Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Appel Salt“

A three-stage method was proposed for the synthesis of new 4-[4-(2-azolylethyl)piperazine-1-yl]- N -aryl-5 H 1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines. This approach includes the reaction of Appel salt with anilines to produce 1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines, which were converted into 4-[(4-chloroethyl)piperazine-1-yl]-5 H -1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines, alkylating azoles at the final stage. The high fungicidal activity of target compounds and intermediate 4-chloro N -aryl-1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines was shown in vitro tests versus six species of phytopathogenic fungi.

Abstract A three-stage method was proposed for the synthesis of new 4-[4-(2-azolylethyl)piperazine-1-yl]-N-aryl-5H-1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines. This approach includes the reaction of Appel salt with anilines to produce 1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines, which were converted into 4-[(4-chloroethyl)piperazine-1-yl]-5H-1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines, alkylating azoles at the final stage. The high fungicidal activity of target compounds and intermediate 4-chloro-N-aryl-1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines was shown in vitro tests versus six species of phytopathogenic fungi.

Analysis of the Genetic Homogeneity of Apple (Malus spp.) Clones Propagated by Ex Vitro Culture Based on SSR Markers Propagation of apple plants (Malus spp.) vegetatively has the advantage of genetic homogeneity between clones and their parents. However, the possibility of cytological and off-type deviations persists during mass propagation. This study aims to analyze the genetic homogeneity of apple plants using SSR markers in ex vitro propagation techniques. Morphological observations between the parental plant and the ex vitro propagation derived clones and also among themselves did not show any differences. To analyze the genetic heterogeneity of these plants, 15 SSR primers were screened on 29 propagation clones of apple var. Anna and Manalagi. Genetic characters were scored for group analysis using Darwin 6.05. Eight SSR primers (IPA 2, IPA 3, IPA 4, 5 PA, 6 PA, 12 PA, 13 PA, and 14 PA) produced 82 clear and easily visible bands in the size range of 90-365 bp. This study successfully detected the uniformity of all band patterns from the plant samples. The SSR markers could be used to analyze the genetic stability of the ex vitro propagation of apple clones. Perbanyakan tanaman apel (Malus spp.) secara vegetatif memiliki keunggulan homogenitas genetik antara klon dengan induknya. Namun kemungkinan terjadi penyimpangan sitologi dan off type tetap ada saat perbanyakan massal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji homogenitas genetik tanaman apel menggunakan penanda SSR pada teknik perbanyakan ex vitro. Pengamatan secara morfologi antara tanaman induk dengan hasil perbanyakan secara ex vitro dan dengan sesamannya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan. Untuk menganalisis homogenitas genetik tanaman ini kami menyaring 15 primer SSR pada 29 klon perbanyakan tanaman apel varietas Anna dan Manalagi. Karakter genetik dihitung untuk analisis kelompok menggunakan Darwin 6.05. Sebanyak 8 primer SSR (IPA 2, IPA 3, IPA 4, 5 PA, 6 PA, 12 PA, 13 PA, dan 14 PA) menghasilkan 82 pita yang jelas dan mudah terlihat dalam kisaran ukuran 90-365 bp. Studi ini juga berhasil mendeteksi keseragaman pola pita semua sampel tanaman. Penanda SSR dapat digunakan untuk analisis stabilitas genetik perbanyakan ex vitro dari tanaman apel.

Depuis plus de vingt ans, notre laboratoire cherche à synthétiser des structures hétérocycliques originales pour identifier de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la kinase DYRK1A, impliquée dans des maladies neurodégénératives. Les thiazolo[5,4-f]quinazolines et quinazolinones EHT1610 et FC162, découvertes au laboratoire, ont montré une capacité d’inhibition significative de l’activité de DYRK1A.. Cette thèse vise à développer une voie de synthèse des régioisomères linéaires de l’EHT1610 et du FC162 pour vérifier expérimentalement l'impact de la géométrie des dérivés de thiazoloquinazoline sur leurs activités biologiques. Une méthode de cyclisation pallado-catalysée des N-arylcyanothioformamides en 2-cyanobenzo[d]thiazoles a été mise au point et appliquée à divers réactifs pour synthétiser de nouveaux benzothiazoles polyfonctionnels linéaires. Ces composés ont ensuite été engagés dans une réaction inspirée de Niementowski et Bischler-Napieralski afin de créer une nouvelle chimiothèque de thiazolo-alcaloïdes originaux. Enfin, les analogues linéaires de l’EHT1610 et du FC162 ont été isolés pour la première fois. Leur évaluation biologique a montré que les géométries linéaires étaient inactives sur un panel de huit kinases, tandis que la structure thiazolo[5,4-g]quinazolinone s’est révélée cytotoxique à des concentrations micromolaires sur sept lignées cancéreuses. Une stratégie de modulation divergente a permis de synthétiser cinquante nouveaux composés. Le composé 261 s’est montré actif à des concentrations nanomolaires sur toutes les lignées cancéreuses par induction de la sénescence, sans affecter les cellules saines
For more than twenty years, our research group has been synthesizing original heterocyclic structures to identify new inhibitors of the DYRK1A kinase, involved in neurodegenerative diseases. The thiazolo[5,4-f]quinazolines and quinazolinones EHT1610 and FC162, discovered in our laboratory, have been shown to significantly inhibit DYRK1A activity. This thesis aims to develop novel synthetic routes for linear regioisomers of EHT1610 and FC162 to verify experimentally the impact of angular geometry on their biological activity. A pallado-catalysed cyclisation of N-arylcyanothioformamides to 2-cyanobenzo[d]thiazoles was developed and applied for the synthesis of new linear polyfunctional benzothiazoles. These compounds were then used in a reaction inspired by Niementowski and Bischler-Napieralski condensations to create a new chemical library of original thiazolo-alkaloids. At least, linear analogues of EHT1610 and FC162 were also isolated for the first time. Their biological evaluation showed that the linear geometries were inactive on eight kinases, while the thiazolo[5,4-g]quinazolinone structure was cytotoxic at micromolar concentrations on seven cancer lines. A divergent modulation strategy was used to synthesise fifty new compounds. Compound 261 was shown to be active at nanomolar concentrations on all cancer lines by inducing senescence, without affecting healthy cells

Hur kan man genom grafisk design främja lärandet om en eller flera delar av hjärnans kapaciteter? Också, hur kan man genom grafisk design gynna utvecklingen av en eller flera delar av hjärnans kapaciteter? Med grafisk design har jag skapat ett verktyg som hjälper dig att planera dina studier samt hjälper dig att stimulera hjärnan inför studierna. Beteendedesign, metakognition och gamification är de teoretiska grunder arbetet vilar på. Jag vill uppmana dig som läser detta att reflektera kring din egen hjärnkapacitet. Upplever du ofta svårigheter med att fokusera, att sova eller kanske att planera? Det finns många sätt att stimulera hjärnan så att svårigheter kan bli lättare. Det sistnämnda är just det Charlie kan hjälpa dig med, att planera. En app som i nuläget är en prototyp hjälper dig att skapa vanor kringdina studier och utmanar dig att utveckla dina beteenden. Charlie uttryckeroch kombinerar planeringsverktyg och kunskap om hjärnstimulans på ett sätt som inte gjorts förut. Intrycket målgruppen får lämnar ett avtryck där beteendeförändring blir möjlig. Kunskap om och beteenden som främjar hjärnans kapacitet kombineras effektivt med de stunder då en använder stora delar av hjärnan, vilket gynnar förändringen i sig. Testa att utmana dig själv i vad din hjärna är kapabel till. Du sitter inte fast, du kan ändra dina vanor när du vill!
How can you through graphic design encourage schooling of one or multiple parts of the brain’s capacity? Furthermore, how can you through graphic design promote the evolvement of one or multiple parts of the brain’s capacity? With the help of graphic design, I have created a tool that helps you schedule your studies as well as it stimulates your brain pre-studying. Behavioral design, metacognition, and gamification are the theoretical foundations this study relies on. I want to encourage you, the one reading this, to reflect on your own brain capacity. Are you having a hard time focusing, sleeping, or planning things ahead? There are multiple ways to stimulate your brain so these difficulties become easier. The latter is the one Charlie can help you with, to plan ahead. An app, that’s currently a prototype, helps you create new habits around your studies, and challenges you to expand your behavior. Charlie, with the help of planning tools and knowledge about brain stimulation, coaches you in a way that’s never been done before. The impression my target group gets leaves a print where behavior change becomes a possibility. Knowledge about the behavior that encourages the brain’s capacity combined with the moments when we use most parts of our brain, benefits the evolution itself. Have the courage to challenge yourselves in what your brain is capable of. You’re not stuck, you can change your habits whenever you want!

En aquest treball s’assagen dues tecnologies diferents per a l’esterilització de sucs de poma. Les tecnologies aplicades van ser l’homogeneïtzació per pressions ultra altes (UHPH) i la radiació ultraviolada d’ona curta (UV-C). La UHPH va ser aplicada amb pressions de 100, 200 i 300 MPa, i els tractaments d’UV-C van ser duts a terme a diferents dosis entre els 1,8 - 200 J / ml, en algunes ocasions amb més d’un pas a través del sistema (únicament UV-C) o combinats amb diferents temperatures d’entrada (InT). Ambdues tecnologies van ser provades per demostrar la seva capacitat microbicida en els diferents tipus de suc de poma (clarificat i amb fibra, amb o sense l’addició d’àcid ascòrbic o l’extracte de llavors de chía) i en altres matrius que van ser ajustades per simular algunes de les interferències que es poden trobar en el suc de poma i que s’oposen al pas de la UV-C, com el coeficient d’absorció a 254 nm (α254) i la terbolesa. Per validar aquests tractaments diferents tipus d’espores bacterianes (Bacillus subtilis, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Bacillus stearothermophilus) i fúngiques (Aspergillus niger, Talaromyces macrosporus i Neosartorya spinosa) van ser inoculades en les matrius. També es van realitzar seguiments de l’estabilitat microbiana del suc durant el seu emmagatzematge per al que es va prendre en compte la microbiota endèmica del producte. La UHPH va ser efectiva en inactivar la microbiota endèmica del producte i les espores d’A. niger amb pressions de 200 i 300 MPa a 20 ºC InT amb letalitats al voltant dels 4 - 5 Log respectivament, mentre que les espores bacterianes de B. subtilis i A . acidoterrestris van poder ser inactivades en més de 4 Log únicament amb la pressió de 300 MPa i al menys 70 ºC de InT. Els tractaments d’UV-C van ser efectius en la inactivació d’espores bacterianes en matrius quan la terbolesa i α254 eren propers a 0 i a mesura que les dosis i nombre de passades s’incrementaven, també la letalitat s’incrementava, però variava d’ acord al tipus de microorganisme, essent A. niger el que va mostrar més resistència davant d’aquests tractaments. Una combinació d’UHPH i UV-C va aconseguir un efecte additiu en la inactivació de microorganismes per a la majoria de les combinacions assajades, excepte en les espores fúngiques de T. macrosporus i N. spinosa on es va observar un efecte sinèrgic entre aquestes tecnologies. L’efecte d’aquestes tecnologies en els aspectes fisicoquímics i de la qualitat del suc de poma amb fibra també van ser analitzats. Es van observar canvis significatius produïts per l’efecte de la UHPH a 200 i 300 MPa en els paràmetres de ºBrix, color, mida de partícula i en la terbolesa i α254 del producte. L’activitat de l’enzim polifenol oxidasa no va ser detectada després del tractament de 300 MPa i l’activitat residual de la pectin metil esterasa va ser reduïda en més de 70%. Es van realitzar assaigs per mesurar la capacitat antioxidant del suc tèrbol processat per UHPH i UV-C i també en suc clarificat de poma addicionat amb l’ extracte de chía, així com una anàlisi quantitativa del perfil d’antioxidants en aquest últim. Es van realitzar proves d’anàlisi sensorial per conèixer les preferències entre producte tractat per UHPH, UV-C i sense tractament. Els canvis a nivell sensorial van ser percebuts principalment en l’olor i sabor dels sucs tractats.
En este trabajo se ensayan dos tecnologías diferentes para la esterilización de zumos de manzana. Las tecnologías aplicadas fueron la homogeneización por presiones ultra altas (UHPH) y la radiación ultravioleta de onda corta (UV-C). La UHPH fue aplicada con presiones de 100, 200 y 300 MPa, y los tratamientos de UV-C fueron llevados a cabo a diferentes dosis entre los 1,8 - 200 J/mL, en algunas ocasiones con más de un pase a través del sistema (únicamente UV-C) o combinados con diferentes temperaturas de entrada (InT). Ambas tecnologías fueron probadas para demostrar su capacidad microbicida en los diferentes tipos de zumo de manzana (clarificado y con fibra, con o sin la adición de ácido ascórbico o el extracto de semillas de chía) y en otras matrices que fueron ajustadas para simular algunas de las interferencias que se pueden encontrar en el zumo de manzana y que se oponen al paso de la UV-C, tales como el coeficiente de absorción a 254 nm (α254) y la turbidez. Para validar esos tratamientos diferentes tipos de esporas bacterianas (Bacillus subtilis, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Geobacillus stearothermophilus) y fúngicas (Aspergillus niger, Talaromyces macrosporus y Neosartorya spinosa) fueron inoculadas en las matrices. También se realizaron seguimientos de la estabilidad microbiana del zumo durante su almacenamiento para lo que se tomó en cuenta la microbiota endémica del producto. La UHPH fue efectiva en inactivar la microbiota endémica del producto y las esporas de A. niger con presiones de 200 y 300 MPa a 20ºC InT con letalidades alrededor de los 4 - 5 Log respectivamente, mientras que las esporas bacterianas de B. subtilis y A. acidoterrestris pudieron ser inactivadas en más de 4 Log únicamente con la presión de 300 MPa y al menos 70ºC de InT. Los tratamientos de UV-C fueron efectivos en la inactivación de esporas bacterianas en matrices cuya turbidez y α254 eran cercanos a 0 y a medida que las dosis y número de pases se incrementaban, también la letalidad se incrementaba, pero variaba con respecto al tipo de microorganismo, siendo A. niger el que mostró mayor resistencia ante estos tratamientos. Una combinación de UHPH y UV-C logró un efecto aditivo en la inactivación de microorganismos para la mayoría de las combinaciones ensayadas, excepto en las esporas fúngicas de T. macrosporus y N. spinosa en donde se observó un efecto sinérgico entre estas tecnologías. El efecto de estas tecnologías en los aspectos fisicoquímicos y de la calidad del zumo de manzana con fibra también fueron analizados. Se observaron cambios significativos producidos por el efecto de la UHPH a 200 y 300 MPa en los parámetros de ºBrix, color, tamaño de partícula y en la turbidez y α254 del producto. La actividad de la enzima polifenol oxidasa no fue detectada después del tratamiento de 300 MPa y la actividad residual de la pectin metil esterasa fue reducida en más del 70%. Se realizaron ensayos para medir la capacidad antioxidante del zumo turbio procesado por UHPH y UV-C y también en zumo clarificado de manzana adicionado con extracto de chía, así como un análisis cuantitativo del perfil de antioxidantes en este último. Se realizaron pruebas de análisis sensorial para conocer las preferencias entre producto tratado por UHPH, UV-C y sin tratamiento. Los cambios a nivel sensorial fueron percibidos principalmente en el olor y sabor de los zumos tratados.
This work comprises the use of two different technologies for the hygienization of apple juices. Those technologies were the ultra-high pressure homogenisation (UHPH) and short-wave ultraviolet radiation (UV-C). UHPH was applied with pressures of 100, 200 and 300 MPa, and UV-C treatments were performed at different doses between 1.8 – 200 J/mL, sometimes in more than one pass through the system (only UV-C) or combined with different inlet temperatures (InT). The two technologies were tested in order to elucidate their microbicidal capacities in different types of apple juices (clear and cloudy, with or without the addition of ascorbic acid or chia seed extract) and in other matrices adjusted to simulate some of the interferences that apple juice can oppose to UV-C like the absorption coefficient at 254 nm (α254) and turbidity. In order to validate those treatments, spores of different species of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Geobacillus stearothermophilus) and moulds (Aspergillus niger, Talaromyces macrosporus and Neosartorya spinosa) were inoculated into the matrices. Shelf-life studies over the microbial stability of the juice were also performed, and for those the endemic microbiota of the product was also taken into consideration. UHPH was effective in inactivating the endemic microbiota of the product and A. niger spores with pressures of 200 and 300 MPa at 20 ºC InT with inactivation rates of 4 - 5 Log respectively, while the bacterial spores of B. subtilis and A. acidoterrestris could be inactivated in more than 4 Log only after 300-MPa UHPH and at least 70 ºC of InT. UV-C treatments were effective in the inactivation of bacterial spores inoculated in matrices where turbidity and α254 values were closer to 0, and when the doses and number of passes increased, lethality rates also became higher, but it varied according to the type of microorganism, being the spores of A. niger who showed the highest resistance against those treatments. A combination of UHPH and UV-C had an additive effect in the inactivation of microorganisms in most of the assayed combinations, except for the fungal spores of T. macrosporus and N. spinosa where a synergic effect between those technologies was observed. The effect of these technologies in the physicochemical and quality aspects of cloudy apple juice were analysed as well. It was observed significant changes by the effect of the UHPH at 200 and 300 MPa in the parameters of ºBrix, colour, particle size, turbidity and in α254 of the product. The activity of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase was not detected after the treatment of 300 MPa, and the residual activity of pectin methylesterase was reduced in more than 70%. The antioxidant capacities of cloudy apple juice and clarified apple juice with chia extract processed by UHPH and UV-C were measured, as well as a quantitative analysis of the antioxidants profile in juice with chia extract. A sensory analysis test was performed in order to know the preferences between juices treated by UHPH, UV-C and without treatment. Changes in their sensory attributes were detected mainly in odour and flavour of the treated juices.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència dels Aliments

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The postharvest life of fresh-cut apples is limited by the development of browning on cut surfaces. The effect of dipping in solution of inorganic salts on surface browning of ‘Granny Smith’ apple slices was examined. This led to a more extensive study on the effect of various halide salts on browning and other biochemical factors associated with the surface browning of apple slices. Dipping in ascorbic acid (AscH) and calcium ascorbate (CaAsc) has long been used to inhibit browning of fresh-cut apple slices but these compounds are comparatively expensive. In order to develop a cost-effective method to inhibit browning, the combined effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) with various forms of ascorbate on the postharvest life of ‘Granny Smith’ apple slices were examined. Results from dipping apple slices in solutions of a range of inorganic salts showed that the relative inhibitory effect on browning was chloride = phosphate > sulfate > nitrate = nitrite with no difference between sodium, potassium and calcium salts. The effectiveness of halide salts on browning was found to be fluoride > chloride = bromide > iodide = control. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from ‘Granny Smith’ apples showed a maximum activity at pH 4-5, with activity at pH5 > 4 > 3 > 6 > 7 > 8. The PPO activity of tissue extracted from halides-treated slices was not different to control tissue but when halides were added into the assay solution, both sodium fluoride (NaF) and NaCl significantly decreased PPO activity at pH 3–5. The levels of individual (epicatechin, chlorogenic acid) and total polyphenols in halide treated slices were NaF > NaCl > control. Exogenous application of chlorogenic acid to slices enhanced browning but the addition of NaCl and NaF counteracted this effect. The halide salts showed no effect on respiration, ethylene production, ion leakage or antioxidant activity. It is proposed that the mode of action of NaCl and NaF is thus considered to be through decreasing PPO activity and subsequently reducing the oxidation of polyphenols. The concentration of AscH required to achieve a desired postharvest life was twice that of CaAsc but calcium, sodium and potassium ascorbates were equally effective in inhibiting browning. The inclusion of 0.1 mol/l NaCl into an ascorbate dip reduced by half the concentration of ascorbate needed to maintain the same postharvest life. Since 0.1 mol/l NaCl does not affect the taste of apple slices and is an allowable food additive with a much lower cost, it should be considered as a cost effective partial replacement of ascorbate in commercial dips. There may also be a cost advantage of using sodium ascorbate (NaAsc) over CaAsc.

Challenges in PromotionalTexts The goal of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive analysis of challenges in commercial advertisements. It will analyze texts of printed, television, internet advertisements The thesis will examine what approaches are used in marketing campaigns to challenge to the recipient's emotions as well as what social values are used for the challenges to be effective. There search will be based especially on stylistic and content analysis

The book focuses on the philosophical underpinnings, problems, and consequences of regulatory competition. The term ‘regulatory competition’ describes a dynamic in which states as producers of legal rules compete for the favour of mobile consumers of their legal products. Besides discussing regulatory competition, a factual phenomenon, identifying the structural conditions for law markets to occur and referring to particular fields of law where competitive dynamics among legislators can be observed, arguments critical of regulatory competition as a policy approach are presented from the perspective of political theory and philosophy. These arguments provide a clearer picture of the incompatibilities between the theoretical pedigree of regulatory competition—the assumptions we must accept in order to see its promises and its appeal—and other sets of beliefs and commitments that shape our thinking about law and the state. They come to the conclusion that the existence of so-called ‘law markets’ that come with a commodification of law itself is at odds with both our conception of the functions of legal rules and of key political ideals and principles such as democracy, state autonomy, and political authority.

This book provides the information that will allow users to recover salt-degraded land with selected plantation timbers and ultimately to make a profit. The authors have drawn on their own experiences plus material from Australia, India, California and Israel where similar saline soil conditions occur. The authors also bring their extensive work in forest biotechnology to the book. The primary species of interest are in the genus Eucalyptus although other species, notably conifers, are referred to. Issues involved in defining the characteristics of sites where plantations may be established and their special management requirements are discussed. Options are presented for the selection and development of appropriate genotypes plus associated management practices. Monitoring of plantations is shown to be a vital management issue. The work includes a chapter on environmental benefits which will broaden the appeal beyond forest managers, extension officers and students of forestry to companies which produce CO2 but which have no prior knowledge of forestry.

Abstract Economics is a rhetorical enterprise. This is the central message of a seminal article that appeared in the economics literature several years ago. Its author, Donald McCloskey, argued that economists persuade not by the weight of the evidence but by the appeal of their words. However, McCloskey does not advocate a “more evidence, better science” approach. Instead, he argues that the scientific method is often unattainable for social phenomena. According to McCloskey, economists should not prostrate themselves over the trappings of science; any rhetorical device, scientific or otherwise, will move the discussion forward.

This chapter introduces regulatory competition as a conceptual framework and factual phenomenon. It discusses the structural preconditions of a ‘law market’, including state suppliers’ incentives to compete at all. It closes with a glance at a number of areas in which competitive dynamics among legislators can be found to operate. Law markets have emerged in a growing number of fields, most prominently in the ‘charter competition’ between US states for being chosen as a place of incorporation, with Delaware being the market leader. Another example that has been under intense academic scrutiny is tax competition: states compete for tax revenue and try to offer ‘tax products’ that appeal to mobile individuals and corporations. Further examples discussed in this chapter are drawn from contract, labour, and insolvency law, as well as dispute resolution.

The hypothesis this chapter sets out from is that regulatory competition is promising as a political strategy only if one shares a number of basic premises that are associated with political utilitarianism. The chapter thus discusses the following questions. In what way could regulatory competition be interpreted as being linked to utilitarianism? To what extent does the appeal of law markets depend on utilitarian assumptions that also underwrite welfare economics? An answer to these questions leads to the conclusion that problems with certain utilitarian assumptions translate into criticisms of regulatory competition as a policy approach. Two particular instances of regulatory competition are used to illustrate its utilitarian pedigree and associated problems. First, tax competition and its effects on states’ ability to implement policies leading to resource redistribution. Second, labour law regarding the employee involvement in corporate decision-making, particularly by mandatory co-determination.

Créé par des plateformes numériques faisant office d’intermédiaire, le crowdsourcing de microtâches, aussi appelé crowdworking , consiste à découper la mission d’une entreprise donneuse d’ordres en petites tâches et à en confier l’exécution à une foule de microtravailleurs en ligne ( crowdworkers ). C’est ainsi que des entreprises peuvent sous-traiter à des internautes, rémunérés chacun quelques centimes, de vastes projets de traitement de données décomposées en microtâches (identification d’image, recherches internet, sondages, etc.).

This chapter explores the intuitive golden thread of women’s voices in Irish theatre through the creative visions of Augusta Lady Gregory and Marina Carr. The figure of the Witch or wise-woman recurs in their plays to establish an autonomous world-view for women which transcends the limitations of patriarchy. For both Gregory and Carr, the Otherworld is that of the imagination and alternative values which express women’s histories and knowledge. This chapter will explore resonances between the playwrights in Gregory’s The Golden Apple and The Full Moon with reference to Kathleen Ni Houlihan and Carr’s By the Bog of Cats…, Meat and Salt, and Blood Wedding.

Abstract I expect this chapter to serve as an appeal to all the experts on the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (“CISG” or “the Convention”)1 to reach out to the legal business community and ensure that U.S. business lawyers have the necessary tools to take advantage of the CISG as a contract drafting tool.

Abstract Discussion Points What is the mechanism of the Bischler–Napieralski reaction of step b? Suggest a reason why less hindered bases could not be used in step f. Propose structures for the minor diastereomers obtained during the hydrogenation step g. Suggest a derivatising agent for the HPLC analysis of the optical purity of the 10-camphorsulphonic acid salt obtained in step h. Further Reading For reviews on isoquinoline alkaloids synthesis, see: M. D. Rozwadowska, Heterocycles,1994, 39,903; E. D. Cox and J.M. Cook, Chem. Rev.,1995, 95,1797. For a review on chiral derivatising agents, see: Y. Zhou, P. Luan, L. Liu and Z.-P. Sun, J. Chromatogr. B: Biomed. Appl.,1994, 659,109.

The optical device LIPOMETER allows for non-invasive, quick, precise and safe determination of subcutaneous fat distribution, so-called subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top). Previously we showed how the high-dimensional SAT-Top information of women with type-2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and a healthy control group can be analysed and represented in low-dimensional plots by applying special artificial neural networks (ANNs). Three top-down sorted subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments were determined (upper trunk, lower trunk, legs). NIDDM women provided significantly higher upper trunk obesity and significantly lower leg obesity ('apple' type), as compared with their healthy control group. Now we apply these ANN results on SAT-Top measurements of young and healthy women, comparing their individual subcutaneous fat pattern to the body fat distribution of NIDDM women and to the „normal fat development" of healthy women. Some of these young and healthy women provide a subcutaneous fat distribution very similar to the SAT-Top results of NIDDM women, which might increase their risk for this disease later in life.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Corrosion in automotive industry is broadly categorized into cosmetic &amp; perforation corrosion. Cosmetic corrosion comprises of superficial red rust which is deleterious to the overall aesthetic appeal of the vehicle but can be rectified. Perforation corrosion involves complete erosion of the panel, compromising structural integrity of the respective part. Perforation corrosion demands part replacement. In order to tackle this menace, automotive OEMs have formulated varied corrosion strategies in terms of selection of appropriate substrate, part design &amp; surface protection scheme.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Validation of various corrosion strategies become pivotal during the development phase of various parts and assemblies. Traditionally, Salt Spray Test (SST) has been used to determine corrosion life of materials/parts/assemblies. This test however does not simulate real-world conditions. Another test method, Cyclic Corrosion Test (CCT) with dynamic state conditions, wherein the relative corrosion rates, corrosion structure and morphology are more similar to those seen outdoors. However, there exist numerous CCT cycles having varied frequencies and intensities of salt fogging, wetting, ambient &amp; drying cycles. Moreover, OEMs have formulated various-vehicle level Proving Ground tests wherein entire vehicle assembly is subjected to an accelerated corrosive condition.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the present Indian automotive industry, there does not exist a correlation between the predominantly used corrosion test cycles. In this study we have undertaken exhaustive evaluation of cosmetic corrosion performance in SST &amp; CCT-two different Test Cycles. The cosmetic corrosion performance has been characterized based on observed creep-back analysis, after 1400 hours of testing. A comparative analysis has been undertaken of the cosmetic corrosion performance observed in various test cycles with respect to Proving Ground tests.</div></div>

The Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung mbH (BGE) is responsible for identifying a deep geological repository site in Germany, which should allow the disposal of high-level radioactive waste and ensure the best possible safety for at least one million years. The three-phase site selection process is currently in the second half of its first phase, during which around 90 potentially suitable sub-areas are evaluated via individual representative preliminary safety assessments. These subzones cover all types of potential containment rock: allochthonous and autochthonous salt, shale, and basement. Such a comprehensive assessment is especially challenging for a host rock that covers vast areas like shale or autochthonous salt. This paper focuses on the estimation of some relevant petrophysical parameters of the host-rock shale. One of the steps toward estimating the mentioned parameters requires the analysis of numerous logs from the areas of interest and their vicinity. Unfortunately, computing these parameters is a much more complex problem than it seems. While gamma ray (GR) logs have been the petrophysicist’s workhorse for decades, they allow no quantification of shale properties. Radioactivity itself is no specific property of shale or its physical parameters. Computing a “min-max” curve may appeal as a good shale indicator, but it has little significance for evaluating the quality of the shale in the context of a nuclear repository. Density and acoustic logs are indirect measurements only, requiring a matrix parameter and, in the case of the acoustic log, a mixing law. Hydrogen-sensitive logs like neutron or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) show the best potential for evaluations. However, thermal neutron logs suffer from a magnitude of corrections and the presence of thermal absorbers. On the other hand, the NMR logs require a minimum relaxation time below 400 ms and consideration for perturbations caused by iron. Decades of research gave good algorithms for defining wet clay porosity from resistivity logs, but these methods are not validated in pure shale layers and need knowledge of the penetrating water salinity. Starting from critical wells with core control, a solver-based model using NMR, epithermal neutron, and resistivity data estimates robust shale porosities and clay volumes with tortuosity as a by-product. Transposing the model allows its application to wells with less comprehensive data. A second option is based on the fact that shale compaction acts on clay water and intergranular porosity. Hence, compiling porosity results from the log analyses allows the derivation of compaction-depth trends that guide parameter selection for wells with fewer data. Another log-derived parameter is the homogeneity of a rock formation as seen by statistical data quantifying the jaggedness of a logging curve, such as vertical variograms, curve differentiation, or variable filter techniques. The paper looks at the definition of shale and its porosity within the context of containment. It shows how a GR log can be deceiving, with a higher reading meaning worse shale properties. It offers a vague depth-compaction trend based on NMR and epithermal neutron data. That trend can be compared to early log-based porosity computations, potentially eliminating areas with a strong surplus porosity.

In a previous BARD-supported study, three of the investigators of this research were involved in a study on biological control of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits. Several naturally occurring, non-antibiotic producing yeast antagonists were identified. Application of some of these antagonists resulted in very high levels of biocontrol under laboratory conditions but lower efficacy in semi-commercial tests. It was felt that the lack of knowledge on the mode of action of the biocontrol agents was limiting their efficient use. The current study was aimed at narrowing this gap in our knowledge. Two specific objectives were outlined: to study the mechanism by which calcium salts enhance biocontrol activity and to determine the role, if any, of the yeast extracellular materials and/or enzymes which degrade fungal cell walls during the interaction between the antagonists, the pathogen and the host. CaCl2 but not MgCl2, inhibited spore germination, and germ-tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and P. digitatum in culture. It also inhibited the pectinolytic activity of the pathogens. Biocontrol of apple decay by isolate 182 of Candida oleophila, an effective biocontrol agent, was enhanced by the addition of CaCl2 whereas there was no effect on the biocontrol activity of isolate 247 of this yeast. Similarly, CaCl2 enhanced efficacy of the US-7 isolate of Pichia guilliermondii in reducing infection of P. digitatum in citrus fruit. CaCl2 by itself also reduced the infection of peel wounds and stimulated ethylene production by grapefruit peel. This antagonist exhibited a very high ability to maintain cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis when exposed to high CaCl2 concentrations. It is postulated, therefore, that enhanced biocontrol activity by calcium is the result of direct inhibition of the pathogen by calcium ions on spore germination and metabolism and indirectly due to the ability of the biocontrol agent to maintain normal metabolism in the presence of high levels of calcium. The extracellular materials produced by P. guilliermondii in culture and on the fruit inhibited, at low concentrations, the pathogen in culture and reduced percent infection of the fruit. The direct inhibition of the pathogen by these materials may thus be involved in the mode of action of the antagonist. This study contributed to our knowledge on the action of calcium salts and the yeast antagonist extracellular materials on biocontrol activity and will contribute to a more efficient use of this technology in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits.