4%, mean mass aerodynamic diameter in the range of 4.52±0.1 to 6.67±0.5 µm. The findings revealed that the proposed inhalable dry powder formulation loaded with erlotinib SLN has potential in lung cancer therapy through pulmonary route.
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Wang, Jian, Zhi Zhong Zhang und Yun Long Luo. „Design and Implementation of Service Traffic Awareness System in LTE Network“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 2902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.2902.
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Based on telecom operators increasingly urgent demand for intelligent pipeline, this paper has proposed a kind of implementing scheme of traffic recognition system in LTE network. Aiming at the traditional monitoring system with poor user perception and insufficient statistical capacity, we achieved a self - learning refining identification system of application layer services, and further analyzed the characteristic of user behavior in mobile network which relying on the traditional monitoring system and applying current prevailing Internet behavior analysis technologies-deep packet inspection (DPI) technique and focused crawler technology.
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Wang, Xin, Wei Yang, Yu Yang, Min Huang, Ya Guo und Qibing Zhu. „Application of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Analysis and Detection of Bacterial Wilt in Tomato Plants“. Journal of the ASABE 65, Nr. 2 (2022): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.14696.
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HighlightsEight JIP-test parameters most relevant to tomato bacterial wilt were identified.A novel model was developed for detection of tomato bacterial wilt.The overall detection accuracy of the developed model was 88.42%.Abstract. Bacterial wilt seriously threatens global tomato yield. Timely and accurately identification of plants infected with bacterial wilt is crucial to the implementation of disease management practices, but such detection methods are lacking. In this study, chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) was used in the analysis and detection of tomato bacterial wilt. ChlF induction curves were collected from the leaves of control and infected plants after different days-post-inoculation (DPI), and eight JIP-test parameters most relevant to tomato bacterial wilt were selected from 22 JIP-test parameters through statistical analysis. A novel detection model, multidimensional multiclass genetic programming with multidimensional populations extreme learning machine (M3GP-ELM), was developed to identify tomato plants infected with bacterial wilt based on the selected JIP-test parameters. The M3GP-ELM model used a genetic programming algorithm to perform linear and/or non-linear transformations on the selected eight variables and then used the classification accuracy of ELM as a fitness function to evaluate the performance of the transformed variables. The results of the experiment indicated that the differences in the ChlF induction curves and the eight selected JIP-test parameters between the infected group and the control group became more obvious with increased time after inoculation. Compared with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), and ELM, the M3GP-ELM model achieved the best detection performance with an overall accuracy of 88.42% and an accuracy of 82.83% at the early stage (1 to 5 DPI). Therefore, ChlF technology combined with M3GP-ELM has the potential to detect tomato bacterial wilt. Keywords: Chlorophyll a fluorescence, Extreme learning machine, Genetic programming, Tomato bacterial wilt.
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Oudah, Hussein, Bogdan Ghita, Taimur Bakhshi, Abdulrahman Alruban und David J. Walker. „Using Burstiness for Network Applications Classification“. Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2019 (20.08.2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5758437.
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Network traffic classification is a vital task for service operators, network engineers, and security specialists to manage network traffic, design networks, and detect threats. Identifying the type/name of applications that generate traffic is a challenging task as encrypting traffic becomes the norm for Internet communication. Therefore, relying on conventional techniques such as deep packet inspection (DPI) or port numbers is not efficient anymore. This paper proposes a novel flow statistical-based set of features that may be used for classifying applications by leveraging machine learning algorithms to yield high accuracy in identifying the type of applications that generate the traffic. The proposed features compute different timings between packets and flows. This work utilises tcptrace to extract features based on traffic burstiness and periods of inactivity (idle time) for the analysed traffic, followed by the C5.0 algorithm for determining the applications that generated it. The evaluation tests performed on a set of real, uncontrolled traffic, indicated that the method has an accuracy of 79% in identifying the correct network application.
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Letnická, Alica, Viera Karaffová, Mikuláš Levkut, Viera Revajová und Róbert Herich. „Influence of oral application of Enterococcus faecium AL41 on TGF-β4 and IL-17 expression and immunocompetent cell distribution in chickens challenged with Campylobacter jejuni“. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 65, Nr. 3 (September 2017): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2017.031.
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Campylobacteriosis is mainly caused by infection with Campylobacter jejuni following consumption or handling of Campylobacter-contaminated poultry meat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic Enterococcus faecium AL41 on TGF-β4 and IL-17 expression and on immunocompetent cell distribution after C. jejuni infection in broiler chicken, as a second part of the previous study of Karaffová et al. (2017). Accordingly, day-old chicks were randomly divided into four experimental groups of 10 chicks each (n = 10): control (C), E. faecium AL41 (EFAL41), C. jejuni CCM6191 (CJ), and combined E. faecium AL41 + C. jejuni CCM6191 (EFAL41 + CJ). Samples from the caecum were collected on days 4 and 7 post Campylobacter infection (dpi), for the isolation of mRNA of TGF-β4, IL-17 and for immunohistochemistry. The relative mRNA expression of TGF-β4 was upregulated in the combined (EFAL41 + CJ) group compared to other groups during both samplings, but the expression of IL-17 was downregulated. Similarly, the highest density of CD3+ was detected in the combined group at 7 dpi, but the number of IgA+ cells was increased in both groups with EFAL41. It was concluded that the EFAL41 probiotic E. faecium strain can modulate the expression of selected cytokines (upregulation of TGF-β4 but downregulation of IL-17 relative expression), and activate IgA-producing cells in the caeca of chicks infected with C. jejuni CCM6191.
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Yokota, Tomoyuki, und Takao Someya. „Ultra-Flexible Organic Electronics for Biomedical Application“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, Nr. 29 (07.07.2022): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01291288mtgabs.
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Since biometric sensing using light can noninvasively measure biological information from the outside of the body, various information can be obtained from dynamic things such as blood oxygen concentration and heart rate to static things such as fingerprints and veins. Among them, a flexible organic imager can be attracted to the body, so it is used as wearable electronics. Utilizing its flexibility, imagers capable of imaging fingerprints and veins, pulses that can be directly applied to the skin, blood oximeters, muscle contraction sensors, etc. have been reported. In this study, we have developed ultra-flexible and lightweight highly efficient, ultra-flexible, air-stable, three-color, polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) The total thickness of the devices, including the substrate and encapsulation layer, is only three micrometers, which is one order of magnitude thinner than the epidermal layer of the human skin. Due to the very thin substrate and neutral position, our device shows the highly flexibility and conformability. The PLEDs are directly laminated on the surface of skin and are used as indicators/displays. And also, we have developed a sheet-type image sensor that enables high-resolution and high-speed reading. Our conformable imager has pixel pitches as small as 50 µm, with resolutions of up to 508 dpi. Using our conformable imager, we succeed to take a high-resolution image of fingerprints and veins used for biometric authentication.
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Kich, Jalusa Deon, Patrícia Schwarz, Luis Eduardo Silva, Arlei Coldebella, Itamar Antônio Piffer, Remídio Vizzoto und Itapema Cardoso Marisa Ribeiro de. „Development and Application of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Antibodies against Prevalent Salmonella Serovars in Swine in Southern Brazil“. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19, Nr. 5 (September 2007): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900508.
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The implementation of Salmonella control programs in the pork production chain demands rapid and cost-effective methods to assess the prevalence of infection in pig herds. The objective of the present study was to develop an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to measure the prevalence of infection caused by Salmonella in swine herds. Coating antigen was produced by phenol extraction of S. Typhimurium culture. After standardization of ELISA test conditions, the assay was validated by testing serum samples on different animal categories: pigs orally inoculated with S. Typhimurium and sentinel animals in contact with them, naturally infected animals, colostrum-deprived piglets, and bacterin-immunized pigs. Seroconversion was observed in inoculated pigs (7 days postinfection [DPI]) and in the sentinels (21 DPI). Nonspecific reactions were not detected in the sera of colostrum-deprived animals. Serum samples from animals immunized with Salmonella Agona, Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Panama, and Salmonella Bredeney bacterins showed marked cross-reaction with the LPS from the serovar Typhimurium. Moreover, positive results obtained with the in-house ELISA were associated with Salmonella isolation in 75 infected pig herds. Comparisons with 2 commercial kits showed a linear correlation coefficient of 0.847 between the in-house ELISA and kit A and 0.922 with kit B but a low agreement in the qualitative results. In conclusion, the newly developed in-house ELISA based on S. Typhimurium LPS can be a useful tool to determine the intensity of Salmonella sp. infection in swine herds.
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Grashey-Jansen, S. „Grid-based simulation of a lateral move irrigation system“. Soil and Water Research 8, No. 4 (31.10.2013): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5/2013-swr.
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A central objective in irrigation science is the improvement of the water use efficiency (WUE). Mostly the focus is laid on improvements and innovations in irrigation technology. The characteristics of soils are often considered to be of secondary importance or totally disregarded. This paper reports on the simulation of a sensor network based irrigation system. The simulation was designed for a lateral move irrigation system with a notional irrigated area of 100 × 200 m. A grid-based network with soil specific calibrated and wireless moisture sensors (SMSN) captures the actual soil water content and calculates the corresponding water tensions simultaneously. The simulation in this paper is presented with two different modes of irrigation: the undifferentiated and evenly distributed irrigation (UDI-mode) and the differentiated precision irrigation (DPI-mode) which is adapted to the soil properties. The UDI-mode has been the most frequently applied practice so far and connected with an uncontrolled application of irrigation water. A supply under or over the real water demand of the plants is the consequence. In the DPI-mode the amount of given water is controlled by the soil water tensions (SWTs) calculated by pedotransfer functions (PTFs).
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Jiang, Ni-Hao, und Shi-Han Zhang. „Effects of Combined Application of Potassium Silicate and Salicylic Acid on the Defense Response of Hydroponically Grown Tomato Plants to Ralstonia solanacearum Infection“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 7 (27.03.2021): 3750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073750.
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Bacterial wilt, caused by soilborne pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, is a serious and widespread disease that affects global tomato production. Both silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) play important roles in enhancing tomato resistance against bacterial wilt, however, their combined effects on the defense responses of infected tomato plants remain unknown. Hence, the combined effects of Si and SA on physiological and biochemical parameters of R. solanacearum-infected tomato plants were investigated. The combination treatment of Si and SA significantly decreased disease incidences, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and ethylene (ET) production. The combined treatments were more prominent in improving the morphological traits of root systems, such as root length, root surface area, average root diameter and root volume. The activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) and the concentrations of total soluble phenolics (TSPs) and lignin-thioglycolic acid (LTGA) derivatives were significantly increased in the plants with combined treatments. Si in combination with SA could significantly enhance neutral invertase (NI) and acid invertases (AI) activities in the leaves of tomato plants at 3 days post-infection (dpi) compared with application of Si alone. Three defense-related genes, PAL, POD and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), were significantly induced in Si+SA treatment at 7 dpi when compared with individual application of Si or SA. The expression level of salicylic acid-binding protein 2 (SABP2) was significantly higher for combination treatment when compared with treatment of Si or SA alone. The possible mechanisms involved in the synergistic effects of Si and SA on the control of tomato bacterial wilt were proposed. This study indicates that under hypertonic conditions, the combined application of 2.0 mM potassium silicate (K2SiO3) and 0.5 mM SA had a synergistic effect on the control of tomato bacterial wilt.
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Balasingham, Baskaran, und Tai Neilson. „Digital Platforms and Journalism in Australia: Analysing the Role of Competition Law“. World Competition 45, Issue 2 (01.06.2022): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2022011.
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News media businesses compete with search engines and social media networks for advertising revenue but at the same time depend on the latter to reach and interact with audiences. The Digital Platforms Inquiry (DPI) completed by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) found that media businesses’ dependency on digital platforms gives companies like Google and Facebook substantial bargaining power over Australian news media businesses. This development over the past decade has caused negative repercussions for the choice and quality of news available to Australians. In response to thegse findings, Australia’s News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code 2021 extends the application of competition law into digital news and advertising markets. The reform is intended to address the impact of digital platforms on the commercial viability of Australian news companies. In this article, we assess the application of competition law to the relationship between news media and digital platforms, including the strength of the DPI findings and the appropriateness of the resulting reforms. We argue that after decades of deregulation of the media sector in Australia the News Media Bargaining Code is a hybrid legislation, which introduces news media industry regulations under the guise of competition law. While we see a continued role for competition law in digital platform markets, this article indicates the challenges posed by digital platforms on media pluralism and the limitations of a market-driven approach to news media policy. news media businesses, digital platforms, advertising, regulation, media policy, Australian competition law, market power, media pluralism, Digital Platforms Inquiry, News Media Bargaining Code
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Kwon, Yongnam, Byeongjin Cha und Mikyeong Kim. „Efficacy of Three Antiviral Agents and Resistant Cultivars on Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Tomato“. Research in Plant Disease 28, Nr. 2 (30.06.2022): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2022.28.2.82.
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Recently, several in vitro studies have reported antiviral activity of agents of systemic acquired resistance against plant virus infection, but the approach has not been applied in a wide range of agricultural fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), chitosan (CH), or eugenol (EG) in tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection of greenhouse-grown tomato plants. In vitro, the initial time of symptom was observed in TYLCV-infected plants (VP) of the resistant cultivar ‘Superdotaerang’ at 12 days post inoculation (dpi) after application of antiviral agents. At 32 dpi, the disease rate of TYLCV in the CHT+VP (0.1% chitosan and virus infected control) treated plants was 87.5%, lower than that of the other treatment. However, the virus content in the CHT+VP treated plants was higher than those of the other treatments, and SA, EG, and CH did not show significant effect on plant height or shoot and root fresh weight. Our results from summer-cultivated greenhouse-grown tomatoes show that none of the tested agents had an inhibitory activity on viral infection or yield of tomato ‘Dotaerangsola’cultivar. In contrast, all treated ‘TY Giants’ cultivars that possessed TYLCV resistance genes Ty-1 and Ty-3a did not show typical symptoms and the virus content was remarkably lower than those in the TYLCV treated plants in ‘Superdotaerang’. The results of this research indicated that the planting of resistant tomato cultivars was effective method instead of using SA, EG, and CH (known as resistance-inducing factors for control) of TYLCV in the field.
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Cheng, Fei, Min Gao, Junyang Lu, Yuan Huang und Zhilong Bie. „Spatial–Temporal Response of Reactive Oxygen Species and Salicylic Acid Suggest Their Interaction in Pumpkin Rootstock-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Watermelon Plants“. Antioxidants 10, Nr. 12 (20.12.2021): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10122024.
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Grafting with pumpkin rootstock could improve chilling tolerance in watermelon, and salicylic acid (SA) as a signal molecule is involved in regulating plant tolerance to chilling and other abiotic stresses. To clarify the mechanism in pumpkin rootstock-induced systemic acquired acclimation in grafted watermelon under chilling stress, we used self-grafted (Cl/Cl) and pumpkin rootstock-grafted (Cl/Cm) watermelon seedlings to study the changes in lipid peroxidation, photosystem II (PSII) activity and antioxidant metabolism, the spatio–temporal response of SA biosynthesis and H2O2 accumulation to chilling, and the role of H2O2 signal in SA-induced chilling tolerance in grafted watermelon. The results showed that pumpkin rootstock grafting promoted SA biosynthesis in the watermelon scions. Chilling induced hydrolysis of conjugated SA into free SA in the roots and accumulation of free SA in the leaves in Cl/Cm plants. Further, pumpkin rootstock grafting induced early response of antioxidant enzyme system in the roots and increased activities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the leaves, thus maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Exogenous SA improved while the inhibition of SA biosynthesis reduced chilling tolerance in Cl/Cl seedlings. The application of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) and dimethylthiourea (DMTU, H2O2 scavenger) decreased, while exogenous H2O2 improved the PSII activity in Cl/Cl plants under chilling stress. Additionally, the decrease of the net photosynthetic rate in DMTU- and DPI-pretreated Cl/Cl plants under chilling conditions could be alleviated by subsequent application of H2O2 but not SA. In conclusion, pumpkin rootstock grafting induces SA biosynthesis and redistribution in the leaves and roots and participates in the regulation of antioxidant metabolism probably through interaction with the H2O2 signal, thus improving chilling tolerance in watermelon.
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Cohen, Yigal, und Ulrich Gisi. „Differential Activity of Carboxylic Acid Amide Fungicides Against Various Developmental Stages of Phytophthora infestans“. Phytopathology® 97, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2007): 1274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-10-1274.
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Three carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides, mandipropamid (MPD), dimethomorph (DMM) and iprovalicarb (IPRO) were examined for their effects on various asexual developmental stages of Phytophthora infestans in vitro and in planta. Germination of cystospores and direct germination of sporangia were inhibited with nanomole concentrations of MPD (0.005 μg/ml) and micromole concentrations of DMM (0.05 μg/ml) or IPRO (0.5 μg/ml). A temporary exposure of 1 h to CAAs was not detrimental to germination and infectivity of sporangia or cystospores. CAAs applied to cystospores at 1 h after the onset of germination did not prevent the emergence of germ tubes, but inhibited their further growth and deformed their shape. None of the fungicides affected discharge of zoospores from sporangia or the encystment (cell wall formation/assembly) of the zoospores. Mycelium growth in solid or liquid media was inhibited with micromole concentrations. CAAs mixed with sporangia and drop inoculated onto detached leaves strongly suppressed infection. Curative application at 1 day postinoculation (dpi) required higher concentrations of CAAs than preventive application to inhibit infection and lost its effectiveness at 2 dpi. When sprayed on established late blight lesions 4 days after inoculation, CAAs reduced sporangial production in a dose-dependent manner. Trans-laminar protection of potato or tomato leaves, although achieved with higher doses, was more effective with MPD than with DMM or IPRO. Shade house studies demonstrated superior control of late blight epidemics by MPD compared with the other molecules. The data suggest that germ tube formation by cystospores or sporangia is the most sensitive stage in the life cycle of P. infestans to CAAs. Of the three CAAs, MPD had the highest intrinsic activity against spore germination. This property, together with its better trans-laminar activity, makes MPD more effective than DMM or IPRO in controlling epidemics caused by P. infestans.
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Ripamonti, Matteo, Luca Cerone, Simona Abbà, Marika Rossi, Sara Ottati, Sabrina Palmano, Cristina Marzachì und Luciana Galetto. „Silencing of ATP Synthase β Impairs Egg Development in the Leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus, Vector of the Phytoplasma Associated with Grapevine Flavescence Dorée“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, Nr. 2 (11.01.2022): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020765.
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Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the natural vector of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma, a quarantine pest of grapevine with severe impact on European viticulture. RNA interference (RNAi) machinery components are present in S. titanus transcriptome and injection of ATP synthase β dsRNAs into adults caused gene silencing, starting three days post injection (dpi) up to 20 dpi, leading to decrease cognate protein. Silencing of this gene in the closely related leafhopper Euscelidiusvariegatus previously showed female sterility and lack of mature eggs in ovaries. Here, alteration of developing egg morphology in S. titanus ovaries as well as overexpression of hexamerin transcript (amino acid storage protein) and cathepsin L protein (lysosome proteinase) were observed in dsATP-injected females. To evaluate RNAi-specificity, E.variegatus was used as dsRNA-receiving model-species. Different doses of two sets of dsRNA-constructs targeting distinct portions of ATP synthase β gene of both species induced silencing, lack of egg development, and female sterility in E. variegatus, indicating that off-target effects must be evaluated case by case. The effectiveness of RNAi in S. titanus provides a powerful tool for functional genomics of this non-model species and paves the way toward RNAi-based strategies to limit vector population, despite several technical and regulatory constraints that still need to be overcome to allow open field application.