Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Anti-SRP“

Anti-signal recognition particle (anti-SRP)-positive necrotising myopathy causes severe progressive proximal weakness with a propensity to involve pharyngeal, laryngeal and respiratory muscles. It is one of the aggressive inflammatory myopathies. First-line treatment is with high-dose steroids followed by other immunosuppressants, but this conventional therapy is often ineffective. Second-line treatment involves use of either rituximab or intravenous immunonoglobulin (IVIG). Anti-SRP-positive necrotising myopathy is frequently treated as refractory myositis due to its poor responsiveness to steroid monotherapy and conventional immunosuppressive therapies. Therefore, anti-SRP-positive necrotising myopathy differs from immune-mediated myopathy. Although anti-SRP autoantibody is found in only 4–6% of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, the actual proportion of patients with refractory anti-SRP-positive necrotising myopathy is unknown. We describe a patient with multiple comorbidities who had subacute-onset anti-SRP-positive immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM). After failing steroids, methotrexate and IVIG therapy, she made a considerable recovery with rituximab. She was later diagnosed to have breast malignancy. Malignancy-associated anti-SRP-positive IMNM is rarely reported.

ObjectiveTo characterize muscle fiber necrosis in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNM) with anti–signal recognition particle (SRP) or anti–3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) antibodies and to explore its underlying molecular immune mechanisms.MethodsMuscle biopsies from patients with IMNM were analyzed and compared to biopsies from control patients with myositis. In addition to immunostaining and reverse transcription PCR on muscle samples, in vitro immunostaining on primary muscle cells was performed.ResultsCreatine kinase levels and muscle regeneration correlated with the proportion of necrotic fibers (r = 0.6, p < 0.001). CD68+iNOS+ macrophages and a Th-1 immune environment were chiefly involved in ongoing myophagocytosis of necrotic fibers. T-cell densities correlated with necrosis but no signs of cytotoxicity were detected. Activation of the classical pathway of the complement cascade, accompanied by deposition of sarcolemmal immunoglobulins, featured involvement of humoral immunity. Presence of SRP and HMGCR proteins on altered myofibers was reproduced on myotubes exposed to purified patient-derived autoantibodies. Finally, a correlation between sarcolemmal complement deposits and fiber necrosis was observed (r = 0.4 and p = 0.004). Based on these observations, we propose to update the pathologic criteria of IMNM.ConclusionThese data further corroborate the pathogenic role of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR autoantibodies in IMNM, highlighting humoral mechanisms as key players in immunity and myofiber necrosis.

Sound source localization has been increasingly used recently. Among the existing techniques of sound source localization, the steered response power–phase transform (SRP-PHAT) exhibits considerable advantages regarding anti-noise and anti-reverberation. When applied in real-time situations, however, the heavy computational load makes it impossible to localize the sound source in a reasonable time since SRP-PHAT employs a grid search scheme. To solve the problem, an improved procedure called ODB-SRP-PHAT, i.e., steered response power and phase transformation with an offline database (ODB), was proposed by the authors. The basic idea of ODB-SRP-PHAT is to determine the possible sound source positions using SRP-PHAT and density peak clustering before real-time localization and store the identified positions in an ODB. Then, at the online positioning stage, only the power values of the positions in the ODB will be calculated. When used in real-time monitoring, e.g., locating the speaker in a video conference, the computational load of ODB-SRP-PHAT is significantly smaller than that of SRP-PHAT. Simulations and experiments under a real environment verified the high localization accuracy with a small computational load of ODB-SRP-PHAT. In addition, the advantages of anti-noise and anti-reverberation remained. The suggested procedure displayed good applicability in a real environment.

Anti-signal recognition particle myopathy (anti-SRP myopathy) is a rare subtype of immune-mediated inflammatory myopathy characterized by muscle weakness and anti-SRP autoantibodies. Although plasma exchange (PE) is used in severe cases, its role remains unclear. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, identifying 23 patients with anti-SRP myopathy treated with PE. Data on demographics, clinical features, laboratory findings, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed combining individual patient data if available. Sixteen (69.6%) patients were male, with muscle weakness as the predominant symptom in 100% of cases. After PE, most patients showed improvement in symptoms, and the proportion of patients with muscle weakness was reduced (p = 0.001). Relapse occurred in 17.4% of the cases. The incidence of adverse events was low (8.7%). Despite limitations, including a small sample size and heterogeneous data, our systematic review suggests that PE may be effective in inducing remission and controlling symptoms in anti-SRP myopathy, particularly in severe cases. Since evidence on PE in anti-SRP myopathy is limited, further research, including prospective multicenter studies, is warranted to understand better its efficacy and safety and establish its role in treatment algorithms.

The objective of present study was to develop nonionic surfactant vesicles of proteolytic enzyme serratiopeptidase (SRP) by adapting reverse phase evaporation (REV) technique and to evaluate the viability of SRP niosomal gel in treating the topical inflammation. The feasibility of SRP niosomes by REV method using Span 40 and cholesterol has been successfully demonstrated in this investigation. The entrapment efficiency was found to be influenced by the molar ratio of Span 40 : cholesterol and concentration of SRP in noisome. The developed niosomes were characterized for morphology, particle size, and in vitro release. Niosomal gel was prepared by dispersing xanthan gum into optimized batch of SRP niosomes. Ex vivo permeation and in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy of gel formulation were evaluated topically. SRP niosomes obtained were round in nanosize range. At Span 40 : cholesterol molar ratio 1 : 1 entrapment efficiency was maximum, that is, 54.82% ± 2.08, and showed consistent release pattern. Furthermore ex vivo skin permeation revealed that there was fourfold increase in a steady state flux when SRP was formulated in niosomes and a significant increase in the permeation of SRP, from SRP niosomal gel containing permeation enhancer. In vivo efficacy studies indicated that SRP niosomal gel had a comparable topical anti-inflammatory activity to that of dicolfenac gel.

ObjectivesIn autoimmunity, autoantibodies (aAb) may be simple biomarkers of disease or true pathogenic effectors. A form of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy associated with anti-signal recognition particle (SRP) or anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) aAb has been individualised and is referred to as immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM). The level of aAb correlates with IMNM activity and disease may respond to immunosuppression, suggesting that they are pathogenic. We aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of IgG from patients with anti-SRP or anti-HMGCR aAb in vivo by developing the first mouse model of IMNM.MethodsIgG from patients suffering from anti-SRP or anti-HMGCR associated IMNM were passively transferred to wild-type, Rag2-/- or complement C3-/- mice. Muscle deficiency was evaluated by muscle strength on electrostimulation and grip test. Histological analyses were performed after haematoxylin/eosin staining or by immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry analysis. Antibody levels were quantified by addressable laser bead assay (ALBIA).ResultsPassive transfer of IgG from patients suffering from IMNM to C57BL/6 or Rag2-/- mice provoked muscle deficiency. Pathogenicity of aAb was reduced in C3-/- mice while increased by supplementation with human complement. Breakage of tolerance by active immunisation with SRP or HMGCR provoked disease.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that patient-derived anti-SRP+ and anti-HMGCR+ IgG are pathogenic towards muscle in vivo through a complement-mediated mechanism, definitively establishing the autoimmune character of IMNM. These data support the use of plasma exchanges and argue for evaluating complement-targeting therapies in IMNM.

Abstract: Introduction: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are a group of clinically heterogeneous diseases, which have been classified by myositis specific antibodies recently. The anti-SRP positive subset of this group is characterized by more severe clinical prognosis than other myositis specific antibody positive types. Aim: Our goal was to compare 16 anti-SRP positive patients in the Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen with 16 antibody negative ones. Method: Muscle strength validated in both groups by the manual muscle test proved to be significantly decreased both before and after therapy (χ2 = 0.006 and 0.019) in the anti-SRP positive group. Results: Muscle-specific inflammatory laboratory parameters showed significant difference only in case of LDH-levels after therapy. Both groups showed good clinical response to first line steroid treatment, yet the significantly higher rate of second line administration suggests worse therapeutic response of the antibody positive group. Conclusion: Based on these facts we determined poor clinical prognosis and therapeutic response of the anti-SRP positive group. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(35): 1382–1389.

Les myopathies nécrosantes auto-immunes (MNAI) appartiennent au groupe des myopathies inflammatoires idiopathiques. Les MNAI sont des maladies musculaires sévères pouvant conduire à un déficit musculaire définitif et handicapant. Pour rétablir une force normale et prévenir le handicap, des traitements prolongés associant corticothérapie et immunosuppresseurs sont nécessaires. Les MNAI sont définies histologiquement par la prédominance de fibres musculaires en nécrose qui contraste avec l’absence ou la faible abondance d'inflammation musculaire. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la nécrose comme ceux impliqués dans les séquelles atrophiques sont en revanche inconnus. Les MNAI peuvent être associées à des auto-anticorps (aAc) soit anti-SRP, soit anti-HMGCR. Ces aAc ciblent des protéines cytoplasmiques ubiquitaires. Leurs titres sont corrélés avec l'activité de la maladie, suggérant ainsi le rôle pathogène de ces aAc. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les aAc pouvaient être impliqués dans les lésions musculaires observées aux cours des MNAI anti-SRP+ et anti-HMGCR+. Durant cette étude, nous avons eu pour objectifs : (i) de caractériser et de quantifier la nécrose musculaire et l’inflammation associée, ainsi que les mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués (rôle des aAc) ; (ii) d’analyser la régénération et l’atrophie musculaire et l’effet des aAc sur ces phénomènes. L'analyse histologique des biopsies musculaires des patients MNAI a montré que la proportion des fibres musculaires en nécrose était plus importante chez les patients anti-SRP+. Les taux sériques de créatine phosphokinase étaient corrélés avec la proportion de fibres nécrotiques, montrant ainsi que ce taux est un bon marqueur de l’activité de la maladie. De façon inattendue, une inflammation musculaire était régulièrement observée. En particulier, la densité lymphocytaire T était dans un quart des cas comparable à celle des autres myopathies inflammatoires. Cette densité cellulaire était de plus corrélée au pourcentage de fibres en nécrose. L’infiltrat inflammatoire était néanmoins composé principalement de macrophages. Des macrophages CD68+ iNOS+, impliqués dans des phénomènes de myophagocytoses dans un environnement Th-1 étaient régulièrement observés. Des macrophages avec un phénotype suggérant une activation alternative par l’immunité humorale ont aussi été observés. Dans ce sens, la présence de dépôts de complexe d’attaque membranaire à la surface des fibres musculaires, mais aussi des dépôts de C1q et d’IgG montraient l’activation de la voie classique du complément au cours des MNAI. De plus, la détection des protéines SRP et HMGCR sur certaines fibres musculaires immatures (in vitro et in vivo) suggérait le rôle pathogène des aAc. Concernant les mécanismes de régénération et les phénomènes d’atrophie musculaire, l’analyse des biopsies musculaires a révélé l’importance de l’irrégularité du diamètre des fibres avec une prédominance de petites fibres. Ces petites fibres correspondaient à la fois à des fibres en régénération et à des fibres en nécrose. In vitro, les Ac anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR induisent une atrophie musculaire en augmentant la transcription de MAFbx et Trim63. En outre, l'atrophie des fibres musculaires a été associée à un niveau élevé de cytokines inflammatoires comme TNF, IL-6 et ROS. Concernant l’étude de la régénération musculaire, in vitro, la présence des aAc réduisait la fusion des myoblastes. Ce défaut était associé à une diminution de la production de cytokines anti-inflammatoires IL-4 et IL-13. L’ajout d'IL-4 et/ou d’IL-13 permettait de corriger la fusion des myoblastes. Dans ce travail, les données recueillies convergent pour suggérer le rôle pathogène des aAc anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR dans les lésions musculaires nécrotiques mais aussi dans la régénération musculaire et l’atrophie. Ces données nouvelles soulignent l’importance de traitements ciblés au cours des MNAI
Immune mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is recognized as a separate entity among inflammatory myopathies. IMNM is a severe disabling muscle disease requiring prolonged combination of corticosteroid and immunosuppressive drugs. IMNM is morphologically defined by predominant muscle fiber necrosis and no or little inflammation, and is associated with important variation of the size of the fiber. However pathogenic mechanisms involved in muscle necrosis and muscle atrophy are largely unknown. IMNM may be associated with either anti-SRP or anti-HMGCR auto-antibodies (aAbs). The titer of these aAbs, targeting ubiquitous cytoplasmic proteins, is correlated with the disease activity suggesting their pathogenic role. In this thesis, we described the morphology of skeletal muscle alterations occurring in both conditions of anti-SRP+ or anti-HMGCR+ patients, studied the role of the Abs in (i) the necrosis mechanisms and the associated inflammation; (ii) by analyzing the atrophy and the regeneration mechanisms. Muscle histological analysis of anti-SRP+ and anti-HMGCR+ patients showed a random distribution of necrotic fibers that was more pronounced in anti-SRP+ patients. Creatine Phosphokinase levels; myolysis indicator, and muscle regeneration were correlated with the proportion of necrotic fibers. Inflammation was regularly observed in IMNM muscle patients. Macrophages were the most abundant but T cells densities were in a quarter of cases in the same range as myositis controls. CD68+iNOS+ macrophages and a Th-1 immune environment were also observed and involved in ongoing myophagocytosis. Of note, macrophages with alternative activation were also detected. Humoral immunity with activation of the classical pathway of the complement cascade was observed in IMNM. Positive membrane staining for SRP and HMGCR proteins, on some muscle fibers, was detected both in vitro and in muscle biopsies of IMNM patients. An important proportion of small fibers corresponding to both atrophic and regenerating fibers was observed in anti-SRP+ and anti-HMGCR+ patients. In vitro, anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAbs induced muscle fibers atrophy and increased the transcription of MAFbx and Trim63. In addition, the muscle fiber atrophy was associated with high level of inflammatory cytokines such TNF, IL-6 and ROS. Muscle regeneration in vitro was also affected by impairing the myoblasts fusion in presence of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR Abs. This default was associated with a decrease production of anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-4 and IL-13. Of note, the addition of IL-4 and/or IL-13 totally rescued the fusion. Together those data suggest that these aAbs have a pathogenic effect on muscle. Anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR are involved in muscle atrophy and affect the regeneration. The role of these aAbs in muscle damages occurring in IMNM was highlighted and emphasizes the potential interest of targeted therapies

Les myopathies nécrosantes auto-immunes (MNAI) appartiennent au groupe des myopathies inflammatoires idiopathiques. Les MNAI sont des maladies musculaires sévères pouvant conduire à un déficit musculaire définitif et handicapant. Pour rétablir une force normale et prévenir le handicap, des traitements prolongés associant corticothérapie et immunosuppresseurs sont nécessaires. Les MNAI sont définies histologiquement par la prédominance de fibres musculaires en nécrose qui contraste avec l’absence ou la faible abondance d'inflammation musculaire. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la nécrose comme ceux impliqués dans les séquelles atrophiques sont en revanche inconnus. Les MNAI peuvent être associées à des auto-anticorps (aAc) soit anti-SRP, soit anti-HMGCR. Ces aAc ciblent des protéines cytoplasmiques ubiquitaires. Leurs titres sont corrélés avec l'activité de la maladie, suggérant ainsi le rôle pathogène de ces aAc. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les aAc pouvaient être impliqués dans les lésions musculaires observées aux cours des MNAI anti-SRP+ et anti-HMGCR+. Durant cette étude, nous avons eu pour objectifs : (i) de caractériser et de quantifier la nécrose musculaire et l’inflammation associée, ainsi que les mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués (rôle des aAc) ; (ii) d’analyser la régénération et l’atrophie musculaire et l’effet des aAc sur ces phénomènes. L'analyse histologique des biopsies musculaires des patients MNAI a montré que la proportion des fibres musculaires en nécrose était plus importante chez les patients anti-SRP+. Les taux sériques de créatine phosphokinase étaient corrélés avec la proportion de fibres nécrotiques, montrant ainsi que ce taux est un bon marqueur de l’activité de la maladie. De façon inattendue, une inflammation musculaire était régulièrement observée. En particulier, la densité lymphocytaire T était dans un quart des cas comparable à celle des autres myopathies inflammatoires. Cette densité cellulaire était de plus corrélée au pourcentage de fibres en nécrose. L’infiltrat inflammatoire était néanmoins composé principalement de macrophages. Des macrophages CD68+ iNOS+, impliqués dans des phénomènes de myophagocytoses dans un environnement Th-1 étaient régulièrement observés. Des macrophages avec un phénotype suggérant une activation alternative par l’immunité humorale ont aussi été observés. Dans ce sens, la présence de dépôts de complexe d’attaque membranaire à la surface des fibres musculaires, mais aussi des dépôts de C1q et d’IgG montraient l’activation de la voie classique du complément au cours des MNAI. De plus, la détection des protéines SRP et HMGCR sur certaines fibres musculaires immatures (in vitro et in vivo) suggérait le rôle pathogène des aAc. Concernant les mécanismes de régénération et les phénomènes d’atrophie musculaire, l’analyse des biopsies musculaires a révélé l’importance de l’irrégularité du diamètre des fibres avec une prédominance de petites fibres. Ces petites fibres correspondaient à la fois à des fibres en régénération et à des fibres en nécrose. In vitro, les Ac anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR induisent une atrophie musculaire en augmentant la transcription de MAFbx et Trim63. En outre, l'atrophie des fibres musculaires a été associée à un niveau élevé de cytokines inflammatoires comme TNF, IL-6 et ROS. Concernant l’étude de la régénération musculaire, in vitro, la présence des aAc réduisait la fusion des myoblastes. Ce défaut était associé à une diminution de la production de cytokines anti-inflammatoires IL-4 et IL-13. L’ajout d'IL-4 et/ou d’IL-13 permettait de corriger la fusion des myoblastes. Dans ce travail, les données recueillies convergent pour suggérer le rôle pathogène des aAc anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR dans les lésions musculaires nécrotiques mais aussi dans la régénération musculaire et l’atrophie. Ces données nouvelles soulignent l’importance de traitements ciblés au cours des MNAI
Immune mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is recognized as a separate entity among inflammatory myopathies. IMNM is a severe disabling muscle disease requiring prolonged combination of corticosteroid and immunosuppressive drugs. IMNM is morphologically defined by predominant muscle fiber necrosis and no or little inflammation, and is associated with important variation of the size of the fiber. However pathogenic mechanisms involved in muscle necrosis and muscle atrophy are largely unknown. IMNM may be associated with either anti-SRP or anti-HMGCR auto-antibodies (aAbs). The titer of these aAbs, targeting ubiquitous cytoplasmic proteins, is correlated with the disease activity suggesting their pathogenic role. In this thesis, we described the morphology of skeletal muscle alterations occurring in both conditions of anti-SRP+ or anti-HMGCR+ patients, studied the role of the Abs in (i) the necrosis mechanisms and the associated inflammation; (ii) by analyzing the atrophy and the regeneration mechanisms. Muscle histological analysis of anti-SRP+ and anti-HMGCR+ patients showed a random distribution of necrotic fibers that was more pronounced in anti-SRP+ patients. Creatine Phosphokinase levels; myolysis indicator, and muscle regeneration were correlated with the proportion of necrotic fibers. Inflammation was regularly observed in IMNM muscle patients. Macrophages were the most abundant but T cells densities were in a quarter of cases in the same range as myositis controls. CD68+iNOS+ macrophages and a Th-1 immune environment were also observed and involved in ongoing myophagocytosis. Of note, macrophages with alternative activation were also detected. Humoral immunity with activation of the classical pathway of the complement cascade was observed in IMNM. Positive membrane staining for SRP and HMGCR proteins, on some muscle fibers, was detected both in vitro and in muscle biopsies of IMNM patients. An important proportion of small fibers corresponding to both atrophic and regenerating fibers was observed in anti-SRP+ and anti-HMGCR+ patients. In vitro, anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAbs induced muscle fibers atrophy and increased the transcription of MAFbx and Trim63. In addition, the muscle fiber atrophy was associated with high level of inflammatory cytokines such TNF, IL-6 and ROS. Muscle regeneration in vitro was also affected by impairing the myoblasts fusion in presence of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR Abs. This default was associated with a decrease production of anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-4 and IL-13. Of note, the addition of IL-4 and/or IL-13 totally rescued the fusion. Together those data suggest that these aAbs have a pathogenic effect on muscle. Anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR are involved in muscle atrophy and affect the regeneration. The role of these aAbs in muscle damages occurring in IMNM was highlighted and emphasizes the potential interest of targeted therapies

Les myopathies auto-immunes (MAI), classiquement appelées myosites ou myopathies inflammatoires idiopathiques, représentent un groupe de maladies définies par des caractéristiques cliniques, histopathologiques et biologiques. Une des caractéristiques les plus notables est la présence d’auto-anticorps (aAc) chez environ 60% des patients. Les MAI regroupent : les dermatomyosites, les polymyosites, les myosites à inclusion, les myosites de chevauchement incluant le syndrome des anti-synthétases et les myopathies nécrosantes auto-immunes (MNAI). Les MNAI ont été récemment individualisées parmi les MAI comme des maladies graves fréquemment associées à la présence d’aAc dirigés contre la Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) ou la 3-Hydroxy-3-MéthylGlutaryl-CoA Réductase (HMGCR). La localisation de SRP et HMGCR étant intracellulaire, le rôle des aAc dans la physiopathologie des MNAI reste mal compris. La pathogénicité des aAc anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR envers des cellules musculaires cultivées in vitro a récemment été mise en évidence mais leurs effets in vivo demeurent inconnus.Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai étudié le rôle physiopathologique des aAc anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR in vivo chez la souris. Le transfert passif d’IgG de patients atteints de MNAI, positifs pour les aAc anti-SRP ou anti-HMGCR, à la souris sauvage entraîne un déficit musculaire. Ce déficit était prolongé chez la souris immunodéficiente Rag2-/-, et limité chez la souris déficiente pour la fraction C3 du complément. Chez les souris recevant les IgG anti-SRP+, le déficit musculaire était important et accompagné de quelques signes de nécrose myocytaire. Les IgG anti-HMGCR+ induisaient une faiblesse musculaire moindre, et des signes histopathologiques rares ou absents. Ces résultats sont en accord avec l’observation chez l’homme d’une maladie plus grave chez les patients anti-SRP+ par rapport aux patients anti-HMGCR+. La supplémentation en complément humain des souris augmentait le déficit musculaire induit par les IgG anti-HMGCR+ et de façon moindre pour les IgG anti-SRP+. En collaboration avec l’INSERM UMRS974, nous avons montré que les cibles SRP et HMGCR peuvent être détectées à la surface des fibres musculaires in vitro, suggérant qu’elles puissent être accessibles aux aAc in vivo.Ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois le rôle pathogène des aAc anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR in vivo et l’implication du complément, contribuant à une avancée dans la compréhension de la physiopathologie des MNAI
Autoimmune myopathies (AIM), classically called myositis or idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, represent a group of diseases characterized by clinical, histopathologic and biologic properties. One of the most notable properties is the presence of autoantibodies (aAb) in approximately 60% of patients. AIM includes five principal entities: dermatomyositis, polymyositis, inclusion body myositis, overlap myositis including the anti-synthetase syndrome and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNM). IMNM have recently been individualized among AIM as severe diseases frequently associated with aAb directed against Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) or 3-Hydroxy-3-MethylGlutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR). Since SRP and HMGCR have an intracellular localization, the role of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb in the pathophysiology of IMNM remains unclear. Anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb were recently shown to be pathogenic to muscle cells in vitro but in vivo effects remain unknown.During this thesis, I studied the pathophysiological role of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb in vivo in mice. Passive transfer of IgG purified from plasma of IMNM patients positive for anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb to wild-type mice elicited a muscle weakness. Immune-deficient Rag2-/- mice presented a prolonged muscle deficit, whereas complement component C3 deficient mice had limited signs. Mice injected with anti-SRP+ IgG displayed a strong muscle weakness with mild myocytic necrosis. The muscle deficit was milder and histopathologic findings were not always present in mice receiving anti-HMGCR+ IgG. This is in accordance with clinical findings in anti-SRP+ patients which present a more severe disease than anti-HMGCR+ patients. When supplemented with human complement, mice receiving anti-HMGCR+ IgG showed a more severe muscle deficit. This supplementation increased the deficit induced by anti-SRP IgG in a milder way. In collaboration with INSERM UMRS974, we showed that the targets SRP and HMGCR can be detected on the surface of myofibres in vitro, suggesting that they could be accessible to aAb in vivo.Together, these results demonstrate for the first time the pathogenic role of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb in vivo and the implication of complement, contributing to a progress in the comprehension of MNAI pathophysiology

Les myosites sont des maladies auto-immunes rares qui peuvent survenir soit de manière spontanée, les myopathies inflammatoires idiopathiques (MII), soit être induites par des traitements comme les inhibiteurs de points de contrôle immunitaire (ICI). Parmi les myosites, ce travail s’est concentré sur l’étude de deux entités : les myosites nécrosantes auto-immunes (MNAI) et les myosites induites par les ICI. Les MII sont divisées en sous-groupes homogènes en termes de phénotype clinique, biologique et histologique en partie grâce à l’identification des auto-anticorps spécifiques de myosite. Chacune de ces entités est associée à des anticorps qui jouent un rôle dans la survenue de la maladie par des mécanismes différents. Au cours des MNAI, les auto-anticorps anti-SRP (Signal recognition particle) semblent jouer un rôle pathogène direct via l’activation de la voie classique du complément. Treize auto-anticorps anti-SRP issus de prélèvement de patients ont été produits dont cinq auto-anticorps reconnaissant de manière spécifique la SRP par deux techniques différentes. Ces auto-anticorps anti-SRP humains seront utilisés pour développer des modèles de MNAI et comprendre leurs mécanismes d’action au cours de la pathologie ainsi que leurs cibles antigéniques. Concernant les myosites sous ICI, les anticorps monoclonaux thérapeutiques, dirigés contre les molécules de co-stimulation inhibitrices, induisent une rupture de tolérance immunitaire au sein du tissu musculaire. La description de séries de patients issus de base de pharmacovigilance a permis d’identifier un phénotype clinique spécifique associé à un mauvais pronostic notamment en cas d’atteinte cardiaque associée. L’étude de la réponse immunitaire systémique et du profil transcriptomique musculaire a mis en évidence un rôle central des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques et des macrophages dans la physiopathologie de la maladie. L’identification des mécanismes physiopathologiques est une étape essentielle à la découverte de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques afin d’améliorer la prise en charge des patients
Myositis is a rare autoimmune disease that may occur spontaneously, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, or be induced by treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Among myositis, this work focused on the study of two entities: immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), and ICI-induced myositis. Inflammatory myopathies are separated into homogeneous subgroups in terms of clinical, biological, and histological phenotype thanks to the identification of myositis-specific autoantibodies. Each of these entities is associated with antibodies that play a role in the occurrence of the disease by different mechanisms. In IMNM, anti-SRP (signal recognition particle) autoantibodies appear to play a direct pathogenic role via activation of the classical complement pathway. Thirteen anti-SRP autoantibodies from patient samples were produced, including five autoantibodies specifically recognizing SRP by two different techniques. These human anti-SRP autoantibodies will be used to develop models of IMNM and to understand their mechanisms of action as well as to define their antigenic targets. Regarding ICI-induced myositis, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies directed against inhibitory co-stimulatory molecules induce a break of immune tolerance within the muscle tissue. The description of a series of patients from pharmacovigilance database allowed us to characterize a specific clinical phenotype associated with a poor prognosis, particularly in the case of associated myocarditis. The study of the systemic immune response and of the muscle transcriptomic profile has highlighted a central role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and macrophages in the pathophysiology of the disease.Eventually, the description of pathophysiological mechanisms is mandatory to identify new therapeutic targets and then improve myositis treatment strategy

The aim of this thesis is to study state regulation of anti-democratic parties, i.e. party regulation. The term ‘Party regulation’ refers to laws that may regulate the activities and behavior of political parties. This thesis uses a comparative method, conducted on three European countries which regulate anti-democratic parties differently. The cases studied are Germany, Spain and Sweden.The basis for understanding state regulation of anti-democratic parties rests on a historical institutionalist perspective along with theories of democratic tolerance. The analysis reveals that states regulate anti-democratic parties differently as a result of their historical past which has made them adopt different ideas of how political parties should be seen. Further, the analysis shows that there is no connection between the party regulation adopted and the effect it has on the anti-democratic parties.