Dissertationen zum Thema „Animaux des dunes“

En raison du changement climatique constant, la protection des côtes devient de plus en plus importante. Récemment, l'intérêt pour la construction de dunes au lieu de digues pour protéger l'arrière-pays contre la montée du niveau de la mer est en augmentation. Lors de la construction de dunes artificielles, l'ammophile (Calamagrostis arenaria) est généralement utilisée pour fixer le sable, où elle est souvent plantée dans une configuration régulière répartie sur la dune, alors qu'elle pousse naturellement plus regroupée.Cette thèse de doctorat étudie comment la configuration spatiale de l'ammophile influence la biodiversité dans les dunes. Il étudie quelles configurations d'ammophile sont les plus vulnérables à une espèce végétale envahissante et quelles peuvent être les conséquences possibles pour l'ammophile. Dans les deuxième et troisième chapitres, la biodiversité souterraine et aérienne sont respectivement examinées. Dans le dernier chapitre, les interactions entre la communauté des arthropodes aériens sont discutées plus en détail.Je discute des implications de mon travail pour la protection côtière et la conservation de la nature. Le potentiel d'établissement d'espèces envahissantes est plus élevé dans les dunes artificielles, ce qui pourrait accélérer la stabilisation des dunes et la succession végétale, modifiant ainsi potentiellement la dynamique des dunes. Dans l'intérêt de la biodiversité, il faut tendre vers un paysage hétérogène, où l'ammophile alterne avec des plaques de sable nu
Due to the steady climate change, coastal protection is becoming increasingly important. Recently, the interest in constructing dunes instead of dykes to protect the hinterland against the rising sea level is increasing. During the construction of artificial dunes, marram grass (Calamagrostis arenaria) is usually used to fixate the sand, where it is often planted in a regular configuration spread over the dune, while it naturally grows more clustered together.This doctoral thesis investigates how the spatial configuration of marram grass influences the biodiversity in the dunes. It studies which marram grass configurations are most vulnerable to an invasive plant species and what the possible consequences may be for the marram grass. In the second and third chapters, below- and aboveground biodiversity are examined respectively. In the last chapter, the interactions between the aboveground arthropod community are discussed in more detail.I discuss the implications of my work for both coastal protection and nature conservation. The potential for invasive species to establish is higher in artificial dunes, which could accelerate dune stabilization and vegetation succession, consequently potentially altering dune dynamics. In the interest of biodiversity, we should strive for a heterogeneous landscape, where marram grass alternates with patches of bare sand

Orientador: Carlos Frederico Duarte da Rocha
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Neste estudo investiguei a riqueza, composição e distribuição local da herpetofauna do Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses (PNLM), Maranhão, Brasil. Realizei 47 expedições, totalizando 235 dias de amostragem utilizando o método de procura visual limitada por tempo. Adicionalmente, estudei a ocorrência de atropelamentos de vertebrados na rota de acesso ao parque. Assim, registrei 63 espécies da herpetofauna no PNLM, sendo 21 espécies de anuros, 12 de lagartos, 24 de serpentes, duas de anfisbenas, três de quelônios e uma de jacaré. Destas espécies, 52 (E 82,5%) ocorrem apenas na restinga. As demais espécies ocorrem no campo de dunas do parque. Em relação aos atropelamentos, realizei cerca de 10896 quilômetros de amostragem. Encontrei 206 carcaças de vertebrados atropelados, distribuídas por 55 espécies. O grupo de vertebrado mais atropelado, em número de espécies (23 espécies) e de indivíduos (69 indivíduos), foi a classe Reptilia. Apesar do PNLM ser enfatizado do ponto de vista paisagístico, este estudo mostra que seus ambientes possuem significativa riqueza de espécies da herpetofauna. Estas espécies ocorrem principalmente no ambiente de restinga, o qual corresponde a apenas 21% da área do parque. Devido a crescente visitação turística e do aumento de empreendimentos na área, é importante que ações para a conservação da restinga do PNLM sejam urgentemente implementadas
Abstract: Herpetofauna richness, composition and local distribution (sand dunes or restinga habitats) were studied in Lençóis Maranhenses National Park (LMNP), Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil. I carried out 235 days of sampling using the method of visual search limited by time. In addition, I studied road killed vertebrates in the access route to the park (a road that crosses restinga habitats). Thus, I recorded 63 species of the herpetofauna (21 anurans, 12 lizards, 24 snakes, two amphisbaenians, three turtles and an alligator) in LMNP. Fifty-two species (E 82,5%) were found only in restinga habitats. Concerning to road killed animals, I carried out 10896 km of sampling and I found 206 carcasses of vertebrates, corresponding to 55 species. Reptilia was the vertebrate class with the largest number of species (23 species) and individuals (69 individuals) killed. Overall, the great number of species occurring in restinga habitats and high incidence of reptiles road killed in the route to the park, highlight the importance of actions to improve conservation in restinga habitats, which currently comprise only 21% of the total area protected by the park
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia

Estudi de diferents aprofitament antròpics de la fauna del Plistocè del Nord-Est de Catalunya des d’una perspectiva tafonòmica, de determinació faunística, de processos de formació dels dipòsits òssis (ja sigui per acció d’un carnívor, processos de desarticulació natural o per acció de l’home). L’acumulació antròpica s’estudia des de l’òptica de l’anàlisi de les modificacions òssies i es determinen els següents processos: esquarterament, desarticulació, descarnació, obtenció de medul•la i grasses i fabricació d’eines (indústria òssia). La metodologia de treball s’ha elaborat a partir de l’experimentació, la comparació bibliogràfica, tant de jaciments arqueològics com etnològics. La fitxa resultant de la metodologia aplicada és analítica i estructural. L’estudi es limita als jaciments de L’Arbreda, Mollet i Cova 120 que donen una completa visió evolutiva de les tècniques de carnisseria i fabricació d’eines òssies que van des del Paleolític mitjà a finals del superior. Com a contrapunt s’han estudiat també les modificacions òssies del jaciment vil•lafranquià. D’un antiguitat de 900.000 anys d’Incarcal V. D’aquesta manera es poden contrastar els resultats dels jaciments arqueològics. Evidentment aquest jaciment paleontològic no conserva cap vestigi d’acció humana. Tot això ha portat a poder determinar els diferents processos que han contribuït a la formació dels dipòsits òssis esmentats, els diferents mètodes de carnisseria aplicats i els processos de fabricació d’eines òssies. A partir d’aquesta informació s’han pogut establir diferents tècniques i de mètode que han pogut comparar-se amb diferents períodes culturals, establint-se una clar correlació entre canvi tècnic i canvi cultural.
Estudio de los distintos aprovechamientos antrópicos de la fauna pleistocénica de la Ccatalunya N.O., desde una perspectiva tafonómica, de determinación faunística, de procesos de formación de los depósitos óseos (ya sea por acción de carnívoro, procesos de desarticulación natural o por acción del hombre). La acumulación antrópica se estudia desde la óptica del análisis de las modificaciones óseas, determinándose los siguientes procesos: despellejamiento, descuatización primaria y secundaria, desarticulación, descarnación, obtención de médula y grasas y fabricación de útiles (industria ósea). La metodología de trabajo se ha elaborado a partir de la experimentación, la comparación bibliográfica, tanto de yacimientos arqueológicos, como etnológicos. El tipo de ficha resultante de la metodología aplicada es una exhaustiva ficha analítica y estructural. El estudio se limita a los yacimientos de L’Arbreda, Mollet i i Cova 120, que nos dan una completa visión evolutiva de las técnicas de carniceria y fabricación de utillaje óseo que abarcan desde el Paleolítico Medio a finales del Superior. Como contrapunto se han estudiado tambien las modificaciones óseas del yacimiento vilafranquiense, de una antiguedad de 900.000 años de Incarcal V. De esta manera se pueden contrastar los resultados de los yacimientos arqueológicos. Evidentemente este yacimiento paleontológico no conserva, ni por asomo, ningun vestigio de acción humana. Todo ello nos ha llevado a poder determinar los distintos procesos que han contribuido a la formación de los depósitos óseos mencionados, los distintos métodos de carnicería aplicados y los procesos de fabricación de utillaje óseo. A partir de esta información hemos podido establecer diferencias técnicas y de método que han podido ser comparadas con los distintos períodos culturales, estableciéndose una clara correlación entre cambio técnico y cambio cultural.

Au Proche-Orient, l'os, l'ivoire, la corne et l'écaille de tortue ont été exploités pour fabriquer des objets très divers durant les époques hellénistique à byzantine. Or, alors que des objets dans ces matières sont mis au jour sur de nombreux sites, les façons dont les artisans transformaient la matière première en objet fini, de même que leur insertion dans la société à laquelle ils appartenaient, sont encore méconnus. Pour combler ces lacunes, l'étude d'assemblages provenant de contextes dits artisanaux a été réalisée suivant une approche technologique. Adaptée des travaux en Préhistoire et fondée sur le concept de technique en tant qu'action élémentaire sur la matière, cette approche, multidisciplinaire, a pour but de remettre l'artisan et son savoir-faire dans son contexte économique et social. À travers le croisement des données historiques, archéozoologiques et technologiques, nous avons ici tenté de reconstituer les rapports que l'artisan entretient non seulement avec la matière qu'il transforme, mais également avec les autres acteurs de l'exploitation des matières animales (boucher, tanneur), ainsi que sa place dans la société dans laquelle il évolue
For a period covering Hellenistic to Protobyzantine times - and beyond -, bone, horn, ivory and turtle shell were used to produce a wide variety of items in the Near East. While these items are regularly uncovered on excavation sites, the production processes, as well as the craftsman's place in Hellenistic to Protobyzantine societies, are still poorly understood. To better assess them, collections from so-called artisanal contexts were studied using a technological approach. Set up from a Prehistorian-developed method and based on the concept of the technique as an elementary action on the material, this multidisciplinary approach aims to put the craftsman and his ways of working back into the economic and social context of the society he lives in. Through the study of written, archaeozoological, and technological sources, we searched to understand the relationships not only between the craftsman and the materials he works with, but also between him and the other actors involved with animal materials, as well as to determine his place in the society he is part of

L’archéologie de l’Arctique canadien, bien qu’ayant fait une large place à certaines catégories d’objets, telles les têtes de harpon, n’a encore que peu exploité la grande richesse informative des objets en matières dures d’origine animale. Une périodisation typologique a été réalisée sur l’ensemble de la période du Paléoesquimau (~ 4000-500 B.P.), classiquement subdivisée en Prédorsétien et Dorsétien au Canada. Les pratiques techniques et économiques des Paléoesquimaux ont été abordées à partir de l’étude de six sites localisés autour du Golfe de Foxe, région centrale pour l’archéologie arctique : région d’Igloolik (Parry Hill, Lyon Hill, Jens Munk, Freuchen et Kaersut) et nord du Nunavik (Tayara). Les données typologiques et technologiques obtenues permettent de confirmer l’existence d’un continuum culturel entre Prédorsétien et Dorsétien. L’évolution des industries en matières dures d’origine animale observée, notamment au moment du passage du Prédorsétien au Dorsétien, a été interprétée en termes de changements socio-culturels. Un fait marquant serait l’apparition des têtes de harpon à logette partiellement fermée, contemporaine d’une intensification de l’exploitation du morse, témoignant de chasses désormais collectives qui auraient incité les chasseurs à séjourner désormais ensemble dans des habitations plus grandes, occupées sur de plus longues périodes
The studied ivory, bone and antler artifacts from the Canadian Arctic, only correspond to harpoon heads that served to build the Palaeo-Eskimo chronology (~ 4000-500 B.P.). To ascertain the chronological subdivision between the Pre-Dorset and Dorset cultures a typological study associated with a technological approach was performed. Palaeo-Eskimo technological and economical practices have been derived from the study of six sites located around the Foxe Basin: Igloolik region (Parry Hill, Lyon Hill, Jens Munk, Freuchen and Kaersut sites) and northern Nunavik (Tayara site). The assumption of a Pre-Dorset/Dorset continuum could be confirmed. The observed evolution of osseous industries during Palaeo-Eskimo period (and more precisely the Pre-Dorset/Dorset transition) has been interpreted in terms of socio-cultural changes. The observed technological changes (i.e. harpoon head hafting) could be associated with new patterns of raw material exploitation (diversification in the selection of materials and anatomical elements, as well as functional categories). They testify to the important socio-cultural changes (collective rather than individual hunting) already observed in the settlement patterns (aggregation of the humans in larger houses for longer time periods)

L’archéologie de l’Arctique canadien, bien qu’ayant fait une large place à certaines catégories d’objets, telles les têtes de harpon, n’a encore que peu exploité la grande richesse informative des objets en matières dures d’origine animale. Une périodisation typologique a été réalisée sur l’ensemble de la période du Paléoesquimau (~ 4000-500 B.P.), classiquement subdivisée en Prédorsétien et Dorsétien au Canada. Les pratiques techniques et économiques des Paléoesquimaux ont été abordées à partir de l’étude de six sites localisés autour du Golfe de Foxe, région centrale pour l’archéologie arctique : région d’Igloolik (Parry Hill, Lyon Hill, Jens Munk, Freuchen et Kaersut) et nord du Nunavik (Tayara). Les données typologiques et technologiques obtenues permettent de confirmer l’existence d’un continuum culturel entre Prédorsétien et Dorsétien. L’évolution des industries en matières dures d’origine animale observée, notamment au moment du passage du Prédorsétien au Dorsétien, a été interprétée en termes de changements socio-culturels. Un fait marquant serait l’apparition des têtes de harpon à logette partiellement fermée, contemporaine d’une intensification de l’exploitation du morse, témoignant de chasses désormais collectives qui auraient incité les chasseurs à séjourner désormais ensemble dans des habitations plus grandes, occupées sur de plus longues périodes. Mots-clés : Paléoesquimau ; Arctique ; technologie ; typologie ; ivoire ; os ; bois de caribou ; Canada
The studied ivory, bone and antler artifacts from the Canadian Arctic, only correspond to harpoon heads that served to build the Palaeo-Eskimo chronology (~ 4000-500 B.P.). To ascertain the chronological subdivision between the Pre-Dorset and Dorset cultures a typological study associated with a technological approach was performed. Palaeo-Eskimo technological and economical practices have been derived from the study of six sites located around the Foxe Basin: Igloolik region (Parry Hill, Lyon Hill, Jens Munk, Freuchen and Kaersut sites) and northern Nunavik (Tayara site). The assumption of a Pre-Dorset/Dorset continuum could be confirmed. The observed evolution of osseous industries during Palaeo-Eskimo period (and more precisely the Pre-Dorset/Dorset transition) has been interpreted in terms of socio-cultural changes. The observed technological changes (i.e. harpoon head hafting) could be associated with new patterns of raw material exploitation (diversification in the selection of materials and anatomical elements, as well as functional categories). They testify to the important socio-cultural changes (collective rather than individual hunting) already observed in the settlement patterns (aggregation of the humans in larger houses for longer time periods). Keywords: Palaeo-Eskimo culture; Arctic; Canada; technology; typology; ivory; bone; antler

L’archéologie de l’Arctique canadien, bien qu’ayant fait une large place à certaines catégories d’objets, telles les têtes de harpon, n’a encore que peu exploité la grande richesse informative des objets en matières dures d’origine animale. Une périodisation typologique a été réalisée sur l’ensemble de la période du Paléoesquimau (~ 4000-500 B.P.), classiquement subdivisée en Prédorsétien et Dorsétien au Canada. Les pratiques techniques et économiques des Paléoesquimaux ont été abordées à partir de l’étude de six sites localisés autour du Golfe de Foxe, région centrale pour l’archéologie arctique : région d’Igloolik (Parry Hill, Lyon Hill, Jens Munk, Freuchen et Kaersut) et nord du Nunavik (Tayara). Les données typologiques et technologiques obtenues permettent de confirmer l’existence d’un continuum culturel entre Prédorsétien et Dorsétien. L’évolution des industries en matières dures d’origine animale observée, notamment au moment du passage du Prédorsétien au Dorsétien, a été interprétée en termes de changements socio-culturels. Un fait marquant serait l’apparition des têtes de harpon à logette partiellement fermée, contemporaine d’une intensification de l’exploitation du morse, témoignant de chasses désormais collectives qui auraient incité les chasseurs à séjourner désormais ensemble dans des habitations plus grandes, occupées sur de plus longues périodes. Mots-clés : Paléoesquimau ; Arctique ; technologie ; typologie ; ivoire ; os ; bois de caribou ; Canada
The studied ivory, bone and antler artifacts from the Canadian Arctic, only correspond to harpoon heads that served to build the Palaeo-Eskimo chronology (~ 4000-500 B.P.). To ascertain the chronological subdivision between the Pre-Dorset and Dorset cultures a typological study associated with a technological approach was performed. Palaeo-Eskimo technological and economical practices have been derived from the study of six sites located around the Foxe Basin: Igloolik region (Parry Hill, Lyon Hill, Jens Munk, Freuchen and Kaersut sites) and northern Nunavik (Tayara site). The assumption of a Pre-Dorset/Dorset continuum could be confirmed. The observed evolution of osseous industries during Palaeo-Eskimo period (and more precisely the Pre-Dorset/Dorset transition) has been interpreted in terms of socio-cultural changes. The observed technological changes (i.e. harpoon head hafting) could be associated with new patterns of raw material exploitation (diversification in the selection of materials and anatomical elements, as well as functional categories). They testify to the important socio-cultural changes (collective rather than individual hunting) already observed in the settlement patterns (aggregation of the humans in larger houses for longer time periods). Keywords: Palaeo-Eskimo culture; Arctic; Canada; technology; typology; ivory; bone; antler

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Algas e Plantas, Florianópolis, 2013.
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Fatores bióticos e abióticos atuam sobre a interação planta-herbívoro. Estes fatores podem influenciar na frequência de ocorrência assim como na resposta da planta aos efeitos do dano causado pelos herbívoros. Tendo como foco de estudo a planta monocárpica perene (Actinocephalus polyanthus), o presente estudo teve os seguintes objetivos gerais: (1) avaliar a variação estacional de herbivoria e registrar os herbívoros associados a A. polyanthus, e (2) avaliar o efeito da herbivoria no crescimento, supervivência e sucesso reprodutivo desta planta. O estudo foi realizado no Parque Municipal das Dunas da Lagoa da Conceição, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. Para cumprir com o primeiro objetivo, em sete parcelas permanentes de 5 m2 foi avaliada estacionalmente, por um ano, a ocorrência de plantas danificadas, porcentagem de herbivoria e registrada a ocorrência dos herbívoros. Para cumprir com o segundo objetivo, foi realizado experimentos de herbivoria simulada e complementado com tratamentos de plantas danificadas naturalmente pelos herbívoros. Os experimentos foi conduzido em blocos aleatorizados com 16 réplicas (danificados e controles) para cada tratamento. A simulação do dano mecânico foi feita, por uma única vez, varias intensidades e em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento de A. polyanthus. Nestes indivíduos, foram avaliados a sobrevivência, crescimento e produção foliar, a produção de estruturas reprodutivas e foi feita teste de germinação para as sementes produzidas. Resultados mostraram que a pressão da herbivoria sobre A. polyanthus na fase vegetativa ocorre similarmente ao longo do ano. A folivoria, mesmo intensa (até em torno de 90% de área de roseta foliar removida), não teve efeito sobre a mortalidade. As formigas cortadeiras foram os principais herbívoros de A. polyanthus na fase vegetativa, contudo, na fase reprodutiva foram as lagartas que danificam os capítulos. Os indivíduos que reproduziram sincronicamente (na primavera) tiveram maiores probabilidades de escape do ataque dos herbívoros consumidores de estruturas reprodutivas. Em relação ao crescimento, sobrevivência e sucesso reprodutivo das plantas danificadas, dependendo da intensidade de herbivoria que ocorre em determinada fase do desenvolvimento da planta e danificado determinadas estruturas da planta, encontrou-se que o efeito da herbivoria na planta pode ser fatal (morte da planta) ou a planta pode responder compensando insuficientemente, efetivamente ou a pode até sobrecompensar. Actinocephalus polyanthus mostrou ser tolerante ao dano foliar na fase vegetativa, ainda sobrecompensando, mas esta tolerância vai diminuindo à medida que avança o desenvolvimento da planta até que na fase de floração a tolerância é mínima ou nula.

Abstract : Biotic and abiotic factors acting on the plant-herbivore interaction. These factors may influence the frequency of occurrence as well as in plant response to the effects of damage caused by herbivores. Focusing on the study of plant monocarpic perennial (Actinocephalus polyanthus), the present study has the following general objectives: (1) assess the seasonal variation of herbivory and record herbivores associated with A. polyanthus, and (2) assess the effect of herbivory on growth, survival and reproductive success of the plant. The study was conducted in the Parque Municipal das Dunas Lagoa da Conceição, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. To meet the first objective, in seven permanent plots of 5 m2 was assessed seasonally for one year, the incidence of damaged plants, percentage of herbivory and recorded the occurrence of herbivores. To meet the second objective, was performed experiments simulated herbivory and complemented with plants naturally damaged by herbivores. The experiment was conducted in randomized block with 16 replicas (damaged and controls) for each treatment. The simulation of the mechanical damage was done, for once, various intensities and at different stages of development of A. polyanthus. The subjects were assessed for survival, leaf growth and production, the reproductive structures production and was made the germination test for seeds produced. Results showed that the pressure of herbivory on vegetative A. polyanthus occurs the similarly throughout the year. The folivory even intense (up to around 90% rosette leaf area removed), had no effect on mortality. The ants were the main herbivores of A. polyanthus in the vegetative phase, however, the reproductive phase were caterpillars that damage inflorescences. Individuals who reproduce synchronously (in the spring) were more likely to escape from herbivores consumers of reproductive structures. With regard to growth, survival and reproductive success of damaged plants depending on the intensity herbivory occurs at a certain stage of plant development and plant damaged certain structures, it was found that the effect of the plant herbivore may be fatal (death plant) or the plant may respond with undercompensation, full compensation or may even overcompensate. Actinocephalus polyanthus proved to be tolerant to leaf damage in the vegetative stage, even overcompensating, but this tolerance decreases as it advances the development of the plant until the flowering stage tolerance is minimal or nil.

Les analogues nucléosidiques (NUC) tels que la zidovudine (AZT) et la stavudine (d4T) sont des médicaments importants dans le traitement de l'infection par le VIH. Malheureusement, leur utilisation est assombrie par l'existence d'effets secondaires tels que stéatose hépatique, myopathie et lipodystrophie. Ces effets secondaires pourraient être liés à une toxicité mitochondriale des NUC, par inhibition de la réplication de l'ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt). Cependant, les NUC semblent également avoir des effets mitochondriaux et métaboliques indépendamment d'une depletion de l'ADNmt. Des travaux antérieurs réalisés au laboratoire ont montré de façon inattendue que l'administration de 100 mg/kg/j de d4T ou d'AZT chez la souris était susceptible de stimuler l'oxydation des acides gras (OAG) dans le foie. Mes travaux de thèse ont visé à poursuivre les investigations sur l'AZT et le d4T. Dans une 1ere étude, la stimulation de l'OAG hépatique était associée à une diminution de la masse grasse (MG) chez la souris. Dans une 2ème étude, nous avons observé qu'une augmentation de la-dose de d4T (500 mg/kg/j) pouvait aggraver la perte de MG, alors que l'OAG hépatique était inhibée. Nos résultats indiquent que les effets métaboliques des analogues de la thymidine sont complexes et peuvent être indépendants d'une depletion de l'ADNmt. Ils suggèrent aussi que la toxicité précoce du d4T est dépendante de la dose, et que la lipoatrophie pourrait avoir indirectement des effets délétères sur le foie. Nous espérons que nos travaux participeront à une meilleure compréhension de la physiopathologie des lipoatrophies et des stéatoses induites par les NUC
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) such as stavudine (d4T) and zidovudine (AZT) are antiretroviral drugs frequently used in HIV-infected patients. In some patients these drugs can unfortunately induce different side effects as hepatic steatosis, myopathy and lipodystrophy. Although it is widely acknowledged that NRTI are toxic for the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the respiratory chain, other mechanisms seem to be involved. Recently, we reported that 100 mg/kg/d of d4T and AZT (two thymidine analogs) stimulated fatty acid oxidation (PAO) in mouse liver. The aim of the investigations was to complete the study on AZT and d4T, in order to study the consequences of this PAO stimulation. In a first study, hepatic PAO stimulation was associated with fat wasting in mice treated with d4T and AZT 100mg/kg/j. In a second study, higher d4T doses (500 mg/kg/j) reduced further adiposity, while hepatic PAO was inhibited. Our results indicate that metabolic effects of thymidine analogues are difficult to understand and can be independent of mtDNA depletion. Moreover, d4T effects are dependent of the dose, and fat wasting could have indirect liver toxic effects. We hope that our results will help to prevent some NRTI-induced side effects and will prove useful to gain an insight into the physiopathology of these drug-induced mitochondrial diseases

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Duas espécies só podem coexistir durante um longo período de tempo se diferirem em alguns aspectos ecológicos. Essas são premissas do conceito de nicho ecológico de uma espécie. Falco sparverius e Athene cunicularia são aves de rapina de ocorrência comum na maioria da região neotropical. Usualmente encontradas em simpatria, ocorrem em ambientes abertos, com pouca vegetação e apresentam uma dieta similar, baseada em insetos, e comportamentos de caça semelhantes. Os ambientes costeiros do Rio Grande do Sul são sistemas frágeis, protegidos pela legislação nacional e pouco estudados. Os objetivos deste estudo são analisar como estas espécies segregam ecologicamente no ambiente em questão, avaliando as dimensões trófica, espacial e temporal de nicho. Adicionalmente, objetiva-se contribuir para o conhecimento da ecologia destas espécies. Entre março/2000 e janeiro/2004 foram realizadas 31 excursões mensais à área de estudo quando se coletaram pelotas de regurgitação e restos de presas. Realizaram-se ainda observações de captura de presas, análise de comportamento circadiano e uso de hábitat de F. sparverius e A. cunicularia. Corroborando outros estudos, ambas espécies mostraram-se predadores generalistas e oportunistas, consumindo predominantemente invertebrados, com baixo consumo de vertebrados, havendo, aparentemente, variação sazonal na dieta.
Two species can coexist during a long time period only if both differ in some ecological aspect. This is a premise of the ecological niche theory. Falco sparverius and Athene cunicularia are two most common raptors in the neotropical region. Usually sympatric, these species inhabit open countries, with few vegetation and have similar diets, including mainly insects, and similar foraging behaviors. The coastal habitats of Rio Grande do Sul are fragile and poorly studied ecosystems under Brazilian legislation protection. This study aims to analyze how these species segregate themselves in coastal habitats by investigating the trophic, spatial and temporal niche dimensions. Additionally, it is our intention to contribute to knowledge of the ecology of these species. Between March/2000 and January/2004, 31 monthly field expeditions were conducted to the study area during which pellets and prey remains were collected. Further, captures attempts were recorded and daily behavior and foraging habitat use of the F. sparverius and A. cunicularia were analyzed. Corroborating previous studies, both species showed to be generalist and opportunist predators, eating mainly invertebrates, with little vertebrate consumption, having, apparently, seasonal variation in their diet.

Orientador: Marco Aurélio Pizo Ferreira
Banca: José Carlos Motta Júnior
Banca: Roberto Goitein
Resumo: Duas espécies só podem coexistir durante um longo período de tempo se diferirem em alguns aspectos ecológicos. Essas são premissas do conceito de nicho ecológico de uma espécie. Falco sparverius e Athene cunicularia são aves de rapina de ocorrência comum na maioria da região neotropical. Usualmente encontradas em simpatria, ocorrem em ambientes abertos, com pouca vegetação e apresentam uma dieta similar, baseada em insetos, e comportamentos de caça semelhantes. Os ambientes costeiros do Rio Grande do Sul são sistemas frágeis, protegidos pela legislação nacional e pouco estudados. Os objetivos deste estudo são analisar como estas espécies segregam ecologicamente no ambiente em questão, avaliando as dimensões trófica, espacial e temporal de nicho. Adicionalmente, objetiva-se contribuir para o conhecimento da ecologia destas espécies. Entre março/2000 e janeiro/2004 foram realizadas 31 excursões mensais à área de estudo quando se coletaram pelotas de regurgitação e restos de presas. Realizaram-se ainda observações de captura de presas, análise de comportamento circadiano e uso de hábitat de F. sparverius e A. cunicularia. Corroborando outros estudos, ambas espécies mostraram-se predadores generalistas e oportunistas, consumindo predominantemente invertebrados, com baixo consumo de vertebrados, havendo, aparentemente, variação sazonal na dieta
Abstract: Two species can coexist during a long time period only if both differ in some ecological aspect. This is a premise of the ecological niche theory. Falco sparverius and Athene cunicularia are two most common raptors in the neotropical region. Usually sympatric, these species inhabit open countries, with few vegetation and have similar diets, including mainly insects, and similar foraging behaviors. The coastal habitats of Rio Grande do Sul are fragile and poorly studied ecosystems under Brazilian legislation protection. This study aims to analyze how these species segregate themselves in coastal habitats by investigating the trophic, spatial and temporal niche dimensions. Additionally, it is our intention to contribute to knowledge of the ecology of these species. Between March/2000 and January/2004, 31 monthly field expeditions were conducted to the study area during which pellets and prey remains were collected. Further, captures attempts were recorded and daily behavior and foraging habitat use of the F. sparverius and A. cunicularia were analyzed. Corroborating previous studies, both species showed to be generalist and opportunist predators, eating mainly invertebrates, with little vertebrate consumption, having, apparently, seasonal variation in their diet
Mestre

In vivo, la fonction du récepteur de la rénine (RR/ATP6AP2) n'est pas connue. Des résultats divergents concernant sa localisation sub-cellulaire fragilisent l'hypothèse d'un récepteur de surface. Ainsi, nous avons repris la question de la localisation cellulaire du RR/ATP6AP2 endogène. Afin d'étudier la fonction de RR/ATP6AP2 in vivo, nous avons transitoirement supprimer son expression chez le poisson zèbre, et avons généré des rats surexprimant RR/ATP6AP2 dans les cellules musculaires lisses. Nos résultats suggèrent une double fonction pour RR/ATP6AP2, reflétant une possible divergence au cours de l'évolution. La partie C-terminale de la protéine, correspondant au fragment "m 8-9", est très conservée chez les vertébrés et les invertébrés. Ce domaine "ancestral" pourrait être responsable des anomalies du développement précoce observé chez le poisson zèbre et suspecté chez la souris. Cette fonction est clairement indépendante de celle du SRA et pourrait être lié à la fonction de pompe H+ATPase vacuolaire. Le domaine N-terminal de protéine pourrait avoir acquis la capacité de lier la rénine chez les vertébrés
The function of RR/ATP6AP2, described as a new receptor for prorenin/renin, is elusive in vivo. Controversies concerning its subcellular localization are confusing considering the proposed function of vascular cell surface receptor. Here, we readdressed the question of the sub cellular localization of RR/ATP6AP2, focusing on the detection of the endogenous protein. Then we used animal models of gene invalidation and gene overexpression to approach the in vivo function of RR/ATP6AP2. Our results underline that RR/ATP6AP2 might have a dual function possibly reflecting an evolutionary divergence. The RR/ATP6AP2 C-terminal part of the protein, corresponding to the m8-9 fragment, is highly conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates. This "ancestral" domain might account for the early developmental defect observed in zebrafish and suspected in mouse. This function is clearly not related to the renin angiotensin System, and might be linked to the vacuolar H+-ATPase. The N-terminal part of the protein might have acquire a prorenin/renin binding capacity in vertebrates

Aspectos da ecologia dos bruquídeos Megacerus baeri (Pic, 1934) e M. reticulatus (Sharp, 1885) foram analisados em suas plantas hospedeiras Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Grisebach e I. pes-caprae (L.) R. Brown, em área de restinga, no sul do Brasil. A distribuição do recurso e a fenologia das plantas hospedeiras, os padrões de oviposição, a sobrevivência das larvas e dos adultos, o tempo de desenvolvimento, as taxas de predação e as flutuações populacionais destas duas espécies de bruquídeos foram descritas e quantificadas. Os esforços regulares de amostragem foram concentrados em duas áreas fixas, uma para cada espécie de Ipomoea, na praia da Joaquina, Ilha de Santa Catarina, 27o 10’ S e 48o 35’ W. O registro sistemático das informações foi iniciado em agosto de 1999, seguindo até julho de 2001, englobando dois ciclos reprodutivos, tanto das plantas hospedeiras, quanto dos bruquídeos. No local de estudo, os ovos de M. baeri podem ser observados em frutos e sementes de I. imperati e I. pes-caprae, enquanto que os ovos de M. reticulatus ocorrem apenas em frutos de I. pescaprae. No total foram realizadas 109 saídas de campo perfazendo 316 horas de observação direta. As observações foram realizadas em 21 quadrados, para cada área de Ipomoea, que foram mantidos ao longo de todo estudo. I. imperati e I. pes-caprae apresentaram padrão altamente sazonal para quase todas as fenofases. A atividade reprodutiva, para ambas as espécies de plantas, coincidiu com o aumento da temperatura e do fotoperíodo. A duração dos eventos fenológicos foi diferente, sendo mais longa para I. imperati (8 a 12 meses), que para I. pes-caprae (4 a 7 meses). Houve associação significativa entre a presença de ovos de M. baeri e M. reticulatus e as fenosfases de frutos das duas espécies de Convolvulaceae, assim como foi significativa a relação entre a ocorrência relativa de ovos e o tamanho dos frutos. A relação significativa entre o número médio de ovos por fruto e o tamanho do fruto sugerem que as fêmeas possam discriminar o fruto pelo tamanho quando colocam os ovos. Durante a postura, M. baeri utilizou principalmente o ápice da cápsula dos frutos de I. imperati e a semente dos frutos de I. pes-caprae, enquanto M. reticulatus utilizou principalmente o estilete de I. pescaprae. Em laboratório, 39 fêmeas de M. baeri colocaram 443 ovos em sementes das duas espécies de Convolvulaceae, mas apenas 18,06 % chegaram ao estágio adulto, indicando elevado grau de mortalidade na fase de ovo ou de larva. Os ovos foram depositados primeiro nas sementes de I. pes-caprae, mesmo aquelas nascidas de I. imperati. A longevidade média dos adultos, em laboratório, foi de 17,9 ± 4,8 dias para machos e 20,7 ± 7,4 dias para fêmeas. O tempo médio de desenvolvimento, em condições naturais, não diferiu entre os sexos e nem entre as espécies de Megacerus, assim como o tempo de desenvolvimento de M. baeri também não diferiu entre as espécies de Ipomoea. Em I. pes-caprae a abundância dos adultos de M. baeri foi duas vezes maior e o número de ovos 4,5 vezes maior que os de M. reticulatus. Ambas as espécies de Megacerus utilizaram principalmente frutos em estágio de amadurecimento para a colocação dos ovos e os picos foram registrados sempre no verão. A predação de 13 % dos frutos I. pes-caprae (n= 333) pelas duas espécies de Megacerus e pela mariposa Ephestia kuhniella (Pyralidae), inviabilizou 4,24 % das sementes (n= 1107). A abundância de adultos e ovos foi afetada, respectivamente, pela disponibilidade das flores e dos frutos de I. pes-caprae, ao longo dos dois ciclos reprodutivos em que foram acompanhados. Em I. imperati, a abundância dos adultos de M. baeri foi sempre baixa e o número de ovos foi 1,9 vezes maior no primeiro ciclo reprodutivo que no segundo. As fêmeas utilizaram mais a fenofase de frutos em amadurecimento para a colocação dos ovos e ocorreram dois picos, um no verão e outro no outono. A predação por M. baeri afetou 73% dos frutos (n=333) de I. imperati e inviabilizou 67,6% das sementes (n=274). M. baeri utilizou sementes com maior tamanho médio quando comparado à média das sementes não predadas. A abundância dos adultos, embora pequena, foi afetada pela disponibilidade das flores de I. imperati, nos dois ciclos reprodutivos, assim como a abundância dos ovos foi afetada pela disponibilidade das diferentes fenofases de frutos.

Ce travail documente l’utilisation des matières dures d’origine animale, en Provence entre le Moyen Âge et l’avènement de l’industrialisation. Ces matériaux sont employés dans l’élaboration d'objets fonctionnels ou ornementaux tant luxueux et onéreux qu’ordinaires et économiques. Ils sont parfois incorporés à des recettes pharmaceutiques ou culinaires, employés dans l’aciérage ou pour la production de colle. Notre analyse se fonde principalement sur l’étude conjointe des sources archéologiques (plus de 4000 pièces), des sources écrites et iconographiques. Elle livre une vision de l’emploi de ces matériaux et de leur insertion dans les économies provençales médiévale et moderne. Notre approche met en évidence les propriétés et caractéristiques physiques des matériaux, la morphologie des pièces anatomiques et les possibilités formelles et techniques du travail artisanal, selon les périodes et les objets produits. De l’analyse des contextes de découverte et de l’observation des traces d’outils visibles sur les éléments étudiés découle une approche technique caractérisant, les modes de transformation des matériaux et de fabrication des objets. Le dépouillement des sources écrites apporte des informations relatives aux artisans travaillant ces matériaux, à l'approvisionnement, à la vente et à la circulation des objets et des matières premières. L’approche interdisciplinaire permet de mieux comprendre la genèse des objets produits, de restituer leur évolution morphologique, d’estimer leur valeur vénale pour cerner la catégorie sociale à laquelle ils sont destinés, de réfléchir à la symbolique qui leur est conférée et de décrire la manière dont ils sont perçus et réglementés
This doctoral work documents the use of the "hard materials from animal origin » (matières dures d’origine animale), in the Provence region from the Middle Ages until the advent of industrialization. These materials are used for manufacturing many functional or decorative objects either luxurious and expensive or ordinary and cheap. They sometimes also constitute ingredients incorporated in pharmaceutical formula or culinary recipes, are used in steel making or for glue production. Our analysis is based on the joint study of archaeological sources (more than 4000 pieces), written and iconographic sources. It provides a vision of these materials use and their qualitative and quantitative integration in medieval and modern Provençal economies. Our approach highlights the mechanical properties of the raw materials, the morphology of anatomical pieces as well as the craft work technical development along the different periods. From discovery contexts and observation of the tools marks on the objects, blanks and waste, when the technical approach was feasible, we characterized the manufacturing processes and places. Detailed analysis of the written sources also provides information on the craftsmen working these materials, on the sale and circulation of objects and raw materials. The interdisciplinary approach helps better understand the produced objects genesis, reproduce their morphological evolution, estimate their market value and therefore identify the social category they are intended for, put forward assumptions about the symbolism conferred upon them, and finally describe the way they are perceived and therefore sometimes regulated

L’industrie en matières dures animales joue un rôle important dans la préhistoire de la Sardaigne. Cette importance est soulignée par la présence de très nombreux objets retrouvés dans divers types de sites archéologiques dont la chronologie s’étend du Paléolithique à la fin de l’âge du Cuivre. L’ambition de ce travail est de constituer un panorama global de la production en matières dures animales au cours de la préhistoire sarde basé sur les données publiées à ce jour et tout particulièrement sur l’analyse des industries du Néolithique final Ozieri et du premier âge du Cuivre (4200-2900 av. J.C.). Dans un premier temps, ce travail propose la réalisation d’un bilan des connaissances actuelles sur la production en matières dures animales de la préhistoire sarde et met en évidence l’hétérogénéité des données et l’extrême rareté des études spécifiques à cette catégorie de vestiges. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse technologique de l’industrie en matières dures animales de deux sites majeurs de la préhistoire sarde, Su Coddu à Selargius (Cagliari) et Cuccuru s’Arriu à Cabras (Oristano) permet de poser les premières bases de la caractérisation de ces deux industries, définissant le rôle de l’industrie en matières dures animales (constitution de l’équipement) et permettant de reconstituer les techniques, les procédés et les méthodes de transformation employés pour la production des objets finis. Ce travail cherche également à caractériser les implications économiques de cette industrie et de mettre en évidence les affinités et les différences techno-économiques entre la production en matières dures animales du Néolithique final et celle du premier âge du Cuivre en Sardaigne
The hard animal materials industry plays an important role in the prehistory of Sardinia. This importance is emphasized by the presence of many artefacts found in various types of archaeological sites (habitats, graves and “worship” sites) whose chronology extends from the Palaeolithic to the end of the Copper Age. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of hard animal materials production in the Sardinian prehistory based on actual published data and especially on the analysis of the late Neolithic Ozieri and the first Copper Age (4200-2900 B.C.) industries. In the first step, this work implies to achieve a state of art of current knowledge on the production of hard animal materials in Sardinian prehistory and highlights the heterogeneity of the data and the extreme rarity of specific studies about this category of artefacts. In a second step, the technological analysis of hard animal materials industry of two major sites of Sardinian prehistory, Su Coddu at Selargius (Cagliari) and Cuccuru s’Arriu at Cabras (Oristano) permit to lay the first bases for the characterization of these two industries, defining the role of hard animal materials industry (constitution of equipment) and to reconstruct the techniques, procedures and methods used for the production of finished objects. This work also seeks to characterize the economic implications of this industry and to highlight the techno-economic similarities and differences between the hard animal materials productions of the late Neolithic and the first Copper Age in Sardinia

El siguiente trabajo presenta una edición bilingüe latín — castellano de los Comentarios de fray Juan de Fuica a los tres libros De anima según la doctrina del Doctor Sutil Duns Escoto, Príncipe de los teólogos; que fueron dictados por el fraile en el Colegio San Diego de Alcalá de Santiago de Chile, en mayo de 1689. Se presentan primero algunas notas biográficas relevantes del autor e información relativa a su trayectoria académica y administrativa dentro de la Orden Franciscana, y también algunos aspectos históricos fundamentales sobre la Orden en el país, el colegio San Diego de Alcalá y la corriente escotista en Chile. Luego, se analizan los aspectos más relevantes de las doctrinas filosóficas ad mentem Scoti expuestas en el curso del franciscano chileno y, posteriormente, ofrecemos la edición bilingüe de los Comentarios. Con la edición de esta obra manuscrita inédita, se rescata un testimonio exclusivo de la enseñanza filosófica de la época colonial chilena.
The following work presents a Latin — Spanish bilingual edition of Friar Juan de Fuica's Commentaries on the three "De anima" books of according to the doctrine of the Subtle Doctor Duns Scotus, Prince of Theologians; which were dictated in May 1689 by the Friar at San Diego de Alcala College, Santiago de Chile. First, some biographical notes about the author are presented along with information relating to his academic and administrative career within the Franciscan Order. Various fundamental historic aspects are also discussed about the Order in the country, San Diego de Alcala College and the Scotist movement in Chile. Second, an analysis is made of the most relevant aspects of the ad mentem Scoti philosophical doctrines presented in the course of the Chilean Franciscan. Finally, the bilingual edition of the Commentaries is presented. With the edition of this unreleased manuscript, an exclusive testimony of philosophy teachings from Chilean colonial times has been rescued.

Bien que l’os soit une matière première ayant joué un rôle essentiel au sein des activités quotidiennes des Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent, il existe à ce jour très peu d’analyses systématiques de l’outillage en os et des débris de fabrication retrouvés en Iroquoianie. Afin de pallier ces lacunes, ce mémoire de maitrise porte sur l’analyse des vestiges en os ouvragés récupérés sur le site villageois Mailhot-Curran (BgFn-2), occupé durant le Sylvicole supérieur tardif par une communauté iroquoienne du Saint-Laurent. Plus précisément, l’étude consiste à analyser l’industrie osseuse en portant une attention particulière aux déchets de fabrication. Cet examen attentif a pour principal objectif de documenter les modes de gestion et de sélection de la matière première ainsi que d’améliorer la compréhension des techniques préhistoriques employées pour la fabrication des objets en os. Au moyen d’analyses technologiques, zooarchéologiques et tracéologiques, il sera possible de classifier les déchets de fabrication, de documenter leur origine technologique et, ultimement, de reconstituer un certain nombre de chaines opératoires. Une étude détaillée de la distribution spatiale des artéfacts permettra également de mieux comprendre l’organisation des activités dans l’espace villageois. Ce mémoire a aussi pour objectif de fournir des balises méthodologiques et empiriques relatives à l’étude des déchets de fabrications en os, afin de démontrer la pertinence de considérer ces derniers dans la compréhension des systèmes socioéconomiques et culturels.
The St. Lawrence Iroquoians were very talented producers of bone tools of all kinds but little is known about the ancient technologies involved in the manufacture of these objects. The relevance of this study arises from the fact that there are significant methodological and theoretical gaps in the analysis of the bone objects produced by St. Lawrence Iroquoians. The aim of this thesis is to provide some answers to those specific gaps of information. This research involves various analyses which are characteristic of technological approaches, and zooarchaeological and use-wear methods. These particular methods will allow me to examine and understand more accurately the past technologies associated with St. Lawrence Iroquoians bone tool industries. Through the analysis and classification of the by-products, debris, blanks, rough-outs and finished objects, I hope to provide a method for understanding the sequence underlying the production of bone tools (procurement, selection, treatment, debitage, shaping, finishing, etc.) and to evaluate the investment made in the procurement and selection of the raw materials. A spatial distribution analysis is carried out to better understand the context for the planning and manufacture of bone tools within the village space. The main purposes of this study are to present methodological guidelines regarding the classification of bone refuse and by-products; to reveal morphological and technological characteristics of these archeological remains through macrosopic and microscopic obsevations, and to provide an empirical model adapted to the analysis of the chaines opératoires leading to distinct categories of bone refuse.