Dissertationen zum Thema „Anti- militarisme“

This thesis seeks to conceptualise an anarchist response to the politics of security. Understanding security as a discourse of conceptual and political mastery, and as therefore resistant to incorporation within a framework of emancipation, it argues that anarchism offers theoretical and practical resources through which creative insurrections in the political-metaphysical fabric of security might be made. The thesis is built around an ethnography of UK-based anti-militarist activism, interpreting a variety of practices, tactics and strategies through a conception of anarchism which emphasises prefigurative direct action and a ceaseless resistance to relations and discourses of domination and hegemony. Three central interventions in the logics of security are identified. The first involves the subversion of the hegemonic ontology of agency which can be identified across both traditional and critical understandings of security; those anti-militarists under examination do not appeal to „the state‟ to redress their grievances and insecurities, preferring instead to „directly‟ engage in practices of security. The second intervention emphasises those forms of anti-militarism which can be seen to subvert the security/insecurity binaries themselves, and to open spaces and possibilities beyond the totalising frameworks which constitute our contemporary politics of security. The third examines those moments and movements where, as they subvert these binaries, anti-militarists prefigure forms of subjectivity which displace those forms of rationality and relationality which underpin the politics of security (and militarism). Together these three interventions destabilise the politics of security in ways which offer powerful opportunities for rethinking and resisting contemporary forms of political domination and violence. This also functions as an argument about the politics of resistance, which is conceptualised here not as a programmatic, strategic or confrontational posture, but a tactical, prefigurative and anarchic exploration of becoming otherwise.

The inter-disciplinary study interrogates how British, feminist, anti-militarist writers sought, through their literary output, to influence their readership and bring about consensual change during the inter-war period, so that the country would anticipate and plan for peace rather than anticipating further war. Through their writings, they denounced the militarist principles that underpinned the First World War and aimed to secure lasting peace. Some of the writers believed that this responsibility fell to women. The topic was investigated through examination of a wide range of primary and secondary source material. Secondary material included historical research into women's lives during the inter-war period and studies of British women's literature during and between the wars that focused on issues of war and peace. Primary material included investigation of archive material and the literary output between the wars of the writers with whom I am mainly concerned, considering various gemes and taking account ofhistorical context. The writers occupied a range of anti-militarist and pacifist positions, although they all sought peace. During the 1920s they pursued their quest with confidence. Disarmament seemed possible and the League of Nations offered hope in its implementation. However, during the 1930s, following Hitler's rise to power, when Fascism increasingly threatened cultural and intellectual freedoms and democracy in mainland Europe, their confidence wavered. The Spanish Civil War demonstrated the ruthlessness of the European dictators working in unison to crush democracy, causing some of them to further question the legitimacy of their enterprise. As the probability of war with Germany increased, the majority of writers endorsed a military response to Hitler in order to restore peace and democracy. This did not represent an abandonment oftheir values since they retained their core anti-militarist principles and only endorsed war for the sake of protecting cultural and intellectual freedoms and restoring peace and democracy.

Nell’ambito dell’alleanza nazi-fascista dell’Asse tra Roma, Berlino e Tokyo, il “segmento” italo-giapponese è quello che fino ad oggi, ha ricevuto minor attenzione, con una relativa scarsità di titoli anche da parte di studiosi italiani e giapponesi. Tramite l’analisi di fonti documentarie conservate presso l’Archivio storico-diplomatico del Ministero degli Affari Esteri italiano e l’Archivio Centrale dello Stato a Roma, l’indagine è stata svolta con lo scopo di delineare un quadro più dettagliato, più complesso ma sostanzialmente più aggiornato, di un fase storica, che fa risaltare con particolare rilievo, il prestigio politico della diplomazia fascista in Estremo Oriente

Nous présentons l'édition critique de la traduction française anonyme en prose médiévale de l'Epitoma rei militaris de Végèce du XIIIe siècle (VegLev) à partir des deux témoins conservés, un à la Bibliothèque Nationale de Saint-Pétersbourg, Fr. F. y. IX, 1, et l'autre à Wolfenbüttel, Bibliothèque Herzog August, Blankenburg 111. L'analyse codicologique, qui accompagne l'édition, a permis de situer les manuscrits et leurs enluminures au XIII siècle, au Levant. L'établissement de sa source latine en a facilité l'édition et montre les procédés de la traduction médiévale car il permet de la mettre en rapport avec la traduction anglo-normande de maître Richard. Cette traduction de l'Epitoma rei militaris, considérée la plus ancienne qui nous est parvenue, est conservé dans un codex unicus et contient aussi une copie latine dont le colophon fait référence à la ville d'Acre. De même, l'analyse de la langue et de la scripta a signalée quelques structures, formes et mots, qui se retrouvent reliés au Levant dans d'autres études ou outils lexicographiques, ainsi que des barbarismes reliés au domaine gallo-roman méridional et italique. L'étude des interventions du traducteur a permis d'insére ce projet au sein d'une société guerrière au Levant pendant le XIIIe siècle. Ces interventions touchent la structure de l'oeuvre, les destinataires, ses habitudes sociales avec lesquelles le traducteur a mis à jour le bréviaire, telles que l'âge et l'origine des combatants, leurs habitudes dans l'exercice de la guerre, etc. Cette traduction, servile â la phrase latine, présente un texte souvent difficile à comprendre. Néanmoins, cette ancienne traduction a pu donner accès à une chaste guerrière incapable de comprendre le latin à un des textes militaires latins les plus célèbres, et aider ensuite à la réalisation d'autres traductions postérieures de l'Epitoma rei militaris. Enthousiaste des maximes, le traducteur devient soudainement autonome au texte latin lorsqu'il se consacre à la confection et la multiplication de sentences por enseignemens et en remembrance de l'art de la chevalerie.
We present the critical edition of the anonymous 13th-century French translation in medieval prose of the Epitoma rei militaris by Vegetius (VegLev) based on two manuscripts conserved in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg, Fr. F. v. IX, 1, and the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbiittel, Blankenburg 111. The codicological analysis, which is part of the edition, has dated the manuscripts and their miniatures to the 13th century Levant. Determining its Latin source made it easier to prepare the edition and also revealed the procedures of medieval translation because it could be compared with the Anglo-Norman translation by Master Richard. This Anglo-Norman translation of the Epitoma rei militaris, regarded as the oldest in existence, has been preserved in a codex unicus and there is also a Latin copy, which names the city of Acre. Likewise, the analysis of the language and the scripta reveals some structures, forms and words that have been associated with the Levant by other studies and lexicographical tools, and the use of loan words from the southern Gallo-Roman empire and Italy. The analysis of the translator's interventions has effectively framed this translation within the warfaring society of the 13th-century Levant. The interventions affect the structure of the work and inform us about the readers, such social customs of the time as the age and origin of the combatants, warfaring habits, etc. This translation faithfully follows the Latin phrasing and is often difficult to follow. However, the aim of the translation was to make one of the most famous military texts available to a warring caste unable to understand Latin and, perhaps, to be the basis on which subsequent translations of the Epitoma rei militaris could be made. The translator, an enthusiastic user of maxims, moves away from the Latin text when he devotes himself to devising numerous aphorisms por enseignements et en remembrance of the art of chivalry.

Orientador: Márcia Regina Capelari Naxara
Banca: Jacy Alves Seixas
Banca: Josette Maria Alves de Souza Monzani
Banca: Luiz Carlos Ribeiro
Banca: Tania da Costa Garcia
Resumo: Neste trabalho procurei refletir como se deu a representação da FEB e dos ex-combatentes brasileiros no cinema documentário contemporâneo, dos anos de 1990 e 2000, compreendendo a relação destes filmes com a memória da FEB e da participação do Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Nestes 60 anos de pós-guerra, o passado destes ex-combatentes foi submetido a quatro articulações que encontraram de uma maneira ou de outra ressonância no cinema: a memória "enquadrada" de 1944/45; a memória "emprestada" de 1960/70; a memória "atacada" de 1980/90 e a memória "em combate" de 2000. No fim da guerra foi forjada a imagem de uma FEB vitoriosa e de heróis nacionais, elegendo a conquista de Monte Castelo como o principal feito do soldado brasileiro na "Campanha da Itália". O inverno europeu e os quatro ataques mal sucedidos ao Apenino transformaram Monte Castelo no maior mito da participação brasileira no conflito mundial. Mas os anos que se seguiram ao retorno da FEB ao Brasil foram acompanhados de um descaso total do Estado e da sociedade civil pelas experiências de guerra daqueles homens e mulheres que ainda mesmo na Itália já tinham sido desmobilizados. Foram nos anos de 1960/70 que a memória dos ex-combatentes assumiu nova conotação, tomada emprestada pelos militares no poder a "Campanha da Itália" passou a ser o horizonte para qual a sociedade civil e os militares deveriam olhar no tocante a uma nova luta que se configurava no cenário político nacional e internacional da época: a luta contra o comunismo foi a continuação da luta da FEB na Itália contra o nazi-fascismo. No entanto, este (res)sentimento de anticomunismo, que teve origem em 1935 com a Intentona Comunista e que veio sendo articulado e atualizado pelos militares ao longo dos anos, gerou um contra-sentimento de antimilitarismo em uma ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In this work I tried to reflect on how the representation of FEB and Brazilian former combatants at the contemporary documentary cinema was in the years of 1990 and 2000, understanding the relationship of those films with the recollection of FEB and the participation of Brazil in the Second World War. During the 60 after-war years, the past of these former combatants has been submitted to four connections which encountered, somehow or other, success at the cinema: the "framed" memory of 1944/45; the "lent" memory of 1960/70; the "attacked" memory of 1980/90 and the memory "in combat" of 2000. At the end of the war, an image of an victorious FEB and of national heroes was fabricated, electing the conquest of Monte Castelo (Mount Castle) as the main deed of the Brazilian soldier at the "Italian Campaign". The European winter and the four badly-succeeded attacks to the Appennines transformed Monte Castelo into the biggest myth of the Brazilian participation in the world conflict. However, the years after the return of FEB to Brazil were followed by a total negligence from the State and the civil society by the war experiences of those men and women who, even in Italy, had already been demobilized. It was in the years of 1960/70 which the memory of the former combatants assumed a new connotation, borrowed by the militaries in the power. The "Italian Campaign" started being the horizon at which the civil society and the militaries should look when it comes to a new fight which was being formed at the national and international political scenario of such time: the fight against the Communism was the continuation of FEB's fight in Italy against the nazi-fascism. However, this feeling/resentment of anti-communism, which started in 1935 with the Communist Intentona and which was being articulated and updated by the militaries along the years, provoked a counter-feeling of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumen: En este trabajo busqué reflexionar como se dio la representación de FEB y de los ex combatientes brasileños en el cine documentario contemporáneo, de los años 1990 y 2000, comprendiendo la relación de estas películas con la memoria de FEB y de la participación de Brasil en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En esos 60 años de posguerra, el pasado de esos ex combatientes fue sometido a cuatro articulaciones que encontraron de una manera o otra, resonancia en el cine: la memoria "encuadrada" de 1944/45; la memoria "prestada" de 1960/70; la memoria "atacada" de 1980/90 y la memoria "en combate" de 2000. En el fin de la guerra fue forjada la imagen de una FEB victoriosa y de héroes nacionales, eligiendo la conquista de Monte Castelo como el principal hecho del soldado brasileño en la "Campaña de Italia". El invento europeo y los cuatros ataques sin éxito al Apenino transformaron Monte Castelo en el mayor mito de la participación brasileña en el conflicto mundial. Pero los años que se siguieron al retorno de FEB al Brasil fueron acompañados de un descaso total del Estado y de la sociedad civil por las experiencias de guerra de aquellos hombres y mujeres que todavía mismo en Italia ya habían sido desmovilizados. Fueron en los años de 1960/70 que la memoria de los ex combatientes asumió nueva connotación, tomada prestada por los militares en el poder la "Campaña de Italia" pasó a ser el horizonte para lo cual la sociedad civil y los militares deberían mirar en el tocante a una nueva lucha que se configuraba en el escenario político nacional e internacional de la época: la lucha contra el comunismo fue la continuación de la lucha de FEB en Italia contra el nazifascismo. Entretanto, este (re)sentimiento de anticomunismo, que tuvo origen en 1935 con la Intentona Comunista y que vino siendo articulada y actualizada por los militares a lo largo de los años, ... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletronico abajo)
Doutor

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Ian Fletcher, committee chair; Jared Poley, Hugh Hudson, committee members. Electronic text (110 [i.e. 105] p.) : digital, PDF file. Pages 18, 45, 76, 77 and 95 blank. Description based on contents viewed Jan. 16, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-110).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:04:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tomain_cs_dr_fran.pdf: 1310739 bytes, checksum: 3b1bbf44a0aa1b003f100b4315956e16 (MD5)
Neste trabalho procurei refletir como se deu a representação da FEB e dos ex-combatentes brasileiros no cinema documentário contemporâneo, dos anos de 1990 e 2000, compreendendo a relação destes filmes com a memória da FEB e da participação do Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Nestes 60 anos de pós-guerra, o passado destes ex-combatentes foi submetido a quatro articulações que encontraram de uma maneira ou de outra ressonância no cinema: a memória “enquadrada” de 1944/45; a memória “emprestada” de 1960/70; a memória “atacada” de 1980/90 e a memória “em combate” de 2000. No fim da guerra foi forjada a imagem de uma FEB vitoriosa e de heróis nacionais, elegendo a conquista de Monte Castelo como o principal feito do soldado brasileiro na “Campanha da Itália”. O inverno europeu e os quatro ataques mal sucedidos ao Apenino transformaram Monte Castelo no maior mito da participação brasileira no conflito mundial. Mas os anos que se seguiram ao retorno da FEB ao Brasil foram acompanhados de um descaso total do Estado e da sociedade civil pelas experiências de guerra daqueles homens e mulheres que ainda mesmo na Itália já tinham sido desmobilizados. Foram nos anos de 1960/70 que a memória dos ex-combatentes assumiu nova conotação, tomada emprestada pelos militares no poder a “Campanha da Itália” passou a ser o horizonte para qual a sociedade civil e os militares deveriam olhar no tocante a uma nova luta que se configurava no cenário político nacional e internacional da época: a luta contra o comunismo foi a continuação da luta da FEB na Itália contra o nazi-fascismo. No entanto, este (res)sentimento de anticomunismo, que teve origem em 1935 com a Intentona Comunista e que veio sendo articulado e atualizado pelos militares ao longo dos anos, gerou um contra-sentimento de antimilitarismo em uma...
In this work I tried to reflect on how the representation of FEB and Brazilian former combatants at the contemporary documentary cinema was in the years of 1990 and 2000, understanding the relationship of those films with the recollection of FEB and the participation of Brazil in the Second World War. During the 60 after-war years, the past of these former combatants has been submitted to four connections which encountered, somehow or other, success at the cinema: the “framed” memory of 1944/45; the “lent” memory of 1960/70; the “attacked” memory of 1980/90 and the memory “in combat” of 2000. At the end of the war, an image of an victorious FEB and of national heroes was fabricated, electing the conquest of Monte Castelo (Mount Castle) as the main deed of the Brazilian soldier at the “Italian Campaign”. The European winter and the four badly-succeeded attacks to the Appennines transformed Monte Castelo into the biggest myth of the Brazilian participation in the world conflict. However, the years after the return of FEB to Brazil were followed by a total negligence from the State and the civil society by the war experiences of those men and women who, even in Italy, had already been demobilized. It was in the years of 1960/70 which the memory of the former combatants assumed a new connotation, borrowed by the militaries in the power. The “Italian Campaign” started being the horizon at which the civil society and the militaries should look when it comes to a new fight which was being formed at the national and international political scenario of such time: the fight against the Communism was the continuation of FEB’s fight in Italy against the nazi-fascism. However, this feeling/resentment of anti-communism, which started in 1935 with the Communist Intentona and which was being articulated and updated by the militaries along the years, provoked a counter-feeling of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
En este trabajo busqué reflexionar como se dio la representación de FEB y de los ex combatientes brasileños en el cine documentario contemporáneo, de los años 1990 y 2000, comprendiendo la relación de estas películas con la memoria de FEB y de la participación de Brasil en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En esos 60 años de posguerra, el pasado de esos ex combatientes fue sometido a cuatro articulaciones que encontraron de una manera o otra, resonancia en el cine: la memoria “encuadrada” de 1944/45; la memoria “prestada” de 1960/70; la memoria “atacada” de 1980/90 y la memoria “en combate” de 2000. En el fin de la guerra fue forjada la imagen de una FEB victoriosa y de héroes nacionales, eligiendo la conquista de Monte Castelo como el principal hecho del soldado brasileño en la “Campaña de Italia”. El invento europeo y los cuatros ataques sin éxito al Apenino transformaron Monte Castelo en el mayor mito de la participación brasileña en el conflicto mundial. Pero los años que se siguieron al retorno de FEB al Brasil fueron acompañados de un descaso total del Estado y de la sociedad civil por las experiencias de guerra de aquellos hombres y mujeres que todavía mismo en Italia ya habían sido desmovilizados. Fueron en los años de 1960/70 que la memoria de los ex combatientes asumió nueva connotación, tomada prestada por los militares en el poder la “Campaña de Italia” pasó a ser el horizonte para lo cual la sociedad civil y los militares deberían mirar en el tocante a una nueva lucha que se configuraba en el escenario político nacional e internacional de la época: la lucha contra el comunismo fue la continuación de la lucha de FEB en Italia contra el nazifascismo. Entretanto, este (re)sentimiento de anticomunismo, que tuvo origen en 1935 con la Intentona Comunista y que vino siendo articulada y actualizada por los militares a lo largo de los años, ... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletronico abajo)

碩士
國立宜蘭大學
生物技術研究所碩士班
100
Cordyceps militaris is a rare and exotic Chinese medicinal mushroom. This traditional medicine has long been used by Chinese for thousands of years. Its chemical composition and pharmacological effects were similar to Cordyceps sinensis. Secondary metabolites of biologically active compounds – cordycepin (3’-deoxyadenosine). In recent years, cordycepin has many pharmacological effects, such as immune regulation, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-virus.The objectives of this study were tried extract cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris solid fermentative, and determine the possible anti-inflammation mechanism, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and secondary bacterial infection whether the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression with that of PRRSV replication by hot water extract from Cordyceps militaris (CMHW) in porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM). The results demonstrate that CMHW inhibit COX-2 expression, which will reduce the downstream expression of NO. In addition, CMHW could inhibit the MAPK and IKK casades via suppress the phosphorylation extent in JNK, p38 and IкB ultimately inactivate the transcription factor such as activation protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor кB (NF-кB), and further inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6). In simulation experiments, PRRSV infection or secondary bacterial infection, CMHW can significantly reduce TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA expression and the replication of PRRSV. The CMHW exert high potential in feed additives development which could applied in swine inflammatory related diseases caused by PRRSV and bacteria infection, and blocking the replication of PRRSV. Reduce the economic losses of pig industry.

Dissertação de mestrado em Estudos Europeus, apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra
A presente dissertação pretende trazer para a disciplina de Estudos Europeus a contribuição das teorias feministas em Relações Internacionais na análise das dinâmicas e complexidades que compõem o actual panorama político internacional. Este estudo com base nas teorias e metodologias feministas incide sobre as mulheres nos Balcãs particularmente sobre o activismo feminista antimilitarista na Sérvia protagonizado pelas Mulheres de Negro de Belgrado. É objectivo demonstrar a forma como as suas lutas e reivindicações contribuíram para inclusão na Agenda internacional da problemática da violência e dos abusos das mulheres em contextos de guerra, nomeadamente para a introdução do crime de violação sexual, ocorrida durante os conflitos, nos mecanismos legais do Direito Internacional. Apesar de as mulheres desempenharem um papel activo na reconstrução pós-bélica, é verificado que as Organizações Internacionais que dirigem as missões de paz continuam a negligenciar o seu papel neste processo. Assim, pretende-se com este estudo conferir visibilidade às alternativas antinacionalistas e anti-militaristas propostas pelas Mulheres de Negro de Belgrado, que, ao constituírem-se em rede com outras organizações feministas à escala global, estão a criar um espaço de resistência e de debate para a introdução de novas perspectivas que possam contribuir para a reformulação do conceito de cidadania europeia.
The present dissertation intends to bring to the discipline of European Studies the contributions of feminist theories in International Relations in the analysis of the dynamics and complexities that compound the actual international political panorama. This study based on feminist theories and methodologies focus on the women of the Balkans, particularly on the feminist anti-militaristic activism in Serbia whose protagonists are the Women in Black of Belgrade. The objective is to demonstrate how their struggles and claims contributed to the inclusion of the problematic of the abuses of women in contexts of war in the International Agenda, namely for the introduction of the crime of sexual violation, that occurred during the conflicts, in the legal mechanisms of the International Law. Despite the active role of women in the post-war reconstruction it is verified that the International Organizations who run the peace missions continue to neglect their role in this process. Thus, it is intend with this study to give visibility to the anti-nationalist and anti-militaristic alternatives proposed by the Women In Black of Belgrade, that by constituting a network with other feminist organizations at a global scale, are creating a space of resistance and debate for the introduction of new perspectives that can contribute to the redefinition of the concept of European citizenship.

碩士
中山醫學大學
營養學研究所
95
Cordyceps militaris, a parasitical fungus in moth pupae, is very close to Cordyceps sinensis both in morphology and phylogenesis. It has been reported that Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis have similar pharmacokinetics. Recently, it was reported that the artifical cultivation of Cordyceps militaris is successfully developed in industrial large scale. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of hot water extracts from Cordyceps militaris (CME). In the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, CME revealed a high level of antioxidant capacity. In anti-inflammatory test, CME inhibited the NO production and iNOS expression in LPS and IFN-γ-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In anti-angiogenic assay, CME inhibited the proliferation, migration and tube-like formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). Moreover, CME showed a potent inhibitory activity upon VEGF-induced angiogenesis on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane vascularisation (CAM) assay. These functional studies provide a beneficial evidence on the development of health food and drug from Cordyceps militaris.

碩士
大仁科技大學
生物科技研究所
101
Cordyceps militaris is a herbal medicine grew on infected insect larvae or pupae. The Cordyceps militaris contains functional ingredients including cordycepin, cordyceps acid, nucleoside and Cordyceps polysaccharide, and is an important medicine in health and medicare. The deep ocean water（DOW）, which contains rich ionic minerals and trace elements that could not be synthesized by human body and could only be supplemented by intake, and also contains trace elements Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, is suitable for promoting yeast growth or for culturing the mycelia of Aspergillus and Antrodia camphorate. The results of this study show that the Cordyceps militaris, liquid-cultivated in deep ocean water obtained from different manufacturers, showed no significant difference in quality and content of the mycelium. In the aspects of total polysaccharide content, the Cordyceps militaris cultivated in the Taiwan Yes 100% (TY100) deep life force deep ocean water is found to be relatively higher, thus such water is chosen as clultivation liquid in the follow-up study. Concentrated DOW, in different concentrations, was evaluated for the effect of adding excess ions on Cordyceps militaris cultivation. The preliminary result indicated that the use of DOW in the original concentration can increase the total polysaccharide content significantly. We further used individual Mg2+, Ca2+, K+ ions at concentration equivalent to that in DOW of the original concentration in the follow-up experiments. The results showed that the use of deionized medium with added Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ ions can resulted in increased cordycepin content, while Mg2+ ions can improve the total polysaccharides content. In the solid-state culture, the use of TY 100 at 50% concentrations yielded fruiting bodies with greater biomass content. Meanwhile, the use of TY in 75% concentration, with added soybean meal (SM), raised the content of cordycepin and total polysaccharide. Comparing irradiation effect under different light quality, the green light afforded the greatest bacteroid and total polysaccharide content in Cordyceps militaris cultivated in solid culture. Concentration of 10 mg / mL in the antioxidant capacity DPPH scavenging effect of free radical with Vitamin C. Comparing irradiation effect under different light quality, the green light afforded the greatest bacteroid and total polysaccharide content in Cordyceps militaris cultivated in solid culture. Another feeding of Cordyceps militaris commercially available products animal model anti-fatigue assessment methods to do testing in accordance with the Department of Health announced the health food was adopted, and mice swimming endurance exercise was performed. Cordyceps militaris-treated mice was evaluated for change in blood glucose, blood lactate, blood urea nitrogen and glycogen concentration before and after exercises, in order to investigate the efficacy of Cordyceps militaris in fatigue reduction after exercise. Fifty male adult SD rats of 10 weeks of age were studied by dividing them into five groups. Except for the control group, the positive control group and the rest o three groups were all fed with 0.5, 1 and 5 fold Cordyceps militaris products in the experiment. After 28 days of feeding, the result showed that the experimental groups exhibited longer exercise time and higher glycogen concentration than that of the control group. Moreover, blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid content of the experimental groups was also found to be significantly lower than that of the control group. Besides, the result suggested that the feeding of Cordyceps militaris products could reduce the degree of fatigue and improve the physiological condition of the tested rats.

碩士
東海大學
食品科學系
107
Fatigue is caused by labor or excessive work, and is closely related to many occupational disasters; therefore, how to reduce the fatigue of workers and occupational injuries has become an important issue. Fatigue refers to the inability of the body to show its optimal state, caused by subjective feelings, tissue damage or energy shortages; the length of the recovery period varies depending on the level of exercise and supplementation of nutrients.Cordyceps militaris is a genus of Cordyceps, containing cordycepin, adenosine, mannitol and polysaccharides. Studies have indicated that Cordyceps militaris has many physiological functions such as anti-diabetes, blood fat reduction and liver protection. At present, among the anti-fatigue functional health products approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, there are three types of mushroom products, two of which are Cordyceps sinensis mycelium products of Cordyceps. Studies have shown that Cordyceps militaris has more functional components than Cordyceps sinensis. At present, little research has been conducted on the anti-fatigue efficacy of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris on exercise-induced fatigue. Eight weeks old male ICR mice were divided into five groups: control group, low, medium and high dose groups of Cordyceps militaris, and positive control group. The positive control group was the Cordyceps sinensis mycelium capsule certified by health food. Eight out of each group, after four weeks of feeding, exercise performance and anti-fatigue biochemical indicators analysis, sports performance is divided into forelimb grip and swimming exhaustion test.The results showed that in the forelimb grip, the experimental group (126.62 ~ 141.86 KgF) and the positive control group (146.21 KgF) fed the Cordyceps militaris fruiting body significantly improved compared with the control group (93.85 KgF); The exhaustion time of the experimental group (1267.3~1719.4 seconds) and the positive control group (1405.0 seconds) fed the Cordyceps militaris fruiting body was significantly longer than that of the control group (388.1 seconds). In addition to anti-fatigue blood biochemical indicators, the results show that in the blood glucose, the high dose group of Cordyceps militaris can increase the blood glucose content by 1.40 times; in the case of lactate dehydrogenase, feeding the Cordyceps militaris fruiting body can reduce the dehydrogenation of lactate after exercise. The enzyme production, low, medium and high doses were reduced to 1736.3, 1541.3 and 1383.8 U / L, respectively, significantly lower than the control group (2516.3 U / L). In terms of blood ammonia, feeding the Cordyceps militaris fruiting body can reduce the blood ammonia concentration (565.9~695.4 umol/L), which is significantly lower than the control group (866.0 umol/L). In terms of creatine kinase, feeding the Cordyceps militaris fruiting body reduced creatine kinase activity, and the low, medium and high doses were reduced to 357.5, 300.0 and 278.8 U/L, respectively, which was significantly lower than the control group (903.8 U/L).In addition, no pathological changes were found in the liver, kidney and other organs of mice. There was no significant difference in the obesity index between the groups, but the total cholesterol content and low-density lipoprotein decreased when fed the Cordyceps militaris fruiting body. In summary, the Cordyceps militaris fruiting body can effectively increase the forelimb grip strength of the mice and increase the muscular endurance. It can also reduce the consumption of glucose in the body after exercise, reduce the production of fatigue-generating factors, and thus achieve the anti-fatigue effect.

博士
大葉大學
生物科技與產業博士學位學程
107
Production and efficacy of bioactive compounds form Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) fruiting bodies and its fermentation grain was usually variants due to different strains. Through comparison of the anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and antioxidative properties of ethanolic extracts of fruiting bodies (FBE) and its fermented rice (FRE) from two strains of C. militaris applied to human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231). We revealed that FRE of the Zhangzhou strain (FRE-Z) produced a high level of cordycepin and exhibited comprehensive in vitro antioxidant activity against DPPH, superoxide radicals, hydroxyls, and low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Only FRE-Z showed dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-di phenyl tetrazolium bromide assay in MCF-7 (0.7 mg/mL) and MDA-MB-231 cells (1 mg/mL) after 24-h culture. The anti-proliferative effect of FRE-Z were associated with an early stage of apoptosis induction at 4 h of treatment with 0.5 mg/mL FRE-Z in MCF-7 cells, as determined using annexin V and propidium iodide staining of apoptotic cells. The anti-proliferative effect was determined to occur through p53 activation but not through the release of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor or caspase-9 activation for an initial culture period of 16 h. In addition to transient increase in cellular antioxidant enzyme, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase was found in MCF-7 cells after 2-h treatment with FRE-Z. Therefore, FRE-Z exhibited various dose-dependent and exposure-time-dependent activities and has potential for application in breast cancer chemoprevention. On the other part of study related to ACEI activity in edible mushroom, four edible or medicinal mushrooms: Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Cordyceps militaris/ fermented brown rice base were treated in difference condition and extraction medium. We found the best ACEI activity in F. velutipes in powder form and under ethanol extraction for 1 h was 86.9 %. In 6 h extraction time, the higher ACEI activity was noticed in P. ostreatus in powder form and ethanol extraction was 76.1 %. On our conclusion, strain of C. militaris had had a high concentration of cordycepin in the FRE-Z (14.36 mg/g) and had a higher anti-oxidation effect. In anti-cancer effect, FRE-Z was showed a higher cytotoxic activity in both noninvasive MCF-7 and aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The mechanism was related to induce expression in FRE-Z of the enzymatic antioxidants copper and zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and activation of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. Strain of C. militaris Zhangzhou with high-producing medium of fermented rice had served as an efficient source of cordycepin for breast cancer therapy. On the other hand, increasing reaction surface (powder from) and shorten extraction time (1 h) would get a better ACEI activity.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
植物病理與微生物學研究所
107
Nowadays, people pay considerable attention to cosmetic products of whitening and anti-aging agents for solving and preventing some skin damage or diseases, such as hyperpigmentation and wrinkle formation. Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps militaris are well known traditional Chinese medicine with immunomodulation, free radical scavenging and anti-cancer activities. However, their cosmetic efficacy has not been well investigated. In this study, we aim to figure out the anti-melanogenesis and anti-aging effects of G. lucidum and C. militaris extracts serving as substitutes for existing products in cosmetic industry. G. lucidum and C. militaris extracts were harvested by hot water extraction. In zebrafish phenotype-based model, G. lucidum extract significantly inhibited pigment formation and the efficacy was better than C. militaris extract. Moreover, via qRT-PCR, G. lucidum extract showed highly inhibitory effect on the mRNA expression of melanogenesis-related gene tyr, tyrp1, dct, and mitfa. As a result, G. lucidum extract exhibited highly potential as whitening agent. Damaged extracellular matrix (ECM), impaired TGF-β/Smad signaling, and increased level of ROS cause decreased dermal thickness in aged skin. According to this, we tested and found that G. lucidum extract stimulated type-I collagen and fibronectin synthesis in NIH 3T3 cells. Meanwhile, G. lucidum extracts induced ECM synthesis by activating TGF-β/Smad signaling. Additionally, G. lucidum displayed stronger ROS scavenging activity, and showed a protective property against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in NIH 3T3 cells. Altogether, the results suggested that G. lucidum possessed a huge potential at cosmetic industry with skin whitening and anti-aging activity.

碩士
國立臺北護理健康大學
運動保健研究所
107
Purpose: To investigate the health benefits of Cordyceps wheat flour (hereinafter referred to as CMW) for improving physical fatigue and improving athletic performance. Methods: According to the anti-fatigue function evaluation method of health foods announced by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, 20 ICR mice were used during the animal test period, and 5 mice in each group were divided into four groups according to the principle of weight balance order. Control group (administered sterilized water; Vehicle; n=5), low dose group (0.5 times dose group; CMW-0.5X; 184.5 mg/kg; n=5), medium dose group (1-fold dose group; CMW-1X) ; 369mg/kg; n=5), high-dose group (2-fold dose group; CMW-2X;738mg/kg; n=5), after 15 days, the exercise performance and anti-fatigue related tests were carried out in sequence, including : Forearm grip performance and weight-bearing swimming exhaustion time, as well as changes in blood lactate, blood urea nitrogen concentration and creatine kinase activity after fixed exercise time challenge. Result: 20male ICR mice were used in this study and divided into four groups (n = 5/group) by oral gavage for 15 days at 184.5,369,738mg/kg mouse/day, which were respectively designated the Vehicle, CMW-0.5X, CMW-1X and CMW-2X groups. The anti-fatigue activity and exercise performance were evaluated using forelimb grip strength, exhaustive swimming time, and levels of serum lactate, ammonia, glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) after swimming exercise. Conclusion: The research results confirm that the supplement of Cordyceps wheat flour has the effect of anti-fatigue and increased exercise. The future is bound to become another new health food for consumers to choose, and let us reduce the occurrence of sports fatigue and energy storage. To improve the health performance of exercise performance and anti-fatigue.

碩士
靜宜大學
食品營養研究所
98
Cordyceps militaris is one of entomogenous fungi that froms a fruiting body mainly on pupae or larvae. The special components of Cordycepin, Cordycepic acid and Cordycep polysaccharide in Cordyceps militaris are physiological activity substances. Several studies reported in Cordyceps militaris have characteristics of antioxidant activity, inhibition of tumor growth and anti-inflammatory. The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of Cordyceps militaris on anti-oxidative status and learning memory ability in senescence accelerated mice (SAMP8). Three and six-month-old male and female SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into control group, low dosage (1.05mg/day), medium dosage (4.2mg/day) and high dosage (16.8mg/day) Cordyceps militaris group. Each group contained ten mice. During experimental period, body weight, food intake, aging score and open flied activity were recorded for each group of mice. Single-trail passive avoidance test and active shuttle avoidance test were performed in 12th week experiment. The biochemical parameters of sera were analyzed after sacrificed. The anti-oxidative enzyme ability of liver, superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, were examined. The liver contents of protein carbonyl, total thiol and malondiadehyde (MDA) were measured. β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition of brain were evaluated. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the food intake, body weight and locomotion among four groups. The aging score of experimental groups were significantly lower than control group both of 3 and 6-month-old mice (P<0.05). The experimental groups showed significantly better learning memory ability in single-trail passive avoidance test and active shuttle avoidance test (P<0.05). The Cordyceps militaris groups showed SOD, GPx, catalase activities and total thiol concentration were higher than the control group (P<0.05). Results from protein carbonyl and MDA concentration in the Cordyceps militaris groups were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). Besides, the Aβ deposition of brain in Cordyceps militaris groups were significantly better than control group (P<0.05). In summary, the supplement of Cordyceps militaris might improve the ability of learning and memory, promote the anti-oxidative defense system and furtherance lowering oxidative injury.

碩士
東海大學
食品科學系
103
Obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, which are major risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Cordyceps militaris (CM) is a well-known traditional medicine in Asian countries. It has been known as a rich source of biologically active components and used for treatment of several diseases such as anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic and antihepatotoxicity. Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a special cultivar of rice that contains rich anthocyanins in the aleurone layer, has been regarded as a heath-promoting food in China and other Eastern. The aim of this study was to investigate the general composition, physiologically active components and the anti-obesity effects of Cordyceps militaris fruiting body (CMF), Cordyceps militaris mycelia (CMM), black rice (BR) and Cordyceps militaris fermented black rice (CB). CB was obtained from the solid state fermentation of cooked rice with 50% moisture content as the base under various conditions. The optimal growth conditions were temperature (25 oC), water supplementation (60%), inoculation rate (4 mL), nitrogen source (1% soybean meal) and mineral (0.05% MgSO4．7H2O ). The major component found in CMF, CMM, BR and CB was carbohydrate (79.05, 75.09, 53.3 and 51.62%). With regard to physiologically active components, the contents of adenosine, cordycepin and mannitol of CB (0.14, 0.04 and 3.45 mg/g) were lower than CMF (1.79, 6.71 and 13.64 mg/g) and CMM (4.14, 0.36 and 8.64 mg/g). With regard to anti-adipogenesis effects in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, the water extracts from CMF, CMM, BR, CB (62.5-250 g/mL) and the ethanol extracts from BR (62.5-125 g/mL) and CB (62.5-250 g/mL) could significantly inhibit the lipid accumulation. The glycerol release were significantly increased by ethanol extracts from BR (125 g/mL) and CB (62.5 and 250 g/mL). With regard to anti-obesity effects of 0.1% CM, 10% BR, 2% CBL and 10% CBH were evaluated for 10 weeks on high-fat diet (HF) induced obese BALB/c mice model. The results showed that administration of CM, BR, CBL and CBH significantly reduced body weights (5.04%, 8.22%, 7.38% and 7.78%), body fat ratio (2.44%, 2.96%, 2.37% and 2.78%), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compared to the HF group (p<0.05). Histopathological analysis showed that the score of fatty liver in HF group (5.0) was significantly higher than CM、CBL and CBH group (3.1, 2.1 and 3.6) (p<0.05). In conclusion, Cordyceps militaris fermented black rice have better physiologically active components compared with black rice. Furthemore, the extracts of CB can inhibit the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and the powder of CB can potentially prevent the effects of fat accumulation in obese BALB/c mice.

碩士
國立宜蘭大學
生物技術與動物科學系動物科學碩士班
101
Cordyceps militaris is an insect-borne fungus that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine because of its wide range of biological activities. In recent years, the secondary metabolites such as cordycepin (3’-deoxyadenosine) in fermentative products of Cordyceps militaris have many pharmacological effects, for instance anti-fungal, anti-inflammation, anti-virus and immunomodulatory has been reported. The study was divided into two experiments. The objective of experiment 1 was to identify the best fermentative model for cordycepin , and experiment 2 was to determine the effects of growth performance and immune response from Cordyceps militaris fermentative extract in broilers, and focused on whether the inhibition of secondary bacterial infection by Cordyceps militaris fermentative extract. The results demonstrated that cordycepin were produced highest yield at 5% adding fishmeal group in Cordyceps militaris solid-state fermentation . Furthermore, application of Cordyceps militaris fermentative extract in drinking water could inhibit iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression. In stimulation experiments, Cordyceps militaris fermentative extract could significantly downregulation iNOS and COX-2 expression levels, which had anti-inflammation effect through significant decreased the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ) and increased the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4). Cordyceps militaris fermentative extract would have a high potential in feed additives to apply in broilers inflammatory related diseases and bacteria infection. Reduce the economic losses of chicken industry.

by Lee Kin Ming.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-225).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i
ABBREVIATIONS --- p.ii
ABSTRACT --- p.vii
ABSTRACT IN CHINESE --- p.ix
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi
LIST OF TABLES --- p.xv
CONTENTS --- p.xvi
Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Cordyceps --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Pharmacological Functions of Cordyceps --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Anti-tumor Activities --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Immunomodulatory Activities --- p.7
Chapter 1.1.1.3 --- Hepatic Functions --- p.9
Chapter 1.1.1.4 --- Cardiovascular Functions --- p.10
Chapter 1.1.1.5 --- Renal Functions --- p.10
Chapter 1.2 --- Biological Activities of Cordycepin --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Inhibition of RNA Synthesis --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Disruption of Microtubule Network --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Methylation --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Enhancement of Cell Differentiation --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Anti-tumor Activity --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.6 --- Anti-fungal Activity --- p.14
Chapter 1.3 --- Hepatocellular Carcinoma --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Incidence and Risk Factor of Hepatocellular Carcinoma --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Hepatic Resection --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Liver Transplantation --- p.17
Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Non-surgical Therapeutic Modalities for Hepatocellular Carcinoma --- p.17
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines --- p.20
Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line HepG2 --- p.20
Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Multidrug Resistant Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line R-HepG2 --- p.20
Chapter 1.4 --- Multidrug Resistance of Tumor Cells --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Multidrug Resistance Mediated by P-Glycoprotein --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Location and Structure of P-Glycoprotein --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Substrates of P-Glycoprotein --- p.23
Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Mechanism of Action of P-Glycoprotein --- p.23
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Reversal of Multidrug Resistance by Chemosensitizers --- p.24
Chapter 1.5 --- Leukemia
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Acute Myeloid Leukemia --- p.28
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia and Treatment --- p.28
Chapter 1.5.3 --- Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Lines --- p.30
Chapter 1.5.3.1 --- HL-60 --- p.30
Chapter 1.5.3.2 --- NB-4 --- p.30
Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of Study --- p.33
Chapter 1.6.1 --- Study of Biological Activities of Cordyceps militaris --- p.33
Chapter 1.6.2 --- Study of Anti-tumor Activity of Cordycepin --- p.33
Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.34
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.35
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animal --- p.35
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cell Culture --- p.35
Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Cell Lines --- p.35
Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Cell Culture Media --- p.37
Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Buffers and other Reagents --- p.38
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Reagents and Buffers for Different Assays --- p.40
Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Reagents and Buffers for Flow Cytometry --- p.40
Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Reagents and Buffers for DNA Fragmentation Assay --- p.40
Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- Reagents and Buffers for Western Blot Analysis --- p.42
Chapter 2.1.3.4 --- Reagents and Buffers for Caspases Activities --- p.46
Chapter 2.1.3.5 --- Reagents and Buffers for Cell Surface Marker (CD3，CD4 and CD8) Staining --- p.48
Chapter 2.1.3.6 --- Reagents and Buffers for Cytokine Determination --- p.49
Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.50
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of Water Extract of Cordyceps militaris --- p.50
Chapter 2.2.2 --- MTT Assay --- p.50
Chapter 2.2.3 --- In Vivo Anti-tumor Study --- p.51
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Preparation of Splenic Lymphocytes --- p.51
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Lymphoproliferation Test --- p.51
Chapter 2.2.6 --- "Cell Surface Marker (CD3, CD4 and CD8) Staining" --- p.52
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Measurement of Cytokine Production by ELISA --- p.53
Chapter 2.2.8 --- In Vivo Study of the Toxicity of WECM --- p.54
Chapter 2.2.9 --- Cell Cycle Analysis --- p.55
Chapter 2.2.10 --- DNA Fragmentation Assay --- p.56
Chapter 2.2.11 --- Cell Morphology Study --- p.57
Chapter 2.2.12 --- Detection of Apoptotic Cells with Annexin V-FITC/PI --- p.57
Chapter 2.2.13 --- Detection of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential by JC-1 Fluorescent Dye --- p.58
Chapter 2.2.14 --- Simultaneous Detection of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide --- p.58
Chapter 2.2.15 --- Western Blot Analysis --- p.59
Chapter 2.2.15.1 --- Total Protein Extraction --- p.59
Chapter 2.2.15.2 --- Determination of Protein Amount --- p.59
Chapter 2.2.15.3 --- SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis --- p.60
Chapter 2.2.15.4 --- Electroblotting of Protein --- p.61
Chapter 2.2.15.5 --- Probing of Proteins with Antibodies --- p.61
Chapter 2.2.15.6 --- Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ECL) Assay --- p.64
Chapter 2.2.15.7 --- Extraction of Cytosolic Protein --- p.64
Chapter 2.2.16 --- Determination of Caspases Enzymatic Activity --- p.65
Chapter 2.2.16.1 --- Extraction of Proteins --- p.65
Chapter 2.2.16.2 --- Determination of Caspase-3 Activity --- p.65
Chapter 2.2.16.3 --- Determination of Caspase-8 Activity --- p.66
Chapter 2.2.16.4 --- Determination of Caspase-9 Activity --- p.67
Chapter 2.2.17 --- Hemolysis Assay --- p.69
Chapter 2.2.18 --- Measurement of Intracellular Doxorubicin Accumulation --- p.69
Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- ANTI-TUMOR AND IMMUNO- MODULATORY EFFECTS OF cordyceps militaris --- p.71
Chapter 3.1 --- In Vitro Anti-tumor Study of Water Extract of Cordyceps militaris (WECM) --- p.72
Chapter 3.2 --- In Vitro Study of Immunomodulatory Effect of WECM --- p.78
Chapter 3.3 --- In Vivo Anti-tumor Study of WECM --- p.80
Chapter 3.4 --- Anti-tumor Effect of WECM Mediated by Stimulating T-cell Proliferation --- p.83
Chapter 3.5 --- Toxicity Studies of WECM --- p.92
Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE EFFECT OF THE ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF cordyceps militaris --- p.97
Chapter 4.1 --- "Anti-proliferative Study of D-mannitol, Adenosine and Cordycepin (3'deoxyadenosine)" --- p.98
Chapter 4.2 --- Anti-proliferative Study of Doxorubicin --- p.105
Chapter 4.3 --- Accumulation of Doxorubicin in HepG2 and R-HepG2 Cells --- p.109
Chapter 4.4 --- Cytotoxicity Study of Cordycepin and Doxorubicin on Normal Liver Cells --- p.114
Chapter 4.5 --- Hemolytic Study of Cordycepin --- p.116
Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- MECHANISTIC STUDY OF CORDYCEPIN IN THE INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS IN LEUKEMIA CELLS --- p.118
Chapter 5.1 --- Cell Cycle Analysis of Leukemia Cells --- p.119
Chapter 5.2 --- Hallmarks of Apoptosis --- p.123
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Induction of Phosphatidylserine Externalization in Leukemia Cells by Cordycepin --- p.123
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Induction of DNA Fragmentation in Leukemia Cells by Cordycepin --- p.127
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Morphological Changes in Leukemia Cells Induced by Cordycepin --- p.130
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Caspase-3 Activation in Leukemia Cells Induced by Cordycepin --- p.133
Chapter 5.3 --- Study of the Underlying Mechanisms of Cordycepin-induced Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells --- p.140
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Induction of Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization in Leukemia Cells --- p.140
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Elevation of Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide Level in Cordycepin-treated Leukemia Cells --- p.144
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Induction of Cytochrome c Release from Mitochondria of Leukemia Cells --- p.148
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Caspase-9 Activation in Leukemia Cells Induced by Cordycepin --- p.150
Chapter 5.3.5 --- Involvement of Bcl-2 Family Members in Cordycepin-induced Apoptosis --- p.153
Chapter 5.3.6 --- Involvement of Death Receptor Pathway in Cordycepin-induced Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells --- p.159
Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- MECHANISTIC STUDY OF CORDYCEPIN IN THE INDUCTION OF CELL CYCLE ARREST IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA CELLS --- p.164
Chapter 6.1 --- Cell Cycle Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.165
Chapter 6.2 --- Expression of Cell Cycle Regulatory Proteins in Cordycepin-treated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.170
Chapter 6.3 --- Increased Expression of p21 in Cordycepin-treated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.176
Chapter 6.4 --- Involvement of p53 in G2/M Phase Arrest of the Cell Cycle in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.178
Chapter 6.5 --- Induction of Apoptosis in Cordycepin-treated R-HepG2 cells --- p.180
Chapter CHAPTER 7: --- DISCUSSION --- p.185
Chapter 7.1 --- In Vitro and In Vivo Studies in the Biological Activities of WECM --- p.186
Chapter 7.2 --- Induction of Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells by Cordycepin --- p.192
Chapter 7.3 --- Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Cordycepin --- p.202
Chapter CHAPTER 8: --- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES --- p.210
REFERENCES --- p.214

Wong, Ngan Yuk.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-128).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Thesis/Assessment Committee --- p.i
Declaration --- p.ii
Abstract (in English) --- p.iii
Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.v
Acknowledgments --- p.vi
Table of Contents --- p.vii
List of Abbreviations --- p.xi
List of Figures --- p.xiv
List of Tables --- p.xvi
Chapter 1. --- Literature review --- p.1
Chapter 1.1. --- Introduction to Cordyceps --- p.1
Chapter 1.2. --- Ingredients of Cordyceps and their related biological activities --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.1. --- "Amino acids, peptides, proteins and polyamines" --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.1.1. --- Proteins --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2. --- Saccharides and sugar derivatives --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.2.1. --- Polysaccharides --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.3. --- Nucleosides --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.3.1. --- Cordycepin --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.3.2. --- Adenosine --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.4. --- Fatty acids and sterols --- p.14
Chapter 1.2.5. --- Vitamins and inorganics --- p.15
Chapter 1.3. --- Cordyceps and their related biological activities --- p.15
Chapter 1.3.1. --- Cordyceps militaris --- p.15
Chapter 1.3.2. --- Cordyceps sinensis --- p.17
Chapter 1.4. --- Proteomic tools used to study the change in protein expression profiles --- p.21
Chapter 1.4.1. --- Proteomic tools in studies of the change in protein expression --- p.21
Chapter 1.4.2. --- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.3. --- Mass spectrometry --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.4. --- Current challenges --- p.23
Chapter 2. --- Methodology --- p.25
Chapter 2.1. --- Cultivation of Cordyceps militaris --- p.25
Chapter 2.2. --- Preparation of Cordyceps extracts for anti-proliferation assay on cell lines --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.1. --- Types of the extracts of Cordyceps --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.2. --- Preparation of the Cordyceps extracts --- p.26
Chapter 2.3. --- Anti-proliferation assay on cell lines for extract screening --- p.26
Chapter 2.3.1. --- Cell lines and culturing condition --- p.26
Chapter 2.3.2. --- Viable cell count using trypan blue exclusion method --- p.27
Chapter 2.3.3. --- Anti-proliferation assay on cell lines using MTT assay --- p.28
Chapter 2.3.4. --- Determination of the IC50 values --- p.30
Chapter 2.3.5. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.30
Chapter 2.4. --- Proteomic studies for HepG2 and Hs68 after the treatment of extracts --- p.30
Chapter 2.4.1. --- Protein sample preparation of HepG2and Hs68 --- p.30
Chapter 2.4.2. --- Protein quantitation --- p.31
Chapter 2.4.3. --- 2D Gel electrophoresis --- p.33
Chapter 2.4.4. --- Image analysis --- p.34
Chapter 2.4.5. --- In gel digestion and MALDI-ToF MS --- p.35
Chapter 2.5. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.36
Chapter 2.5.1. --- Cell samples preparation --- p.36
Chapter 2.5.2. --- Popidium iodide staining --- p.36
Chapter 2.5.3. --- Flow cytometry --- p.37
Chapter 2.5.4. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.38
Chapter 2.6. --- Western blotting --- p.38
Chapter 2.6.1. --- Protein sample preparation of HepG2 and Hs68 --- p.38
Chapter 2.6.2. --- SDS-PAGE --- p.38
Chapter 2.6.3. --- Protein Transblotting --- p.39
Chapter 2.6.4. --- Membrane Blocking and Antibody Incubations --- p.39
Chapter 2.6.5. --- Detection of Proteins --- p.40
Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.41
Chapter 3.1. --- Investigation of anti-proliferating effect of Cordyceps extracts on HepG2 and Hs68 using MTT assays --- p.41
Chapter 3.1.1. --- Cordyceps militaris fruiting body extract - CMFB --- p.41
Chapter 3.1.2. --- Cordyceps militaris mycelia extract - CMM --- p.41
Chapter 3.1.3. --- Cordyceps sinensis fruiting body extract - CSFB --- p.45
Chapter 3.1.4. --- Cordyceps sinensis mycelia extract - CSM --- p.45
Chapter 3.1.5. --- "Comparison of the anti-proliferation effects of the Cordyceps extracts CMFB, CMM, CSFB and CSM" --- p.49
Chapter 3.2. --- "Investigation of anti-proliferating effect of Cordyceps militaris extracts on H292, Neuro2a and WIL2-NS using MTT assays" --- p.51
Chapter 3.2.1. --- Cordyceps militaris fruiting body extract - CMFB --- p.51
Chapter 3.2.2. --- Cordyceps militaris mycelia extract - CMM --- p.51
Chapter 3.3. --- Changes in total protein expression profiles in cell lines --- p.56
Chapter 3.3.1. --- Protein samples preparation --- p.56
Chapter 3.3.2. --- 2D gel electrophoresis analysis of protein from cell lines --- p.56
Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- HepG2 --- p.57
Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- Hs68 --- p.58
Chapter 3.3.3. --- Differentially expressed proteins identification --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.3.1. --- HepG2 --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.3.2. --- Hs68 --- p.67
Chapter 3.4. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.76
Chapter 3.4.1. --- Cell samples preparation --- p.76
Chapter 3.4.2. --- HepG2 --- p.76
Chapter 3.4.3. --- Hs68 --- p.77
Chapter 3.4.4. --- H292 --- p.77
Chapter 3.5. --- Western blotting --- p.81
Chapter 3.5.1. --- Protein samples preparation --- p.81
Chapter 3.5.2. --- Detection of actin for protein loading normalization --- p.83
Chapter 3.5.3. --- Detection of procaspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 --- p.83
Chapter 3.5.4. --- Detection of procaspase-7 and cleaved caspase-7 --- p.84
Chapter 3.5.5. --- Detection of procaspase-9 and cleaved caspase-9 --- p.84
Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.86
Chapter 4.1. --- Anti-tumor proliferating effect of Cordyceps extracts --- p.86
Chapter 4.2. --- Changes in total protein expression profiles in cell lines --- p.87
Chapter 4.2.1. --- Differentially expressed proteins in HepG2 treated with fruiting body extract --- p.88
Chapter 4.2.1.1. --- Heat shock 90kDa protein 1 beta (HSP90(β) --- p.89
Chapter 4.2.1.2. --- Far upstream element-binding protein 1 (FUBP-1) --- p.90
Chapter 4.2.1.3. --- RuvB-like 1 (RuvbLl) --- p.90
Chapter 4.2.1.4. --- Acidic protein rich in leucine (APRIL) --- p.91
Chapter 4.2.1.5. --- SET protein --- p.92
Chapter 4.2.1.6. --- Enolase 1 (α-enolase) --- p.94
Chapter 4.2.1.7. --- Aldolase A --- p.96
Chapter 4.2.1.8. --- DNA-binding protein B --- p.96
Chapter 4.2.1.9. --- Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx 1) --- p.97
Chapter 4.2.1.10. --- Proteasome activator subunit 1 iso form 1 --- p.99
Chapter 4.2.1.11. --- Dehydrogenase/ reductase member 2 isoform 2 --- p.99
Chapter 4.2.1.12. --- Protein disulfide isomerase- related protein 5 --- p.100
Chapter 4.2.1.13. --- Annexin IV --- p.100
Chapter 4.2.1.14. --- Enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase --- p.101
Chapter 4.2.2. --- Differentially expressed proteins in HepG2 treated with mycelia extract --- p.102
Chapter 4.2.2.1. --- Alpha actinin 4 --- p.102
Chapter 4.2.2.2. --- SET translocation isoform 1 --- p.103
Chapter 4.2.2.3. --- Acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member B (ANP32b) --- p.103
Chapter 4.2.2.4. --- Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 isoform 1 precursor (ERp29) --- p.103
Chapter 4.2.2.5. --- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3 isoform b (hnRNP 2H9A) --- p.104
Chapter 4.2.3. --- Differentially expressed proteins in Hs68 treated with fruiting body extract --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.3.1. --- Lamin A/C isoform 2 --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.3.2. --- Vimentin --- p.106
Chapter 4.2.3.3. --- Tropomyosin 1 alpha chain isoform 4 --- p.107
Chapter 4.2.3.4. --- Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) alpha (RhoGDIα) --- p.109
Chapter 4.2.3.5. --- Dihydropyrimidinase-like 2 (DRP-2) --- p.109
Chapter 4.2.3.6. --- Keratin 7 (K7) --- p.110
Chapter 4.2.4. --- Differentially expressed proteins in Hs68 treated with mycelia extract --- p.111
Chapter 4.3. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.111
Chapter 4.4. --- Western blotting --- p.113
Chapter 5. --- References --- p.114