Dissertationen zum Thema „Antinutritional factors in Legume“

The current general economic and food crises have generated an unsettled future for food and feed production and prices in general. Increasing demand, prices and fluctuations in supply in world markets for fishmeal, fish oil, soybean meal, maize and wheat meal emphasize the need to reduce the dependence of the fish feed industry on these ingredients by increasing choices among a wider range of raw materials. Legume seed such as peas, chickpeas and faba beans are promising ingredients for aquafeeds due to their high protein compared to cereals but also for their energy content. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of these legumes in both high and low inclusion level in diets for the two main species farmed in the Mediterranean countries namely, European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). In Chapter 3 the effects of different processing conditions were examined on whole seed flours of tested ingredients with respect to both nutritional and antinutritional factors and physical characteristics of the experimental diet pellets including high and low levels of each legume. Extrusion of raw material resulted in a clear reduction in trypsin inhibitors (TI) with chickpeas showing a decrease of up to 90% and complete inactivation for wheat flour, while for peas and faba beans reduction was less than 50% in most cases. Extrusion processing was less effective in the reduction of phytic acid and total tannins, occasionally reaching 22% and 18% respectively. Oligosaccharides and total NSP were not drastically affected by processing, however faba bean NSP showed greater reduction. A redistribution of soluble and insoluble NSP fractions was noted for chickpea and pea flours after extrusion. Physical characteristics of the pellets were not negatively affected for any of the tested diets. In Experiment I the effects of total or partial wheat substitution by legumes were investigated on nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal evacuation rate and serum glucose response of European seabass. Use of legumes in seabass and seabream diets resulted in an overall increase in gastrointestinal evacuation time and a delay in glucose load. Specifically, gastric evacuation time was greatly delayed when seabass was fed a diet with high levels (30%) of chickpeas, while foregut evacuation time was mostly delayed by the diet including a high level (30%) of faba beans. In addition, glucose levels in seabass serum were also affected by the type of carbohydrates ingested with wheat starch showing more rapid increase and decrease of glucose compared to fish fed pea and chickpea diets, while faba bean starch resulted in a lower glucose peak. In Experiment II growth, digestibility, hematological parameters, histological effects and fillet organoleptic characteristics and the interaction between starch inclusion level (8% and 16% or 17% and 35% of legumes respectively) and legume type were estimated when tested legumes replaced wheat in European seabass diets. Digestibility coefficients were satisfactory for all nutrients (>93%) while legume diets at a low level had beneficial effects on growth parameters when compared to the control diet, with chickpeas showing a significant improvement in SGR (P<0.05). High level legume diets did not result in any negative effect on growth. HSI was increased with increasing starch/legume inclusion in the feed and serum glucose also increased for fish fed high levels of faba beans and chickpeas. Carcass proximate composition was not affected by replacement of wheat in the diets, excluding the increase of fat content in fish fed chickpeas. Sensory analysis showed no differences between fish fed the control and high legume inclusion diets. Lastly in Experiment III growth, hematological parameters, histological effects and the interaction between starch inclusion level (low and high) and legume type were evaluated when tested legumes were included in gilthead seabream diets. Decreased, but not significantly so, growth was observed for all diets including legumes compared to the control. Poorer SGR were observed for pea and faba bean diets when these legumes were included at high levels. Liver glycogen increased with increasing starch level, but HSI did not differ significantly for any of the diet treatments. Histological examination of hindgut did not show pathological effects, such as enteritis, for in either species or for any of the diets. Increased absorptive vacuoles were found for control and pea diets (high level) only for seabass. The findings of this thesis showed that the two important species cultivated in Mediterranean countries responded differently to the same raw materials used at high levels in the diets. Overall legumes had a strong effect on gastrointestinal evacuation reducing the rate of feed or digesta passage. Peas, chickpeas and faba beans successfully replaced wheat in seabass diets resulting in improved growth coefficients. However, when the same legumes included in seabream diets growth performance was not improved compared to the wheat based diet.

In both the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti and the mammalian pathogen Brucella abortus, the inner membrane BacA protein is essential for host persistence. In free-living S. meliloti and B. abortus loss of the BacA protein also results in an increased resistance to the glycopeptide bleomycin and a ~ 50% decrease in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) very-long-chain-fatty-acid (VLCFA) content. Consequently, it was proposed that BacA may be involved in transport of peptides into the cell and/or that BacA may be involved in the VLCFA modification of the LPS. During this work it was determined that the increased resistance observed in an S. meliloti DbacA mutant to bleomycin and to the truncated eukaryotic peptide Bac7(1-16), is independent of the VLCFA modification. These data support a model for BacA having multiple non-overlapping functions. Using flow cytometry studies with fluorescently labelled forms of bleomycin and Bac7(1-16) it was found that the BacA protein plays a role in the uptake of bleomycin. However, BacA was shown to be essential for the uptake of Bac7(1-16). Additionally, it was determined that two symbiotically defective bacA site directed mutants with known reductions in their VLCFA could still take up Bac7, suggesting that the BacA function that leads to the VLCFA modification could also play a key role in host persistence. To investigate further the role of BacA in the VLCFA modification and where in the cell envelope the lipid A is modified with the VLCFA, the role of the putative lipid trafficking protein MsbA2 was investigated. Interestingly, it was discovered that S. meliloti lacking the MsbA2 protein, is unable to enter host cells and induces a plant defence response more characteristic of a pathogen. To investigate the importance of the VLCFA modification during the symbiosis S. meliloti mutants lacking either the AcpXL (VLCFA acyl carrier protein) or LpxXL (VLCFA acyl transferase protein) were characterized in the host. Although not essential for host persistence, loss of each of the proteins did result in distinct defects, suggesting the VLCFA modification is important during the symbiosis. Since there are hundreds of nodule specific cysteine-rich peptides produced by the host plant Medicago truncatula, the BacA mediated uptake of one of these peptides combined with the VLCFA modification may account for the essential role of the BacA protein in the legume symbiosis.

Les légumineuses sont une source riche pour l’alimentation humaine comme celle du bétail mais elles sont aussi nécessaires à une agriculture durable. Cependant, les fractions majeures des protéines de réserve dans la graine sont pauvres en acides aminés soufrés et peuvent être accompagné de facteurs antinutritionnels, ce qui affecte leur valeur nutritive. Dans ce cadre, Medicago truncatula est une espèce modèle pour l’étude du développement de la graine des légumineuses, et en particulier concernant la phase d’accumulation des protéines de réserve. Vu la complexité des graines de légumineuses, une connaissance approfondie de leur morphogenèse ainsi que la caractérisation des mécanismes sous-jacents au développement de l’embryon et au remplissage de la graine sont essentielles. Une étude de mutagenèse a permis d’identifier le facteur de transcription DOF1147 (DNA-binding with One Finger) appartenant à la famille Zn-finger, qui s’exprime dans l’albumen pendant la transition entre les phases d’embryogenèse et de remplissage de la graine. Lors de mon travail de thèse, il a été possible de générer plusieurs constructions pour l’analyse de l’expression de DOF1147 ainsi que de la protéine DOF1147. Un protocole efficace pour la transformation génétique stable de M. truncatula a été établi et des études de localisation subcellulaire ont montré que DOF1147 est une protéine nucléaire. Un arbre phylogénétique a révélé différents groupes de facteurs de transcription DOF avec des domaines conservés dans leur séquence protéique. L’analyse du promoteur in silico chez plusieurs gènes-cible potentiels de DOF1147 a identifié les éléments cis-régulateurs de divers facteurs de transcription ainsi que des éléments répondant aux auxines (AuxREs), ce qui suggère un rôle possible de l’auxine pendant le développement de la graine. Une étude in vitro du développement de la graine avec divers régimes hormonaux, a montré l’effet positif de l’auxine sur la cinétique du développement de la graine, que ce soit en terme de gain de masse ou de taille, plus fort avec l’ANA que l’AIB. Grâce à une approche cytomique de ces graines en développement nous avons, en plus, démontré l’effet de l’auxine sur la mise en place de l’endoreduplication. En effet, celle-ci est l’empreinte cytogénétique de la transition entre les phases de division cellulaire et d’accumulation de substances de réserve lors du développement de la graine. Dans son ensemble, ce travail a démontré que l’auxine module la transition entre le cycle mitotique et les endocycles chez les graines en développement de M. truncatula en favorisant la continuité des divisions cellulaires tout en prolongeant simultanément l’endoreduplication
Legumes are not only indispensible for sustainable agriculture but are also a rich source of protein in food and feed for humans and animals, respectively. However, major proteins stored in legume seeds are poor in sulfur-containing amino acids, and may be accompanied by anti-nutritional factors causing low protein digestibility problems. In this regard, Medicago truncatula serves as a model legume to study legume seed development especially the phase of seed storage protein accumulation. As developing legume seeds are complex structures, a thorough knowledge of the morphogenesis of the seed and the characterization of regulatory mechanisms underlying the embryo development and seed filling of legumes is essential. Mutant studies have identified a DOF1147 (DNA-binding with One Finger) transcription factor belonging to the Zn-Finger family which was expressed in the endosperm at the transition period between embryogenesis and seed filling phase. During my PhD work, a number of transgene constructs were successfully generated for expression analysis of DOF1147 gene as well as the DOF1147 protein. A successful transformation protocol was also established for stable genetic transformation of M. truncatula. Subcellular localization studies have demonstrated that DOF1147 is a nuclear protein. A phylogenetic tree revealed different groups of DOF transcription factors with conserved domains in their protein sequence. In silico promoter analysis of putative target genes of DOF1147 identified cis-regulatory elements of various transcription factors along with auxin responsive elements (AuxREs) suggesting a possible role of auxin during seed development. A study of in vitro seed development under different hormone regimes has demonstrated the positive effect of auxin on kinetics of seed development in terms of gain in seed fresh weight and size, with NAA having a stronger effect than IBA. Using the cytomic approach, we further demonstrated the effect of auxin on the onset of endoreduplication in such seeds, which is the cytogenetic imprint of the transition between the cell division phase and the accumulation of storage products phase during seed development. As a whole, this work highlighted that the auxin treatments modulate the transition between mitotic cycles and endocycles in M. truncatula developing seeds by favouring sustained cell divisions while simultaneously prolonging endoreduplication

Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health
Brian L. Lindshield
Iron, vitamin A, and protein inadequacies are common in food-aid receiving countries, and maximizing nutrient intake and bioavailability are essential treatments. Fortified-blended foods (FBFs), are food-aid micronutrient-fortified legume-grain porridges distributed worldwide. FBFs have not consistently, effectively treated undernutrition, and it has been suggested that formulation and processing changes could improve their nutritional quality. Sorghum is a well suited FBF commodity, but high concentrations of ‘antinutritional’ tannin and phytic acid have limited its adoption. Iron bioavailability adaptation may be possible after long-term antinutritional factor consumption, but adaptive mechanisms are not well understood. In rats, salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) have been found to chelate tannins to improve iron bioavailability, this could be true for people as well. Several research design methods were employed to summarize FBF quality outcomes and the effect of tannin and phytic acid consumption on iron bioavailability. Extruded sorghum and corn FBFs were developed; protein quality, iron, and vitamin A outcomes were compared with a non-extruded corn-soy blend (CSB+) in rats. A narrative literature review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine tannin’s antinutritional effects on iron bioavailability, and the potential for adaptation through salivary PRPs. Two clinical trials examined the effect of long-term tannin or phytic acid consumption on iron bioavailability, salivary protein production, and correlations between PRPs and iron bioavailability. There were no differences between iron (hepatic iron 207-300 µmol/g *100), vitamin A (hepatic retinol 423-585.5 ng/mg), or protein quality (caloric efficiency: 101.3-113.3 g/kcal*100) between extruded FBFs regardless of commodity in rats. Compared to extruded FBFs, CSB+ caloric efficiency (49.0 ± 2.2 g/kcal*100) and growth (96.3 ± 3.4g vs. 208.6-236.6) were significantly reduced. A literature review suggested that there were differences in acute meal and long-term iron bioavailability with tannin consumption; tannic acid inhibited iron availability, while food-tannins did not. Meta-analysis suggested that tannin-PRP binding could protect iron bioavailability, that long-term tannin consumption did not significantly affect hepatic iron or non-heme iron absorption respectively in rats (d = -0.64-1.84; -2.7-0.13), and that PRP expression in rats during tannin consumption was correlated with improved iron bioavailability. There were no reductions in iron bioavailability or status based on long-term tannin (ps > 0.126) or phytic acid (ps > 0.08) consumption clinically, but basic PRP and cystatin subtypes were significantly correlated with improved iron bioavailability during tannin (ps < 0.03) and phytic acid (ps < 0.02) consumption. In vitro, it phytic acid-PRP binding did not occur, but phytic acid did specifically bind with cystatin SN, a non-enzymatic salivary protein. In conclusion, FBF formulation changes may improve protein quality, and provide needed macronutrients to food-aid receiving areas. Despite this, this research did not suggest that antinutritional factors affected iron bioavailability. In support of this finding, literature, and clinical studies presented here suggest that salivary proteins, including PRPs and cystatin, may serve as adaptive protective mechanisms against phytic acid and tannin consumption, and that further research may be warranted before further recommendations for their removal from food-aid are made.

Two tropical legumes and a temperate legume were studied during the course of this work. These were Leucaena leucocephala (cv. Peru), Canavalia ensiformis(cv. unknown) and Lupinus albus (cv. Vladimir [Kievskji mutant]) respectively. The dried ground leaf obtained from Leucaena leucocephala (LLM), the seeds of Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean; JB) and Lupinus albus (lupin) were the materials used in the study. Liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC) were developed for the analysis of mimosine and 3-hydroxy-4(lH )-pyridone (3,4-DHP) in LLM, Leucaena seed (LS) and chick excreta. Neither mimosine nor 3,4-DHP wftS detected in the serum of chicks fed LLM. Poor and variable recoveries of mimosine and 3,4-DHP were obtained when these were added to serum The analysis of canavanine in JB and the serum of chicks fed JB and canavanine, was also accomplished using HPLC. Canaline was not detected in any of the samples analysed by HPLC although recovery of added canaline to serum, JB and excreta was high. A small amount of what appeared to be canavanine was detected in lupin. Saponins and tannins were found in all the legumes under study. Trypsin inhibitors were detected in all but the lupins Inclusion of LLM in chick diets reduced their performance. Addition of Fe(III), polyethylene glycol (RAM = 4000) and cholesterol to LLM diets improved chick performance almost to that of chicks fed control diets. Cooking LLM alsoimproved chick performance. Addition of enzymes to LLM did not improvechick performance and did not improve the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of LLM. Dietary inclusion of mimosine or LS, to supply the same amount of mimosine as that from LLM, did not restrict chick performance to the same extent as LLM Inclusion of autoclaved jack bean (JB) in chick diets caused a severe reduction in chick performance. The reduction in performance was not matched byinclusion of canavanine at the same level as that from JB. The inclusion ofextracted JB also reduced chick performance. Germination of the JB, prior to autoclaving and dietary inclusion, did not reduce canavanine levels nor was chick performance improved. Addition of arginine to JB diets improved performance of chicks but additional lysine had no beneficial effect. Lupin diets perm itted chicks to perform much better than LLM or JB diets. Autoclaving made little difference to the AME of lupins although the results were probably confounded by the presence of M aillard reaction products. Addition of enzymes to lupins increased the concentration of lower molecular weight carbohydrates but only had a small beneficial effect on AME of lupins for chicks.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é um ingrediente protéico que se apresenta como possível substituto alternativo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações a respeito de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes, para peixes. Por 90 dias foi realizado experimento para avaliar o efeito da inclusão do farelo de pinhão manso (FPM) em dietas para tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 240 peixes com 13,82 ± 0,39 g de peso médio inicial e foram distribuídos em 30 aquários de 250L num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas (isoprotéicas = 32,00% PB, isoenergéticas = 4000 kcal ED/kg e isofibrosas = 8,7% de FB), contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de FPM (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0%). A composição química do FPM, o consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), porcentagem de mortalidade (MORT%) e índice hepatossomático (IHS) foram avaliados. Aos 45 e 90 dias todos os peixes foram anestesiados e pesados. Um peixe por aquário foi sacrificado para determinar a proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), umidade (UM) e cinzas das carcaças. Os valores de UM, cinzas e EE diminuíram com a inclusão de FPM na ração (P<0,05). Peixes alimentados com 2, 4 e 8% de FPM apresentaram maior teor de PB. Esta diferença foi provavelmente devido ao menor teor de EE desses peixes. Observou-se efeito quadrático negativo para as variáveis GP e CR e efeito quadrático positivo para a CA. A equação de regressão demonstrou que valores acima de 5,55% de inclusão de farelo de pinhão manso são significativamente prejudiciais para o desenvolvimento dos peixes. O IHS apresentou efeito linear negativo de acordo com o aumento do nível de FPM na dieta. Os peixes do tratamento 16%FPM apresentaram menor tempo de vida e 100% de mortalidade, indicando a alta toxicidade do FPM...
Jatropha curcas meal is a vegetable protein-rich ingredient which could be used in animal diets as a soybean meal substitute. Otherwise, information is lacking regarding to its nutritional value and the effect of antinutritional factors for fish. A 90-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effect of jatropha meal (JM) inclusion in diets for Nile tilapia. Two hundred and forty fish with 13.82 ± 0.39g mean initial weight were randomly assigned to 30 250l-aquaria in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed diets (isonitrogenous = 32.00% DP, isoenergetic = 4000 kcal GE/kg diet and same fiber level = 8.7% CF) containing graded JM levels (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0%). Jatropha meal chemical composition, feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were evaluated. At 45 and 90 days all fish were anesthetized and weighed. One fish per aquarium was killed to determine dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) content of fish carcass. Ash, DM and EE content reduced according to JM inclusion levels (P<0.05). Fish fed 2, 4 and 8% JM had higher CP content. This difference was probably due to the lower EE content of these fish. A negative quadratic effect was observed for WG and FI while positive quadratic effect was observed for FCR. The regression equation demonstrated that inclusion JM levels above 5.55% depressed fish growth. HSI showed negative linear effect according to increasing JM level in the diet. Fish fed 16% JM showed the lowest life span and completely died before the end of the experiment, indicating the high toxicity of JM. Tilapia fed JM showed anorexia signs, erratic swimming... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: José Roberto Sartori
Resumo: Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de protease na digestibilidade e desempenho de frangos de corte em ambiente termoneutro e estresse cíclico pelo calor. Foram utilizados 320 pintos machos Cobb de um dia distribuídos casualmente em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 [ambiente termoneutro ou ambiente quente x dieta atendendo as exigências nutricionais (controle positivo, CP) ou reduzida 6% em proteína bruta e aminoácidos (controle negativo, CN) x protease: 0 ou 200ppm] com 8 repetições. De 1 a 7 dias de idade, a conversão alimentar (CA) foi melhor em frangos CN quando em ambiente termoneutro, e quando em ambiente quente, a CA melhorou com a dieta CP. Frangos em ambiente termoneutro apresentaram melhor CA e maior ganho de peso no período de 1 a 14 dias. Maior consumo de ração e ganho de peso foram observados em frangos mantidos em ambiente termoneutro nos períodos de 1 a 21 dias e 1 a 35 dias de idade. No período de 1 a 35 dias de idade houve interação entre dieta e protease, sendo que frangos que receberam dietas CP apresentaram melhor CA quando receberam protease. Frangos que receberam protease melhoraram a conversão alimentar quando consumiram CP comparados aos que receberam CN. A suplementação de protease favoreceu balanço de nitrogênio, coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da proteína bruta e da matéria seca e a energia metabolizável aparente e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo nitrogênio em frangos de corte em ambiente quente com dieta controle positivo. Concluindo, o estr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of protease supplementation on diet digestibility and growth performance of broilers raised under thermoneutral condition and cyclic heat stress. In a 2x2x2 factorial system [thermoneutral condition or heat stress vs. diets formulated to meet nutritional (positive control, PC) or diets with crude protein and amino acids below requirements by 6% (negative control, NC) x Protease: 0.200ppm], 320 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were distributed in 8 replicates. From 1 to 7 days of age, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better in thermoneutral condition, and in heat stress, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better when consume PC. Broilers in thermoneutral environment presented best FCR and greater weight gain during the period from 1 to 14 days. Increased feed consumption and weight gain were observed in broilers kept in thermoneutral environment in periods of 1 to 21 days and 1 to 35 days old. During the period from 1 to 35 days of age there was interaction between diet and protease, and broilers that were given diets CP presented best FCR when they received protease. Broilers receiving protease improved feed conversion when consumed PC compared to those receiving NC. Protease supplementation favored nitrogen balance, metabolizable crude protein, dry matter, apparent metabolizable energy and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy in broiler chickens in heat stress with positive control diet. In conclusion, heat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Várias oleaginosas estão sendo estudadas para a produção de biocombustíveis. O processamento do grão para a obtenção do óleo resulta numa diversidade de subprodutos, entre eles o farelo de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) que, por possuir alto teor protéico, se apresenta como possível sucedâneo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes. Este estudo foi realizado na Unesp - Universidade Estadual Paulista, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus de Botucatu, para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), aminoácidos (AA) e a disponibilidade do fósforo do farelo de nabo forrageiro, pela tilápia-do-Nilo. Empregouse uma ração purificada (referência) e uma ração composta de 60% da ração referência e 40% do farelo de nabo forrageiro. O farelo de nabo forrageiro apresentou 91,28% de MS; 42,07% de PB, 4256 kcal/kg de EB, 3,47% de EE, 7,37% de FB, 1,25% de cálcio e 1,0% de fósforo. Os CDA foram de 55,92% para MS, 82,10% para PB, 75,26% para EB e 85,23% do fósforo. Os CDA dos AA estiveram entre 81,12% para a glicina e 95,11% para o ácido glutâmico. Os resultados demonstram que o farelo de nabo forrageiro apresenta potencial para ser usado como fonte protéica alternativa para compor a ração da tilápia do Nilo.
Oil seeds have been studied to produce bio combustibles. In order to obtain oil, seed processing results in several byproducts, among them, the fodder radish meal (Raphanus sativus) which has high protein content. This byproduct is a potential substitute to soybean meal in feed manufacture. However, there is a lack of information regarding its nutritional value and the anti-nutritional content and effects. This study was conduced at the Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science College from Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), raw energy (RE), amino acids (A) and phosphorus availability. The fish were fed a purified feed (base diet) and a 60% base diet plus 40% of fodder radish meal feed. Radish meal presented 91.98% DM, 42% CP, 4256 kcal/kg RE, 3.47% Ether extract, 7.37% crude fiber, 1.25% calcium and 1.0% phosphorus. The ADC values were DM: 55.92%, CP: 82.10%, RE: 75.26% and phosphorus: 85.23%. The ADC value for AA was 81.12% for glycine and 95.11% for glutamic acid. The results presented a potential utility for radish meal as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia feeds.

O feijão é um importante alimento na dieta alimentar do brasileiro. A cada colheita ocorrem perdas dos grãos de feijão devido ao ataque de insetos e roedores. Uma das maneiras de se preservar os grãos de feijão, mantendo suas características nutricionais, é o uso da radiação gama. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses da radiação gama nas propriedades físico-químicas do feijão carioca submetido à cocção e que sofreu ou não o processo de maceração. Partes dos feijões cariocas crus foram utilizadas como controle e outra parte foram submetidos à radiação ionizante com doses de 1, 5 e 10 kGy. Após a irradiação uma parcela das amostras (controle e irradiadas) passou pela maceração e outra não, em seguida, todos os feijões foram cozidos. As amostras cozidas foram liofilizadas, moídas e depois acondicionas em potes e armazenadas a temperaturas de -23ºC. As análises de composição centesimal, determinação da digestibilidade proteica, teores de tanino condensado e ácido fítico foram feitas utilizando as amostras moídas. Utilizando grãos inteiros, foram feitas análises de capacidade expansão e hidratação, tempo de cocção e cor instrumental. A irradiação não alterou a composição centesimal das amostras maceradas e sem macerar. Os teores de taninos condensados não reduziram conforme o aumento das doses. As concentrações de ácido fítico foram reduzidas nas doses de 5 e 10 kGy, para amostras maceradas, enquanto que para os feijões sem macerar, a irradiação gama não influenciou nos teores de fitatos. Ocorreu diminuição da digestibilidade proteica, nas amostras maceradas, a partir dose de 1 kGy, e as demais doses a redução não foi significativa. Já para os feijões sem macerar, houve aumento da digestibilidade, na dose de 10 kGy. Conforme o aumento das doses foi observado redução nos tempos de cocção dos feijões macerados e sem macerar. Na dose de 10 kGy, a capacidade de expansão do feijão aumentou. A coloração das amostras não modificou significativamente conforme o aumento das doses. Desta forma conclui-se que a radiação ionizante não influencia na composição centesimal e nos teores de taninos. A irradiação influenciou nos teores de ácido fítico em altas doses aplicadas, mas somente nas amostras maceradas, além de atenuar a digestibilidade proteica de feijões macerados. Reduz os tempos de cocção. Eleva a capacidade de expansão do feijão na dose de 10 kGy, porém não altera a coloração do feijão, conforme o aumento das doses
The common bean is an important component in the diet of the average Brazilian person. Each harvest of beans, losses occur due to attacks of insects and rodents. One of the ways to preserve the beans, and at the same time keep its nutritional characteristics, is the use of gamma radiation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of gamma radiation on the physical and chemical properties of the carioca variety of common beans subject to cooking of soaked and unsoaked beans. Portions of raw beans were used as control and the other was subject to ionizing radiation at doses of 1, 5 and 10 kGy. Following irradiation, a portion of the samples (control and irradiated) were soaked and the other was not, then all beans were cooked. The cooked samples were lyophilized, milled and then accommodated in pots and stored at -23ºC temperatures. The analysis of chemical composition, determination of protein digestibility, condensed tannin and phytic acid content were performed using the milled samples. Using whole grains, were performed analysis of expansion capability and hydration, cooking time and instrumental color. Irradiation did not alter the chemical composition of soaked and unsoaked samples. The condensed tannin levels did not reduce according to increased doses. The phytic acid concentrations were reduced at the doses of 5 and 10 kGy for soaked samples, whereas for the not soaked beans, gamma irradiation did not influence the phytate content. The protein digestibility decreased on soaked samples, at doses of 1 kGy and in the other doses, the reduction was not significant. As for not soaked beans, increases in digestibility were observed at dose of 10 kGy. As the doses increased, reduction in cooking time on soaked and unsoaked beans was noted. At a dose of 10 kGy, the bean expansion capability increased. The samples\' color did not change significantly, as the doses increased. Therefore, it is concluded that ionizing radiation has no effect on the chemical composition and tannin content. Irradiation influenced the phytates when applied in higher doses, but only in soaked samples, as well as mitigate protein digestibility on soaked beans. It reduces cooking time, raises bean expansion capability at a 10 kGy dose, but it does not change the bean color as doses increase

Orientador: Luiz Edvaldo Pezzato
Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya
Banca: Fabiana Pilarski
Resumo: O farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é um ingrediente protéico que se apresenta como possível substituto alternativo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações a respeito de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes, para peixes. Por 90 dias foi realizado experimento para avaliar o efeito da inclusão do farelo de pinhão manso (FPM) em dietas para tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 240 peixes com 13,82 ± 0,39 g de peso médio inicial e foram distribuídos em 30 aquários de 250L num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas (isoprotéicas = 32,00% PB, isoenergéticas = 4000 kcal ED/kg e isofibrosas = 8,7% de FB), contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de FPM (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0%). A composição química do FPM, o consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), porcentagem de mortalidade (MORT%) e índice hepatossomático (IHS) foram avaliados. Aos 45 e 90 dias todos os peixes foram anestesiados e pesados. Um peixe por aquário foi sacrificado para determinar a proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), umidade (UM) e cinzas das carcaças. Os valores de UM, cinzas e EE diminuíram com a inclusão de FPM na ração (P<0,05). Peixes alimentados com 2, 4 e 8% de FPM apresentaram maior teor de PB. Esta diferença foi provavelmente devido ao menor teor de EE desses peixes. Observou-se efeito quadrático negativo para as variáveis GP e CR e efeito quadrático positivo para a CA. A equação de regressão demonstrou que valores acima de 5,55% de inclusão de farelo de pinhão manso são significativamente prejudiciais para o desenvolvimento dos peixes. O IHS apresentou efeito linear negativo de acordo com o aumento do nível de FPM na dieta. Os peixes do tratamento 16%FPM apresentaram menor tempo de vida e 100% de mortalidade, indicando a alta toxicidade do FPM... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Jatropha curcas meal is a vegetable protein-rich ingredient which could be used in animal diets as a soybean meal substitute. Otherwise, information is lacking regarding to its nutritional value and the effect of antinutritional factors for fish. A 90-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effect of jatropha meal (JM) inclusion in diets for Nile tilapia. Two hundred and forty fish with 13.82 ± 0.39g mean initial weight were randomly assigned to 30 250l-aquaria in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed diets (isonitrogenous = 32.00% DP, isoenergetic = 4000 kcal GE/kg diet and same fiber level = 8.7% CF) containing graded JM levels (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0%). Jatropha meal chemical composition, feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were evaluated. At 45 and 90 days all fish were anesthetized and weighed. One fish per aquarium was killed to determine dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) content of fish carcass. Ash, DM and EE content reduced according to JM inclusion levels (P<0.05). Fish fed 2, 4 and 8% JM had higher CP content. This difference was probably due to the lower EE content of these fish. A negative quadratic effect was observed for WG and FI while positive quadratic effect was observed for FCR. The regression equation demonstrated that inclusion JM levels above 5.55% depressed fish growth. HSI showed negative linear effect according to increasing JM level in the diet. Fish fed 16% JM showed the lowest life span and completely died before the end of the experiment, indicating the high toxicity of JM. Tilapia fed JM showed anorexia signs, erratic swimming... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world extensively used as a food and feed source. However, the proteins present in soybean seeds are not considered ideal because they contain low amounts of the essential amino acids methionine and lysine. Adverse nutritional and other effects following consumption of raw soybean meal have been attributed to the presence of endogenous inhibitors of digestive enzymes and allergenic factors. Among these proteins are the P34 protein and the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitors. The absence of these factors would increase the nutritional quality of the soybean seeds, as well as the availability of this product to large number of consumers. Recent advances in plant biotechnology have enabled the silencing of specific genes. One of the techniques used to achieve this goal is RNA interference (RNAi). This method of posttranscriptional gene silencing is highly efficient, especially when the construct results in the formation of a intron-spliced hairpin RNA. It is proposed that RNAi works by enzymatic RNA degradation induced by double-stranded RNA. The main goal of this work was to construct expression cassettes for RNAi-based silencing of genes encoding antinutritional factors in soybean seeds. To achieve seed-specific expression, specific primers were designed for the amplification of the promoter region of the alpha-subunit of the beta-conglycinin gene. Appropriate restriction sites - Sac I and Xho I - were added to the primers which were used to amplify a 634 bp fragment. This product was cloned into a pGEMTEasy vector and cloning was verified by PCR, enzymatic digestion and sequencing. The sequenced clone was analyzed in silico for identification of cis-elements related to seed specific expression. The elements TATA box, CAAT box, RY LEG box and RY FLEB box were found. The fragment of interest was isolated from vector pGEM-TEasy by cleavage with enzymes Sac I and Xho I and inserted in the expression vector pKANNIBAL. This new vector was designated pBKN. For the construction of the expression cassettes, primers were designed according to published sequences deposited in the GenBank. The fragments of interest were isolated by the RT-PCR method using RNA isolated from soybean seeds. RT-PCR was also used to analyze the expression of the gene of interest in the seed and in other organs of the plant (root, stem and leaves). These analyses showed that the expression of these genes was continuous and abundant during all stages of seed development, and the corresponding transcripts were present in all organs analyzed. The fragments obtained by RT-PCR were sequenced and their identity was confirmed by BLAST analysis. To clone the sense sequence, the vectors pKANNIBAL and pBKN, and the fragments of interest were cleaved with enzymes Xho I and Kpn I. The ligation reaction was catalyzed by T4 DNA ligase and competent cells of Escherichia coli were transformed by heat shock. Cloning was verified by PCR and enzymatic digestion. The cloning of the antisense fragment was done using restriction enzymes Xba I and Cla I and vectors containing the sense fragments. The complete expression cassettes were cloned into the binary vector pCAMBIA 3301 and verified by PCR.
A soja é uma das mais importantes culturas do mundo e como apresenta um alto teor protéico, ela tem sido muito utilizada na alimentação animal e humana. Apesar disso, as proteínas encontradas na semente desta leguminosa não são consideradas ideais por apresentarem baixo teor de metionina e lisina, além de fatores alergênicos e de inibidores de proteases. Dentre estes fatores antinutricionais estão a proteína P34 e os inibidores de protease do tipo Bowman-Birk. A ausência destes fatores aumentaria a qualidade da semente de soja, bem como a tornaria disponível para uma faixa mais ampla de consumidores. Recentes avanços na biotecnologia vegetal têm possibilitado o silenciamento completo ou em altos níveis de genes específicos. Uma destas técnicas é conhecida como interferência por RNA ou RNA interference. Este método é altamente eficiente e a clivagem do mRNA alvo é induzida pela presença de pequenos RNAs dupla fita na célula. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a construção de cassetes de expressão para silenciamento gênico, via interferência por RNA, dos inibidores de protease do tipo Bowman-Birk e da proteína P34 em sementes de soja. Para a expressão semente-específica dos transgenes, primers específicos foram desenhados para a amplificação da região promotora do gene da subunidade [alfa] da [beta]-conglicinina. A estes oligonucleotídeos foram adicionados sítios de restrição Sac I e Xho I - adequados para sua clonagem em vetores de expressão em plantas. Foram clonados 634 pb no vetor pGEM-TEasy. A clonagem foi confirmada por PCR, clivagem enzimática e sequenciamento do clone isolado. A seqüência clonada foi analisada in silico para a identificação de cis-elementos relacionados à expressão semente específica de genes colocados sob controle deste promotor. Os elementos TATA box, CAAT box, RY LEG box e RY FLEB box encontrados. O fragmento de interesse foi, então, isolado do vetor pGEM-TEasy por clivagem com as enzimas Sac I e Xho I e inseridos em vetores de expressão em plantas (pKANNIBAL) originando o vetor pBKN. Para a construção dos cassetes de expressão, a escolha da região do cDNA de cada gene de interesse a ser amplificada foi determinada com o auxílio do programa BLOCK-iTTM RNAi Designer (INVITROGEN), e os primers específicos foram desenhados de acordo seqüências depositadas no banco de dados público GenBank. Inicialmente foi feita, por meio de RTPCR, uma análise da expressão dos genes de interesse durante o desenvolvimento da semente e em demais órgãos da planta (raiz, caule e folha). Essa análise evidenciou expressão contínua e abundante desses genes durante todo o desenvolvimento da semente bem como a presença de transcritos correspondentes em todos os órgãos vegetais analisados. Após sua amplificação, todos os fragmentos obtidos a partir de cDNA de semente foram sequenciados e sua identificação foi confirmada por meio de alinhamento utilizando o programa BLAST. Para a clonagem da seqüência sense, os vetores pKANNIBAL e pBKN, além dos fragmentos amplificados referentes aos genes de interesse, foram clivados com as enzimas Xho I e Kpn I. A reação de ligação foi realizada utilizando T4 DNA ligase e células de Escherichia coli ultracompetentes foram transformadas por meio de choque térmico. Os transformantes foram analisados por PCR e reação de clivagem enzimática. A clonagem do fragmento antisense foi realizada da mesma forma, utilizando as enzimas Xba I e Cla I e os clones contendo o fragmento sense como vetores. Em seguida, as construções foram transferidas para o vetor binário pCAMBIA 3301 e confirmadas por PCR.

Resumo: Várias oleaginosas estão sendo estudadas para a produção de biocombustíveis. O processamento do grão para a obtenção do óleo resulta numa diversidade de subprodutos, entre eles o farelo de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) que, por possuir alto teor protéico, se apresenta como possível sucedâneo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes. Este estudo foi realizado na Unesp - Universidade Estadual Paulista, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus de Botucatu, para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), aminoácidos (AA) e a disponibilidade do fósforo do farelo de nabo forrageiro, pela tilápia-do-Nilo. Empregouse uma ração purificada (referência) e uma ração composta de 60% da ração referência e 40% do farelo de nabo forrageiro. O farelo de nabo forrageiro apresentou 91,28% de MS; 42,07% de PB, 4256 kcal/kg de EB, 3,47% de EE, 7,37% de FB, 1,25% de cálcio e 1,0% de fósforo. Os CDA foram de 55,92% para MS, 82,10% para PB, 75,26% para EB e 85,23% do fósforo. Os CDA dos AA estiveram entre 81,12% para a glicina e 95,11% para o ácido glutâmico. Os resultados demonstram que o farelo de nabo forrageiro apresenta potencial para ser usado como fonte protéica alternativa para compor a ração da tilápia do Nilo.
Abstract: Oil seeds have been studied to produce bio combustibles. In order to obtain oil, seed processing results in several byproducts, among them, the fodder radish meal (Raphanus sativus) which has high protein content. This byproduct is a potential substitute to soybean meal in feed manufacture. However, there is a lack of information regarding its nutritional value and the anti-nutritional content and effects. This study was conduced at the Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science College from Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), raw energy (RE), amino acids (A) and phosphorus availability. The fish were fed a purified feed (base diet) and a 60% base diet plus 40% of fodder radish meal feed. Radish meal presented 91.98% DM, 42% CP, 4256 kcal/kg RE, 3.47% Ether extract, 7.37% crude fiber, 1.25% calcium and 1.0% phosphorus. The ADC values were DM: 55.92%, CP: 82.10%, RE: 75.26% and phosphorus: 85.23%. The ADC value for AA was 81.12% for glycine and 95.11% for glutamic acid. The results presented a potential utility for radish meal as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia feeds.
Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Coorientador: Margarida Maria Barros
Banca: Wilson Maddamitu Furuya
Banca: José Roberto Sartori
Mestre

Darbo tikslas: ištirti kvietrugių maistinę vertę ir jų panaudojimo galimybes viščiukų broilerių mityboje. Darbo uždaviniai: ištirti kvietrugių maistinę vertę; ištirti kvietrugių įtaką viščiukų broilerių virškinimo procesams. Rezultatai: išanalizavus 11 kvietrugių veislių nustatytas vidutinis žalių baltymų kiekis – 11,99 proc., žalių riebalų – 0,83 proc., žalių pelenų – 1,31 proc., vidutinis krakmolo kiekis – 69,69 proc., kalcio – 0,07 proc., fosforo – 0,303 proc. Pagrindinių aminorūgščių, lizino, metionino, treonino ir triptofano vidutiniai kiekiai atitinkamai nustatyti – 0,36 proc., 0,17 proc., 0,3 proc., 0,13 proc. Naudojant viščiukų lesinimui multifunkcinį fermentą bei kvietrugių veislę Tulus žarnyno svoris, ilgis bei aklosios žarnos ilgis mažėjo 4 – 6 proc., o naudojant veislę Lego - esminių pokyčių nenustatyta. Naudojant fermentą bei kvietrugių veisles Lego ir Tulus širdies svoris padidėjo atitinkamai 8 ir 10 proc., lesinant minėtas kvietrugių veisles ir fermentą kepenų svoris padidėjo atitinkamai 10 ir 8 proc. Naudojant viščiukų lesinimui multifunkcinį fermentinį priedą virškinamosios masės klampumas viščiukų broilerių aklojoje žarnoje padidėjo 11 – 23 proc.
Purpose of work: investigate the nutritional value of triticale as well as the use of it as a feed to broiler chicken. The tasks of work: investigation of triticale nutritional value; investigation of triticale influence to digestive processes of broiler chicken. Results: an analysis of 11 triticale varieties has shown that the average crude protein content is 11.99 percent, crude fat 0.83 percent, green ash 1.31 percent, starch 69.69 percent, calcium - 0.07 percent, phosphorus - 0.303 percent. The average amount of basic amino acids, lysine, methionine and tryptophan in triticale are as follows: 0.36 percent, 0.17 percent, 0.3 percent, 0.13 percent. The research has shown that by using multifunctional enzymes and triticale variety Tulus intestinal weight, length and caecum length decreased by 4-6 percent; whereas the use of triticale variety Lego has resulted in no major differences. The use of both varieties Lego and Tulus resulted in increase of heart weight by 8-10 percent and increase in liver weight by 10 for Lego and 8 percent for Tulus variety. The use of multifunctional enzyme has also resulted in viscosity of digestible mass in an increase in broiler caecum by 11-23 percent.

Orientador: Jaime Amaya-Farfan
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Dada a importância que os feijões secos têm na dieta tradicional brasileira, a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) tem desenvolvido novos cultivares de feijão-comum (P. vulgaris), por meio melhoramento genético, para atender os altos padrões agronômicos e culinários do mercado interno. Entretanto, as características nutricionais destas novas cultivares estão documentadas de maneira incompleta, tanto em termos de conteúdo de macro/micro nutrientes, como também de seus valores biológicos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o valor nutritivo de sete novas cultivares de feijão: Jalo Precoce, Radiante, Vereda, Pérola, Timbó, Valente e Ouro Branco, da EMBRAPA do Centro de Pesquisa Arroz-Feijão, Goiás. Após análise centesimal de rotina, foram determinados o perfil aminoacídico e alguns importantes componentes minerais (cálcio, ferro, magnésio, cobre e zinco). Os resultados mostram que variações significativas (P<0,05) ocorreram no conteúdo protéico e de carboidratos totais entre todas as cultivares. O teor de proteína variou entre 21 e 28%, com destaque para Radiante, Jalo Precoce e Ouro Branco que tiveram as maiores concentrações. O teor de carboidratos foi de 55,4 (Radiante) a 62,1% (Valente), entretanto, os lipídios permaneceram constantes, variando de 2,4 a 2,8%. As proteínas de todas as novas cultivares alcançaram os padrões internacionais para os requerimento de histidina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina e tirosina. Com destaque para as cultivares Vereda e Ouro Branco, que alcançaram os requerimentos de lisina e treonina. Por outro lado, todas as cultivares apresentaram baixo conteúdo de aminoácidos sulfurados, metionina e cistina. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as cultivares em termos de Mg, Fe e Zn, mas as concentrações de Ca e Cu variaram significativamente (P<0,0001). O conteúdo de ferro foi de 4,7 (Ouro Branco) a 5,5mg/100g (Vereda e Valente), enquanto que o cobre foi de 0,5 (Ouro Branco) a 0,9mg/100g (Radiante), e o conteúdo de zinco foi de 2,4 (Ouro Branco e Pérola) a 3,1mg/100g (Jalo Precoce). Pelos altos teores de Ca se destacaram as variedades Pérola (486), Vereda (428) e Valente (387mg/100g), enquanto que Jalo Precoce, Pérola e Valente apresentaram os maiores teores de Mg (129-117mg/100g). Considerando o fato de que todas as variedades foram cultivadas sob condições estritamente controladas de solo, água e práticas agrícolas, estes resultados podem ser altamente representativos com relação às características individuais de composição, onde as variedades Jalo Precoce, Ouro Branco e Valente apresentaram-se mais vantajosas em termos de composição de nutrientes. A partir destes resultados, três novas cultivares de feijão-comum (P. vulgaris) foram selecionadas, por causa do seu conteúdo de nutrientes, para avaliação da biodisponibilidade mineral e comparar com um cultivar clássico de soja (Glycine Max), var. Conquista. As três cultivares foram: feijão branco ¿Ouro Branco¿, feijão preto ¿Valente¿ e Carioca ¿Pérola¿ e os minerais testados foram os previamente estudados: cálcio, magnésio, cobre e zinco. O balanço metabólico, coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) e a taxa de retenção e absorção (R/A) para estes minerais foram os parâmetros determinados, usando ratos Wistars recém-desmamados. Os animais receberam por doze dias dietas contendo exclusivamente os feijões cozidos ou farinha integral de soja tostada. Os níveis de fitatos foram determinados pelo método colorimétrico de Latta & Eskin e os minerais por absorção atômica nas dietas, fezes, urina e fêmur. Além disso e com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto das dietas no crescimento do osso cortical das tíbias, foram feitas medidas histomorfométricas da altura e espessura da cartilagem. Os resultados mostraram que as dietas à base de leguminosas diferiram estatisticamente uma das outras em termos de cálcio (275-480mg/100g), magnésio (108-262mg/100g), cobre (0,5-1,06mg/100g) e zinco (2,4-5,0mg/100g), e que as dietas à base de feijão Carioca ¿Pérola¿ e feijão preto ¿Valente¿, bem como a soja foram as que maior conteúdo mineral apresentaram. As dietas à base de feijão mostraram baixos teores de fitatos (3,1-3,9mg/g), especialmente com relação à soja (6,5mg/g). A análise estatística do balanço mineral detectou diferenças significativas entre os índices biológicos obtidos para os tratamentos de feijão e soja. As dietas ¿Valente¿ e ¿Pérola¿ mostraram alto balanço de cálcio (22-25mg/d), em comparação com as dietas ¿Ouro Branco¿ (12,8mg/d) e soja (14,4mg/d). A taxa de retenção e absorção (R/A), entretanto, foi maior para a dieta soja (99,0%), seguida pela dieta ¿Valente¿ (96,7%). Com relação ao CDA para cálcio, a dieta ¿Pérola¿ se destacou (92,5%) entre todos os tratamentos à base de leguminosas e Controle (AIN-93G). Os índices de avaliação revelaram que a soja teve maior balanço de magnésio (4,7mg/d) entre todas as dietas è base de feijão, entretanto o CDA foi melhor para a dieta ¿Pérola¿ (82%), apesar da taxa R/A ter sido melhor para ¿Valente¿ (7,1%) e soja (6,8%), enquanto que ¿Ouro Branco¿ e Controle (AIN-93G) tiveram índices negativos (valores de balanço e R/A). Com relação ao cobre, todas as dietas à base de leguminosas tiveram resultados negativos de balanço e CDA, de maneira similar ao que foi observado para o zinco. A dieta à base de soja, entretanto, mostrou balanço e CDA positivos para cobre e zinco. Por outro lado, somente a dieta Controle teve resposta positiva no teste de balanço de zinco, apesar da taxa de R/A para as dietas ¿Ouro Branco¿ e ¿Pérola¿ ter sido alta. Juntando estes dados, os índices sugerem que a biodisponibilidade de cálcio e magnésio não foi afetada pelos fitatos presentes nestas fontes alimentares, porém, para o zinco e o cobre este efeito foi evidente. As medidas histomorfométricasm, entretanto, não detectaram nenhuma diferença entre os diversos tratamentos à base de feijão e soja. Além disso, pode ser concluído que a baixa ingestão de cálcio dos grupos alimentados com leguminosas, acarretou alterações no sistema esquelético, tais como alta redução do platô da cartilagem de crescimento e na espessura do osso em si, mesmo que a retenção de cálcio no fêmur dos animais tratados com as dietas ¿Pérola¿ e soja tenham sido significativa
Abstract: Given the importance that dry beans have in the traditional Brazilian diet, the Brazilian Agency for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) has developed new cultivars of common beans (P. vulgaris) by means of classical breeding expecting to meet higher agronomic and culinary standards for the domestic market. Nevertheless, the nutritional characteristics of these new cultivars are incompletely documented, both in terms of macro/micro nutrient contents and biological value. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the nutritive value of seven new dry bean cultivars: Jalo Precoce, Radiante, Vereda, Pérola, Timbó, Valente e Ouro, from the Embrapa Rice and Bean Research Center in Goiás. After routine proximal composition, their amino acid profiles and key mineral components (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and copper) were determined. The results show that substantial and significant (P<0,05) variations occur in protein and carbohydrates among all the cultivars. Protein contents varied between 21 and 28%; Radiante, Jalo Precoce and Ouro Branco having the highest contents. In turn, the total carbohydrate contents ranged between 55,4 for Radiante, to 62.1%, for Valente, whereas the lipids remained rather constant, varying from 2.4 to 2.8%. The proteins of all these new cultivars met the international standard requirements for histidine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine plus tyrosine. Additionally, the cultivars Valente and Ouro Branco stood out because of their contents for lysine and threonine that also met the requirements. As in the case of all leguminous seeds, all the cultivars were low in the sulfurcontaining amino acids, methionine and cysteine. No statistical differences were noticed among the cultivars in terms of Mg, Fe and Zn, but the concentrations of Ca and Cu did vary significantly (P<0.0001). Iron contents varied from 4.7 in Ouro Branco, to 5.5mg/100g in Vereda and Valente, while copper ranged from 0.5 in Ouro Branco, to 0.9mg/100g, in Radiante, and the zinc contents went from 2.4 (Ouro Branco and Pérola) to 3.1mg/100g (Jalo Precoce). Insofar as calcium is concerned, Pérola (486), Vereda (428) and Valente (387mg/100g) were the richest, whereas Jalo Precoce, Pérola and Valente stood out because of their high contents of magnesium (129 ¿ 117mg/100g). Considering the fact that all the cultivars were grown under strictly controlled conditions of soil, weather and agricultural practices, these results can be taken as highly representative of the individual compositional characteristics and could be concluded that among the new cultivars, the Jalo Precoce, Ouro Branco and Valente are the most advantageous in terms of nutrient composition. Then, three of those new Brazilian dry bean (P. vulgaris) cultivars were selected because of their nutrient content for mineral bioavailability evaluation, and compared with the classical soybean (Glycine max) cultivar Conquista. The three cultivars were the white bean ¿Ouro Branco¿, a black bean ¿Valente¿ and the Carioca type ¿Pérola¿ and the minerals tested were the least commonly studied: calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc. The metabolic balance, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and the ratio of retention to absorption (R/A) for these minerals were the parameters determined using young Wistar rats (21d). The animals received for twelve days diets consisting exclusively of the cooked beans or the roasted soybean flour. The phytate levels of the diets were determined by the colorimetric method of Latta & Eskin and the minerals by atomic absorption in the diets, feces, urine and femur. Additionally and in order to evaluate the impact of the diets on the cortical bone growth of the tibias, histomorphometric measurements of the height and thickness of the cartilage were made. The results showed that the legume-based diets statistically differed from each other in terms of calcium (275 ¿ 480 mg/100g), magnesium (108 ¿ 262 mg/100g), copper (0.50 ¿ 1.06 mg/100g) and zinc (2.4 ¿ 5.0mg/100g), and that the diets made up of the Carioca ¿Pérola¿ and the Black ¿Valente¿, as well as soy bean were those with the highest mineral contents. The dry bean diets exhibited low concentrations of phytates (3.1 ¿ 3.9mg/g), especially with respect to the soybean (6.5mg/g). Statistical analysis of the mineral balance detected significant differences between the biological indices obtained by the dry-bean and the soybean treatments. The dry bean diets ¿Valente¿ and ¿Pérola¿ exhibited higher balance for calcium (22 ¿ 25mg/d), in comparison to ¿Ouro Branco¿ (12.8mg/d) and the soybean (14.4mg/d) diets. The ratio of retention to absorption (R/A), however, was greatest for the soybean (99.0%), followed by the ¿Valente¿ (96.7%) diet. With regard to the ADC for calcium, in turn, the ¿Pérola¿ ranked first (92.5%) among all treatments and the Control. The evaluation indices revealed that the soybean had the highest magnesium balance (4.7mg/d) among all the dry bean diets, whereas the ADC was best for the ¿Pérola¿ (82%) diet, although the R/A ratios were better for the ¿Valente¿ (7.1%) and soybean (6.8%), while the ¿Ouro Branco¿ and Control gave negative indices (balance and R/A values). With regard to copper, all the dry bean diets gave negative balance and ADC indices, something similar to what was observed for zinc. The soy bean diet, however, showed positive balance and ADCs for both copper and zinc. On the other hand, only the Control diet gave a positive response in the balance test for zinc, although the R/A ratios of the ¿Ouro Branco¿ and ¿Pérola¿ diets were the highest. Taken together, these indices suggest that the little studied calcium and magnesium bioavailability from dry beans is not affected by the phytates present in this staple food, but a suppressive effect on zinc and copper was clear. Histomorphometric measurements, however, did not detect any differences between the various dry bean treatments or the soybean. In addition, it could be concluded that the low calcium intake by dry bean-fed groups had profound consequences to the skeleton system of the animals, such as the height reduction of the cartilaginous grow plates and the thickness of the bone itself, in spite of the femur calcium retention having been significant in the ¿Pérola¿ and soybean diets
Doutorado
Nutrição Básica Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

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In poultry production systems, molting procedure and the use of substitutes for corn and soybean meal represents good ways to reduce feed costs in poultry production. That s true because farmers skip rearing phase of layers life using molting procedure and the use of grains with similar nutritional requirements as corn and soybean meal are less expensive than those usual used in poultry diets. In this case, whole rice brain (WRB) it s consider a good choice due to its high production and lower market price, justifying the use in animal diets. However, higher levels of WRB in poultry diets show negatives effects due to antinutritional factors as phytic acid and non-starch polysaccharides. Adding enzymes in WRB diets it s a way to increase digestibility and reduce the negative aspects of this factors. During 112 days, divided in four production cycles of 28 days each, performance and egg quality of layers after molting and fed with WRB diets with different energy valorization levels and supplemented with enzymes were evaluated. A total of 480 Hisex Brown layers with 95 weeks old were randomly distributed in groups of five birds per cage in a dark house poultry facility. Treatments consists in 8 different diets, with 12 replicates per treatment, as following: T1: control corn and soybean meal (C+SBM); T2: C+SBM with enzyme supplementation (ES) on top; T3: C+SBM, without ES (100 kcal ME/Kg); T4: C+SBM, with ES (100 kcal ME/Kg); T5: C+SBM, 20% WRB, without ES; T6: C+SBM, 20% WRB, with ES on top; T7: C+SBM, 20% WRB, without ES (100 kcal ME/Kg); T8: C+SBM, 20% WRB, with ES (100 kcal ME/Kg). Performance parameters evaluated were body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), egg production (%EP), feed conversion per dozen (FC/dz) and per mass (FC/m). The parameters used to determine egg quality were egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM), specific gravity (SG), shell thickness (ST), shell weight (SW), Haugh unit (HU), yolk weight (YW), albumen weight (AW) and yolk color (YC). Results showed higher FI, BW, EW and AW in layers fed with WRB diets, which also showed a decrease in YC. Enzyme supplementation and energy valorization (100 kcal ME/Kg) in C+SBM diets improved FC/dz.
Algumas alternativas aparecem em destaque quando o objetivo é diminuir os custos com a ração, entre elas, está a realização da muda forçada e o uso de alimentos alternativos ao milho e farelo de soja. Aves que passam pela prática da muda forçada entram em um segundo ciclo produtivo, dispensando o investimento do produtor em um novo lote. O farelo de arroz integral (FAI) é uma boa alternativa ao milho em função do seu volume de produção, por não competir com outras culturas e por possuir custos de produção relativamente baixos, justificando-se deste modo, sua utilização em rações para animais Entretanto, sua utilização na alimentação animal é limitada, devido a presença de fatores antinutricionais, tais como o ácido fítico e os polissacarídeos não amiláceos. As enzimas são acrescentadas à ração animal com a finalidade de aumentar a sua digestibilidade, remover fatores antinutricionais, melhorar a disponibilidade dos nutrientes, bem como por razões. Durante 112 dias experimentais, divididos em quatro ciclos produtivos, de 28 dias cada, avaliou-se a inclusão de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) e de um complexo enzimático (CE), com diferentes valorizações energéticas, na dieta de poedeiras em segundo ciclo de produção sobre desempenho produtivo e qualidade dos ovos. O estudo contou com 480 poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Hisex brown, com idade inicial de 95 semanas. As aves foram mantidas em galpão tipo dark house e alojadas cinco a cinco em gaiolas de postura. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos e 12 repetições, sendo: T1: controle milho e farelo de soja (M + FS), sem FAI e sem CE, T2: controle, com CE (sem valorização energética on top), T3: controle, sem CE (100 kcal EM/kg), T4: controle, com CE (100 kcal EM/kg), T5: controle + 20% FAI, sem CE, T6: controle + 20% FAI, com CE (sem valorização energética on top), T7: controle + 20% FAI, sem CE (100 kcal EM/kg) e, T8: controle + 20% FAI, + CE (100 kcal EM/kg). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis de desempenho: peso vivo (PV), consumo de ração (CR), percentual de ovos produzidos (PDOV), conversão alimentar por dúzia (CA/Dz) e conversão alimentar por massa (CA/M); para as variáveis de qualidade externa dos ovos considerou-se: peso dos ovos (POV), massa dos ovos (MOV), gravidade específica (GE), espessura das cascas (EC) e peso da casca(PC) e, para as variáveis de qualidade interna dos ovos: unidade Haugh (UH), pesos da gema (PG), do albúmen (PA) e coloração da gema (CG). Os resultados indicaram que as aves que receberam dietas contendo farelo de arroz integral consumiram mais ração, apresentaram maior peso vivo, aumento no peso do ovo e do albúmen, mas gemas menos pigmentadas. O complexo enzimático valorizado em 100kcal⁄EM adicionado em dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja melhorou a conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos.

Alimento base da dieta dos brasileiros, o feijão é a leguminosa de maior importância para consumo direto no mundo. Inúmeras pesquisas em relação às propriedades nutricionais do feijão comum e também do feijão de corda têm sido realizadas, no intuito de avaliar sua composição centesimal, mineral e fatores antinutricionais. Em relação à qualidade das determinações analíticas, sabe-se que os materiais de referência certificados (CRMs) estão se tornando cada vez mais necessários em procedimentos de medição. Contudo, ainda há escassez de CRMs para atender às demandas em todos os setores produtivos, especialmente na agricultura. O domínio da tecnologia para sua produção representa, portanto, um avanço estratégico, por colocar o país em condições de fornecer materiais específicos às próprias necessidades. Dessa forma, este trabalho envolveu a primeira etapa para elaboração de um material de referência certificado de feijão, com a caracterização química e nutricional dos principais tipos comerciais disponíveis no mercado, das espécies Phaseolus vulgaris L. (feijão comum) e Vigna unguiculata (feijão caupi), buscando atender demandas metrológicas específicas da pesquisa e da indústria alimentícia. Foram coletadas 55 amostras de feijão de dez tipos comerciais diferentes no varejo da cidade de Piracicaba. Determinaram-se os elementos químicos Br, Ca, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Mo, Na, Rb, Sc e Zn utilizando análise por ativação neutrônica, a composição centesimal empregando metodologia preconizada pela AOAC e o fator antinutricional ácido fítico segundo o método descrito por Grynspan e Cheryan (1989). Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa entre os tipos comerciais de feijão (p<0,05) para Br, Cs, Co, K, Mo, Na e Zn, e também para os teores de proteínas, cinzas, umidade e ácido fítico. O feijão fradinho, da espécie Vigna unguiculata, apresentou diferenças consideráveis em relação ao feijão comum da espécie Phaseolus vulgaris L., tendo a maior concentração média de Na e as menores concentrações médias de Ca, Co, K e cinzas (p<0,05). O feijão preto apresentou as maiores concentrações médias de Ca, Co, Fe, proteínas e ácido fítico, enquanto o feijão cavalo as maiores concentrações médias de K, Mo e Zn (p<0,05). O feijão carioca apresentou valores médios próximos à média global para todos os parâmetros avaliados, exceto para ácido fítico. Alta variabilidade foi identificada para Br, Cs, Mo, Na, Rb e Sc dentro de um mesmo tipo comercial, enquanto baixa variabilidade foi observada para K, Zn, cinzas e proteínas. O conjunto de dados resultantes da caracterização química das 55 amostras de feijão mostra que os tipos comerciais carioca, preto e fradinho são os mais indicados para produção de material de referência certificado. Considerando o critério de comutatividade, o feijão carioca pode ser utilizado para produzir um material de referência que represente todos os tipos comerciais estudados
Basic food of the Brazilian diet, beans are the most important leguminous for direct consumption in the world. Numerous researches on the nutritional properties of common bean and string bean have been performed in order to assess their centesimal and mineral composition as well the antinutritional factors. Regarding the quality of the analytical determinations, it is known that the certified reference materials (CRMs) are becoming increasingly necessary in measurement procedures. However, there is still lack of CRMs to meet the demands from all productive sectors, especially agriculture. Mastering the technology for their production therefore represents a strategic step forward, to put the country in a position to provide specific materials to own needs. Thus, this work involved the first step in developing a bean certified reference material, with chemical and nutritional characterization of the main commercial types available in the market, from the species Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), meeting the specific metrological demand of research and food industry. In the retail market of the city of Piracicaba, 55 bean samples from ten different commercial types were collected. The chemical elements Br, Ca, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Mo, Na, Rb, Sc and Zn were determined by nêutron activation analysis, the proximate composition using methodology recommended by the AOAC and the anti-nutritional factor phytic acid, according to the method described by Grynspan and Cheryan (1989). The results showed significant differences between commercial bean types (p<0.05) for Br, Cs, Co, K, Mo, Na and Zn, and also for protein, ash, moisture and phytic acid. The black-eyed pea from Vigna unguiculata species showed considerable differences from the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. species, having the highest average concentration of Na and the lowest average concentrations of Ca, Co, K and ash (p<0.05). The black bean had the highest average concentrations of Ca, Co, Fe, proteins and phytic acid, while horse bean the highest average concentrations of K, Mo and Zn (p<0.05). The common bean showed mean values close to the global average for all parameters, except for the phytic acid. High variability has been identified for Br, Cs, Mo, Na, Rb and Sc within a commercial type, while low variability was observed for K, Zn, ash, and proteins. The data set resulting from the chemical characterization of 55 samples indicates that the commercial types common bean, black bean and black-eyed pea are more indicated for the production of the certified reference material. Considering the commutability criteria, the common beans could be used to produce a reference material representative of all commercial types studied

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Non-conventional leafy vegetables can be used as food in adequate quantities as an alternative source of nutrients. However, before its consumption, should take into account their nutritional composition, which depends on its bioavailability and the absence of cytotoxicity and anti-nutritional factors. In this study, leaves of carrot were analyzed to determine the proximate composition, antinutritional factors and haemolytic activity, antibacterial and antifungal. Chemical composition and content of antinutritional factors (lectins, tannins and saponins) were determined in fresh leaves, bleached, boiled and lyophilized. For extraction of proteins, we used six solutions under stirring for 3 hours at 25°C, and the crude extract. Hemagglutination assay was determined by double serial dilution of the extract in test tubes containing saline and erythrocytes at 3% of human blood A and B, and rabbit. We investigated the specificity of the lectin by sugars using inhibition with many simple carbohydrates. Soluble proteins was performed by Bradford method. The inactivation of the lectin was tested with the crude extract with a pH variation (2.08 to 13.08) and temperature (40 to 100º C). Protein extract was precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 80% saturation, obtaining the active fraction (0-80). This was subjected to affinity chromatography (stromapolyacrylamide) and used to check the resistance of the lectin against chelating agents, denaturants, reducing agents, oxidants and proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, papain and bromelain). After treatment of the lectin with these agents, there was testing hemagglutination activity (HA). Tannins were determined using tannic acid as standard and the hemolytic activity of saponin for the search. Tests were carried out for antibacterial, antifungal and haemolytic with the protein fraction. The HA was best seen when using 0.15 M NaCl. Among the erythrocytes tested lectin preferentially agglutinated rabbit treated and not treated with proteolytic enzymes (154.26 HU/mgP), with specificity for the carbohydrate lactose, galactose and arabinose. It was found that the lectin is inactivated at temperatures from 100ºC and at acid pH 2.08. Lectin sample was resistant to proteolytic enzymes, reducing agent, oxidizing and denaturing for 30 minutes. However, the total loss of HA occurred with the administration of chelating agent on the day and overnight after denaturing. Ions in the presence of isolated HA was maintained. Chromatography showed a peak that had HA and protein profile of fractions and the active peaks and no assets were subjected to electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), indicating a partial purification. Total tannin contents ranged from 0,16% to 0,60% cooked leaf to fresh leaf. Research saponin was negative in the sample. The protein fraction showed no inhibitory effect on the growth of dermatophyte fungi, however, showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1,9 μg/mL of protein. Samples tested did not cause hemolytic effect against human erythrocytes A and B. We conclude from this study that the carrot leaves have nutritional properties that enable it to use. It also has anti-nutritional factors that are inactivated by heat.
Os vegetais folhosos não convencionais podem ser utilizados na alimentação humana em quantidades adequadas como fonte alternativa de nutrientes. Entretanto, antes de seu consumo, deve-se levar em conta sua composição nutricional, que depende de sua biodisponibilidade e ausência de citotoxicidade e fatores antinutricionais. Neste estudo, folhas de cenoura foram analisadas para se determinar a composição centesimal, fatores antinutricionais e atividade hemolítica, antibacteriana e antifúngica. A composição centesimal e o teor de fatores antinutricionais (lectinas, taninos e saponinas) foram determinados na folha fresca, branqueada, cozida e liofilizada. Para a extração das proteínas, foram utilizadas seis soluções sob agitação constante durante 3 horas à temperatura de 25ºC, obtendo-se o extrato bruto. O ensaio de hemaglutinação foi determinado por meio de diluição duplo-seriada do extrato em tubos de ensaio contendo solução salina e eritrócitos a 3% de sangue humano A, B e O e de coelho. Foi investigada a especificidade da lectina por açúcares utilizando inibição com diversos carboidratos simples. O teor de proteínas solúveis foi realizado pelo método de Bradford. A inativação da lectina foi testada com o extrato bruto com uma variação de pH (2,08 a 13,08) e temperatura (40 a 100ºC). O extrato protéico foi precipitado com sulfato de amônio a 80% de saturação, obtendo a fração ativa (0-80). Esta foi submetida à cromatografia de afinidade (estroma-poliacrilamida) e utilizada na verificação da resistência da lectina frente a agentes quelantes, desnaturantes, redutores, oxidantes e enzimas proteolíticas (tripsina, papaína e bromelaína). Após tratamento da lectina com estes agentes, realizou-se teste de atividade hemaglutinante (AH). Os taninos totais foram determinados usando o ácido tânico como padrão e a atividade hemolítica para a procura de saponina. Realizaram-se testes de atividade antibacteriana, antifúngica e hemolítica com a fração protéica. A AH foi melhor verificada quando se utilizou NaCl 0,15 M. Dentre os eritrócitos testados a lectina aglutinou preferencialmente os de coelho tratado e não tratado com enzimas proteolíticas (154,26 UH/mgP), apresentando especificidade pelos carboidratos lactose, galactose e arabinose. Verificou-se que a lectina é inativada em temperaturas, a partir de 100ºC e em pH ácido 2,08. A amostra lectínica se mostrou resistente a ação de enzimas proteolíticas, agente redutor, oxidante e desnaturante por 30 minutos. Porém, a perda total da AH ocorreu com a administração do quelante no dia e do agente desnaturante após overnight. Na presença de íons isolados a AH foi mantida. A cromatografia mostrou um pico que apresentou AH e o perfil protéico das frações e dos picos ativos e não ativos foram submetidos à eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida em presença de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) indicando uma purificação parcial. Os teores de taninos totais variaram de 0,16% para folha cozida a 0,60% para a folha fresca. A pesquisa de saponina foi negativa na amostra analisada. A fração protéica não apresentou efeito inibitório sobre o crescimento de fungos dermatófitos, todavia, apresentou atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli com uma concentração inibitória mínima de 1,9 μg/mL de proteína. As amostras testadas não causaram efeito hemolítico frente a eritrócitos humanos A e B. Conclui-se a partir do presente estudo, que as folhas de cenoura possuem propriedades nutricionais que a habilitam para consumo. Possui ainda fatores antinutricionais que são inativados pelo calor.

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Beans are an important source of protein, starch, vitamins and minerals. However, the presence of antinutritional factors and the development of the hard-to-cook effect by storage under high moisture (>75%) and temperature (30-40ºC), decrease the nutritional value and acceptability these grains causing important economic losses. An alternative for the use of the hard-to-cook beans is the extrusion cooking. Heat, water and high pressure in the extrusion process causes chemical and physical changes that permit the use of hard-to-cook grains. In this sense, the changes occasioned by extrusion in biochemical and functional properties of hard-to-cook common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flours of carioca and black varieties and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were investigated. Beans were milled and extruded in a singlescrew extruder with compression ration of 3:1, screw speed of 150 rpm, and 5 mm die. The central temperature and moisture were fixed in 150 ºC and 20% (dry basis). Raw and extruded flours were evaluated for chemical composition, antinutritional factors, functional properties and in vitro protein and starch digestibility. Results indicated that the extrusion did not affect the proximate composition of flours, except the cowpea that presented significant difference among the moisture content. However the process occasioned complete elimination of haemaglutination and α-amylase inhibitors activity and decreased significantly the phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor content. Regarding functional properties evaluated, there was increase of the water solubility and absorption and gelation capacity, reduction of the emulsifying capacity and stability and elimination of foaming formation in all extrudates. The protein and starch digestibility increased significantly in extrudates of the varieties carioca and black. However, only protein digestibility of cowpea was improved by extrusion process. These results indicate that is possible to produce new extruded products whit nutritional value improved and good functional and biochemical properties from these bean varieties.
Os feijões são uma fonte importante de proteínas, amido, vitaminas e minerais. Entretanto, a presença de fatores antinutricionais e o desenvolvimento de endurecimento do grão (hard-tocook) em função de armazenamento com umidade (>75%) e temperatura elevadas (30-40 ºC), reduzem o valor nutricional e a aceitação desses grãos, causando importantes perdas. Uma alternativa para o aproveitamento de feijões endurecidos é a utilização da extrusão. O calor, umidade e alta pressão durante o processo de extrusão causam alterações químicas e físicas que permitem a utilização de grãos endurecidos. Nesse sentido, foram investigadas as alterações causadas pela extrusão nas propriedades bioquímicas e funcionais de farinhas de feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) das variedades carioca e preto, e feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata) endurecidos. Os feijões foram triturados e extrusados em extrusor monorrosca, com taxa de compressão 3:1, velocidade do parafuso de 150 rpm e matriz com orifício de 5 mm. A temperatura central e a umidade foram fixadas em 150ºC e 20% (base seca). As farinhas crua e extrusada foram avaliadas quanto à composição centesimal, fatores antinutricionais, propriedades funcionais e digestibililidade in vitro de proteína e de amido. Os resultados indicaram que a extrusão não afetou a composição centesimal das farinhas, à exceção do feijão caupi, que apresentou diferença significativa no teor de umidade. Entretanto, o processo provocou eliminação completa da atividade hemglutinante e inibidores de α-amilse, diminuiu significativamente o conteúdo de ácido fítico e inibidores de tripsina. Em relação às propriedades funcionais analisadas, houve aumento da solubilidade e absorção de água e capacidade de formação de gel, redução da capacidade emulsificante e estabilidade da emulsão, além de eliminar a capacidade de formação de espuma de todos os extrusados. A digestibilidade protéica e de amido sofreu aumento significativo nos extrusados de feijão carioca e preto. Entretanto, apenas a digestibilidade protéica do feijão caupi foi melhorada pelo processo de extrusão. Estes resultados indicam que é possível produzir novos produtos extrusados com melhor valor nutricional e boas propriedades bioquímicas e funcionais a partir destas variedades de feijão.

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Brazil is a country with different biomes and great diversity of little explored vegetal species, and the Cerrado biome is known for the wealth of resources and flora. Among the fruit trees in the Cerrado, the tamarind tree stands out. Its fruit has excellent nutritional properties, but researches involving all the fruit's uses are still insignificant. The objective of this work was to characterize and evaluate tamarind pulp, shell and seeds (Tamarindus indica L.), to develop salted dragees using the flours of the by-products shell and seeds, besides evaluating the nutritional and sensorial quality of the dragees produced. The fruits were collected in Rio Verde and Ceres, Goiás, Brazil, and divided into pulp, shell and seeds. Physical, chemical, nutritional, calorimetry and antioxidant and antinutritional analyzes were performed. The results of this study indicated that the collected fruits obtained a higher proportion of pulp in relation to the residual parts, presented high carbohydrate content and low water activity for the three portions (pulp, peels and seeds) and lower values of ash, lipids and proteins. The shell and seed flours presented high content of total dietary fiber and pulp of the fruit had acid pH and high titratable acidity. The seed flour had a water absorption and solubility index greater than the shell flour, and a lower oil absorption index. The tamarind pulp presented 4 peaks in its thermogram (from 35 to 155 °C), and the tamarind shell and seed flours presented pulp-like behavior after 115 °C with 2 endothermic peaks. All the analyzed fruit portions had high antioxidant capacity, not significantly different from each other. The methanolic extract was more efficient in the extraction of the phenolic compounds of the three portions of tamarind, being the highest content found in the seeds. The tamarind shell showed low toxicity to Artemia salina and the seeds and pulp presented no toxicity. For the antinutritional factors, the tamarind pulp showed the highest nitrate content and absence of trypsin inhibitor. The tamarind seeds presented the highest amount of tannins. For the elaboration of the salted dragee with application of flours of by-products of tamarind was used the design of mixture with six formulations of dragees, where the closest to the commercial in relation to hardness was selected for the sensory and proximal analyzes. The dragee selected had lower instrumental hardness than commercial dragee and low water activity, high lipid, protein and energy value. The addition of flours of tamarind by-products influenced the fiber content, which was higher than in the commercial dragee. The dragee selected was well accepted, with the exception of the appearance attribute and, according to the tasters, would probably buy the new product.
O Brasil é um país com diferentes biomas e grande diversidade de espécies vegetais pouco exploradas, e o bioma Cerrado é conhecido pela riqueza de fauna e flora. Dentre as frutíferas existentes no Cerrado, destaca-se o tamarindeiro. Seu fruto apresenta excelentes propriedades nutricionais, porém pesquisas envolvendo todas as utilidades do fruto ainda são pouco significativas. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar e avaliar polpa, casca e sementes de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.), desenvolver drageados salgados utilizando as farinhas dos subprodutos cascas e sementes, além de avaliar a qualidade nutricional e sensorial dos drageados produzidos. Os frutos foram coletados em Rio Verde e Ceres, Goiás, Brasil, e divididos em polpa, cascas e sementes. Realizou-se caracterização física, química, nutricional, calorimetria, antioxidantes e antinutricionais. Os resultados desse estudo indicaram que os frutos coletados obtiveram maior proporção de polpa em relação as partes residuais, apresentaram alto teor de carboidrato e baixa atividade de água para as três porções (polpa, cascas e sementes) e menores valores de cinzas, lipídeos e proteínas. As farinhas de casca e semente apresentaram alto teor de fibra alimentar total e polpa do fruto apresentou pH ácido e alta acidez titulável. A farinha das sementes apresentou índice de absorção e solubilidade em água maiores que a farinha das cascas, e menor índice de absorção de óleo. A polpa de tamarindo apresentou 4 picos em seu termograma (de 35 a 155°C), e as farinhas de casca e semente de tamarindo apresentaram comportamento semelhante a polpa após 115 °C, com 2 picos endotérmicos. Todas as porções do fruto analisadas apresentaram capacidade antioxidante, não diferindo significativamente entre si. O extrato metanólico foi mais eficiente na extração dos compostos fenólicos das três porções do tamarindo, sendo o maior teor encontrado nas sementes. A casca apresentou baixa toxicidade frente a Artemia salina e as sementes e polpa não apresentaram toxicidade. Para os fatores antinutricionais, a polpa de tamarindo apresentou o maior teor de nitratos e ausência de inibidor de tripsina. As sementes de tamarindo apresentaram a maior quantidade de taninos. Para a elaboração dos drageado salgado com aplicação de farinhas de coprodutos de tamarindo foi utilizado delineamento de mistura com seis formulações de drageados, onde o mais próximo do comercial em relação à dureza foi selecionado para as análises sensorial e proximal. O drageado selecionado apresentou dureza instrumental inferior à do drageado comercial e baixa atividade de água, alto valor de lipídeos, proteínas e valor energético. A adição das farinhas de coprodutos de tamarindo influenciou o conteúdo de fibras, sendo este mais elevado que no drageado comercial. O drageado selecionado obteve boa aceitação, com exceção do atributo aparência e, de acordo com os provadores, provavelmente comprariam o novo produto.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Linseed is an important oilseed consumed raw as nutritional supplement, that although represents a rich source of nutrients, its nutritional value could be impaired due to the presence of antinutritional factors. In this study, protein fractions from raw linseed flour were extracted and isolated being obtained 12% of albumins, 82% of globulins, 5% of glutelins and 1% of prolamins. These proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE and albumins showed low molecular mass protein bands around 21 kDa and minor bands, similar to that of trypsin inhibitor; Globulins presented protein bands with high molecular masses, which possibly are constituents of multimeric proteins, such as legumins. After determination of the centesimal composition of raw linseed, it was used as exclusive protein source for young rats to evaluate its effect on animal growth. The results showed negative effects on rat growth (weight gain 73% less than the control group) and reduction of intestinal villus (35%), that could be related with in vitro and in vivo globulin digestibility and proteinaceous antinutritional factors (mammalian digestive enzymes inhibitors and lectins) in albumin fraction. Native globulins showed, by SDS-PAGE, low susceptibility in vitro to trypsin and chymotrypsin, however presented high degradation by pancreatin. Thermal treatment of globulins for 5 and 15 minutes at 100?C improved considerably its digestibility by trypsin and pancreatin. Globulins presented 93.2% in vivo digestibility, similar to the control protein. Albumin fraction had high trypsin inhibition activity (100%) and chymotrypsin inhibition of 28.3%; haemagglutinating activity was not detected. The results of this study indicate the negative action of trypsin inhibitors on animal growth, but can not be discarded its combined action with other antinutritional factors, which could compromise the raw linseed utilization as an alternative food
A linha?a (Linum usitatissimun) ? uma importante oleaginosa consumida crua como suplemento nutricional, que apesar de representar rica fonte de nutrientes, pode ter valor nutricional reduzido devido ? presen?a de fatores antinutricionais. Neste estudo as principais fra??es prot?icas da farinha de linha?a crua foram extra?das e isoladas, sendo obtidos 12% de albuminas, 82% de globulinas, 5% de glutelinas e 1% de prolaminas; o padr?o eletrofor?tico das prote?nas mostrou que as albuminas apresentaram bandas majorit?rias de baixa massa molecular em torno de 21 kDa e menores, indicativas da presen?a de inibidores de tripsina, e nas globulinas foram observadas algumas bandas intensas que provavelmente comp?em uma prote?na multim?rica de alta massa molecular do tipo legumina. Ap?s a obten??o da composi??o centesimal da farinha crua, esta foi usada como fonte exclusiva de prote?nas para ratos rec?m-desmamados, a fim de avaliar seu efeito no crescimento dos mesmos. Os resultados de depress?o do crescimento (ganho de peso 73% inferior ao grupo padr?o) e redu??o no crescimento dos vilos intestinais (35%) levaram ? verifica??o da digestibilidade in vitro e in vivo da fra??o globulina e detec??o de fatores antinutricionais prot?icos (inibidores de enzimas digest?rias de mam?feros e lectinas) na fra??o albumina, como poss?veis fatores delet?rios ao crescimento dos ratos em estudo. As globulinas nativas apresentaram baixa susceptibilidade a digest?o in vitro por tripsina e quimotripsina, no entanto sofreram maior degrada??o pela pancreatina. O aquecimento das globulinas por 5 e 15 minutos a 100?C aumentou consideravelmente a digestibilidade pela tripsina e pancreatina. No experimento de digestibilidade in vivo, a globulina apresentou alta susceptibilidade ? degrada??o pelas enzimas digestivas (93,2%), semelhante ? prote?na padr?o. Na avalia??o da fra??o albumina, esta apresentou alta atividade inibit?ria de tripsina (100%) e, em menor grau, inibi??o de quimotripsina (28,3%), n?o sendo detectada atividade hemaglutinante. Os resultados obtidos s?o indicativos da a??o negativa dos inibidores de tripsina no crescimento dos animais, no entanto n?o se pode descartar a possibilidade de uma a??o sinerg?stica com outros fatores antinutricionais, que comprometem a utiliza??o da linha?a crua como um alimento alternativo

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The non-conventional vegetables s leafy such as seeds, stems, leaves and crumbs, can be inserted in food as an alternative source of nutrients. Among the alternatives, there is okra s leaves (Abelmoschus esculentus), vegetable belonging to the Malvaceae family, is widespread in tropical regions. However, the bioavailability of nutrients can be affected by antinutritional factors. In view of the above, this study aimed to determine the nutritional composition, antinutritional (lectin, tannin and saponin) detection of phenolic compounds, characterization of this lectin and biological activity of the protein from Abelmoschus esculentus s leaves. The analysis were made of composition and content of antinutritional (lectin, saponin and tannin) in fresh leaves, blanched, cooked and lyophilized, focusing on the effect of different treatments on these parameters. The lectin was determined by hemagglutination activity against rabbit erythrocytes and ABO human system, and subsequently confirmed by the presence of specific carbohydrate. Inactivation was tested by means of heat treatment, the pH shock, resistance to denaturing agent, reducing and enzymatically. The fraction 30% underwent testing for antifungal and antibacterial activity. Tannins was determined by the Folin-Denis reactive, while hemolytic test was performed to test the presence of saponin. The fresh leaves, blanched, cooked and lyophilized present predominantly carbohydrate, 11.54%, 12.42%, 4.99% and 36.97% respectively, crude fiber, 3.85%, 4.21%, 3.86% and 12.88% respectively, calcium, 382.50%, 357% 366.50% to 691% and magnesium, 232.50% 237.50% 138.50% and 438 respectively. It was detected the presence of lectin, specific activity was higher in leaves bleached (11.14 HU / mgP) and total inactivation by heat treatment (100°C for 30 minutes) at basic pH. It was detected the absence of saponin. Displays total phenolic content of 19.27 mg GAE / g. The 30% fraction showed no inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi and bacteria. It was concluded that the Abelmoschus esculentus s leaves is high in carbohydrates, fiber and minerals Ca, Mg and K, low calorie and absent saponins, besides having antioxidant components. The heat treatment was able to inactivate this lectin and lower tannin content to acceptable values.
Os vegetais folhosos não convencionais tais como sementes, talos, farelos e folhas, podem ser inseridos na alimentação humana como fonte alternativa de nutrientes. Dentre as alternativas, destaca-se a folha de quiabo (Abelmoschus esculentus), vegetal pertencente à família Malvaceae, bastante difundido em regiões de clima tropical. No entanto, a biodisponibilidade dos nutrientes pode ser afetada por fatores antinutricionais. Em vista do exposto, este estudo objetivou a determinação da composição nutricional, antinutricional (lectina, tanino e saponina), detecção de compostos fenólicos, caracterização da lectina presente e atividade microbiológica da fração protéica das folhas de Abelmoschus esculentus. Para isso foram feitas analises de composição centesimal e teores de antinutricionais (lectina, saponina e tanino) em folhas frescas, branqueadas, cozidas e liofilizadas, enfocando o efeito de diferentes tratamentos sob esses parâmetros. A lectina foi determinada por meio de atividade hemaglutinante frente a hemácias de coelho e humanas do sistema ABO, sendo posteriormente confirmada presença pela especificidade a carboidratos. Foi testada sua inativação por meio de tratamento térmico, choque de pH, resistência a agente desnaturante, redutor e enzimático. A fração 30% foi submetida a testes de atividade antifúngica e antibacteriana. Os taninos foram determinados por meio do reativo de Folin-Denis, enquanto que teste hemolítico foi realizado para testar presença de saponinas. As folhas frescas, branqueadas, cozidas e liofilizadas apresentam predominância de carboidratos, 11,54%, 12,42%, 4,99% e 36,97%, respectivamente; fibras brutas, 3,85%, 4,21%, 3,86% e 12,88%, respectivamente; cálcio, 382,50%, 357%, 366,50% e 691% e magnésio, 232,50%, 237,50%, 138,50 e 438%, respectivamente. Foi detectada a presença de lectina, sendo maior atividade específica em folhas branqueadas (11, 14 UH/mgP), bem como sua inativação total por meio de tratamento térmico (100°C por 30 minutos) e também em pH básico. Foi detectada ausência de saponina. Apresenta teor de compostos fenólicos totais de 19,27 mg de GAE/g. A fração 30% não apresentou efeito inibitório sobre o crescimento de fungos e bactérias. Concluiu-se que a folha de Abelmoschus esculentus possui alto teor de carboidratos, fibras e minerais Ca, Mg e K, baixo valor calórico e ausente de saponinas, além de apresentar componentes antioxidantes. O tratamento térmico foi capaz de inativar a lectina presente e diminuir os teores de tanino para valores aceitáveis.

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The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) assumes great importance in human nutrition. It holds essential components to the diet such as proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. The bean cotyledon is a byproduct of the bean industry; however, its nutritional value is kept. An alternative to the exploitation of bean cotyledon is the use of extrusion in the development of food products. In this context, the objective of this research was to produce extruded flours from the common bean cotyledon (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), the Carioca type, in different conditions of temperature and humidity in order to achieve technological and biochemical parameters for their use as instant food ingredient. The grains were crushed to a granulometry between 0.75 and 0.85 mm. The extrusion was carried out in full line of extrusion using extruder model MI - 130 plus, screw rotation speed 414 rpm, single screw and long with 02 compression rates and helical shirt. A model 22 was applied to evaluate the conditions of extrusion. The variables studied were temperature (150, 154, 164, 174 and 178° C) and humidity (12.3, 14, 18, 22 and 23.7%). After extrusion, the products milled to obtain flour were evaluated for chemical composition, rate of water absorption, water solubility, ability to gel formation, viscoamylographic properties, trypsin inhibitor activity, in vitro digestibility of protein and starch and microbiological quality. The results showed no significant difference between treatments related to the composition of the flours, except for the humidity. Regarding technological properties analyzed, there was a decrease of water solubility of 33% in raw flour to 15 to 23% in the extrudates. There was an increase in water absorption (9.1 to 23.9%) and improvement in ability to form gels (9% versus 11% of raw flour). Regarding the parameters of viscosity of extruded flours, the initial viscosity increased with the decrease in humidity and temperature and was observed no peak viscosity. The high values of breakdown viscosity were found in median temperatures and high humidity values. On the other hand, the final viscosity and retrogradation of extruded flours were higher when median temperatures and low humidity were used. The process resulted in complete elimination of the activity of trypsin inhibitors and increase in protein (between 11.7 and 26.6%) and starch (between 14.4 and 38.07%) digestibility. The microbiological analysis showed that all samples of extruded bean flours and instant bean soup prepared were presented in accordance with standards established by the Legislature. These results indicate that it is possible to produce instant bean flour, as an appropriate ingredient of soups preparations, baby food and other foods, with better nutritional value and good technological and biochemical properties.
O feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) assume enorme importância na alimentação humana. Ele possui componentes essenciais à dieta, como proteínas, carboidratos e minerais. A bandinha de feijão consiste em um subproduto da indústria de feijão, porém, os seus aspectos nutricionais são mantidos. Uma alternativa para o aproveitamento de bandinha de feijão é a utilização da extrusão no desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios. Diante deste quadro, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi produzir farinhas extrusadas da bandinha de feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) da variedade Carioca, em diferentes condições de temperatura e umidade, a fim de atingir parâmetros tecnológicos e bioquímicos para sua utilização como ingrediente para alimentos instantâneos. Os grãos foram triturados a uma granulometria, entre 0,75 e 0,85 mm. A extrusão foi realizada em linha completa de extrusão utilizando extrusora modelo MI 130 plus, velocidade de rotação da rosca 414 rpm, rosca simples e longa com 02 taxas de compressão e camisa helicoidal. Um modelo 22 foi aplicado para avaliar as condições de extrusão. As variáveis estudadas foram temperatura (150; 154; 164; 174 e 178ºC) e umidade (12,3; 14; 18; 22 e 23,7%). Após a extrusão, os produtos moídos para obtenção de farinhas, foram avaliados quanto à composição centesimal, ao índice de absorção de água, solubilidade em água, capacidade de formação de gel, propriedades viscoamilográficas, inibidor de tripsina, digestibilidade in vitro de proteína e amido e qualidade microbiológica. Os resultados indicaram que não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, quanto à composição centesimal das farinhas, à exceção da umidade. Em relação às propriedades tecnológicas analisadas, houve diminuição da solubilidade em água de 33% na farinha crua para 15 a 23% nos extrusados. Houve aumento na absorção de água (9,1 a 23,9%) e melhora na capacidade de formação de gel (9% contra 11% da farinha crua). Quanto aos parâmetros de viscosidade das farinhas extrusadas, a viscosidade inicial aumentou com a diminuição da umidade e temperatura e foi observado ausência de pico de viscosidade. Os altos valores de quebra de viscosidade foram encontrados em temperaturas medianas e altos valores de umidade. Já a viscosidade final e tendência à retrogradação das farinhas extrusadas foi elevada quando foram usadas temperaturas medianas e baixas umidades. O processo provocou eliminação completa da atividade de inibidores de tripsina e aumento nas digestibilidades protéica (entre 11,7 a 26,6%) e de amido (entre 14,4 e 38,07%). Os resultados das análises microbiológicas indicaram que todas as amostras de farinhas de feijão extrusadas e o caldo de feijão instantâneo elaborado apresentaram-se de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos pela legislação. Estes resultados indicam que é possível produzir farinha de feijão instantânea, com características de ingrediente no preparo de sopas, caldos, papinhas, entre outros alimentos, com melhor valor nutricional e boas propriedades tecnológicas e bioquímicas.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The consumption of functional foods, such as beans, has brought important benefits to health, consequently, there is an increasing demand for organic products, which are considered healthier. However, due to the genetic variability of this crop, it is necessary to evaluate it in the field then determine which cultivars are most adapted to different cropping managements, as well as establish the quality attributes involved in the preservation of this leguminous. Thus, this trial aimed at evaluating the agronomic characteristics of carioca beans, cropped in organic and conventional systems, indicating which cultivars are most adapted to each system as well as characterizing the cooling storage effect and in uncontrolled environmental conditions, in order to preserve nutritional and technological characteristics of these grains. Multivariate techniques were applied to determine which variables influenced most on beans quality, and to verify similarities between conservation methods and how carioca beans were produced. Eight carioca bean cultivars were sown in the organic and conventional systems, and the correlation between the production and yield components was evaluated. The studied cultivars were evaluated when freshly harvested (S); and after 180 storage days under refrigeration (R) and environmental conditions (A); according to the nutritional characteristics: protein (Ptn), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), phytic acid (Fit), tannins, antioxidant capacity (DPPH) and technologic characteristics: grain mass (GM), water content (WC), electrical conductivity, grain color (L*, a*, b*, H * and C *) and sphericity, texture, cooking time (CT) and hydration capacity (HC). According to yield, cultivars such as Andorinha, Curió, Estilo, Emperador and Notável were more adapted to the organic cropping, while all the tested cultivars, except Curió, can be indicated to the conventional cropping. The variables that showed the highest correlation with yield were the number of pods in organic beans and plant height in the conventional ones. The cooling storage preserved the technological quality of organic beans, increased the antioxidant capacity and kept higher amount of iron in beans. It also contributed to phosphorus decrease and the significant increases of Fit and tannins, considered antinutritional factors. Campos Gerais beans is a cultivar from IAPAR that showed the best results on quality preservation after six months of storage. According to these data, the main and cluster components (APC) were analyzed. Thus, variables such as Ptn, Ca, P, Fit, tannins, DPPH, CH, TC, MG and H * influenced most beans quality, and were defined according to APC use. Based on the use of Cluster, it is possible to classify cultivars into groups and verify that the refrigerated storage was effective in maintaining their quality. In addition, this technique showed the similarity between organic and conventional beans that belonged to the same cultivar.
O consumo de alimentos funcionais, como o feijão, traz benefícios importantes para a saúde. A procura por produtos de origem orgânica, considerados mais saudáveis, tem, também, contribuído para o aumento no seu consumo. No entanto, devido à variabilidade genética dessa cultura, faz-se necessária sua avaliação no campo, para determinar os cultivares mais adaptados a diferentes formas de cultivo e estabelecer os atributos de qualidade envolvidos na preservação dessa leguminosa. Nesse sentido, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: avaliar as características agronômicas de feijão carioca, cultivado em sistema orgânico e convencional, indicar os cultivares mais adaptados a cada sistema e caracterizar o efeito do armazenamento refrigerado e em condições ambientais não controladas, na preservação das características nutricionais e tecnológicas desses grãos, usando técnicas multivariadas para determinar as variáveis que mais influenciam na qualidade dos feijões e verificar semelhanças entre as formas de conservação e modo de produção dos feijões carioca. Foram semeados oito cultivares de feijão carioca nos sistemas orgânico e convencional para avaliar a correlação entre as componentes da produção e a produtividade. Após a colheita, os cultivares foram avaliados recém-colhidos (S) e depois de 180 dias de armazenamento, em condições refrigeradas (R) e ambientais (A), quanto às características nutricionais: proteína (Ptn), cálcio (Ca), ferro (Fe), fósforo (P), ácido fítico (Fit) e taninos, capacidade antioxidante (DPPH) e tecnológica: massa de grãos (MG), teor de água (Ta), condutividade elétrica, coloração dos grãos (L*, a*, b*, H* e C*), esfericidade, textura, tempo de cocção (TC) e capacidade de hidratação (CH). De acordo com a produtividade, os cultivares Andorinha, Curió, Estilo, Imperador e Notável mostraram-se mais adaptados ao cultivo orgânico, enquanto todos os cultivares testados, exceto Curió, podem ser indicados ao cultivo convencional. As variáveis que mostraram maior correlação com a produtividade foram o número de vagens nos feijões orgânicos e a altura da planta, no sistema convencional. Nos feijões orgânicos, o armazenamento refrigerado preservou a qualidade tecnológica, aumentou a capacidade antioxidante e manteve maior a quantidade de Fe dos grãos, além de contribuir para a diminuição do P e o aumento significativo dos Fit e taninos, considerados fatores antinutricionais. Os feijões do cultivar IAPAR Campos Gerais foram os que melhor preservaram a qualidade após o armazenamento de 180 dias. Diante desses dados, foram realizadas análises dos componentes principais (APC) e de agrupamento (Cluster). As variáveis que mais influenciaram a qualidade dos feijões foram definidas com o uso da APC, sendo elas Ptn, Ca, P, Fit, taninos, DPPH, CH, TC, MG e H*. Com a utilização do Cluster, é possível classificar os cultivares em grupos e verificar que o armazenamento refrigerado foi eficaz na manutenção da qualidade. Além disso, essa técnica mostrou a semelhança entre os feijões orgânicos e convencionais pertencentes ao mesmo cultivar.

Contribution à la valorisation des protéines de féveroles pour l'alimentation humaine et animale. Dans l'approche méthodologique, on détermine quelques caractéristiques physico-chimiques, et la valeur nutritionnelle des graines de féveroles par une étude de croissance et de bilan azote chez les rats. Les résultats montrent que la germination des graines de féveroles présente plus d'avantages que d'inconvénients : la germination élimine partiellement ou en totalité certains facteurs antinutritionnels, les facteurs antitrypsiques sont très peu modifiés pendant la germination des graines de féveroles

The effect of inclusion rate of pea meal (PM), pea protein concentrate (PPC), soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), canola meal (CM) and canola protein concentrate (CPC) in salmonid diets was determined through six corresponding meta-analyses of all data available in the literature for these six feed ingredients, which was followed by weighted regression analysis. Increasing dietary inclusion levels of SBM, SPC, CM and CPC reduced specific growth rate (SGR). Regression analysis determined all of these relationships to be linear declines in SGR (P < 0.05). Inclusion levels of PM or PPC did not influence salmonid SGR (P > 0.05). These results showed that the influence plant proteins have on salmonid SGR is dependent on ingredient type and inclusion level. PM, PPC, SBM, SPC, CM an aqueous-extracted CPC and a high phytate CPC (PCPC) were analyzed for chemical nutrient (proximate, amino acid and phosphorus analysis) and antinutrient composition and total tract digestibility (two separate digestibility trials) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The digestibility of proximate chemical components and amino acids were significantly higher for the soy products than the pea products. These digestibilities were also significantly higher in protein concentrates than in plant meals. Dry matter and gross energy digestibility was higher in CPC than in CM (P < 0.05). Phosphorus digestibility was higher in CPC-fed fish than in CM-fed fish (P < 0.05), which is likely due to the fact that CPC did not contain phytic acid. Six consecutive growth studies (one trial per test ingredient) were conducted over a 361-day period to determine the effects of feeding increasing inclusion rates of PM, PPC, SBM, SPC, CM and CPC on the growth performance of rainbow trout. Diets were formulated based on the digestible nutrient content of all ingredients as determined in the previously conducted digestibility trials, to contain 0, 75, 150, 225 or 300 g/kg of each test ingredient. All diets were nutritionally equal and contained 17.6 MJ/kg digestible energy, 386.2 g/kg digestible crude protein and were balanced for digestible essential amino acids to meet or exceed the requirements of rainbow trout. Linear and quadratic analysis was conducted on the experimental data. There were no significant regressions resulting from feeding PM, SPC or CPC at 0-300 g/kg for average daily feed intake (ADFI), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) or protein efficiency ratio (PER). A positive relationship was associated between PPC inclusion and ADFI (P < 0.05). There was a significantly negative quadratic equation associated with the inclusion level of SBM on SGR and FCR and significantly negative linear and quadratic equations for PER. There were significantly negative linear relationships between the inclusion rate of CM and the SGR, FCR and PER of rainbow trout (P < 0.05). Growth trial results suggest at inclusion levels up to 300 g/kg, PM, PPC, SPC and CPC are feasible plant-based fish meal replacements with predictable growth effects, provided the nutritional constraints set in this experiment are followed. The results of these growth experiments were further analyzed using structural equation modeling to determine the relationship between ANF in the six ingredients and ADFI and SGR, which were transformed (tSGR and tADFI, respectively) to enable comparisons between experiments. All possible models between ingredient ANF (starch, phytic acid, glucosinolates, tannins, isoflavones, total NSP, soluble NSP, insoluble NSP and saponins) and ADFI and SGR were calculated. The model with the highest likelihood, as determined by the Akaike Information Criteria0, contained 29 parameters and six degrees of freedom. tADFI positively influenced tSGR. Glucosinolates, saponins, and phytates had a significantly negative impact on tADFI, whereas tannins had a significantly positive impact. The presence of saponins in the diet resulted in a decrease in tSGR. This structural equation model had significant correlations between all ANF, with the exception of phytates and saponins. Future applications of this work will be to develop a nutritional model for optimal inclusion of plant-based feed ingredients in rainbow trout diets, based on their ANF content, which may improve the accuracy of diet formulation and growth prediction.

碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
99
Jatropha curcas is a multi-function plant, the oil contain of the Ja-tropha curcas kernel is up to 50% which can be utilized as a raw material for manufacturing biodiesel. Nonetheless Jatropha curcas had already become a popular energy crop due to the property of non-edible crop. However, a big amount of seed cake was formed after oil extraction. According to the literature seed cake contain abundant nutrient protein which is a very important nutrition source for animals. The seed cake also contains toxic compounds and antinutritional factors which are the main obstacle for the animal feed. In this research, solvent and heat treatments were used for the detoxification process. Response surface design method was used in this experimental design, in order to understand the interaction between different operation parameters and objective function. In this experiment, concentration, treatment time and solvent ratio were discussed in order to understand which parameter was more important. The results show that saponin removal was influenced by the concentration of ethanol, too high or too low concentration were both unfavorable for the saponin removal. After detoxification, 60% saponin was removed. Phytic acid was effected by the hydrochloric acid, high hydrochloric acid ratio can improve phytic acid removal to 50%, and saponin and phytic acid contain were 0.334 and 0.831(g/100g), respectively.

Granivores are among the most troublesome consumers of commercial crops, but they are also some of the best and most effective candidates for biological control agents of exotic and invasive plants. It is important to understand how they might behave in future climate conditions so that we can predict how they host range with change, how they might break out of their current specific niches, how their geographical extent might reach into new areas, and how their populations could be controlled by their natural enemies such as parasitoid wasps. This thesis is a valuable community-wide survey of plant-insect interactions, centered on the insect cohort of south-east Australian legumes, a family of plants that is commercially and ecologically important. By using a distance-for-time design across the elevation gradient of the Blue Mountains, this work has laid out the insects that can be found in the legumes of this region, their niches in the community, the different configurations the communities take under different climate conditions, and the different seasonal host use responses of weevils, wasps, and moths under those conditions. This thesis is an informative foothold for future researchers who want to use legumes to study community-level plant-insect associations, the processes that form them, and what makes them break down. The information shared herein provides new model inputs to improve future models of insect expansion and host choice, and suggestions of further work that might build on its findings and strengthen them. I hope that this work contributes to a generalised understanding of insects’ response to climate change.

This study has assessed the effects of pulse type and processing (soaking and cooking) on antinutritional factors (α-amylase inhibitor, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor, lectins, phytic acid and oxalates) in a wide range of Canadian pulses, using soybean as a control. The contents of these antinutrients in Canadian pulses varied widely, but the levels were generally lower than those found in soybean. Analysis of variance indicated that both pulse type and processing had significant effects (P < 0.0001) on the investigated seeds. Soaking markedly decreased the contents of α-amylase inhibitor, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor, lectins and oxalates, but had no impact on phytic acid. Cooking of presoaked seeds appeared to be more effective; all proteinaceous antinutrients (α-amylase inhibitor, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor and lectins) were decreased by 80 – 100%, and significant reductions in phytic acid content (11 – 39%) were observed for all pulses, except common beans and soybean.
February 2016

Dietary protein quality depends on two key measures: true ileal protein digestibility and the metabolic utilization of absorbed amino acids (AA). The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of two dietary factors (antinutritional factors and peptides) on ileal endogenous protein flows; to validate the intubation technique used in humans for ileal digesta sampling; to determine the postprandial metabolic utilization of dietary AA depending on their delivery form and to assess the validity of the growing pig for predicting true ileal protein digestibility in the adult human. Investigations were undertaken in the growing rat, growing pig and adult human. Ileal digesta were collected from euthanised rats, post valve T-caecum cannulated pigs, and naso-ileal intubated conscious adult humans. Ileal endogenous nitrogen (N) and AA were measured using a protein-free (PF) diet, diets containing 15N-labelled casein in the intact (C) or hydrolysed (HC) form, or a diet based on free AA (diet A), for which some dispensable AA were omitted to allow a direct determination of their endogenous flows. Digesta centrifugation and ultrafiltration (diet HC) allowed for the determination of ileal endogenous protein flows and the extent of tracer (15N) recycling. Antinutritional factors from a crude extract of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), when given at amounts commonly ingested in practice, enhanced ileal endogenous protein flows (rats, PF diet). After adaptation to the diet, body N balance per se did not influence ileal endogenous protein flows (rats, diets PF and A) but dietary peptides led to greater ileal endogenous AA and N flows compared with a protein-free diet. Dietary peptides (HC), compared with peptides naturally released in the gut during protein digestion (C), did not enhance ileal endogenous protein flows (rats, pigs, and humans). The extent of tracer recycling, however, was maximal in frequently-fed rats, lower in meal-fed pigs and minimal in meal-fed humans (65, 21, and 11% of 15N-labelled ileal endogenous proteins, respectively). Naso-ileal intubation for ileal digesta sampling in humans was shown to be an accurate method and evidence was obtained supporting the growing pig as a valid model for predicting true ileal protein digestibility in the adult human. Finally, the form of delivery of dietary AA (from HC or C) influenced the postprandial metabolic fate of dietary AA, especially in terms of AA catabolism kinetics. However, the overall nutritional value of C and HC were similar.