Dissertationen zum Thema „Angiospermic Flora“

Os óleos florais são os recursos alternativos ao pólen e néctar oferecidos por onze famílias de angiospermas às abelhas coletoras de óleo. A produção deste recurso surgiu ao menos 28 vezes e a coleta destes, em cinco linhagens distintas entre as abelhas. Na região Neotropical, Malpighiaceae é a família mais diversa e melhor conhecida em termos de seu sistema de polinização e relação com abelhas coletoras de óleo. Plantaginaceae é conhecida por alguns trabalhos, focados principalmente em Angelonia e Monttea. No presente estudo, são apresentadas as relações entre abelhas coletoras de óleo e flores de Plantaginaceae (cinco espécies de Angelonia e uma de Basistemon), com especial atenção aos aspectos morfológicos de ambos, aspectos comportamentais das abelhas durante a coleta e a sobreposição geográfica entre os parceiros deste mutualismo. Este trabalho apresenta pela primeira vez dados dos visitantes de três espécies: A. eriostachys, A. goyazensis e Basistemon silvaticus; além de dados inéditos sobre espécies já estudadas: A. cornigera, A. integerrima e A. salicariifolia. Foi observado que as estruturas especializadas presentes no labelo de todas as espécies estudadas de Angelonia estão associadas à imposição da postura correta do visitante e sua fixação na flor. As flores de Basistemon são mais simples neste sentido e apresentam apenas um discreto calo mediano. Apesar da morfologia destas estruturas diferirem consideravelmente entre as espécies, é possível estabelecer relações de origem entre elas. A assembléia de visitantes das flores de Angelonia e Basistemon variou entre três a dezoito espécies. Estas espécies foram consideradas polinizadoras ou visitantes ilegítimos. As abelhas do gênero Centris foram consideradas as principais polinizadoras das plantas estudadas, porém, espécies de Tapinotaspidini, em especial o gênero Caenonomada, também detêm esse papel. As abelhas que coletam óleo também coletam pólen, com exceção dos gêneros Centris, Caenonomada e Tapinotaspis, que coletam apenas óleo. O comportamento adequado dos polinizadores de Angelonia e Basistemon, imposto pela morfologia floral, implica na coleta do óleo com as pernas anteriores e o contato com os órgãos férteis na fronte ou mesoscuto em flores com corola mais profunda. Algumas espécies estão morfologicamente adaptadas a coleta nestas flores, como exemplo, as abelhas Centris grupo hyptidis, que possuem aparatos coletores divergentes de todo o padrão apresentado pelo gênero. Quanto à distribuição destas plantas e de seus potenciais polinizadores, em alguns casos, há grande sobreposição e os potenciais polinizadores podem ou não ser especialistas nestas fontes de óleo. Os casos de baixa congruência geográfica mostram que muitos destes potenciais polinizadores não dependem das fontes de óleo de Angelonia e Basistemon.
Floral oils are alternative flower reward to pollen and nectar that are offered by eleven families of angiosperms to oil-collecting bees. The production of this resource appeared at least 28 times, and its collection has been observed in five different lineages of bees. In the Neotropical Region, Malpighiaceae is the most diverse and best known family concerning to the pollination system and the interactions with oil-collecting bees. Plantaginaceae is well known due to some studies mostly on Angelonia and Monttea. In this study, the relationship between the oil-collecting bees and the Plantaginaceae flowers (five species of Angelonia and one of Basistemon) is presented, being given special attention to the morphological aspects of both, the bees behavior during the oil collection and the geographical overlap between the partners of this mutualism. This work presents for the first time the visitors of three species (A. eriostachys, A. goyazensis and Basistemon silvaticus), as well as new data on already studied species (A. cornigera, A. integerrima and A. salicariifolia). It was recorded that the specialized structures that are found on the lip (labellum) of all the known species of Angelonia are associated to the imposition of the correct posture of the visitor and their fixation on the flower. The Basistemon flowers are, in this way, less complex and they present only a discrete median callus. Although the morphology of these structures differ considerably among species, it is possible to establish relationships between their origins. The assemblage of visitors of the flowers of Angelonia and Basistemon varied from three to eighteen species. These species were considered pollinators or illegitimate visitors of the studied species. The bees of the genus Centris were considered the main pollinators of these plants; however species of Tapinotaspidini also play this role. These bees collect oil and pollen, in most species, having as exceptions the genera Centris, Caenonomada e Tapinotaspis that collect only oil. The correct behavior of the visitors of Angelonia and Basistemon flowers, imposed by the floral morphology, results the collection of oil with the forelegs and the contact of their fertile organs with their anterior head or dorsal thorax (in flowers with deep corolla). Some species are morphologically adapted to sample in these flowers, for example, the Centris bees group hyptidis, that have collecting apparatus that diverge from the pattern found in the genera. In respect to the distribution of these plants and their potential pollinators, in some cases, there is a large overlap and the potential pollinators may or may not be specialists in these oil sources. The cases of low geographical congruency show that many of these potential pollinators do not depend only on the oil sources of Angelonia and Basistemon.

Late Cretaceous angiosperm leaf floras from the Antarctic Peninsula have been studied and described for the first time. The Hidden Lake Formation (Coniacian) and Santa Marta Formation (Santonian-early Campanian) floras were preserved within shallow marine strata exposed on James Ross Island. This area was located at approximately 65°S during the Late Cretaceous. These fossils represent the remains of vegetation growing in the southern high latitudes on an emergent volcanic arc. The plants probably grew on the delta top and along the edge of streams. The leaf fossils are preserved as isolated and fragmentary impressions and although cuticular anatomy is not present, the angiosperm leaves show the well-preserved fine detail of leaf architecture. These leaves have been drawn and described using Hickey's (1979) terminology. Attempts were made to group the leaves into morphotypes to allow reconstruction of floral composition and palaeoclimates. Several methods of grouping leaves were used, including visual grouping, Single character classification, and multivariate approaches. Multivariate statistical analysis allowed many characters to be considered simultaneously and even allowed fragmentary specimens, which were harder to deal with visually, to be evaluated. Clustering analysis was performed and dendrograms were produced for the Hidden Lake Formation and Santa Marta Formation floras, which were used in conjunction with visual assessments to group leaves with distinct morphologies into morphotypes. A total of 41 morphotypes were identified, 30 in the Hidden Lake Formation flora and 31 in the Santa Marta Formation flora, with 20 in common. Detailed descriptions of each morphotype and representative illustrations are presented. Comparisons have been drawn with fossil and living angiosperm leaves. Architectural characteristics suggest that some of the leaves may have affinities with the Cunoniaceae, Lauraceae, Sterculiaceae, Nothofagaceae, Myrtaceae and Elaeocarpaceae. If botanical affinities can be confirmed, many of these occurrences would extend the ranges of angiosperm taxa on the Antarctic Peninsula. Palaeoclimatic interpretation of the leaf floras included comparisons with possible nearest living relatives, analysis of leaf margins, shapes and sizes, and the application of simple linear regression and multiple linear regression models. The climate is considered to have been warm and moist. Mean annual temperature estimates of 12-21°C were provided for the Hidden Lake Formation flora and 14-23°C for the Santa Marta Formation flora. Evaluation of published data suggests that these Coniacian-early Campanian leaf floras may reflect the warmest time during the Cretaceous in Antarctica.

Orientador: Marlies Sazima
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: As plantas são organismos sésseis que estão à mercê do estresse ambiental. As flores são estruturas fundamentais na evolução das angiospermas, pois através delas ocorre a reprodução sexuada. Para isto, as flores exibem estratégias que auxiliam a planta a obter melhor sucesso reprodutivo. Animais visitam flores em busca de recursos, no entanto, ao transportar grãos de pólen entre os indivíduos da mesma espécie vegetal, atuam como mediadores no processo de seleção sexual, importante força na evolução florai. Fatores ecológicos que afetam a relação entre plantas e polínizadores podem influenciar a evolução das estratégias reprodutivas das espécies. Fatores abióticos, a distribuição espacial, o tamanho populacional e a história de vida das plantas podem modificar a abundância e a distribuição dos recursos para os polínizadores, alterando padrões de transporte de pólen, fluxo gênico e pressões seletivas responsáveis pela evolução floral. Este trabalho busca compreender a diversidade das estratégias reprodutivas em diferentes formações vegetais tropicais, a modulação por características vegetativas e reprodutivas das plantas e abióticas do meio na alocação de recursos como, também, verificar a existência de consistência biogeográfica dos padrões alométricos em relação as estratégias reprodutivas das plantas. O estudo foi realizado em áreas de vegetação tropical, sendo uma área de Floresta Atlântica, uma área de Cerrado, ambas no estado de São Paulo e uma área de Campo Rupestre, no estado de Minas Gerais, permitindo a comparação da variação da biomassa floral entre as três formações vegetais e entre angiospermas tropicais com particularidades morfológicas relacionadas às áreas de coleta e dados bibliográficos de espécies extra-tropicais. A riqueza de formas vegetais e de ambientes nas regiões tropicais atua na modulação da interação entre plantas e polínizadores, influenciando na variação da biomassa floral e nas características vegetativas e reprodutivas das espécies. As alometrias positivas e a isometria encontradas nas floras tropicais e extra-tropícats em relação ao crescimento da biomassa floral apontam para a presença e desenvolvimento de características sexuais secundarias como importantes ferramentas na permanência e sucesso da reprodução cruzada. Características vegetativas e reprodutivas influenciam na variação interespecífica da biomassa floral e que a função masculina da flor teria forte impacto na evolução das características florais, independentemente da ligação filogenética entre as angiospermas, ressaltando a necessidade de teorias que permitam uma síntese destas relações.
Abstract: Plants are sessile organisms exposed to the effects of environmental stress. The flowers are fundamental structures in the evolution of angiosperms, because through them is sexual reproduction. For this, the flowers exhibit strategies that help the plant to achieve better reproductive success. Animals visit flowers in search of resources, however, to carry pollen between individuals of the same plant species, act as mediators in the process of sexual selection, major force in floral evolution. Ecological factors affecting the relationship between plants atid pollinators may influence the evolution of reproductive strategies of species. Abiotic factors, spatial distribution, population size and life history of plants can modify the abundance and distribution of resources for pollinators by changing patterns of pollen transfer, gene flow and selective pressures responsible for floral evolution. This work seeks to understand the diversity of reproductive strategies in different tropical vegetation types, the modulated vegetative and reproductive features of plants and the abiotic environment in resource allocation as well, check for consistency biogeographical of allometric patterns in reproductive strategies in relation to plants. The study was conducted in areas of tropical vegetation, with an area of Atlantic Rain Forest, an area of Savannah, both in the state of Sao Paulo and an area of Campo Rupestre, in the state of Minas Gerais, allowing the comparison of variation among floral biomass the three vegetation types and between tropical angiosperm morphological peculiarities related to the areas of collection and bibliographic data of extra-tropical species. The richness of plant forms and environments in tropical acts in modulating the interaction between plants and pollinators, influencing the variation of biomass in the floral and vegetative and reproductive characteristics of species. The positive allometry and isometry floras found in tropical and extra-tropical growth over the floral biomass indicate the presence and development of secondary sexual characteristics as important tools in the permanence and success of cross-breeding. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics influence the interspecific variation of floral biomass and that the function of male flowers have a strong impact on the evolution of floral traits, regardless of the phylogenetic connection between the angiosperms, highlighting the need for theories that allow a synthesis of these relationships.
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia

Les Angiospermes forment un clade connu pour sa grande diversité d’espèces et une répartition inégale de cette diversité en son sein. Ce travail se concentre sur la reconstruction d’états ancestraux de caractères floraux sur les phylogénies dans le but d’étudier leur impact sur la diversification. En premier lieu, nous nous sommes focalisés sur deux innovations-clés potentielles chez les Proteaceae, la symétrie bilatérale du périanthe et la présence dans les hotspots à climat méditerranéen. L’utilisation sur une phylogénie de modèles de diversification dépendants des états de caractère a permis de montrer que le premier état caractère n’a pas d’impact significatif sur la diversification des espèces dans ce groupe, contrairement au second. Ensuite, nous avons reconstruit les états ancestraux de la symétrie du périanthe à l’échelle de toutes les Angiospermes, avec une stratégie d’échantillonnage permettant de refléter toutes les transitions de ce caractère. Nous avons mis en évidence un minimum de 130 origines de la symétrie bilatérale, suivies de 69 réversions vers la symétrie radiaire. Enfin, la même méthode a été étendue à l’étude de quatre autres caractères du périanthe. Différents modèles de reconstruction d’états ancestraux ont été utilisés sur une phylogénie de 1232 espèces pour examiner l’influence des changements de modèle sur les états ancestraux reconstruits. Nos résultats montrent que les changements de modèles de reconstruction ont une influence sur l’état de certains nœuds seulement, jamais sur l’ensemble. Les différents résultats trouvés pour la symétrie, caractère commun aux trois chapitres, révèlent que notre méthode d’échantillonnage présente l’inconvénient d’estimer des taux de transition trop élevés pour donner des résultats concluants avec la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance. Les résultats sont en revanche beaucoup moins biaisés lorsque l’on examine plusieurs caractères simultanément
Angiosperms are a clade known for its great species diversity and the uneven distribution of this diversity among its lineages. This work focuses on the ancestral state reconstruction of floral characters on phylogenies in the purpose of studying their impact on diversification. We first focused on two potential key innovations in Proteaceae, bilateral perianth symmetry and presence in Mediterranean-climate hotspots. Using character state dependent diversification models, we found that the first character state did not have any significant impact on species diversification in this group, contrary to the second one. We then reconstructed ancestral states for perianth symmetry in angiosperms as a whole, using a sampling strategy aimed at capturing all of the transitions in this character. We found a minimum of 130 origins of bilateral symmetry, followed by 69 subsequent reversals to radial symmetry. Lastly, the same approach was extended to the study of four other perianth characters. Different ancestral state reconstruction models were used on a phylogenetic tree of 1232 species to test the influence of model changes on reconstructed ancestral states. Our results show that changes in reconstruction models have an impact on the inferred ancestral state of some nodes, but not all of them. The various results obtained for symmetry, a character shared among the three chapters, indicate that our sampling method has the drawback of estimating transition rates too high to give conclusive results with maximum likelihood. On the other hand, results are much less biased when several characters are examined simultaneously

Deep phylogenetic relationships in the angiosperms had long been uncertain. However, by the end of the 1990s, large-scale studies contributed to the current well resolved picture of the tree of flowering plants, in which eudicots, monocots, and magnoliids are the three largest clades. Whereas monocots and eudicots have been recognized since the very first phylogenetic analyses, the monophyly of magnoliids (Canellales, Laurales, Magnoliales, and Piperales) is a more recent result. Magnoliidae, as now circumscribed, consist of 20 families and ca. 10,000 species mostly distributed in the tropics. Before the present thesis, several parts of the magnoliid tree had been well studied, but little was known about the evolutionary history of Magnoliidae as a whole. The first chapter of this thesis is a phylogenetic study conducted to clarify the relationships among families and orders of Magnoliidae. To do so, I sampled 199 species of Magnoliidae and 12 molecular markers from the three genomes and conducted phylogenetic analyses using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. The results confirm, with a greater level of support, two clades in Magnoliidae: Canellale + Piperales, and Laurales + Magnoliales. In addition, the relationships among the 20 families are generally well supported, and Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae are nested within Aristolochiaceae (Piperales). In the second chapter, the ages and phylogenetic positions of 10 fossils attributed to Magnoliidae were reviewed in detail. The goal of this study was to provide new reliable calibration points in order to conduct molecular dating analyses. These fossils were selected from the rich fossil record of the group because of their previous inclusion in phylogenetic analyses with extant taxa. The resulting calibration scheme provides six solid, internal minimum age constraints. The third chapter includes molecular dating analyses using the present calibration scheme and the same molecular dataset of Chapter 1. This study tends to push back in time the ages of the crown nodes of Magnoliidae (127.1-198.9 Ma), and of the four orders, Canellales (126.3-141.0 Ma), Piperales (88.2-157.7 Ma), Laurales (111.8-165.6 Ma), and Magnoliales (115.0-164.2 Ma). In the same chapter, I investigated the mode of diversification in the group. The strongly imbalanced distribution of species appears to be best explained by models of diversification with 6 to 14 diversification rate shifts. Finally, in the last chapter, I traced the evolution of 26 floral characters to reconstruct the ancestral flowers in key nodes of Magnoliidae. I used the phylogeny of Chapter 1 and an exemplar approach. Our results show that the most recent common ancestor of all Magnoliidae was a tree bearing actinomorphic, bisexual flowers with a differentiated perianth of two alternate, trimerous whorls of free perianth parts (outer and inner tepals) and probably three free stamens. This work provides key results on the evolution of Magnoliidae and raises several new questions such as the impact of geological crises on diversification of the group or the influence of pollinators and the environment on the evolution of floral morphology.

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CNPq
Realizou-se o levantamento dos representantes de Melastomeae presentes na Mata Atlântica dos estados do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco e Alagoas. O levantamento consistiu em coletas do material fértil em 14 localidades no período de março de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013, e também na consulta às coleções de herbários da área de estudo e de âmbito nacional. A tribo Melastomeae está representada na região por 16 espécies pertencentes a sete gêneros: Pterolepis (DC.) Miq., com sete espécies; Acisanthera P. Browne,com três espécies; Comolia DC., Marcetia DC. e Tibouchina Aubl., com duas espécies cada e Aciotis D.Don e Nepsera Naud., com uma espécie cada. O trabalho inclui uma chave para identificação das espécies, descrições, comentários e ilustrações.

Dissertação (mestrado)-Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, 2010.
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As Iridaceae abrangem aproximadamente 66 gêneros e mais de 2030 espécies distribuídas principalmente nos continentes do hemisfério sul, sendo o seu principal centro de diversidade o sul da África e em seguida a América do Sul. Seus representantes são encontrados em savanas e campos, com poucas espécies ocorrendo em formações florestais. O Brasil possui 18 gêneros e 160 espécies, sendo que os gêneros com maior número de espécies são Sisyrinchium L., com 58 espécies, e Neomarica Sprague e Pseudotrimezia, com 21 espécies. São caracterizadas por possuírem flores vistosas, grande parte polinizada por insetos e por possuir órgãos subterrâneos do tipo rizoma, cormos ou bulbos. A maioria das espécies é herbácea, com folhas simples, cilíndricas ou planas, lineares ou linear-ensiformes, inflorescência do tipo ripídio ou espiga, flores bissexuadas actinomorfas ou zigomorfas, trímeras, com 3 estames opostos às tépalas externas, ovário ínfero, trilocular e fruto do tipo cápsula loculicida. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento da flora do Distrito Federal, baseando-se em coletas de campo e na análise de materiais herborizados de coleções dos quatro herbários do Distrito Federal, além do Herbário da Universidade de São Paulo e do Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo. Foram encontrados 4 gêneros e 11 espécies: Alophia coerulea (Vell.) Chukr, Alophia sellowiana Klatt, Cipura paludosa Aubl., Cipura xanthomelas Mart. ex Klatt, Sisyrinchium luzula Klotzsch ex Klatt, Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav., Sisyrinchium vaginatum Spreng., Trimezia cathartica (Klatt) Niederl., Trimezia juncifolia (Klatt) Benth. & Hook. f., Trimezia lutea (Klatt) R.C. Foster, Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb. São apresentadas chaves de identificação para os gêneros e espécies, descrições, ilustrações, mapas e comentários sobre a ecologia das espécies no Distrito Federal. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The family Iridaceae has approximately 66 genera and more than 2030 species, distributed mainly in the continents of the southern hemisphere, and has more diversity in southern Africa and then South America. They are found in savannas and grasslands, with a few species in the forests. In Brazil this family has 11 genera and 50 species, and the genera with more species are: Neomarica Sprague (20 spp.), Trimezia Salisb. ex Herb. (13 spp.) e Sisyrinchium L. (10 spp.). The species of Iridaceae are characterized by eye-catching flowers, mostly pollinated by insects, and have rhizomes, corms or bulbs. Most species are herbaceous, with simple leaves, cylindrical or flat, linear or linear-ensiforms, with rhipidium or spike inflorescences and bisexual actinomorphic or zygomorphic flowers with two whorls of three tepals, with three stamens opposite to the outer tepals. The ovary is often inferior and the fruits are loculicidal capsules with three locules. This work aims to contribute to the knowledge of Iridaceae in the Federal District, and is based on field surveys and material analysis of the four different herbarium collections in the Federal District, and the herbarium of University of São Paulo and the São Paulo Institute of Botany. Four genera and 11 species were found: Alophia coerulea (Vell.) Chukri, Alophia sellowiana Klatt, Cipura paludosa Aubl., Cipura xanthomelas Mart. ex Klatt, Sisyrinchium luzula Klotzsch ex Klatt, Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav., Sisyrinchium vaginatum Spreng., Trimezia cathartica (Klatt) Niederle., Trimezia juncifolia (Klatt) Benth. & Hook. f., Trimezia lutea (Klatt) RC Foster and Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb. Identification keys of genera and species, descriptions, illustrations and comments about the ecology of the species in the Federal District are also presented in this work.

Biodiversity across the globe is threatened. Rapid surveying and monitoring techniques are required to understand the origin of the threats to biodiversity and to enable conservation actions to be undertaken. Kuwait is an arid desert country with a small flora of only 402 species. This flora is endangered by environmental factors, overgrazing, and human activities. DNA barcoding the flora and using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies allowed us to identify plants to species level, conduct a molecular taxonomic revision, and distinguish plant diversity found in soil environmental DNA samples. After investigating the discriminatory power of five commonly used DNA markers from plastid (matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, trnL) and a nuclear genome (ITS2) on four largest genera of the flora using phylogenetics reconstruction tree based methods, two barcoding markers (rbcL and ITS2) were assigned to build a DNA reference library of the flora. Furthermore, the DNA reference library was tested to identify the plant diversity found below-ground level and comparing it with that above-ground, using environmental soil samples collected from both species rich and poor habitats in Kuwait by applying high-throughput sequencing methods. The DNA database provided in this study could be used as a reference library for the identification process and contribute towards the future of molecular taxonomy, biodiversity and ecological research in Kuwait.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o reconhecimento taxonômico de folhas fósseis de angiospermas, as quais foram recuperadas pelo salvamento paleontológico realizado no âmbito do Programa Investigação, Monitoramento e Salvamento do Patrimônio Paleontológico da UHE Teles Pires. Os depósitos fossilíferos, encontrados em amostras de argilitos laminados, situavam-se no atual leito e terraços (diques marginais) do rio Teles Pires, dentro da área destinada ao reservatório. Na base do afloramento fitofossilífero estudado, restos vegetais em clastos de lama retrabalhados apresentaram idade absoluta entre 22.580 e 23.290 anos AP, obtida por método de radiocarbono (14C). Para a presente contribuição, foram selecionados para determinação taxonômica 27 espécimes, preservados na forma de impressões e compressões. Através da análise e descrição da arquitetura foliar dos espécimes foram identificadas uma monocotiledônea e sete eudicotiledôneas (Albizia subdimidiata e Parkia multijuga, da Família Fabaceae; Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii, da Família Moraceae; Theobroma speciosum e Apeiba sp., da Família Malvaceae; Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, da Família Apocynaceae, e um espécime atribuído à Família Myrtaceae – Tribo Myrtae). A composição florística dos táxons analisados, juntamente com a distribuição geográfica dos seus representantes atuais e seus respectivos hábitos e hábitats, acusou a predominância de elementos florísticos tipicamente da Floresta Amazônica, sob regime de clima úmido. Porém, duas espécies que podem ocorrer em vegetação de savana foram assinaladas (i.é, Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii).
This work aims at the taxonomic recognition of fossil leaves of angiosperms, which were recovered by the paleontological rescue carried out under the Program Research, Monitoring and Salvage of the Paleontological Heritage of the Teles Pires Hydroelectric Power Plant. The fossiliferous deposits, found in samples of laminated argillite, were located in the current bed and terraces (marginal dikes) of the Teles Pires River, inside the area destined to the water reservoir. At the base of the studied phytophossiliferous outcrop, vegetal remains in reworked mud clasts presented absolute age between 22,580 and 23,290 years BP, through the dating obtained by radiocarbon method (14C). For the present contribution, 27 specimens, preserved in the form of impressions and compressions, were selected for taxonomic determination. A monocotyledonous and seven eudycotyledonous (Albizia subdimidiata and Parkia multijuga, of the Family Fabaceae, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii, of the Family Moraceae, Theobroma speciosum and Apeiba sp., of the Family Malvaceae, Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, of the Family Apocynaceae, and a specimen attributed to the Family Myrtaceae - Tribe Myrtae) were identified through the analysis and description of the foliar architecture of the specimens. The floristic composition of the analyzed taxa, together with the geographical distribution of their current representatives and their respective habitats and habits, accused the predominance of floristic elements typically found in the Amazon Rainforest, under a humid climate regime. However, two species that may occur in savanna vegetation have been identified (i.e., Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii).

Orientadora : Profª Drª Isabela Galarda Varassin
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação. Defesa: Curitiba, 22/02/2013
Inclui referências
Resumo

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Gabriel Rodrigues de Melo
Co-orientadora : Profª. Drª. Susanne S. Renner
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia). Defesa: Curitiba, 15/07/2014
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Área de concentração : Entomologia
Resumo: As abelhas são insetos dependentes das angiospermas, com as quais compartilham uma história de cerca de 120 Ma. Desde sua origem, a relação entre abelhas e flores evoluiu em uma mistura de interações obrigatórias e facultativas, que resultaram em adaptações fantásticas em ambas as partes. Pólen e néctar são as recompensas comumente ofertadas pelas plantas a polinizadores. Porém, cerca de 2000 espécies de angiospermas produzem óleo em suas flores, que é coletado por cerca de 450 espécies de abelhas especializadas e dependentes deste recurso para alimentação de suas larvas e nidificação. Na Região Neotropical, esse intrigante mutualismo é protagonizado pela diversa família Malpighiaceae e pelas cerca de 250 espécies de abelhas dos gêneros Centris e Epicharis. Estas abelhas são formalmente classificadas em uma tribo, Centridini, agrupamento corroborado pelas filogenias morfológicas devido ao suporte dado pelos caracteres relacionados à coleta do óleo floral. Centris e Epicharis se destacam na fauna de abelhas Neotropical devido a riqueza de espécies, ao tamanho de seus indivíduos, ampla distribuição e interações com diversas espécies de plantas, incluindo algumas de importância socioeconômica. A recente contribuição das filogenias moleculares indicou a parafilia de Centridini, porém com baixa amostragem nestes dois gêneros. Na presente tese a monofilia de Centridini foi investigada, bem como suas relações internas, através de uma robusta filogenia molecular baseada em 2/3 de suas espécies e uma ampla amostragem de grupo-externo, totalizando 174 espécies de Apinae e mais de 4000 nucleotídeos alinhados (Capítulos 1 e 2). A datação através de relógio molecular baseou-se em dois pontos fósseis de calibração, Apis lithohermea, do Mioceno do Japão e Kelneriapis eocenica, do âmbar do Báltico. Além disso o presente trabalho procurou elucidar a evolução de Centris e Epicharis em associação com plantas produtoras de óleo floral da Região Neotropical (Capítulos 3 e 4). Para tanto também foram produzidas filogenias moleculares datadas, baseadas em dados inéditos ou provenientes do GenBank, para as plantas que são fontes de óleo floral destas abelhas: Calceolariaceae, Krameriaceae, Iridoidea (Iridaceae) e Nierembergia (Solanaceae). A segunda fonte de óleo mais importante para Centris depois de Malpighiaceae, a tribo Angelonieae (Plantaginaceae), foi pela primeira vez aqui investigada sob uma perspectiva filogenética, associada a datação e biogeografia, para entender a evolução da associação com Centris (Capítulo 4). A filogenia da subfamília Apinae corroborou a parafilia de Centridini, sendo Centris grupo-irmão das abelhas corbiculadas e Epicharis irmão de ambos, formando a linhagem Apine. Esta linhagem provavelmente originou-se no Novo Mundo, no Cretáceo Inferior, há 91 Ma. A coleta de óleo floral é ancestral neste grupo, foi perdida nas abelhas corbiculadas e em algumas linhagens de Centris. A filogenia de Centris e Epicharis rejeita parcialmente a atual classificação taxonômica, sendo aqui propostos alguns rearranjos, principalmente para as espécies atualmente classificadas em Centris (Paracentris). As futuras proposições de uma nova classificação baseadas na presente filogenia molecular, entretanto, requerem ainda um estudo de caracteres morfológicos que facilitem o reconhecimento dos novos táxons propostos. Enquanto a literatura indica que Malpighiaceae se originou no Cretáceo, iniciando o mutualismo com as abelhas coletoras de óleo, os demais grupos aqui datados, começaram a se originar apenas durante o Eoceno, com Krameriaceae e Angelonieae (Plantaginaceae). E no Mioceno, outras origens da produção de óleo floral ocorreram em Iridaceae, Solanaceae e Calceolariaceae. Enquanto Epicharis permaneceu associado exclusivamente com Mapighiaceae, Centris diversificouse em áreas mais secas da América do Sul e do Norte e se associou com novas fontes de óleo, principalmente Calceolaria, Angelonieae e Krameriaceae. Ao menos quatro perdas do hábito coletor de óleo ocorreu em Centris em áreas xéricas, onde as fontes de óleo floral são escassas. No capítulo 4, observamos que estas áreas secas também foram importantes na evolução de Angeloniae, local onde provavelmente originaram-se no Eoceno Médio, simultaneamente com seus principais polinizadores do gênero Centris. A produção de óleo no grupo originou-se quatro ou cinco vezes nos últimos 25 Ma. Os resultados deste quarto capítulo são peças-chave no entendimento do nicho evolutivo das abelhas coletoras de óleo, mas também revela importantes informações sobre a sistemática e biogeografia das Plantaginaceae neotropicais.
Abstract: Bees are insects that feed on angiosperms and share with these plants a 120 Ma history of evolution. Since its origin, the relationship between bees and flowers evolved through a mix of obligatory and facultative dependencies, which originated amazing adaptations in both partners. Pollen and nectar are the most common reward offered by plants to pollinators. However, about 2000 species of angiosperms produce floral oils, collected by circa 450 species of specialized bees, which rely on this resource for larval feeding and nest construction. In the Neotropical Region, the diverse family Malpighiaceae and about 250 species in the bee genera Centris and Epicharis are protagonists in this intriguing mutualism. Those bees, Centris and Epicharis, are formally classified in one tribe, Centridini, grouping corroborated by morphological phylogenies due to the support given by the characters adapted to the oil collecting. Centris and Epicharis are important components of Neotropical bee fauna due to the richness, big individual size, wide distribution and interactions with several species of plants, including some of socioeconomic importance. The recent contribution of molecular phylogenies indicated the paraphyly of Centridini, however, with a very low sampling. In the present thesis, the monophyly of Centridini and its inner relationships were investigated through a robust molecular phylogeny based on two thirds of the Centridini species and a wide sampling of outgroups, totalizing 174 species in Apinae and more than 4000 aligned nucleotides (Chapters 1 and 2). The molecular clock dated phylogeny was based in two fossil calibration points, Apis lithohermea, from the Miocene of Japan, and Kelneriapis eocenica, from the Baltic amber. Besides, the present study addressed the evolution of Centris and Epicharis in association with the Neotropical oil producing plants (Chapters 3 and 4). Therefore molecular-clock dated phylogeny were produced, based on newly produced or GenBank data, for all oil host plants of these bees: Calceolariaceae, Krameriaceae, Iridoidea (Iridaceae) and Nierembergia (Solanaceae). The second most important oil source for Centris after Malpighiaceae, the tribe Angelonieae (Plantaginaceae), was for the first time investigated on a phylogenetic approach, associated with dating and biogeography, for understanding the evolution with Centris (Chapter 4). The phylogeny of the subfamily Apinae corroborated the paraphyly of Centridini, being Centris sister-group of corbiculate bees and Epicharis sister to both, forming the Apine line. This lineage probably originated in the New World, in the Early Creataceous, 91 Ma ago. The floral oil collecting is ancestral in this group and it was lost in the corbiculate bees and in some lineages of Centris. The phylogeny of Centris and Epicharis partially rejects the present taxonomic classification, thus some taxonomic rearrangements are here proposed, mainly for the species classified in Centris (Paracentris). The future propositions of a new classification based on the molecular phylogeny, however, require the deeper study of morphological characters for the recognition of newly proposed taxons. The literature indicates a cretaceous origin of Malpighiaceae and probable start of mutualism with oil collecting bees, however the remaining oil producing groups here dated began to originate only in the Eocene, being Krameriaceae and Angeloniae (Plantaginaceae) the first. In the Miocene, other origins of floral oil production occurred in Iridaceae, Solanaceae e Calceolariaceae. While Epicharis remains exclusively associated to Malpighiaceae flowers, Centris diversified in the driest parts of South and North America and associated with new oil sources, mainly Calceolaria, Angelonieae and Krameriaceae. At least four losses of oil collecting behavior occurred in Centris in xeric regions, where the oil sources are scarce. In the Chapter 4, we observe the importance of those dry areas in the evolution of Angelonieae, where they probably originated in the Middle Eocene, simultaneously with their main Centris poll inators. The floral oil production originated four or five times in the last 25 Ma in Angelonieae. The results of the fourth chapter are key to understand the evolutionary niche of these oil-collecting bees, but also reveal important information on the systematics and biogeography of Neotropical Plantaginaceae.

O Brasil, como país detentor da maior biodiversidade mundial de plantas, possui um importante papel no desenvolvimento de pesquisas que auxiliem ou viabilizem a identificação de sua diversidade vegetal, como o estudo de marcadores moleculares adequados a esta tarefa. Fabaceae, Lauraceae e Myrtaceae são as famílias mais importantes da Flora Brasileira por apresentarem grande diversidade de gêneros e espécies e serem consideradas de difícil identificação pela taxonomia tradicional. Tendo em vista o potencial do rbcL na identificação molecular de plantas, este trabalho propôs estudar a eficiência deste marcador em identificar gêneros e espécies das três principais famílias de árvores da Flora do Estado de São Paulo. Foi criado um banco de sequências de rbcL contendo 160 espécies, o qual foi testado quanto sua eficiência de identificação através de um teste cego contendo as sequências inteiras (maior que 400 pares de base) e as sequências de tamanho reduzido em 300, 200 e 100 pb. O teste cego também foi realizado no banco de sequências mundial Boldsystems. Para a análise dos resultados foi utilizado o programa BLAST que busca similaridades entre as sequências. Os resultados evidenciaram a viabilidade do método ao mostrar que o rbcL identificou 100% dos gêneros arbóreos de Fabaceae e Myrtaceae, porém não podemos dizer o mesmo para identificar gêneros de Lauraceae e nem em nível específico para qualquer uma das famílias, já o teste de identificação com as sequências reduzidas mostrou que a sequência de rbcL da espécie a ser analisada deve conter mais que 400 pares de base para não comprometer a correta identificação de gênero.
Brazil, as the country with the greatest biodiversity in the world, has an important role in the development of research to help or enables the identification of its plant diversity, such as the study of suitable molecular markers for this task. Fabaceae, Lauraceae and Myrtaceae are the most important families of the Brazilian Flora because they present a large diversity of genera and species and are considered difficult to identify by the traditional taxonomy. Considering the potential of rbcL in the molecular identification of plants, this work aims to study the efficiency of this marker in identifying genera and species of the three main tree families of São Paulo State\'s Flora. A rbcL sequence Bank containing 160 tree species was created in order to test its efficiency through a blind test with whole and reduced sequences using the BLAST program that searches for similarities between sequences. The blind identification test was also performed using the Boldsystems database. The results showed that the rbcL can´t be indicated to identify Lauraceae tree genera, but can be indicated to successfully identify tree genera of Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. The test identification with reduced sequences showed that the analized specie must have at least 400pb to not compromise the correct genera identification.

Die vorliegende Dissertation stellt den ersten Teil eines Nachschlagewerks zur Tertiärflora Sachsens dar. Dieser Teil umfasst alle Taxa, die sich auf Angiospermenblätter und auf Ginkgo gründen. Auf einen Überblick zum regionalgeologischen Kenntnisstand des Tertiärs in Sachsen folgend, werden phytostratigrafische Konzepte vorgestellt und ein historischer Abriss der tertiärpaläobotanischen Forschung in Sachsen gegeben. Nach einer Erfassung aller bis Ende 2013 für das sächsische Tertiär publizierten pflanzlichen Makrofossilien und deren Fundorte (Primärdaten), welche durch projektbezogene Qualifikationsarbeiten Dritter durch zusätzliche Attribute ergänzt und vereinheitlicht wurden, werden die fossilen Taxa von Angiospermenblättern selektiert, deren Daten harmonisiert, ausgewertet und auf einen einheitlichen Forschungsstand gebracht. Für 187 von 235 untersuchten Taxa werden Datenblätter für einen Bestimmungsatlas erstellt. In diesem Atlas werden makro- und mikromorphologische Merkmale der Arten beschrieben, sowie Angaben zur Systematik, Synonymie, Paläoökologie und räumlicher und zeitlicher Verbreitung gemacht. Der beschreibende Teil wird durch Abbildungen und instruktive Zeichnungen ergänzt. Im Ergebnisteil werden die Daten nach ihrer Qualität innerhalb der Literatur begutachtet und anwendungsbezogen diskutiert. Eine Bibliografie der umfangreichen paläobotanischen Literatur für sächsische Pflanzenfossilien rundet die Arbeit ab. Um die taxon- und fundortbezogenen Daten visualisieren und effektiv verwalten zu können, werden diese in ein Open Source-Geoinformationssystem (GIS) überführt. Die im GIS implementierten Untersuchungsergebnisse ermöglichen erstmalig sowohl eine Generierung von Verbreitungs-karten für die Taxa tertiärer Angiospermenblätter und des Ginkgos in Sachsen als auch eine Abfrage von topografischen, geologischen und paläobotanischen Informationen zu den Fossilfundstellen. Ein für das Fossilmaterial entwickelter Bestimmungsschlüssel erlaubt zudem eine grobe Determination der Funde im Gelände. Das Kompendium wird in gedruckter und digitaler Version für die freie Nutzung zur Verfügung gestellt
The thesis represents the first part of a reference book to the Tertiary flora of Saxony. All taxa based on leaves of angiosperms and on Ginkgo are included in this compendium. After an overview about the geological state of knowledge on the Tertiary in Saxony, phytostratigraphic concepts are introduced and a historical survey on the Tertiary paleobotanical research in Saxony is given. All plant macrofossils published from Saxonian Tertiary until end of 2013 and their sites of discovery (primary data) were recorded. This data were supplemented by additional attributes and unified through project-based M.Sc. theses. Subsequently, taxa of fossil leaves were selected, their data evaluated and brought to a consistent state of research. Data sheets for 187 out of 235 examined taxa were established for a determination atlas. Macro- and micromorphological attributes are described in this atlas and information are given about the systematic, synonymy, palaeoecology and spatial and temporal distribution. The describing part is illustrated by images and instructive drawings. The documented data were surveyed and discussed related to their quality within the literature in the result part. A bibliography of the extensive palaeobotanical literature for plant fossils of Saxony completes the work. The taxon and locality related data are implemented into an open source geographical information system (GIS) in order to visualize and to manage them effectively. For the first time, the results of this thesis implemented in the GIS allow the generation of distribution maps for the taxa of leaves of Tertiary angiospermes and Ginkgo in Saxony. Furthermore it enables to query topographical, geological and paleobotanical information about the fossil sites. A determination key was developed for the fossil material that allows a rough determination of the findings in the field. The compendium will be available for free use in a printed as well as in a digital version

Les fleurs sont une innovation cruciale du monde végétal et leur origine demeure mystérieuse. Le développement floral est contrôlé par LEAFY (LFY), un facteur de transcription original qui existait déjà chez les plantes pré-angiospermes. Le but de ma thèse a été d’étudier si l’évolution des propriétés de LFY pouvait aider à comprendre l’apparition de la structure florale. J’ai contribué à la caractérisation structurale du domaine de liaison à l’ADN de LFY d’Arabidopsis, qui a révélé un repliement inédit contactant l’ADN sous forme coopérative (Hamès et al. , 2008). Ensuite, j’ai utilisé la technique de SELEX pour isoler 500 séquences de haute affinité pour LFY et bâtir un modèle biophysique prédisant l’affinité de ce facteur pour toute séquence d’ADN. Ce modèle a été validé par des mesures in vitro et par confrontation à l’ensemble des cibles génomiques de LFY révélées par ChIP-seq. Appliqué aux génomes d’autres angiospermes, ce modèle permet de repérer les cibles de LFY au sein d’un groupe de paralogues. LFY étant présent chez des plantes sans fleurs comme les mousses et les gymnospermes, j’ai testé par Selex si sa spécificité de liaison à l’ADN était différente chez ces plantes. Enfin, j’ai montré des corrélations d’expression entre les gènes LFY et plusieurs homologues des gènes homéotiques floraux chez la gymnosperme Welwitschia mirabilis. Après avoir établi que la technique de résonnance plasmonique de surface détectait des interactions entre une protéine et de grands fragments d’ADN (Moyroud et al. , 2009), j’ai montré la capacité de LFY de Welwitschia à reconnaître les promoteurs de ses cibles potentielles, mettant ainsi en évidence l’existence d’un réseau pré-floral
Flowers are a key innovation in plant evolution and their origin remains a mystery. LEAFY (LFY) is a unique plant transcription factor regulating floral development, but this gene predates flowers. My thesis work aimed to understand how the evolution of LFY biochemical properties could help explaining flower origins. First, I took part in the structural characterization of LFY DNA-binding domain, revealing a novel protein fold bound to DNA as a cooperative dimer (Hamès et al. , 2009). To exhaustively characterize its DNA binding specificity, I set up a SELEX experiment that yielded hundreds of sequences with high-affinity for LFY. Based on these sequences, I built a LFY binding site predictive model (position weight matrix) that I validated in vitro. This matrix led to a biophysical model, able to explain the set of genomic regions bound by LFY in vivo, as established in a ChIP-seq experiment in Arabidopsis seedlings, but also to detect functional orthologs of LFY targets genes in other angiosperms genomes. Since LFY is present in mosses, ferns and gymnosperms that do not flower, I tested if its DNA binding specificity is different in these groups. In parallel, I uncovered correlations between the expression patterns of LFY genes and several homologs of floral homeotic genes in the gymnosperm, Welwitschia mirabilis. After demonstrating that surface plasmon resonance can be used to analyse interactions between transcription factors and entire gene promoters (Moyroud et al. , 2009), I tested the interplay between LFY and its potential targets in Welwitschia and established that a pre-floral network was already at work in non-flowering plants

On étudie les caractéristiques morphologiques individuelles : une rosette de feuilles épaisses à l'extrémité d'un tronc que protège la litière des feuilles mortes depuis la formation de la plante, c'est à dire plus de 150 ans chez les plus âgées. On analyse ensuite les caractéristiques démographiques de la population, sa répartition par classes d’âge, son taux de renouvellement, sa production biologique.

Etude faite pour 3 categories de contraintes : application en selection, absence d'enceinte climatisee, encombrement de la plante. Approche principale par l'echelonnement des semis. Etude des exigences en froid. Effets des traitements au ga::(3). Definition de regles de culture a partir de plants de semis. Etablissement de processus experimentaux de culture sequentielle en conteneur

Tesina (Grado en Ciencias Biológicas)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Lugar de Trabajo: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral-IMBIV-CONICET-U.N.C. 2018. 27 h. + Anexos grafs.; tabls. Contiene Referencia Bibliográfica.
La competencia de tubos polínicos es un mecanismo de selección sexual presente en angiospermas, donde el estilo funciona como un filtro que selecciona granos de polen con distintas velocidades de germinación. Así, los tubos polínicos que crecen más lento tienen menor probabilidad de fertilizar los óvulos. Esta competencia impacta de manera positiva en el vigor de las plantas de la siguiente generación. En un trabajo donde analizaron la relación entre la longitud del estilo y el sistema de autoincompatibilidad, encontraron que en especies autoincompatibles, donde los granos de polen que germinan tienen distinto origen genético, las longitudes de los estilos eran mayores en comparación con las autocompatibles, sugiriendo que la selección sexual avanza hacia un óptimo adaptativo de estilos más largos en estas especies. En el presente trabajo se analizó la relación entre la longitud del estilo y el sistema de autoincompatibilidad en 151 especies de angiospermas en un contexto filogenético. Se utilizaron modelos estadísticos que contemplan la falta de independencia debida a ancestría filogenética compartida para establecer el efecto del sistema reproductivo sobre la longitud del estilo. Para eliminar la variabilidad explicada por la correlación ontogenética existente entre el tamaño de la flor y el de las piezas fértiles, se realizaron regresiones de eje mayor con la longitud del perianto. Además, se analizó la variación no sólo del rasgo de interés, el estilo, sino también, la variación del estambre como variable control, ya que este rasgo no estaría sujeto al proceso de selección sexual postulado. El modelo que mejor explicó la estructura de correlación, tanto para la longitud del estilo como para la del estambre, corresponde a un proceso evolutivo de Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, por lo tanto, la evolución de las estructuras fértiles no sólo está explicada por evolución estocástica, sino que está sujeta a otras presiones selectivas que ejercen selección estabilizadora sobre el patrón de variación de dichos rasgos florales. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las especies autoincompatibles presentan estilos más largos y menos varianza en la longitud estilar que las especies autocompatibles, mientras que no hubo diferencias en la longitud del estambre en relación al sistema de autoicompatibilidad. Estos resultados sugieren que la selección sexual en plantas autoincompatibles habría llevado a la optimización del largo del estilo, probablemente como una estrategia para mejorar el mecanismo selectivo entre granos de polen de distinto origen genético.

Marine Inseln beherbergen einen großen Teil der biologischen Vielfalt unseres Planeten und weisen gleichzeitig einen hohen Anteil endemischer Arten auf. Inselbiota sind allerdings zudem besonders anfällig für anthropogene Einflüsse wie den globalen Klimawandel, Habitatverlust und invasive Arten. Für ihren Erhalt ist es daher wichtig, die ökologischen Prozesse auf Inseln detailliert zu verstehen. Aufgrund ihrer definierten Größe und isolierten Lage eignen sich Inseln als Modellsysteme in der ökologischen und evolutionären Forschung. Der Großteil der bisherigen Inselstudien hat sich allerdings mit kleinräumigen Mustern befasst, so dass standardisierte globale Daten zu den biogeographischen Eigenschaften und eine makroökologische Synthese ihrer Biota bislang fehlen. In dieser Arbeit stelle ich eine physische und bioklimatische Charakterisierung der Inseln der Welt vor und behandle die Frage, wie abiotische Inseleigenschaften die Diversität von Inselfloren beeinflussen. Ich bearbeite zwei Hauptaspekte dieser Fragestellung: Zuerst konzentriere ich mich auf historische und heutige Klimabedingungen und physische Inseleigenschaften als Triebfedern von Pflanzendiversitätsmustern auf Inseln. Hierbei setze ich einen Schwerpunkt auf die räumliche Anordnung von Inseln und Struktur von Archipelen. Als Zweites behandle ich taxon-spezifische Unterschiede in der Antwort von Diversitätsmustern auf abiotische Faktoren. Hierzu stelle ich eine globale Datenbank mit historischen und heutigen Klimabedingungen und physischen Eigenschaften, wie Fläche, Isolation und Geologie, von 17883 Inseln größer als 1 km² vor. Mit Hilfe von Ordinations- und Klassifikationsverfahren charakterisiere und klassifiziere ich die Inseln in einem multidimensionalen Umweltraum. Außerdem entwickele ich einen Satz von ökologisch relevanten Maßen zur Beschreibung von Isolation von Inseln und ihrer räumlichen Anordnung in Archipelen, darunter Maße zu Trittstein-Inseln, Wind- und Meeresströmungen, klimatischer Ähnlichkeit, Distanzen zwischen Inseln und umgebender Landfläche. Diese Maße berücksichtigen verschiedene Aspekte von Isolation, welche Immigration, Artbildung und Aussterben auf Inseln sowie Austausch zwischen Inseln beeinflussen. Um abiotische Bedingungen mit biotischen Eigenschaften von Inselfloren in Verbindung zu bringen, nutze ich eine für diese Arbeit erstellte Datenbank aus 1295 Insel-Artenlisten, die insgesamt ca. 45000 heimische Gefäßpflanzenarten umfassen. Dies ist der umfassendste und erste globale Datensatz für Pflanzen auf Inseln, der Artidentitäten anstatt lediglich Artenzahlen beinhaltet. Die globale Insel-Charakterisierung bestätigt quantitativ, dass sich Inseln in bioklimatischen und physischen Eigenschaften vom Festland unterscheiden. Inseln sind im Durchschnitt signifikant kühler, feuchter und weniger saisonal geprägt als das Festland. Die weiteren Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine sorgfältige Beschreibung der räumlich-physischen Eigenschaften von Inseln und Archipelen nötig ist, um die Diversitätsmuster ihrer Biota zu verstehen. Isolation ist nach Inselfläche der zweitwichtigste Einflussfaktor für den Gefäßpflanzenartenreichtum auf Inseln. Von den verglichenen Isolationsmaßen eignet sich der Anteil an umgebender Landfläche am besten zur Erklärung der Artenzahlen. Außerdem erhöht sich durch die Berücksichtigung von Trittsteininseln, großen Inseln als Quell-Landflächen und klimatischer Ähnlichkeit der Quell-Landflächen die Vorhersagekraft der Modelle. Isolation spielt eine geringere Rolle auf großen Inseln, wo in situ Diversifizierung den negativen Effekt von Isolation auf Immigration ausgleicht. Die räumliche Struktur innerhalb von Archipelen ist von besonderer Bedeutung für β-Diversität, d.h. für den Unterschied in der Artenzusammensetzung der Inseln. Außerdem beeinflusst sie indirekt, durch den Effekt auf die β-Diversität, auch die γ-Diversität, d.h. die Diversität des gesamten Archipels. Die Ergebnisse heben die enorme Bedeutung der relativen räumlichen Position von Inseln zueinander für Diversitätsmuster auf Inseln hervor und zeigen die Notwendigkeit für Inselforschung und Naturschutz, Inseln im Kontext ihres Archipels zu betrachten. Die Ergebnisse für Farne auf südostasiatischen Inseln zeigen, dass die Bedeutung von physischen Inseleigenschaften für Diversität kontinuierlich mit der Größe der betrachteten Untersuchungsfläche von der Insel- bis zur Plotebene abnimmt, wohingegen der Einfluss von lokalen Umweltbedingungen zunimmt. Lokale Artgemeinschaften sind häufig gesättigt, wodurch die Anzahl an Arten, die aus dem regionalen Artenbestand einwandern können, limitiert wird. Um Vorhersagen über lokalen Artenreichtum zu machen, ist es daher wichtig, die Skalenabhängigkeit der Effekte des regionalen Artenbestandes zu berücksichtigen. Großgruppen von Pflanzen unterscheiden sich in ihrer Ausbreitungsfähigkeit, ihrem Genfluss, Artbildungsraten und Anpassungen an das Klima. Dementsprechend zeigen die vergleichenden Analysen zwischen taxonomischen Pflanzengruppen deutliche Unterschiede in der Reaktion von Artenreichtum und phylogenetischen Diversitätsmustern auf abiotische Faktoren. Die Arten-Fläche-Beziehung, d.h. die Zunahme von Artendiversität mit zunehmender Fläche, variiert zwischen den Pflanzengruppen. Die Steigung der Arten-Fläche-Beziehung ist für Spermatophyten größer als für Pteridophyten und Bryophyten, wohingegen der y-Achsenabschnitt kleiner ist. Unter der Annahme, dass Merkmale und klimatische Anpassungen innerhalb von taxonomischen Gruppen phylogenetisch konserviert sind, führen die Filterwirkung von Ausbreitungsbarrieren und Umwelteigenschaften sowie in situ Artbildung zu Gemeinschaften eng verwandter Arten (phylogenetic clustering). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass physische und bioklimatische Inseleigenschaften, die mit der Filterwirkung und Artbildung in Verbindung stehen, die phylogenetische Struktur von Inselgemeinschaften beeinflussen. Die Stärke und Richtung der Zusammenhänge variieren zwischen taxonomischen Gruppen. Abiotische Faktoren erklären mehr Variation in phylogenetischer Diversität für alle Angiospermen und Palmen als für Farne, was auf Grund höherer Ausbreitungsfähigkeit und größerer Verbreitungsgebiete von Farnen den Erwartungen entspricht. Die abiotische Charakterisierung und Klassifizierung der weltweiten Inseln und die zugehörigen Daten ermöglichen eine integrativere Berücksichtigung von Inseln in der makroökologischen Forschung. In dieser Arbeit präsentiere ich die ersten Vorhersagen globaler Pflanzenartenvielfalt auf Inseln und die ersten Analysen zu unterschiedlichen Diversitätskomponenten (α, β, γ und phylogenetische Diversität) von Inselsystemen und ihren abiotischen Einflussfaktoren auf globalem Maßstab. Ich zeige, dass Zusammenhänge zwischen Umweltfaktoren und Artenzahl sowie phylogenetischen Eigenschaften von Inselgemeinschaften zwischen unterschiedlichen taxonomischen Gruppen in Abhängigkeit ihrer vorwiegenden Ausbreitungs- und Artbildungseigenschaften variieren können. Dies ist eine neue Sichtweise in der makroökologischen Inselforschung, die Rückschlüsse auf die Mechanismen hinter Diversitätsmustern von Pflanzen auf Inseln erlaubt. Ein detailliertes Verständnis davon, wie Diversität unterschiedlicher Pflanzengruppen durch Immigration und Diversifizierung auf Inseln entsteht, dürfte auch das Verständnis globaler Diversitätsmuster im Allgemeinen verbessern.

Die vorliegende Dissertation stellt den ersten Teil eines Nachschlagewerks zur Tertiärflora Sachsens dar. Dieser Teil umfasst alle Taxa, die sich auf Angiospermenblätter und auf Ginkgo gründen. Auf einen Überblick zum regionalgeologischen Kenntnisstand des Tertiärs in Sachsen folgend, werden phytostratigrafische Konzepte vorgestellt und ein historischer Abriss der tertiärpaläobotanischen Forschung in Sachsen gegeben. Nach einer Erfassung aller bis Ende 2013 für das sächsische Tertiär publizierten pflanzlichen Makrofossilien und deren Fundorte (Primärdaten), welche durch projektbezogene Qualifikationsarbeiten Dritter durch zusätzliche Attribute ergänzt und vereinheitlicht wurden, werden die fossilen Taxa von Angiospermenblättern selektiert, deren Daten harmonisiert, ausgewertet und auf einen einheitlichen Forschungsstand gebracht. Für 187 von 235 untersuchten Taxa werden Datenblätter für einen Bestimmungsatlas erstellt. In diesem Atlas werden makro- und mikromorphologische Merkmale der Arten beschrieben, sowie Angaben zur Systematik, Synonymie, Paläoökologie und räumlicher und zeitlicher Verbreitung gemacht. Der beschreibende Teil wird durch Abbildungen und instruktive Zeichnungen ergänzt. Im Ergebnisteil werden die Daten nach ihrer Qualität innerhalb der Literatur begutachtet und anwendungsbezogen diskutiert. Eine Bibliografie der umfangreichen paläobotanischen Literatur für sächsische Pflanzenfossilien rundet die Arbeit ab. Um die taxon- und fundortbezogenen Daten visualisieren und effektiv verwalten zu können, werden diese in ein Open Source-Geoinformationssystem (GIS) überführt. Die im GIS implementierten Untersuchungsergebnisse ermöglichen erstmalig sowohl eine Generierung von Verbreitungs-karten für die Taxa tertiärer Angiospermenblätter und des Ginkgos in Sachsen als auch eine Abfrage von topografischen, geologischen und paläobotanischen Informationen zu den Fossilfundstellen. Ein für das Fossilmaterial entwickelter Bestimmungsschlüssel erlaubt zudem eine grobe Determination der Funde im Gelände. Das Kompendium wird in gedruckter und digitaler Version für die freie Nutzung zur Verfügung gestellt.
The thesis represents the first part of a reference book to the Tertiary flora of Saxony. All taxa based on leaves of angiosperms and on Ginkgo are included in this compendium. After an overview about the geological state of knowledge on the Tertiary in Saxony, phytostratigraphic concepts are introduced and a historical survey on the Tertiary paleobotanical research in Saxony is given. All plant macrofossils published from Saxonian Tertiary until end of 2013 and their sites of discovery (primary data) were recorded. This data were supplemented by additional attributes and unified through project-based M.Sc. theses. Subsequently, taxa of fossil leaves were selected, their data evaluated and brought to a consistent state of research. Data sheets for 187 out of 235 examined taxa were established for a determination atlas. Macro- and micromorphological attributes are described in this atlas and information are given about the systematic, synonymy, palaeoecology and spatial and temporal distribution. The describing part is illustrated by images and instructive drawings. The documented data were surveyed and discussed related to their quality within the literature in the result part. A bibliography of the extensive palaeobotanical literature for plant fossils of Saxony completes the work. The taxon and locality related data are implemented into an open source geographical information system (GIS) in order to visualize and to manage them effectively. For the first time, the results of this thesis implemented in the GIS allow the generation of distribution maps for the taxa of leaves of Tertiary angiospermes and Ginkgo in Saxony. Furthermore it enables to query topographical, geological and paleobotanical information about the fossil sites. A determination key was developed for the fossil material that allows a rough determination of the findings in the field. The compendium will be available for free use in a printed as well as in a digital version.