Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Andes du Nord“

RÉSUMÉ À partir d'une photographie aérienne verticale, remarquable par les anomalies qu'elle fait apparaître dans le tracé du réseau hydrographique, on peut retracer les principales étapes de l'évolution du piémont andin dans le désert du Nord du Chili pendant le Cénozoïque supérieur : 1) puissante accumulation volcano-détritique au Miocène inférieur et moyen, conséquence du soulèvement des Andes à la fin de l'Oligocène; 2) glaciplanation au Miocène supérieur; 3) incision des cours d'eau, perturbée par des mouvements tectoniques importants au Pliocène; 4) changements climatiques, caractérisés par des atténuations passagères de l'aridité, à l'origine de différentes générations de dépôts détritiques au Pliocène et au Quaternaire.

Abstract Geological framework; Geological setting: The Venezuela Andes or Merida Andes (fig. 1) extend from the Colombian border in the SW to Barquisimeto in the NE, and constitute a basement uplift exceeding 5,000 m near Merida (Pico Bolivar). This young chain is bordered to the W by the Maracaibo foredeep basin, and to the E by the Barinas-Apure foreland basin. The Bocono fault divides the Andean Belt in two parts along a NE-SW direction. This shows that the uplift of the Andes is contemporaneous with an oblique translation. In the study area, located on the northwestern flank near Maracaibo basin, three major structures are present: in the E, the N-S senestral strike slip Valera-Rio Momboy fault, in the S the E-W dextral strike slip Pinango fault and, in the center, the SW-NE striking Las Virtudes thrust verging toward NW. Lithologic and stratigraphic formations (fig. 4): The Las Virtudes Fault separates two different structural zones. In the SE, overthrust units are made of crystalline basement, Paleozoic substratum and preorogenic sedimentary formations (Cretaceous-Eocene). The foredeep flexural basin, located NW, is filled by synorogenic molasses (Neogene and Quaternary), largely developed within the Betijoque Fm. (Upper Miocene to Pliocene in age) which reaches a thickness of 5000 m. Structure of the northwestern Andean flank; Las Virtudes Fault and its thrust slice zone: Near Las Virtudes village (fig. 5, 6-2), this thrust is systematically associated with a narrow overturned foredeep depobelt (Cretaceous to Neogene in age). These slices are unknown elsewhere in the Andean Chain and represent the terminal faulted part of the thrust drag. However, where this slice zone is missing (central and northeastern part of the study area), the Las Virtudes Fault is not clearly documented: its throw decreases rapidly and it is possible that the fault disappears northeastward. Andean unit: Near the main strike slip faults, NE trending SE verging reverse faults develop (fig. 6-5). In central and northeastern parts, the throw of the reverse faults increases toward the Valera Fault. It seems that reverse faults are horsetail of this major strike slip fault (fig. 5). Internal part of the northwestern Andean foredeep basin: The foredeep sedimentary formations generally dip toward the NW. Associated to the lack of some formations, tilted anticlines toward the SE are observed (fig. 6-3 and 6-7), and indicate the vicinity of decollement levels in the foredeep, located in Luna-Colon, Pauji and Betijoque Fm.. Seismic profiles show (fig. 7) that the major decollement level of the foredeep is located in La Luna and Colon Fms. [Audemard, 1991; De Toni and Kellogg, 1993; Colletta et al., 1997]. Crustal architecture and timing of the deformation: Several stages can be distinguished in the building of the Andes. Development of an intracutaneous thrust wedge: The first effects of the Andean phase during Miocene are the development of an intracutaneous thrust wedge [Price, 1986]. The lower flat is located in the basement and the upper one in Cretaceous formations. The transport direction is NW. The foredeep develops on the forelimb of this structure and collects detrital products coming from erosion of the first (oldest) reliefs. Decollements in the foredeep basin could be contemporaneous with this major overthrust. Their origin could be due to radius of curvature differences within the thick sedimentary formations (fig. 8). Las Virtudes Fault and backthrusting: Las Virtudes Fault is one of the last events of this part of the Andean Belt. During Plio-Pleistocene, the continental crust breaks with a dip of 35 degrees SE. The Andean unit overthrusts the foredeep basin. Some of the foredeep decollements could still be active and form, together with Andean basement, a triangle zone. Las Virtudes Fault throw reaches 5 km between Las Virtudes and Monte Carmelo villages (fig. 8A). It decreases southwestwards and the back thrusts are probably younger. Northeastwards the throw decreases and eventually disappears (fig. 8B). In the same time the back thrust throws increase. Both seem to be contemporaneous. Conclusions: This structural model explains the basement occurrence in front of the Las Virtudes Fault on seismic profiles and allows to restore correctly the different northwestern flank structures of the Venezuela Andes. These structures can be explained by the conjugate movements of a NW verging intracutaneous thrust wedge and strike slip faults which create a SE verging triangular area (fig. 5). The Andean overthrust is transferred in the Falcon zone along the Valera fault. In the northeastern part of the Maracaibo block, the Valera and Bocono strike slip faults limit the Trujillo block (fig. 10) which moves towards the North during Neogene and Quaternary times.

Résumé Le diabluma de Pedro Moncayo (Equateur), ou comment le diable devient un enjeu politique Le diabluma. de l'espagnol « diablo » et du quichua « uma ». signifie « tête de diable ». Il est le personnage principal et leader de la Saint-Pierre, la plus importante fête paysanne indigène célébrée dans le canton Pedro Moncayo. une région située au nord des Andes équatoriennes. Le diabluma dirige l'ensemble des personnages de la Fête qui s'expriment à travers de multiples rituels. Cet article montre comment, à l'intérieur de son univers festif. il représente un type de syncrétisme religieux où l'élément autochtone apparaît dominant et suggère une forme de subversion symbolique de l'ordre social établi, subversion qui synthétise le projet politique de la paysannerie de la région.

En partant des propositions de la philosophie interculturelle latino-américaine qui met de l’avant une décolonisation de la philosophie à travers le dialogue interculturel, cet article cherche à montrer que les savoirs amérindiens comportent des horizons théoriques, pratiques et éthiques qui sont non seulement valides pour comprendre les connaissances et comportements autochtones, mais aussi susceptibles de contribuer à répondre aux grands défis contemporains de la vie en commun et de l’environnement. Pour ce faire, l’auteur esquisse d’abord les grandes lignes théoriques des études décoloniales latino-américaines et quelques-unes des propositions de la philosophie interculturelle. Ensuite, il retrace les spécificités éthiques des concepts autochtones de réciprocité, dans les Andes, et de respect, dans le nord-est de l’Amérique en utilisant différents types de sources (traditions orales, intellectuels amérindiens et chercheurs occidentaux). Finalement, quelques pistes sont amenées pour tenter de voir comment ces concepts pourraient participer à une réflexion en commun sur les éthiques contemporaines.

RÉSUMÉ L'étude des dépôts de pente nappant les versants est et nord-ouest de La Mortice (3170 m, Alpes méridionales, France) met en évidence le rôle de la dynamique des coulées de solifluxion à front pierreux dans le développement d'une stratification. Au sein des coulées, la cryoexpulsion et le lavage produisent la différenciation d'un front caillouteux associé à un pavage superficiel et d'un niveau riche en matrice. Ce dernier progresse par cryoreptation et ensevelit le front pierreux au fur et à mesure de sa constitution, pour former ainsi un lit grossier enterré à structure ouverte. La cryoturbation et des transferts de matière hors du système constitué par la coulée (éluviation de la matrice, expulsion et transit des blocs en surface) s'opèrent pendant le dépôt et perturbent la stratogénèse. La comparaison des dépôts provenant des deux versants de La Mortice ainsi que des exemples déjà connus dans les Andes montre que la stratification est d'autant mieux exprimée que le nombre de cycles gel-dégel annuels est important et que la profondeur d'engel est faible.

RésuméLes processus américains de néolithisation, presque contemporains – et analogues dans leurs formes – de ceux développés dans l’Ancien Monde, furent profondément différents dans leurs rythmes. En Méso-Amérique, les prémisses d’une vie agraire et sédentaire apparaissent entre 6000 et 2000 avant J.-C. (domestications végétales), les premières communautés villageoises vers 2500 avant J.-C., et les plus anciennes architectures publiques (ou cérémonielles) sont édifiées à partir de – 1500 avant J.-C. Dans l’aire andine, des conditions écologiques favorables autorisent, dès – 8000 avant J.-C., une sédentarisation précoce sur le littoral et, dans la Cordillère, une horticulture débutante dont les origines sont peutêtre à rechercher dans le piémont amazonien. La domestication animale, pratiquement inexistante en Méso-Amérique, conduit à l’apparition, dès 5000 avant J.-C., des camélidés domestiques (alpaga, puis lama). Les premières architectures publiques, d’une ampleur sans commune mesure avec celles de Méso-Amérique, sont édifiées à partir de 3500 avant J.-C. sur la côte, 2500 avant J.-C. dans la Cordillère. La céramique apparaît enfin vers – 3500 avant J.-C. dans les Andes du nord, seulement – 2500 avant J.-C. en Méso-Amérique. Cette innovation technique serait peut-être issue de la région amazonienne.

Cet article est consacré à l’analyse d’un ensemble de pratiques, identitaires et territoriales, ayant cours dans la localité des Andes colombiennes de Guamal, dans le nord-ouest du département de Caldas. Elle se fonde sur un travail ethnographique et documentaire mené entre 2013 et 2019. La communauté de Guamal, dont les membres sont dans leur majorité descendants d’esclaves de l’époque coloniale, se trouve sous la juridiction du Cabildo de Cañamomo Lomaprieta, en un territoire reconnu officiellement comme resguardo indigène. L’objectif principal de cet écrit, fondé sur une dispute qui nait dans le cadre d’un conflit de famille, est de saisir la manière dont les contours des identités (collectives, ethniques, communautaires ou individuelles) et des territoires se dessinent mutuellement. Vingt-huit ans après la promulgation de la Constitution politique colombienne de 1991, les groupes se sont appropriés le multiculturalisme qu’elle instaure, modifiant une fois de plus les frontières territoriales et identitaires. La confrontation de différents types d’autorités a configuré localement un modèle de gestion territoriale particulier, caractérisé par d’éventuels chevauchements ou ambiguïtés juridiques et politiques. Certaines catégories récentes sont appropriées et resignifiées. Les identités revendiquées s’imbriquent, générant des configurations sociales, relationnelles et territoriales inédites.

Le but du présent article est d’analyser le mécanisme de construction de l’Asie centrale proposée par Alexandre von Humboldt (1769- 1859) dans ses ouvrages parus entre 1830 et 1843 (Mémoire sur les chaînes des montagnes et sur les volcans de l’Asie intérieure, et sur une nouvelle éruption volcanique dans la chaîne des Andes, 1830 ; Chaînes de montagnes et volcans de l’Asie-centrale, 1830 ; Asie centrale. Recherches sur les chaînes de montagnes et la climatologie comparée, 1843). Influencé par les idées prônant une organisation rationnelle de l’espace et s’appuyant notamment sur la vision du parallélisme orographique et sur la théorie du volcanisme, Humboldt propose une classification de la Terre fondée sur l’hypothèse suivante : la surface du globe n’est pas uniforme, mais régionalement différenciée, ce qui permet de souligner des configurations sur la base desquelles il est possible de distinguer des régions «naturelles» et géométriques qui deviennent par la suite des régions géographiques. De part et d’autre du 44,5ème parallèle, sur une largeur de 5° au nord et de 5° au sud de cette ligne, Humboldt délimite ainsi, entre autres, un ruban transasiatique combiné à un présupposé centre de l’Asie ; cette figure sera plus tard considérée comme étant sa définition unique de l’Asie centrale. L’impact intellectuel de son ouvrage sera si fort que les savants de l’époque accepteront presque à l’unanimité cette nouvelle approche de l’Asie centrale, ainsi que le vocabulaire utilisé.

Les systèmes de guérison traditionnels du Pérou – dont certains remonteraient à l’époque préhistorique, selon les estimations – sont reconnus pour leur utilisation saillante des plantes psychotropes. En outre, les traditions de soins rattachées aux montagnes andines, appelées sierra, s’articulent autour du cocaïer (Erythroxylum coca). Pour leur part, les traditions de guérison qui proviennent des déserts de la côte pacifique du nord (costa) sont plutôt caractérisées par l’utilisation du cactus psychoactif huachuma (Echinopsis pachanoi). Finalement les systèmes médicaux qui se sont développés à l’est des Andes, dans les forêts tropicales de l’Amazonie, font appel à diverses plantes psychotropes, dont le tabac (Nicotiana rustica) et l’ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi) sont les plus connus. Le présent article porte sur les traditions de guérison péruviennes, en particulier la branche amazonienne, dans le contexte de la renaissance psychédélique actuelle. Nous soutenons que l’inclusivité culturelle des études cliniques dans le cadre de la reprise des recherches psychédéliques est indispensable, en présentant deux exemples de recherche transculturelle clinique sur le terrain. Le premier inclut une étude collaborative effectuée avec un guérisseur traditionnel amazonien qui se spécialise dans l’utilisation de la plante de tabac à des fins thérapeutiques, tandis que le second met l’accent sur un programme intégratif de traitement des toxicomanies combinant médecine amazonienne et psychothérapie. Ces exemples illustrent des moyens thérapeutiques prometteurs soulignant l’utilité de l’approche transculturelle, non seulement dans le cadre clinique, mais aussi pour l’équité culturelle dans la renaissance psychédélique.

Die gesellschaftsrechtliche Konstruktion war einzigartig, um nicht zu sagen speziell: Anders als in anderen deutschen Großstädten wie München, Hannover oder Berlin agierten die Kliniken in Bremen bisher als rechtlich selbstständige GmbHs, auch wenn sie Teil einer Klinikholding waren, der „Gesundheit Nord“.

In this paper a model of soft aggregation of preferences in flexible database querying is proposed, based on the vector p-norm operator. The model allows aggregating conditions with distinct importance by modeling both veto and favour semantics of the conditions. We outline how the semantics of the compound query varies for increasing values of the parameter p, when the selection conditions are ANDed and ORed.

I denne artikel diskuterer jeg det blik på higher order thinking i samfundsfag, som kommer til udtryk i artiklen “Higher order thinking in social science classrooms in Denmark and Norway” af Anders Christensen og Nora Mathé. I min diskussion af forfatternes nuancerende perspektiv på, hvordan higher order thinking manifesterer sig i undervisningen, forskyder jeg fokus fra elevers tænkning til elevers gøren. I den forbindelse foreslår jeg, at man, som alternativ eller supplement til evalueringen af elevers tænkning, kan betragte potentialet for udviklingen heraf i lyset af elevernes måder at engagere sig og deltage mere eller mindre bevidst reflekteret i den dialog og samtale, som finder sted i undervisningen.

I denne artikel diskuterer jeg det blik på higher order thinking i samfundsfag, som kommer til udtryk i artiklen “Higher order thinking in social science classrooms in Denmark and Norway” af Anders Christensen og Nora Mathé. I min diskussion af forfatternes nuancerende perspektiv på, hvordan higher order thinking manifesterer sig i undervisningen, forskyder jeg fokus fra elevers tænkning til elevers gøren. I den forbindelse foreslår jeg, at man, som alternativ eller supplement til evalueringen af elevers tænkning, kan betragte potentialet for udviklingen heraf i lyset af elevernes måder at engagere sig og deltage mere eller mindre bevidst reflekteret i den dialog og samtale, som finder sted i undervisningen.

VIVES University College voerde, in opdracht van het Europees Erasmus+ project COMPETE, een bevraging uit bij werkgevers en (ex-)studenten hoger onderwijs over hun visie op soft skills in de werkcontext. COMPETE wil inzetten op de ontwikkeling van soft skills in het hoger onderwijs. Een diversiteit aan zowel (ex-)studenten als werkgevers werden bevraagd. Beide groepen zijn overtuigd van het belang van de meeste soft skills. Probleemoplossend denken, communicatie, teamwerk en aanpassingsvermogen vinden ze de belangrijkste soft skills voor een afgestudeerde jongere. De (ex-)studenten ervaren vooral de behoefte aan de ontwikkeling van persoonlijke skills, zoals tolerantie voor stress. Werkgevers rapporteren eveneens de nood in te zetten op stresstolerantie. Daarnaast zien werkgevers vooral ruimte voor de ontwikkeling van probleemoplossend denken. Werkgevers evalueren deze soft skill bij een 'typische' net afgestudeerde werknemer vaak laag, terwijl ze het belang ervan net zeer hoog inschatten.

Abstract This article captures the dynamics of a special case when it comes to media systems, namely the Åland Islands, or Åland, with 6,700 islands and 30,000 inhabitants. Åland is one of three self-governed areas in the Nordic region (the others being the Faroe Islands and Greenland) and is an officially monolingual Swedish-speaking part of Finland, where the majority speak Finnish. In this article, I describe how Åland, despite its small size, has a media system characterised by a diverse and complete offering of local media: two daily newspapers, its own public service and public service offerings from both mainland Finland and neighbouring Sweden, a commercial radio station, and several magazines. However, media diversity is limited by the fact that the same person – a local business tycoon, Anders Wiklöf – controls both newspapers. There is one main research question motivating this study: What are the specific features of the media system in Åland? To be able to answer that, I relied on the analysis of three sets of data: nine interviews, a two-part survey and the media policy adopted in 2018, and transcripts of the preceding political debate.

Torbjörn Ahlström: Underjordiska dödsriken – Humanosteologiska studier av neolitiska kollektivgravar.(Niels H. Andersen)Søren H. Andersen: Ronæs Skov. Marin­arkæologiske undersøgelser af kystboplads fra Ertebølletid.(Anders Fischer)Hans Andersson, Gitte Hansen og Ingvild Øye (red.): De første 200 årene – nyt blikk på 27 skandinaviske middelalderbyer. (Hans Krongaard Kristensen)Magnus Artursson: Bebyggelse och samhällsstruktur. Södra och mellersta Skandinavien under senneolitikum och bronsålder 2300-500 f.Kr.(Martin Egelund Poulsen)Pauline Asingh: Grauballemanden – ­portræt af et moselig.(Morten Ravn)Karl-Ernst Behre: Landschaftsgeschichte Norddeutschlands. Umwelt und Siedlung von der Steinzeit bis zur Gegenwart.(Sabine Karg og Bent Aaby)Karen M. Boe, Torsten Capelle og Christian Fischer (red.): Tollundmandens verden – Kontinentale kontakter i tidlig jernalder.(Jeanette Varberg)Linda Boye & Ulla Lund Hansen (eds.): Wealth and Prestige. An Analysis of Rich Graves from Late Roman Iron Age on Eastern Zealand, Denmark.(Jørgen Lund)Andres Siegfried Dobat: Werkzeuge aus kaiserzeitlichen Heeresausrüstungsopfern. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fundplätze Illerup Ådal und Vimose.(Martin Rundkvist)K. Eliasen, E.B. Fisker, E. Hædersdal, P. Kristiansen, M.G. Krogh & M. Vedsø (red.): Bygningsarkæologiske Studier 2006-2008.(Lars Krants)Anton Englert og Athena Trakadas (red.): Wulfstan’s Voyage. The Baltic Sea region in the early Viking Age as seen from shipboard.(Sarah Croix)Berit Valentin Eriksen (red.): Lithic Technology in Metal Using Societies.(Jan Apel)Palle Eriksen, Torben Egebjerg, Lis Helles Olesen og Hans Rostholm: Vikinger i Vest. – Vikingetiden i Vestjylland.(Søren M. Sindbæk)Thomas Eriksson: Kärl och social gestik. Keramik I Mälardalen 1500 BC-400 AD.(Julie Lolk)Hermann Fabini: Die Kirchenburgen der Siebenbürger Sachsen.(Hans Skov)Frands Herschend: The Early Iron Age in South Scandinavia. Social Order in Settlement and Landscape.(Mads Kähler Holst)Charlotta Hillerdal: People in Between. Ethnicity and Material Identity – a New Approach to Deconstructed Concepts. (Charlotte Damm)Xenia Pauli Jensen og Lars Christian Nørbach: Illerup Ådal 13, Die Bögen, Pfeile und Äxte.(Ole Nielsen)Rud Kjems: Niels Sørensen. Træhandleren der tolkede skåltegnene.(Sven Thorsen)Iben Skibsted Klæsøe (red.): Viking ­Trade and Settlement in Continental Europe.(Poul Baltzer Heide)Jan Peder Lamm, Sigrid Frizlen, ­Romas Jaročkis, Gintautas Zabiela (eds.): Apuolė. Ausgrabungen und Funde 1928-1932.(Marika Mägi)Åsa M. Larsson: Breaking & Making Bodies and Pots. Material and Ritual Practices in Sweden in the Third Millennium BC.(Niels H. Andersen)Jesper Laursen og Lars Jørgensen (red.): Dronning Margrethe og arkæologien.(Anne Knudsen)Johan Ling: Elevated Rock Art. Towards a maritime understanding of rock art in northern Bohuslän, Sweden.(Richard Bradley)Jan Skamby Madsen & Lutz Klassen: Fribrødre Å. A late 11th century ship-handling site on Falster. (Christer Westerdahl)Rikke Malmros: Vikingernes syn på militær og samfund belyst gennem skjaldenes fyrstedigtning.(Thomas Lindkvist, Bjørn Poulsen og Kurt Villads Jensen)Camilla Mordhorst: Genstandshistorier. Fra Museum Wormianum til de moderne ­museer.(Martin Brandt Djupdræt)Eigil Nikolajsen: Vikingeskibet og Apotekeren(Karsten Kjer Michaelsen)Ebbe Nyborg og Jens Vellev (red.): hikuin 36. Kirkearkæologi i Norden 9.(Henriette Rensbro)Bodil Petersson & Peter Skoglund (red.): Arkeologi och identitet.(Tim Flohr Sørensen)Sissel F. Plathe og Jens Bruun: ­Danmarks Middelalderlige Altertavler – og anden billedbærende kirkeudsmykning af betydning for liturgien og den private andagt.(Hans Krongaard Kristensen)Mads Runge: Nørre Hedegård. En nordjysk byhøj fra ældre jernalder.(Jes Martens)Per Ole Schovsbo: Tranbær Mosefund 1875-96.(Jørgen Lund)Joachim Schultze: Haithabu – Die Siedlungsgrabungen. I. Methoden und Möglichkeiten der Auswertung. (Hans Skov)Martin Segschneider (red.): Ringwälle und verwandte Strukturen des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. an Nord- und Ostsee.(Silke Eisenschmidt)Ingrid Stoumann: Ryttergraven fra Grimstrup – og andre vikingetidsgrave ved Esbjerg.(Jens Jeppesen)Vivian Wangen: Gravfeltet på Gunnarstorp i Sarpborg, Østfold. Et monument over dødsriter og kultutøvelse i yngre bronsealder og eldste jernalder.(Anders Kaliff)Viggo Nielsen: Oldtidsagre i Danmark. Sjælland, Møn og Lolland-Falster.(Michael Vinter)

Om nationalitet og kirke hos. Grundtvig og i hans virkningshistorie med henblik på naboforholdet mellem Tyskland og DanmarkAf Jens Holger SchjørringForholdet mellem Tyskland og Danmark har været bestemt af et dybtliggende modsætningsforhold, der blev væsentligt forstærket gennem krigene i det 19. århundrede og fik yderligere næring som følge af Tysklands andel i de to verdenskrige i vort århundrede. De modsætninger, der lå bag krigene, fandt på begge sider af grænsen udtryk i fjendebilleder, der i flere tilfælde har vist sig at være dybt rodfæstede og at besidde forbavsende livskraft. Det hermed skitserede perspektiv er såre velkendt både nord og syd for grænsen.Det er formentlig lige så alment anerkendt, at Grundtvig har haft væsentlig indflydelse, dels i kraft af det syn på Tyskland, han gav udtryk for i sin egen levetid, dels i kraft af den rolle, den grundvigske arv siden hans død har spillet for dansk national identitet med særligt henblik på forholdet til Tyskland. Men netop fordi forholdet har haft stor betydning, kan der være grund til at undersøge det nærmere for at overveje, om forholdet nu også er helt så enkelt som det ofte fremtræder.Når det gælder Grundtvig selv, er der fremfor alt grund til at stille til overvejelse, om hans syn på Tyskland ikke er farvet af skiftende historiske omstændigheder inden for hans egen levetidDesuden er der anledning til at spørge, hvordan Grundtvigs kristelige og folkelige hovedtanker lader sig forene med et tilsyneladende permanent had til alt tysk. Hvordan kan Grundtvigs universalhistoriske syn og tankerne om folkelig frihed og national ukrænkelighed gå sammen med en tendens til dæmonisering af tyskhed slet og ret?Ligger der bag Grundtvigs udfald mod tysk militarisme og det tyske storriges trang til at underlægge sig nabolande som f.eks. det lille fredselskende og værgeløse Danmark en trodsig, hævntørstig reaktion mod den nedgang for det danske rige, som fandt sted inden Grundtvigs egen levetid ?De overvejelser, der fremlægges i denne kortfattede analyse, har som formål at nuancere billedet ud fra historiske kendsgerninger. Uden at ville bortforklare at Grundtvig i en række situationer, ikke mindst under krigene 1848-1851, udtalte sig særdeles drastisk om den nationale hovedfjende, er det vigtigt at fastholde, at Grundtvigs hovedærinde ikke var dikteret af nationalistisk snæversyn eller hævntørst over for landets fjender. Udgangspunktet var derimod hans bestræbelse på at vække forståelse for tankerne om folkeliv og national integritet. I kristeligt perspektiv må Grundtigs tanker om den danske kirke hele tiden anskues i sammenhæng med hans universal-historiske syn.Det er tanken hermed at føje nogle brikker til en større historisk mosaik, der belyses med større udførlighed i den afhandling, som Anders Pontoppidan Thyssen har skrevet til denne udgave af årbogen. Inden for rammerne af nærværende artikel tages et par aspekter af Grundtvigs virkningshistorie op for at supplere af det billede, der aftegnede sig ud fra Grundtvigs egne tanker. Det drejer sig om Grundtigs plads i det nationale modsætningsforhold, der prægede perioden mellem de to verdenskrige. På dansk side havde Valdemar Ammundsen, den første biskop i Haderslev efter genforeningen, på den ene side stor respekt for Grundtvig, men var på den anden side skeptisk over for den fare for nationalistisk snæversyn, Ammundsen ikke mente at kunne se bort fra, hverken historisk eller i samtiden. På tysk side havde den tysksindede nordslesviger Johannes Tiedje et lige så spaltet billede af Grundtvig. I forbindelse med sin udgivelse på tysk af et udvalg af Grundtvigs skrifter gav Tiedje udtryk for tanker, der i første omgang røbede beundring og tilslutning til Grundtvigs hovedtanker, men dernæst afspejlede en højreekstremistisk holdning til politisk-ideologiske problemer i samtiden ( omkring 1930). Man kan herudfra ane en del af forklaringen på, at Grundtvig fra tysk side siden Hitler-tiden ofte er blevet betragtet med modvilje.Med henvisning hertil anføres afsluttende nogle synspunkter, der er fremsat af den tyske kirkehistoriker Martin Greschat. Han er en af de betydeligste kendere af moderne kirkehistorie og har i særlig grad undersøgt den tyske protestantismes til tider skæbnesvangre rolle i forhold til samfundsudviklingen. I forlængelse heraf har han også redegjort for, hvorfor han ud fra tyske forudsætninger er på vagt overfor en forståelse af »folkekirke«, der ubekymret sætter sig ud over de dyrekøbte erfaringer, der blev indvundet under det nazistiske diktatur; samtidig har Greschat åbent indrømmet, at han skal overvinde en betragtelig skepsis, inden han kan komme til rette med Grundtvigs tanker, sådan som de indtil videre foreligger ham bekendt.Disse overvejelser har vi fra dansk side ikke råd til at være ligegyldige overfor. Der er grund til af såvel historiske som aktuelle årsager at gå ind i denne tysk-danske samtale med stor opmærksomhed.

Abstract Our current knowledge of the different immune cells in neuroblastoma is based on in vitro and in vivo studies mainly focusing on a single cell type. Different studies have conveyed conflicting results and despite the use of anti-GD2 immunotherapy in the clinic, a comprehensive immune cell overview at the single-cell level is still missing and understanding the complete composition of immune cells neuroblastoma will be crucial for the development of novel immunotherapeutics against the disease. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on human neuroblastoma coupled with multiplex immunohistochemistry and survival analysis to provide a complete cellular and molecular immune cell landscape of human neuroblastoma. Further, we contrasted the neuroblastoma data with single-cell RNA-sequencing data from normal fetal adrenal gland to characterize cell-state changes from normal tissue to neuroblastoma. Our analysis revealed 27 immune cell subtypes including distinct subpopulations of myeloid, NK, B and T cells that were associated with a survival benefit. Multiple subtypes of B and NK cells, not seen in neuroblastoma before, were identified. We propose the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures and showed that Active NK cells correlated with improved survival. In contrast to adult cancers, we detected no difference in cytotoxicity and exhaustion score for cytotoxic T cells, nor Treg activity. However, we demonstrated an increase in inflammatory monocyte signature score from normal to tumor derived myeloid cells. Finally, we performed receptor-ligand interaction analysis between tumor, stroma and immune cells, where we highlight several interactions that we suggest for future studies of how to exploit immune cells as a therapeutic option in neuroblastoma. Our findings significantly broaden the understanding of the immune composition in neuroblastoma and provides a resource for the development of novel immunotherapeutics. Citation Format: Bronte Manouk Verhoeven, Shenglin Mei, Thale K. Olsen, Karin K. Gustafsson, Anders Valind, Axel Lindström, David G. Nord, Shahrzad S. Fard, Catharina Hagerling, Peter V. Kharchenko, Per Kogner, John I. Johnsen, Ninib Baryawno. The immune cell atlas of human neuroblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6215.

Adam af Bremens krønike. Oversat og kommenteret af Allan A. Lund.(Kurt Villads Jensen)Claus Ahrens: Die frühen Holzkirchen Europas. Tekst & Katalog. Schriften des archaologischen Landesmuseums, Band 7.(Jens Jeppesen)Michael Andersen og Goran Tegnér (red.): Middelalderlige seglstamper i Norden.(Per lngesman)Søren H. Andersen: Oldtiden i Danmark. Jægerstenalderen.(Lars Larsson)Mark Brisbane & David Gaimster (red.): Novgorod: the Archaeology of a Russian Medieval City and its Hinterland.(Michael Andersen)Anders Bæksted: Nordiske Guder og Helte. 3. udg.(Lotte Hedeager)Tom Christensen og Michael Andersen (red.): Civitas Roscald – fra byens begyndelse.(Connie Jantzen).Palle Ove Christiansen: Kulturhistorie som opposition – træk af forskellige fagtraditioner.(Henrik Hatt Jensen)Torben Dehn, Svend I. Hansen og Flemming Kaul: Klekkende høj og Jordehøj. Restaureringer og undersøgelser 1985-90.(Niels H. Andersen).Berit Valentin Eriksen (red.): Flintstudier. En håndbog i systematiske analyser af flintinventarer.(Esben Kannegaard)Per Ethelberg, Erik Jørgensen, Dirk Meier og David Robinson: Det Sønderjyske Landbrugs Historie. Sten- og bronzealder.(Helle Vandkilde)Jøgen Jensen: Rav. Nordens guld.(Helle Vandkilde)Jørgen Jensen: Danmarks Oldtid. Stenalder 13.000-2.000 f.Kr.(Lars Larsson)Jørgen Jensen: Danmarks Oldtid. Bronzealder.(Kristian Kristiansen)Jørgen Jensen: Oldtiden i Danmark. Bronzealderen.(Kristian Kristiansen)Ole Lass Jensen, Søren A. Sørensen og Keld Møller Hansen (red): Danmarks Jægerstenalder – Status og Perspektiver.(Helle Juel Jensen)Lutz Klassen: Frühes Kupfer im Norden. Unthersuchungen zu Chronologie, Herkunft und Bedeutung der Kupferfunde der Nordgruppe der Trichterbecherkultur.(Torsten Madsen)Inger-Lise Kolstrup (red.): Aspekter af dansk klostervæsen i middelalderen.(Susanne Nissen Gram)Hartvig Lüdtke & Kurt Schietzel (Hrsg.): Handbuch zur mittelalterlichen Keramik in Nordeuropa.(H.J. Madsen)Michael Müller-Wille, Valentin L. Janin, Evgenij N. Nosov & Elena A. Rybina (red.): Novgorod. Das mittelalderliche Zentrum und sein Umland im Norden Rußlands.(Michael Andersen)Poul Otto Nielsen: Oldtiden i Danmark. Bondestenalderen.(Lars LarssonViggo Nielsen: Oldtidsagre i Danmark. Bornholm.(Peter Hambro Mikkelsen)Per Persson og Karl-Göran Sjögren: Falbygdens gånggrifter. Del 1. Undersökningar 1985 till 1998.(Niels H. Andersen)Bodil Bundgaard Rasmussen, Jørgen Steen Jensen og John Lund (red.): Christian VIII og National museet, Antikker, mønter, medailler.(Karen Løkkegaard Poulsen)Else Roesdahl: Vikingernes verden. Vikingerne hjemme og ude. 7. udgave.(Tom Christensen)Mats Roslund: Gäster i huset. Kulturell överföring mellan slaver och skandinaver 900 till 1300.(Per Kristian Madsen)Wijnand van der Sander & Torsten Capelle: Mosens Guder. Anthropomorfe træfigurer fra Nord- og Nordvesteuropas fortid.(Lotte Hedeager)Jens B. Skriver: Moesgård. Historien om en herregård.(Anders Myrtue)Gro Steinsland: Den Hellige Konge. Om religion og herskermakt fra vikinge tid til middelalder.(Lotte Hedeager)Bjarne Stoklund: Bondefiskere og strandsiddere. Studier over de store sæsonfiskerier 1350-1600.(Nils Engberg)Birger Storgaard (red.): Military aspects of the arisrocracy in Barbaricum in the Roman and Early Migration periods.(Ulf Nasman)Anne C. Sørensen: Ladby – A Danish Ship-Grave from the Viking Age.(Knut Paasche)Christopher Tilley: The Dolmen and Passage Graves of Sweden.(Niels H. Andersen)Stine Wiell: Kampen om oldtiden / Der Kampf um die Vorgeschichte.Jens Villiam Jensen)W. Haio Zimmermann, Dusanka Kucan, Karl-­Ernst Behre, Norbert Kühl & Erwin Strahl (red.): Probleme der Küstenforschung im südlichen Nordseegebiet.(Hans Skov)

BackgroundThe optimal first-line treatment of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (eRA) is not established.ObjectivesTo compare clinical and radiographic outcomes of active conventional therapy (ACT) with each of three biological therapies with different modes of action.MethodsIn this investigator-initiated, randomized, open-label, blinded-assessor study (NCT01491815), patients with treatment-naïve eRA with DAS28>3.2 and RF+/ACPA+/CRP>10mg/L, were randomized 1:1:1:1 to methotrexate combined with: 1) oral prednisolone (tapered quickly; discontinued at w36); or: sulphasalazine, hydroxychloroquine and mandatory intra-articular (IA) glucocorticoid injections in swollen joints (ACT); 2) certolizumab-pegol (CZP); 3) abatacept (ABA) or 4) tocilizumab (TCZ). IA glucocorticoid was allowed in all arms except w20-24 and w44-48. Co-primary outcomes at w48 were CDAI remission (CDAI≤2.8) and change in total van der Heijde-modified Sharp Score from baseline (ΔvdHSSw0-w48). A combination of Bonferroni and Dunnet’s procedure adjusted for multiple testing. The primary endpoints were estimated using logistic regression and analysis of covariance, adjusted for sex, anti-CCP status and country.Results812 patients were randomized. Adjusted CDAI remission rates at w48 were: 59.3% (ABA), 52.3% (CZP), 51.9% (TCZ) and 39.2% (ACT). Compared to ACT, CDAI remission rates were superior for ABA (adjusted difference +20.1%; adjusted p<0.001) and CZP (+13.1%; p=0.021), but not TCZ (+12.7%; p=0.030) (Table 1). Key secondary clinical outcomes were consistently better in biological groups compared to ACT. Adjusted mean ΔvdHSSw0-w48 was low (Table 1), with no significant differences between drugs.Table 1.Baseline characteristicsACT (n=200)CZP+MTX (n=203)ABA+MTX (n=204)TCZ+MTX (n=188) §Age (y)55 (15)55 (15)55 (14)52 (15)Women, %139 (70%)139 (69%)140 (69%)129 (69%)Time from diagnosis to baseline, days13 (21)12 (17)16 (34)16 (33)Anti-CCP/RF positive, %82% / 76%82% / 73%83% / 78%82% / 72%CDAI28.7 (12.1)27.9 (12.4)28.6 (11.3)26.6 (11.7)Total vdHSS (0-448) [median; IQR)6.3 (8.2) [4; 1 - 8.5]5.9 (7.6) [3; 1 - 8]5.8 (9.8) [3; 1 - 6]4.2 (6.7) [2; 0.5 - 5]Estimated adjusted outcome (ITT)1, PrimaryCDAI remission, w4839.2% (32.5 - 45.9)52.3% (45.5 - 59.1)59.3% (52.6 - 66)51.9% (44.9 - 59.0)Δ1.9% (44.9 -0.45 (0.31 to 0.59)0.47 (0.33 to 0.61)0.62 (0.48 to 0.76)0.5 (0.36 to 0.64)Estimated adjusted treatment difference (ITT)2, PrimaryCDAI remission, w48Ref13.1% (3.5 to 22.6)*20.1% (10.6 to 29.5)*12.7% (3 to 22.5)Δ2.7% (3 to 2Ref0.02 (-0.17 to 0.22)0.17 (-0.02 to 0.37)0.05 (-0.15 to 0.25)Key secondaryACR/EULAR Boolean remission, w48Ref14.7% (5.4 to 23.9)19.4% (10.1 to 28.7)13% (3.5 to 22.4)DAS28 remission,w48Ref12.9% (3.5 to 22.2)17.4% (8.2 to 26.6)14.4% (5 to 23.9)EULAR good response, w48Ref8.2% (-0.6 to 17.1)11.3% (2.7 to 20)2.9% (-6.3 to 12.2)vdHSS progression ≤0.5, w0-w48Ref-3.3% (-11.1 to 4.6)3.5% (-4.7 to 11.8)-2.2% (-10.3 to 5.9)Values are mean (SD), if not otherwise indicated. §Finnish patients randomised to TCZ+MTX, but not receiving it due to unavailability, are not included. 1Values are estimated adjusted marginal means and estimated marginal differences against ACT with 95% CI. ITT: intention to treat population. *Superiority compared with ACT was demonstrated.No new safety signals were reported. Total numbers of serious adverse events (% patients with ≥1 event) were for ABA 21 (8.3%), CZP 28 (12.4%), TCZ 20 (9.2%) and ACT 23 (10.7%).ConclusionCompared with active conventional therapy (csDMARD + glucocorticoids), superiority regarding CDAI remission rates was demonstrated for abatacept and certolizumab-pegol, and not for tocilizumab. Radiographic progression was low and similar between treatments.Figure 1.AcknowledgementsWe thank the patients, investigators, nurses, joint assessors and study teams who were involved in the NORD-STAR trial; Eleonore Nilsson, chief study nurse, Lise Hejl Hyldstrup, coordinating study nurse, Niels Steen Krogh, data manager, Monica Rydén Aulin study coordinator and Eva Larsson, patient research partner. We also thank members of the NORD-STAR study group: Anders Bengtsson, Anders Gülfe, Annelies Blanken, Annette Schlemmer, Åsa Reckner Olsson, Aulikki Kononoff, Carl Turesson, Christina Dackhammar, Cidem Gentline, Elisabet Lindqvist, Ellen-Margrethe Hauge, Emma Grenholm, Erik af Klint, Erik Rødevand, Eva Baecklund, Fredrik Markros, Hamed Rezaei, Hanne Merete Lindegaard, Heikki Relas, Heikki Valleala, Ilia Qirjazo, Inger Marie Jensen Hansen, Jarno Rutanen, Jens Kristian Pedersen, Jens Rathmann, Johan Wallman, Johanna Carlestam, Jon Einarsson, Jörgen Lysholm, Kajsa Öberg, Katarina Almehed, Kathrine Lederballe Grøn, Kati Mykkänen, Lena Karlberg, Malin Hemberg, Maria K. Stilling-Vinther, Marjatta Leirisalo-Repo, Mohaned Hameed, Nancy Vivar, Oili Kaipiainen-Seppänen, Peter Olsson, Petrus Linge, Pia Lindell, Pia Neuer Jensen, René Østgård, Riitta Tuompo, Sabine Dieperink, Sara Nysom Christiansen, Sofia Exarchou, Thiab Saleh, Tomas Husmark, Tor Olofsson, Torkell Ellingsen, Trude Bruun, Vappu Rantalaiho and Ylva Borgas.Disclosure of InterestsMikkel Østergaard Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Celgene, Sanofi, Regeneron, Novartis, Orion, Hospira, Consultant of: AbbVie, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Celgene, Sanofi, Regeneron, Novartis, Orion, Hospira, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, BMS, Merck, UCB, Celgene, Novartis, Ronald van Vollenhoven Speakers bureau: AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Celgene, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Pfizer, Servier, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Celgene, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Pfizer, Servier, UCB, Grant/research support from: BMS, GSK, Eli Lilly, UCB, Pfizer, Roche, Anna Rudin Grant/research support from: AstraZeneca, Merete L. Hetland Speakers bureau: Merck, Biogen, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Orion Pharma, CellTrion, Samsun Bioepsi, Janssen Biologics BV, MSD, Consultant of: Merck, Biogen, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Orion Pharma, CellTrion, Samsun Bioepsi, Janssen Biologics BV, MSD, Grant/research support from: BMS, AbbVie, Roche, Novartis, Merck, Biogen, Pfizer, Marte Heiberg Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly, Consultant of: Eli Lilly, Dan Nordström Grant/research support from: UCB, BMS, AbbVie, Celgene, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Michael Nurmohamed Speakers bureau: Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Consultant of: Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Grant/research support from: BMS, AbbVie, MSD, Pfizer, Amgen, Björn Gudbjornsson Speakers bureau: Novartis, Consultant of: Novartis, Lykke Midtbøll Ørnbjerg Grant/research support from: Novartis, Pernille Bøyesen: None declared, Inge Olsen: None declared, Kristina Lend: None declared, Kim Hørslev-Petersen: None declared, Till Uhlig Speakers bureau: Grünenthal, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Consultant of: Grünenthal, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Grant/research support from: NORDFORSK, Tuulikki Sokka-Isler Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Medac, Merck, Novartis Orion Pharma, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, UCB, Boehringer Ingelheim, Consultant of: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Medac, Merck, Novartis Orion Pharma, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, UCB, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gerdur Gröndal: None declared, Simon Krabbe Grant/research support from: AbbVie, MSD, Novartis, Joakim Lindqvist: None declared, Inger Gjertsson: None declared, Daniel Glinatsi Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Consultant of: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Meliha C Kapetanovic: None declared, Anna-Birgitte Aga Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Consultant of: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Francesca Faustini: None declared, Pinja Parmanne Speakers bureau: Novartis, Consultant of: Novartis, Tove Lorenzen Speakers bureau: UCB, Consultant of: UCB, Giovanni Cagnotto: None declared, Johan Back: None declared, Oliver Hendricks Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Novartis, Consultant of: AbbVie, Novartis, Daisy Vedder: None declared, Tuomas Rannio: None declared, Emma Grenholm: None declared, Hanne Merete Lindegaard: None declared, Maud-Kristine A Ljosa: None declared, Eli Brodin: None declared, Annika Soderbergh: None declared, Milad Rizk: None declared, Elsa Hermansson: None declared, Line Uhrenholt Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Consultant of: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Per Larsson: None declared, Søren Andreas Just: None declared, Gunnstein Bakland Speakers bureau: BMS, Consultant of: BMS, David Stevens Grant/research support from: KLINBEFORSK, Trine Bay Laurberg Speakers bureau: UCB, Consultant of: UCB, Espen A Haavardsholm Speakers bureau: Pfizer, AbbVie, Celgene, Novartis, Janssen, Gilead, Eli Lilly, UCB, Consultant of: Pfizer, AbbVie, Celgene, Novartis, Janssen, Gilead, Eli Lilly, UCB, Grant/research support from: NORDFORSK, Jon Lampa: None declared.

In hierdie saak waarin ’n prima facie oorweging van die feite daarop dui dat die eiser uit die staanspoor ’n goeie vooruitsig op sukses gehad het, is sy taak verder vergemaklik deur die wyse waarop die verdediging namens die eerste verweerder (die departement van onderwys in die Noord-Kaap) hanteer is, asook die feit dat die hof nie voldoende aandag aan die inhoud van artikel 60(1)(a) van die Suid-Afrikaanse Skolewet 84 van 1996 geskenk het ingevolge waarvan die staat aanspreeklik gestel word vir deliktuele én kontraktuele skade wat voortvloei uit die bedryf van skoolaktiwiteite by openbare skole nie. Nadat T, die eiser se elfjarige seun, die skooltoilet besoek het, kon hy dit nie laat spoel nie weens ’n tekort aan water. Toevallig het hy ’n houer met suur waarmee verstopte riole oopgemaak word in ’n ander deel van die ablusiegeriewe ontdek en, onder die indruk dat dit water bevat, het hy dit probeer aanwend as spoelmiddel. Die drastiese chemiese reaksie wat daarop gevolg het, het sy nuuskierigheid geprikkel en saam met een van sy maats het hy ’n verdere eksperiment uitgevoer deur van die vloeistof in ’n urinaal te giet. Die uiteinde hiervan was dat die hewig spattende suur op hom beland het en ernstige brandwonde veroorsaak het waarvoor hy mediese behandeling moes ontvang. T se vader het namens hom skadevergoeding gevorder van die eerste verweerder as politieke hoof van die Noord-Kaapse onderwysdepartement onder wie se jurisdiksie die betrokke openbare skool geval het, asook van die werknemer (MK) wat die houer met suur tydens sy etensuur in die toiletgeriewe agtergelaat het. Die eis teen laasgenoemde is egter ter elfder ure laat vaar. In hierdie aangeleentheid het die hof heel oppervlakkig te werk gegaan om die eerste verweerder aanspreeklik te bevind. Ofskoon die aangeleentheid onteenseglik oor middellike aanspreeklikheid gehandel het, het die hof hom in wese nie daaroor uitgelaat nie en voortgegaan om die optrede van MK te toets aan die vereistes (elemente) van ’n onregmatige daad, te wete handeling, onregmatigheid, skuld (in casu nalatigheid), kousaliteit en nadeel. Om verstaanbare redes is daar bloot aanvaar dat daar aan die handelings- en nadeelvereistes voldoen is, terwyl daar in ietwat meer besonderhede op die oorblywende delikselemente gekonsentreer is om uiteindelik tot die gevolgtrekking te kom dat MK se versuim deur die houer met suur te laat waar dit binne die bereik van jong kinders was, aan al die deliksvereistes voldoen het en dat sy werkgewer derhalwe vir T se nadeel aanspreeklik is. ’n Besondere kenmerk van die uitspraak is dat daar bykans geen verwysing na stawende gesag voorkom nie. Die enkele verwysings na regspraak het gehandel oor ’n futiele verweer wat aangebied is. Wat egter hinder is dat daar ’n aanwending was van beginsels rakende onregmatigheid, nalatigheid en kousaliteit – delikselemente wat in die bestaande regspraak normaalweg behandel word met verwysing na oorvloedige gesag, gesien die kompleksiteit daarvan (veral wat betref onregmatigheid). Verder is die hof se aanwending van die breë boni mores onregmatigheidstoets nie te rym met die algemene benadering dat daardie toets alleenstaande slegs te pas kom wanneer daar nie toepassing van uitgekristalliseerde reëls moontlik is nie. In hierdie geval was die bekende beginsels van omissio per commissionem, beheer oor ’n gevaarlike voorwerp, kennis en begrip van moontlike nadeel en regsreëls as ontstaansbron van ’n regsplig om positief op te tree kennelik toepaslik. Die wyse waarop die hof die aanwending van die toets van die redelike persoon vir nalatigheid beskryf het, laat ook veel te wense oor. Wat kousaliteit betref, was daar geensins ’n vermelding van die onderskeid tussen feitelike en juridiese kousaliteit nie. Die wanindruk wat hierdie uitspraak uiteindelik laat, is dat die ingewikkelde beginsels rakende hierdie elemente eenvoudig geykte reg is. ’n Verdere gebrek in die uitspraak is te vinde in die hof se dubbelsinnige beskrywing van MK se diensverhouding: dit is onduidelik of hy ’n werknemer van die skool of die departement van onderwys was. Sou dit laasgenoemde wees, is die bevinding van aanspreeklikheid aan die kant van die onderwysdepartement te verstane. Indien MK egter in diens van die skool of die betrokke bestuursliggaam was, sou die gevolg heel anders kon uitspeel, aangesien artikel 60(1)(a) saamgelees met artikel 1 van die Suid-Afrikaanse Skolewet die departement van onderwys alleen aanspreeklik stel vir nadeel gely tydens skoolaktiwiteite, naamlik amptelike opvoedkundige, kulturele, ontspannings- of sosiale aktiwiteite van die betrokke openbare skool. MK se gedraginge wat tot T se beserings aanleiding gegee het, word by die eerste oogopslag nie deur daardie wetsbepaling gedek nie, met die gevolg dat óf die skool, óf die bestuursliggaam dan aanspreeklik sou kon wees. Daar bestaan egter enkele regterlike dicta waarvolgens dit wel onder die betrokke bepaling tuisgebring kan word. Die hof se versuim in hierdie verband kan egter daaraan toegeskryf word dat daar namens die verweerder aanspreeklikheid aanvaar is vir MK se optrede, ’n erkenning wat by nabetragting heel waarskynlik onwys was. Die metodiek waarvolgens die ratio decidendi geskryf is, is heel ongewoon en kan ernstig bevraagteken word. Waarskynlik was die hof daarop bedag om uitvoering te gee aan die 2018-voorskrif van ons hoofregter aan die regterspresidente om uitsprake kort en kragtig, en liefs nie vakkundig (“scholarly”) nie, te hou. Moontlik daarom vind ’n mens geen verwysing nie na regspraak as gesag by behandeling van die belangrikste aspekte van die saak wat verband hou met die vraag of MK se versuim wel aan al die deliksvereistes voldoen het. Daar word daarop gewys dat regters nie, soos in die onderhawige geval, deur hul uitsprake as nie rapporteerbaar nie te merk, sodanige uitsprake buite die sfeer van gelding van die stare decisis-leerstuk kan plaas nie. ’n Uitspraak soos die onderhawige bly steeds ’n bindende presedent.

Die artikel fokus op die vraag waarom Suid-Afrika na bykans drie dekades van ’n inklusiewe politieke bestel skynbaar nog nie daarin kon slaag om die ideaal van ’n inklusiewe samelewing te verwesenlik nie. Verskillende faktore dra hiertoe by. Een faktor wat nie voldoende in aanmerking geneem word nie, is oorgelewerde denkpatrone wat die nuwe bestel in sy nuwe formaat steeds kniehalter. Wat onderskat word, is die vertrekpunt van hierdie denke, die kontoere wat dit volg en veral die rigting of oriëntasie waarin dit plaasvind. Om hierdie probleem te illustreer, word insigte uit Mahmood Mamdani se onlangse boek, Neither settler nor native, as uitgangspunt geneem. Mamdani (self ’n sterk voorstander van dekolonialisering) beweer dat die dekolonialiseringsprojek in vele opsigte misluk het omdat die nuwe bewindhebbers die denkwyses, sosiale kategorieë en burgerskapsmodelle van die koloniale era oorgeneem en steeds gehandhaaf het. Aan die hand van voorbeelde soos die “makmaak” van die Amerikaanse Weste, die opkoms van die Nazi-ideologie in Duitsland, die skynbaar onoorbrugbare kloof tussen Israeliet en Palestyn in die huidige staat Israel en die verdeling tussen Noord- en Suid-Soedan maak hy duidelik hoe die (koloniale) verlede steeds die (gedekolonialiseerde) hede beïnvloed. Suid-Afrika is volgens Mamdani die een uitsondering, waar die bestaande orde op radikale wyse vervang is deur ’n inklusiewe politieke bestel waarin alle burgers in teorie dieselfde regte het. Die ironie is egter dat formele inklusiwiteit nog nie in dieselfde mate tot sosiale inklusiwiteit gelei het nie. Waarom word die moontlikheid wat die Grondwet bied, nie ’n werklikheid nie? Die insigte van Eberhard Jüngel oor die verhouding tussen moontlikheid en werklikheid bied ’n sleutel om hierdie dilemma te ontknoop. Anders as Aristoteles, wat die werklikheid as van “meer waarde” as die moontlikheid ag, dring Jüngel daarop aan dat die prioriteit aan die moontlikheid gegee word. As die bestaande werklikheid die norm is, kan ons alleen herhaal wat reeds werklikheid was. As die moontlikheid die voorrang het, open dit geleenthede om ’n nuwe werklikheid tot stand te bring. Hiervoor is verbeelding nodig – nie as ontvlugting uit die werklikheid nie, maar as die energie wat “intensie” (Husserl) loslaat om – vry van die hede – ’n alternatiewe toekoms te bedink en strategieë te ontwikkel om vanuit hierdie visie terug te dink na die hede. Hierdie moontlike toekoms word werklikheid deur elke dag op te tree in terme en volgens die waardes van die nuwe visie. Trefwoorde: dekolonialisering; Jüngel; Mamdani; moontlikheid; raskategorieë; sosiale samehorigheid; transformasie; verbeelding; werklikheid

In dit essay over het literaire waardenwerk van Salman Rushdie ga ik in dialoog met Amitav Ghosh die in zijn essaybundel The Great Derangement stelt dat Europese romanschrijvers niet goed in staat zijn om de problematiek van klimaatveranderingen te adresseren, omdat de Europese romanliteratuur een exponent is van de modernisering die ons blind heeft gemaakt voor de omvattende ecologische en sociale netwerken waarin mensen verwikkeld zijn. Volgens Ghosh is onze eurocentrische blindheid terug te voeren op twee fundamentele aannames waarop onze moderne sociale verbeelding gestoeld is, namelijk het geloof in (1) de stabiliteit van de natuurlijke orde en (2) de zelfstandigheid van het individu. In het eerste deel van dit essay worden deze beide aannames kritisch tegen het licht gehouden. Het bestaan van aardbevingen maakt al duidelijk dat de natuur ook grillige en onvoorspelbare kanten heeft. En die grillige kanten zullen wij meer en meer leren kennen als de klimaatverandering verder doorzet Het woord dat wij in de toekomst steeds vaker gaan horen, is ‘klimaatadaptatie’. Het gaat hierbij niet alleen om technische maatregelen die wij moeten nemen om de effecten van klimaatverandering binnen de perken te houden, maar ook om de innerlijke of spirituele processen van transformatie die hiermee gemoeid zijn. De vraag die zich aan ons opdringt, is hoe wij ons moeten verhouden tot natuurkrachten die de grenzen van de natie en het individu doorbreken en overstijgen. In het tweede deel van mijn essay geef ik gehoor aan de oproep van Ghosh dat wij te rade dienen te gaan bij de romanliteratuur om ons een beeld te vormen van die onbegrensde wereld van ongekende mogelijkheden en onmogelijkheden. Maar anders dan Ghosh suggereert, hoeven wij daarvoor niet perse naar niet-Europese literatuur op zoek te gaan. Om recht te doen aan die onbegrensde wereld moeten wij juist op zoek gaan naar romans die voorbij de grenzen van oost en west, noord en zuid uitstijgen. De negentiendeeeuwse schrijver en filosoof Johann Wolfgang Goethe heeft hiervoor de term ‘Weltliteratur’ gemunt. Deze term is volgens mij van toepassing op de essays en romans die Salman Rushdie de laatste vier decennia geschreven heeft. Met name in zijn roman The Ground Beneath Her Feet (1999) laat Rushdie zien hoe ons beeld van onszelf en de wereld verandert als ons geloof in de stabiele natuurlijke orde door een aardbeving weg geslagen wordt. Maar deze roman blijft niet in deze negatieve kritiek steken.

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The text discusses the impacts of the Covid 19 pandemic on Brazilian higher education. For the apprehension of the theme, the article is anchored in an exploratory investigation, which included bibliographic research, systematic surveys in the alternative press and documentary analysis of convergent problems necessary to understand the theme, but also in the consultation of already existing aggregated data, adopting, therefore, an analysis perspective that combines, at the same time, quantitative and qualitative aspects. It follows, in general lines, the following plan: firstly, it seeks to analyze the political and economic situation in which the country was, when the pandemic of Covid 19 arrived, considering that the economic and health impacts of the spread of the virus depended on pre-existing vulnerabilities. It analyzes the particularities of the pandemic in Brazil, with special emphasis on the negation of the sanitary and scientific precepts that have characterized bolsonarism. Then, it enters the universe of higher education, organizing the arguments based on the analysis of two axes, considered central to this discussion: the impacts of ultraneoliberalism and neo-conservatism on Brazilian higher education institutions. After these considerations, it presents what, in fact, changed with the arrival of the pandemic in the institutions and the horizons that unfold for them.ResumoO texto discute os impactos da pandemia da Covid 19 na educação superior brasileira. Para a apreensão da temática, ancora-se numa investigação de caráter exploratório, que contemplou pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamentos sistemáticos na imprensa alternativa e análise documental de problemáticas convergentes e necessárias à compreensão do tema, mas também na consulta de dados agregados já existentes, adotando, portanto, uma perspectiva de análise que conjuga, a um só tempo, aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos. Segue, em linhas gerais, o seguinte plano: primeiramente, busca analisar a situação política e econômica na qual se encontrava o país, quando da chegada da pandemia da Covid 19, por considerar que os impactos econômicos e sanitários da propagação do vírus dependiam de fendas e vulnerabilidades preexistentes. Analisa as particularidades do enfrentamento da pandemia no Brasil, com especial destaque ao negacionismo em relação aos preceitos sanitários e científicos, que tem caracterizado o bolsonarismo. Adentra, então, no universo da educação superior, organizando os argumentos a partir da análise de dois eixos, considerados centrais para essa discussão: os impactos do ultraneoliberalismo e do neoconservadorismo nas instituições de educação superior brasileiras. Após essas considerações, apresenta o que, de fato, mudou com a chegada da pandemia nas instituições e os horizontes que se descortinam para elas.Resumen El texto discute los impactos de la pandemia de Covid 19 en la educación superior brasileña. Para la comprensión del tema, el artículo está anclado en una investigación exploratoria, que incluyó investigación bibliográfica, encuestas sistemáticas en la prensa alternativa y análisis documental de problemas convergentes necesarios para comprender el tema, pero también en la consulta de datos agregados ya existentes, adoptando, por lo tanto, una perspectiva de análisis que combina, al mismo tiempo, aspectos cuantitativos y cualitativos. El texto sigue, en líneas generales, el siguiente plan: en primer lugar, busca analizar la situación política y económica en que se encontraba el país, cuando llegó la pandemia de Covid 19, considerando que los impactos económicos y de salud de la propagación del virus dependían de las vulnerabilidades preexistentes. Analiza las particularidades del enfrentamiento de la pandemia en Brasil, con especial énfasis en el negativismo de los preceptos sanitarios y científicos que ha caracterizado al bolsonarismo. A continuación, ingresa al universo de la educación superior, organizando los argumentos basados en el análisis de dos ejes, considerados centrales para esta discusión: los impactos del ultraneoliberalismo y el neoconservadurismo en las instituciones de educación superior brasileñas. Después de estas consideraciones, presenta lo que, de hecho, cambió con la llegada de la pandemia a las instituciones y los horizontes que se desarrollan para ellos.Palavras-chave: Pandemia, Educação superior, Ultraneoliberalismo, Neoconservadorismo.Keywords: Pandemic, Higher education, Ultraneoliberalism, Neo-conservatism.Palabras claves: Pandemia, Educación superior, Ultraneoliberalismo, Neoconservadurismo.ReferencesANTUNES, Ricardo. Meta é sairmos vivos dessa crise, metas do teletrabalho na pandemia. Sintrajud, São Paulo, abr. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.sintrajud.org.br/meta-e-sairmos-vivos-dessa-crise-afirma-sociologo-contra-metas-do-teletrabalho-na-pandemia/>. Acesso em: 10 jul. 2020.BADARÓ, Marcelo. Por que Bolsonaro ainda governa? Esquerda on line, Rio de Janeiro, maio 2020. Disponível em: <https://esquerdaonline.com.br/2020/05/09/por-que-bolsonaro-ainda-governa/>. Acesso em: 1 jun. 2020.BRAGA, Ruy. Covid-19 e avanço tecnológico. Nasce um outro mundo do trabalho. Entrevistas especiais com Ruy Braga Neto e Rafael Grohmann. Combate Racismo Ambiental, maio 2020. Disponível em: <https://racismoambiental.net.br/2020/05/04/covid-19-e-avanco-tecnologico-nasce-um-outro-mundo-do-trabalho-entrevistas-especiais-com-ruy-braga-neto-e-rafael-grohmann/>. Acesso em: 10 jul. 2020.BRASIL. Emenda Constitucional nº 95, de 15 de dezembro de 2016. Altera o Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias, para instituir o Novo Regime Fiscal, e dá outras providências. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/emendas/emc/emc95.htm>. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2020.BRASIL. Lei nº 13.429, de 31 de março de 2017. Altera dispositivos da Lei nº 6.019, de 3 de janeiro de 1974, que dispõe sobre o trabalho temporário nas empresas urbanas e dá outras providências; e dispõe sobre as relações de trabalho na empresa de prestação de serviços a terceiros. Disponível em: <http://www. planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/lei/ L13429.htm>. Acesso em: 15 fev. 2018.BRASIL. Lei no 13.467, de 13 de julho de 2017. Altera a Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), aprovada pelo Decreto-Lei no 5.452, de 1o de maio de 1943, e as Leis nos 6.019, de 3 de janeiro de 1974, 8.036, de 11 de maio de 1990, e 8.212, de 24 de julho de 1991, a fim de adequar a legislação às novas relações de trabalho. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/lei/l13467.htm>. Acesso em: 15 fev. 2018.BRASIL. Emenda Constitucional no 103, de 12 de novembro de 2019. Altera o sistema de previdência social e estabelece regras de transição e disposições transitórias. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/emendas/emc/emc103.htm>. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2020.BRASIL. MEC. Future-se, de 3 de janeiro de 2020. Institui o Programa Universidades e Institutos Empreendedores e Inovadores - Future-se. Disponível em: < http://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/despacho-236403674>. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2020.BRASIL. MEC. Portaria nº 34, de 9 de março de 2020. Dispõe sobre as condições para fomento a cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu pela Diretoria de Programas e Bolsas no País da CAPES. Diário Oficial da União. Disponível em: < http://www.in.gov.br/web/dou/-/portaria-n-34-de-9-de-marco-de-2020-248560278>. Acesso em: 15 maio 2020.BRASIL. MCTIC. Portaria nº 1.122, de 19 de março de 2020. Define as prioridades, no âmbito do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC), no que se refere a projetos de pesquisa, de desenvolvimento de tecnologias e inovações, para o período 2020 a 2023. Disponível em: < http://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-n-1.122-de-19-de-marco-de-2020-249437397>. Acesso em: 15 maio 2020.CARLOTTO, Maria Caramez. Weintraub propõe a universidade amordaçada. Outras Palavras, 23 jul. 2019. Disponível em: < https://outraspalavras.net/crise-brasileira/o-plano-weintraub-para-a-universidade-amordacada/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=23_7_o_plano_weintraub_para_universidade_amordacada_boaventura_e_agora_brasil_um_novo_trump_como_chefe_do_governo_britanico_nossa_intimidade_a_servico_da_inteligencia_artificial&utm_term=2019-07-23>. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2020.COLOMBI, Ana Paula Fregnani et al. Nota sobre os impactos econômicos e sociais da Covid-19. Grupo de Conjuntura da UFES, Vitória, abr. 2020. Disponível em: <https://blog.ufes.br/grupodeconjunturaufes/2020/04/02/nota-sobre-os-impactos-economicos-e-sociais-da-covid-19/>. Acesso em: 15 maio 2020.FONTES, Virgínia. Entrevista: coronavírus e a crise do capital. ANDES-SN, Brasília, abr. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.andes.org.br/conteudos/noticia/cORONAVIRUS-e-a-cRISE-dO-cAPITAL1>. Acesso em: 15 maio 2020.GUIMARÃES, Samuel Pinheiro. Guedes, Bolsonaro e o Vídeo. Revista Fórum, jun. 2020. Disponível em: < https://revistaforum.com.br/noticias/guedes-bolsonaro-e-o-video-por-samuel-pinheiro-guimaraes/>. Acesso: 1 jul. 2020.HARVEY, David. Política anticapitalista em tempos de coronavírus. Carta Maior, São Paulo, jul. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.cartamaior.com.br/?/Editoria/Politica/Politica-anticapitalista-em-tempos-de-coronavirus/4/47997>. Acesso: 14 jul. 2020.IBGE. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua Mensal (PNAD Contínua), maio 2020. Disponível em: <https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/home/pnadcm>. Acesso: 14 jul. 2020.INEP. Sinopses Estatísticas do Censo da Educação Superior: 2018, Brasília, set. 2019. Disponível em: <http://www.inep.gov.br/superior/censosuperior/sinopse/default.a>. Acesso em: 10 jan. 2020.INESC. O Brasil com baixa imunidade – Balanço do Orçamento Geral da União 2019. abr. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.inesc.org.br/obrasilcombaixaimunidade/>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2020.KLIASS, Paulo. Gastos com juros e cortes no orçamento. Carta Maior, jun. 2019. Disponível em: < https://www.cartamaior.com.br/?/Editoria/Economia-Politica/Gastos-com-juros-e-cortes-no-orcamento/7/44240>. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2020.KRAWCZYK, Nora. As falácias da educação à distância se alastram com (e como) o Covid19. Carta Maior, maio 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.cartamaior.com.br/?/Editoria/Educacao/As-falacias-da-Educacao-a-Distancia-se-alastram-com-e-como-o-Covid19/54/47657>. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2020.LAVAL, Christian. Bolsonaro e o momento hiperautoritário do neoliberalismo. Blog da Boitempo, out. 2018. Disponível em: <https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2018/10/29/o-momento-hiperautoritario-do-neoliberalismo/?utm_source=Contatos+Boitempo&utm _campaign=f42be1894e-Campanha_P%C3%B3s-elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es&utm_ medium=email&utm_term=0_68c0e326c0-f42be1894e-59940767>. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2020.MANCEBO, Deise. Breve análise do acesso e permanência na educação a distância: o caso do CEDERJ. In: CUNHA, Célio da; SOUSA, José Vieira de; SILVA, Maria Abádia da. (Orgs.). Expansão e avaliação da educação superior: diferentes cenários e vozes. 1ed. Belo Horizonte: Fino Traço, 2016. p. 239-258.MANCEBO, Deise (submetido). Educação superior no Brasil em tempos de ultraneoliberalismo e neoconservadorismo. Educação & Sociedade. 2020.MBEMBE, Achille. Necropolítica. Arte e Ensaios, v.32, n.2, 2017. Disponível em: <https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/ae/article/view/8993>. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2020.MIGUEL, Luis Felipe. A gente tem que ser capaz de passar do protesto à resistência de fato. Carta Maior, set. 2019. Disponível em: < https://www.cartamaior.com.br/?/Editoria/Politica/-A-gente-tem-que-ser-capaz-de-passar-do-protesto-a-resistencia-de-fato-/4/45291>. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2020.MOTTA, Rodrigo Patto Sá. A guerra cultural bolsonarista, as universidades e as redes. Carta Maior, jun. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.cartamaior.com.br/?/Editoria/Educacao/A-guerra-cultural-bolsonarista-as-universidades-e-as-redes/54/47895>. Acesso em: 10 jul. 2020.SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa. A universidade pós-pandêmica. Outras Palavras, jul.2020. Disponível em: <https://outraspalavras.net/alemdamercadoria/boaventura-a-universidade-pos-pandemica/>. Acesso em: 10 jul. 2020.SBPC. A nova política de distribuição de bolsas da CAPES: onde estamos e o que esperamos do novo plano. Jornal da Ciência, jun. 2020a. Disponível em: <http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GT-SBPC-bolsas-CAPES-2.pdf>. Acesso em: 10 jul. 2020.SBPC. Corrida contra o coronavírus. Portal SBPCNET, jun. 2020b. Disponível em: < http://portal.sbpcnet.org.br/noticias/corrida-contra-o-coronavirus/>. Acesso em: 10 jul. 2020.SGUISSARDI, Valdemar. Um projeto neoliberal de heteronomia das federais e um passo a mais rumo a sua privado-mercantilização. In: GIOLO, Jaime; LEHER, Roberto; SGUISSARDI, Valdemar. (Orgs). Future-se: ataque à autonomia das instituições federais de educação superior e sua sujeição ao mercado. São Paulo: Diagrama Editorial, 2020. p. 153-195.e4566131

This paper is meant to study the apocalyptic scenario of the at the perspectives of the Great Acceleration. the apocalyptic scenario is not a pure imagination of the literature works. Instead, scientific evidences are in favour of dramatic change in the climatic conditions related to the climax of Man actions. the modelling of the future climate leads to horrible situations including intolerable temperatures, dryness, tornadoes, and noticeable sear level rise evading coastal regions. Going far from these scientific claims, Homo Sapiens Sapiens extended his imagination through the Climate-Fiction (cli-fi) to propose a dramatic end. Climate Fiction is developed into a recording machine containing every kind of fictions that depict environmental condition events and has consequently lost its true significance. Introduction The Great Acceleration may be considered as the Late Anthropocene in which Man actions reached their climax to lead to dramatic climatic changes paving the way for a possible apocalyptic scenario threatening the existence of the humanity. So, the apocalyptic scenario is not a pure imagination of the literature works. Instead, many scientific arguments especially related to climate change are in favour of the apocalypse1. As a matter of fact, the modelling of the future climate leads to horrible situations including intolerable temperatures (In 06/07/2021, Kuwait recorded the highest temperature of 53.2 °C), dryness, tornadoes, and noticeable sear level rise evading coastal regions. These conditions taking place during the Great Acceleration would have direct repercussions on the human species. Considering that the apocalyptic extinction had really caused the disappearance of many stronger species including dinosaurs, Homo Sapiens Sapiens extended his imagination though the Climate-Fiction (cli-fi) to propose a dramatic end due to severe climate conditions intolerable by the humankind. The mass extinction of animal species has occurred several times over the geological ages. Researchers have a poor understanding of the causes and processes of these major crises1. Nonetheless, whatever the cause of extinction, the apocalyptic scenario has always been present in the geological history. For example, dinosaurs extinction either by asteroids impact or climate changes could by no means denies the apocalyptic aspect2.At the same time as them, many animal and plant species became extinct, from marine or flying reptiles to marine plankton. This biological crisis of sixty-five million years ago is not the only one that the biosphere has suffered. It was preceded and followed by other crises which caused the extinction or the rarefaction of animal species. So, it is undeniable that many animal groups have disappeared. It is even on the changes of fauna that the geologists of the last century have based themselves to establish the scale of geological times, scale which is still used. But it is no less certain that the extinction processes, extremely complex, are far from being understood. We must first agree on the meaning of the word "extinction", namely on the apocalyptic aspect of the concept. It is quite understood that, without disappearances, the evolution of species could not have followed its course. Being aware that the apocalyptic extinction had massacred stronger species that had dominated the planet, Homo Sapiens Sapiens has been aware that the possibility of apocalyptic end at the perspective of the Anthropocene (i.e., Great Acceleration) could not be excluded. This conviction is motivated by the progressive defaunation in some regions3and the appearance of alien species in others related to change of mineralogy and geochemistry4 leading to a climate change during the Anthropocene. These scientific claims fed the vast imagination about climate change to set the so-called cli-fi. The concept of the Anthropocene is the new geological era which begins when the Man actions have reached a sufficient power to modify the geological processes and climatic cycles of the planet5. The Anthropocene by no means excludes the possibility of an apocalyptic horizon, namely in the perspectives of the Great Acceleration. On the contrary, two scenarios do indeed seem to dispute the future of the Anthropocene, with a dramatic cross-charge. The stories of the end of the world are as old as it is, as the world is the origin of these stories. However, these stories of the apocalypse have evolved over time and, since the beginning of the 19th century, they have been nourished particularly by science and its advances. These fictions have sometimes tried to pass themselves off as science. This is the current vogue, called collapsology6. This end is more than likely cli-fi driven7and it may cause the extinction of the many species including the Homo Sapiens Sapiens. In this vein, Anthropocene defaunation has become an ultimate reality8. More than one in eight birds, more than one in five mammals, more than one in four coniferous species, one in three amphibians are threatened. The hypothesis of a hierarchy within the living is induced by the error of believing that evolution goes from the simplest to the most sophisticated, from the inevitably stupid inferior to the superior endowed with an intelligence giving prerogative to all powers. Evolution goes in all directions and pursues no goal except the extension of life on Earth. Evolution certainly does not lead from bacteria to humans, preferably male and white. Our species is only a carrier of the DNA that precedes us and that will survive us. Until we show a deep respect for the biosphere particularly, and our planet in general, we will not become much, we will remain a predator among other predators, the fiercest of predators, the almighty craftsman of the Anthropocene. To be in the depths of our humanity, somehow giving back to the biosphere what we have taken from it seems obvious. To stop the sixth extinction of species, we must condemn our anthropocentrism and the anthropization of the territories that goes with it. The other forms of life also need to keep their ecological niches. According to the first, humanity seems at first to withdraw from the limits of the planet and ultimately succumb to them, with a loss of dramatic meaning. According to the second, from collapse to collapse, it is perhaps another humanity, having overcome its demons, that could come. Climate fiction is a literary sub-genre dealing with the theme of climate change, including global warming. The term appears to have been first used in 2008 by blogger and writer Dan Bloom. In October 2013, Angela Evancie, in a review of the novel Odds against Tomorrow, by Nathaniel Rich, wonders if climate change has created a new literary genre. Scientific basis of the apocalyptic scenario in the perspective of the Anthropocene Global warming All temperature indices are in favour of a global warming (Fig.1). According to the different scenarios of the IPCC9, the temperatures of the globe could increase by 2 °C to 5 °C by 2100. But some scientists warn about a possible runaway of the warming which can reach more than 3 °C. Thus, the average temperature on the surface of the globe has already increased by more than 1.1 °C since the pre-industrial era. The rise in average temperatures at the surface of the globe is the first expected and observed consequence of massive greenhouse gas emissions. However, meteorological surveys record positive temperature anomalies which are confirmed from year to year compared to the temperatures recorded since the middle of the 19th century. Climatologists point out that the past 30 years have seen the highest temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere for over 1,400 years. Several climatic centres around the world record, synthesize and follow the evolution of temperatures on Earth. Since the beginning of the 20th century (1906-2005), the average temperature at the surface of the globe has increased by 0.74 °C, but this progression has not been continuous since 1976, the increase has clearly accelerated, reaching 0.19 °C per decade according to model predictions. Despite the decline in solar activity, the period 1997-2006 is marked by an average positive anomaly of 0.53 °C in the northern hemisphere and 0.27 °C in the southern hemisphere, still compared to the normal calculated for 1961-1990. The ten hottest years on record are all after 1997. Worse, 14 of the 15 hottest years are in the 21st century, which has barely started. Thus, 2016 is the hottest year, followed closely by 2015, 2014 and 2010. The temperature of tropical waters increased by 1.2 °C during the 20th century (compared to 0.5 °C on average for the oceans), causing coral reefs to bleach in 1997. In 1998, the period of Fort El Niño, the prolonged warming of the water has destroyed half of the coral reefs of the Indian Ocean. In addition, the temperature in the tropics of the five ocean basins, where cyclones form, increased by 0.5 °C from 1970 to 2004, and powerful cyclones appeared in the North Atlantic in 2005, while they were more numerous in other parts of the world. Recently, mountains of studies focused on the possible scenario of climate change and the potential worldwide repercussions including hell temperatures and apocalyptic extreme events10 , 11, 12. Melting of continental glaciers As a direct result of the global warming, melting of continental glaciers has been recently noticed13. There are approximately 198,000 mountain glaciers in the world; they cover an area of approximately 726,000 km2. If they all melted, the sea level would rise by about 40 cm. Since the late 1960s, global snow cover has declined by around 10 to 15%. Winter cold spells in much of the northern half of the northern hemisphere are two weeks shorter than 100 years ago. Glaciers of mountains have been declining all over the world by an average of 50 m per decade for 150 years. However, they are also subject to strong multi-temporal variations which make forecasts on this point difficult according to some specialists. In the Alps, glaciers have been losing 1 meter per year for 30 years. Polar glaciers like those of Spitsbergen (about a hundred km from the North Pole) have been retreating since 1880, releasing large quantities of water. The Arctic has lost about 10% of its permanent ice cover every ten years since 1980. In this region, average temperatures have increased at twice the rate of elsewhere in the world in recent decades. The melting of the Arctic Sea ice has resulted in a loss of 15% of its surface area and 40% of its thickness since 1979. The record for melting arctic sea ice was set in 2017. All models predict the disappearance of the Arctic Sea ice in summer within a few decades, which will not be without consequences for the climate in Europe. The summer melting of arctic sea ice accelerated far beyond climate model predictions. Added to its direct repercussions of coastal regions flooding, melting of continental ice leads to radical climatic modifications in favour of the apocalyptic scenario. Fig.1 Evolution of temperature anomaly from 1880 to 2020: the apocalyptic scenario Sea level rise As a direct result of the melting of continental glaciers, sea level rise has been worldwide recorded14 ,15. The average level of the oceans has risen by 22 cm since 1880 and 2 cm since the year 2000 because of the melting of the glaciers but also with the thermal expansion of the water. In the 20th century, the sea level rose by around 2 mm per year. From 1990 to 2017, it reached the relatively constant rate of just over 3mm per year. Several sources contributed to sea level increase including thermal expansion of water (42%), melting of continental glaciers (21%), melting Greenland glaciers (15%) and melting Antarctic glaciers (8%). Since 2003, there has always been a rapid rise (around 3.3 mm / year) in sea level, but the contribution of thermal expansion has decreased (0.4 mm / year) while the melting of the polar caps and continental glaciers accelerates. Since most of the world’s population is living on coastal regions, sea level rise represents a real threat for the humanity, not excluding the apocalyptic scenario. Multiplication of extreme phenomena and climatic anomalies On a human scale, an average of 200 million people is affected by natural disasters each year and approximately 70,000 perish from them. Indeed, as evidenced by the annual reviews of disasters and climatic anomalies, we are witnessing significant warning signs. It is worth noting that these observations are dependent on meteorological survey systems that exist only in a limited number of countries with statistics that rarely go back beyond a century or a century and a half. In addition, scientists are struggling to represent the climatic variations of the last two thousand years which could serve as a reference in the projections. Therefore, the exceptional nature of this information must be qualified a little. Indeed, it is still difficult to know the return periods of climatic disasters in each region. But over the last century, the climate system has gone wild. Indeed, everything suggests that the climate is racing. Indeed, extreme events and disasters have become more frequent. For instance, less than 50 significant events were recorded per year over the period 1970-1985, while there have been around 120 events recorded since 1995. Drought has long been one of the most worrying environmental issues. But while African countries have been the main affected so far, the whole world is now facing increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts. Chile, India, Australia, United States, France and even Russia are all regions of the world suffering from the acceleration of the global drought. Droughts are slowly evolving natural hazards that can last from a few months to several decades and affect larger or smaller areas, whether they are small watersheds or areas of hundreds of thousands of square kilometres. In addition to their direct effects on water resources, agriculture and ecosystems, droughts can cause fires or heat waves. They also promote the proliferation of invasive species, creating environments with multiple risks, worsening the consequences on ecosystems and societies, and increasing their vulnerability. Although these are natural phenomena, there is a growing understanding of how humans have amplified the severity and impacts of droughts, both on the environment and on people. We influence meteorological droughts through our action on climate change, and we influence hydrological droughts through our management of water circulation and water processes at the local scale, for example by diverting rivers or modifying land use. During the Anthropocene (the present period when humans exert a dominant influence on climate and environment), droughts are closely linked to human activities, cultures, and responses. From this scientific overview, it may be concluded apocalyptic scenario is not only a literature genre inspired from the pure imagination. Instead, many scientific arguments are in favour of this dramatic destiny of Homo Sapiens Sapiens. Fig.2. Sea level rise from 1880 to 2020: a possible apocalyptic scenario (www.globalchange.gov, 2021) Apocalyptic genre in recent writing As the original landmark of apocalyptic writing, we must place the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 587 BC and the Exile in Babylon. Occasion of a religious and cultural crossing with imprescriptible effects, the Exile brought about a true rebirth, characterized by the maintenance of the essential ethical, even cultural, of a national religion, that of Moses, kept as pure as possible on a foreign land and by the reinterpretation of this fundamental heritage by the archaic return of what was very old, both national traditions and neighbouring cultures. More precisely, it was the place and time for the rehabilitation of cultures and the melting pot for recasting ancient myths. This vast infatuation with Antiquity, remarkable even in the vocabulary used, was not limited to Israel: it even largely reflected a general trend. The long period that preceded throughout the 7th century BC and until 587, like that prior to the edict of Cyrus in 538 BC, was that of restorations and rebirths, of returns to distant sources and cultural crossings. In the biblical literature of this period, one is struck by the almost systematic link between, on the one hand, a very sustained mythical reinvestment even in form and, on the other, the frequent use of biblical archaisms. The example of Shadday, a word firmly rooted in the Semites of the Northwest and epithet of El in the oldest layers of the books of Genesis and Exodus, is most eloquent. This term reappears precisely at the time of the Exile as a designation of the divinity of the Patriarchs and of the God of Israel; Daily, ecological catastrophes now describe the normal state of societies exposed to "risks", in the sense that Ulrich Beck gives to this term: "the risk society is a society of catastrophe. The state of emergency threatens to become a normal state there1”. Now, the "threat" has become clearer, and catastrophic "exceptions" are proliferating as quickly as species are disappearing and climate change is accelerating. The relationship that we have with this worrying reality, to say the least, is twofold: on the one hand, we know very well what is happening to us; on the other hand, we fail to draw the appropriate theoretical and political consequences. This ecological duplicity is at the heart of what has come to be called the “Anthropocene”, a term coined at the dawn of the 21st century by Eugene Stoermer (an environmentalist) and Paul Crutzen (a specialist in the chemistry of the atmosphere) in order to describe an age when humanity would have become a "major geological force" capable of disrupting the climate and changing the terrestrial landscape from top to bottom. If the term “Anthropocene” takes note of human responsibility for climate change, this responsibility is immediately attributed to overpowering: strong as we are, we have “involuntarily” changed the climate for at least two hundred and fifty years. Therefore, let us deliberately change the face of the Earth, if necessary, install a solar shield in space. Recognition and denial fuel the signifying machine of the Anthropocene. And it is precisely what structures eco-apocalyptic cinema that this article aims to study. By "eco-apocalyptic cinema", we first mean a cinematographic sub-genre: eco-apocalyptic and post-eco-apocalyptic films base the possibility (or reality) of the end of the world on environmental grounds and not, for example, on damage caused by the possible collision of planet Earth with a comet. Post-apocalyptic science fiction (sometimes abbreviated as "post-apo" or "post-nuke") is a sub-genre of science fiction that depicts life after a disaster that destroyed civilization: nuclear war, collision with a meteorite, epidemic, economic or energy crisis, pandemic, alien invasion. Conclusion Climate and politics have been linked together since Aristotle. With Montesquieu, Ibn Khaldûn or Watsuji, a certain climatic determinism is attributed to the character of a nation. The break with modernity made the climate an object of scientific knowledge which, in the twentieth century, made it possible to document, despite the controversies, the climatic changes linked to industrialization. Both endanger the survival of human beings and ecosystems. Climate ethics are therefore looking for a new relationship with the biosphere or Gaia. For some, with the absence of political agreements, it is the beginning of inevitable catastrophes. For others, the Anthropocene, which henceforth merges human history with natural history, opens onto technical action. The debate between climate determinism and human freedom is revived. The reference to the biblical Apocalypse was present in the thinking of thinkers like Günther Anders, Karl Jaspers or Hans Jonas: the era of the atomic bomb would mark an entry into the time of the end, a time marked by the unprecedented human possibility of 'total war and annihilation of mankind. The Apocalypse will be very relevant in describing the chaos to come if our societies continue their mad race described as extra-activist, productivist and consumerist. In dialogue with different theologians and philosophers (such as Jacques Ellul), it is possible to unveil some spiritual, ethical, and political resources that the Apocalypse offers for thinking about History and human engagement in the Anthropocene. What can a theology of collapse mean at a time when negative signs and dead ends in the human situation multiply? What then is the place of man and of the cosmos in the Apocalypse according to Saint John? Could the end of history be a collapse? How can we live in the time we have left before the disaster? Answers to such questions remain unknown and no scientist can predict the trajectory of this Great Acceleration taking place at the Late Anthropocene. When science cannot give answers, Man tries to infer his destiny for the legend, religion and the fiction. Climate Fiction is developed into a recording machine containing every kind of fictions that depict environmental condition events and has consequently lost its true significance. Aware of the prospect of ecological collapse additionally as our apparent inability to avert it, we tend to face geology changes of forceful proportions that severely challenge our ability to imagine the implications. Climate fiction ought to be considered an important supplement to climate science, as a result, climate fiction makes visible and conceivable future modes of existence inside worlds not solely deemed seemingly by science, however that area unit scientifically anticipated. Hence, this chapter, as part of the book itself, aims to contribute to studies of ecocriticism, the environmental humanities, and literary and culture studies. References David P.G. Bondand Stephen E. Grasby. "Late Ordovician mass extinction caused by volcanism, warming, and anoxia, not cooling and glaciation: REPLY." Geology 48, no. 8 (Geological Society of America2020): 510. Cyril Langlois.’Vestiges de l'apocalypse: ‘le site de Tanis, Dakota du Nord 2019’. Accessed June, 6, 2021, https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/pdf/Tanis-extinction-K-Pg.pdf NajouaGharsalli,ElhoucineEssefi, Rana Baydoun, and ChokriYaich. ‘The Anthropocene and Great Acceleration as controversial epoch of human-induced activities: case study of the Halk El Menjel wetland, eastern Tunisia’. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 18(3) (Corvinus University of Budapest 2020): 4137-4166 Elhoucine Essefi, ‘On the Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Anthropocene’. International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment, 6(2). 1-14, (Sci Forschen2020): doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.168 Elhoucine Essefi. ‘Record of the Anthropocene-Great Acceleration along a core from the coast of Sfax, southeastern Tunisia’. Turkish journal of earth science, (TÜBİTAK,2021). 1-16. Chiara Xausa. ‘Climate Fiction and the Crisis of Imagination: Alexis Wright’s Carpentaria and The Swan Book’. Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 8(2), (WARWICK 2021): 99-119. Akyol, Özlem. "Climate Change: An Apocalypse for Urban Space? An Ecocritical Reading of “Venice Drowned” and “The Tamarisk Hunter”." Folklor/Edebiyat 26, no. 101 (UluslararasıKıbrısÜniversitesi 2020): 115-126. Boswell, Suzanne F. "The Four Tourists of the Apocalypse: Figures of the Anthropocene in Caribbean Climate Fiction.". Paradoxa 31, (Academia 2020): 359-378. Ayt Ougougdal, Houssam, Mohamed YacoubiKhebiza, Mohammed Messouli, and Asia Lachir. "Assessment of future water demand and supply under IPCC climate change and socio-economic scenarios, using a combination of models in Ourika Watershed, High Atlas, Morocco." Water 12, no. 6 (MPDI 2020): 1751.DOI:10.3390/w12061751. Wu, Jia, Zhenyu Han, Ying Xu, Botao Zhou, and Xuejie Gao. "Changes in extreme climate events in China under 1.5 C–4 C global warming targets: Projections using an ensemble of regional climate model simulations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 125, no. 2 (Wiley2020): e2019JD031057.https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031057 Khan, Md Jamal Uddin, A. K. M. Islam, Sujit Kumar Bala, and G. M. Islam. "Changes in climateextremes over Bangladesh at 1.5° C, 2° C, and 4° C of global warmingwith high-resolutionregionalclimate modeling." Theoretical&AppliedClimatology 140 (EBSCO2020). Gudoshava, Masilin, Herbert O. Misiani, Zewdu T. Segele, Suman Jain, Jully O. Ouma, George Otieno, Richard Anyah et al. "Projected effects of 1.5 C and 2 C global warming levels on the intra-seasonal rainfall characteristics over the Greater Horn of Africa." Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 3 (IOPscience2020): 34-37. Wang, Lawrence K., Mu-Hao Sung Wang, Nai-Yi Wang, and Josephine O. Wong. "Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change on Glaciers and Salmons." In Integrated Natural Resources Management, ed.Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, Nazih K. Shammas(Springer 2021), 1-36. Merschroth, Simon, Alessio Miatto, Steffi Weyand, Hiroki Tanikawa, and Liselotte Schebek. "Lost Material Stock in Buildings due to Sea Level Rise from Global Warming: The Case of Fiji Islands." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (MDPI 2020): 834.doi:10.3390/su12030834 Hofer, Stefan, Charlotte Lang, Charles Amory, Christoph Kittel, Alison Delhasse, Andrew Tedstone, and Xavier Fettweis. "Greater Greenland Ice Sheet contribution to global sea level rise in CMIP6." Nature communications 11, no. 1 (Nature Publishing Group 2020): 1-11.

Andean-type magmatism and the term ‘andesite’ are often used as the norm for the results of subduction of oceanic lithosphere under a continent, and the typical rock formed. Although the Andes chain occupies the whole western margin of South America, the most comprehensively studied rocks occur in the present-day Chilean territory and are the focus of this paper. Andean magmatism in this region developed from the Rhaetian-Hettangian boundary (ca. 200 Ma) to the present and represents the activity of a long-lived continental magmatic arc. This paper discusses Pre-Pleistocene volcanic, plutonic, and volcano-sedimentary rocks related to the arc that cover most of the continental mass of Chile (between the Pacific coast and the High Andes) between the latitudes of 18° and 50°S. They comprise most of the range of sub-alkaline igneous rocks, from gabbro to monzogranite and from basalt to rhyolite, but are dominated by the tonalite-granodiorite and andesite example members. Variations in the petrographic characteristics, major and trace element composition and isotopic signature of the igneous rocks can be correlated to changes in the physical parameters of the subduction zone, such as dip angle of the subducting slab, convergence rate and angle of convergence. Early Andean magmatic products (Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) are found along the Coastal Cordillera in the westernmost part of the Andes. The rock record of the subsequent stages (Late Cretaceous, Paleocene–Early Eocene, Middle Eocene–Oligocene, Miocene) is progressively shifted to the east, reflecting migration of the magmatic front towards the continent. Tectonic segmentation of the convergent margin, as attested by the magmatic record, may have occurred throughout the Andean life span but it is particularly evident from the Eocene onwards, where the evolution of the northern part of the Chilean Andes (north of 27°S latitude) is very different to that of the southern segment (south of 27°S latitude). RÉSUMÉLe magmatisme de type andin et le terme « andésite » sont souvent les appellations utilisées pour décrire les résultats de la subduction de la lithosphère océanique sous un continent, et la roche typique formée. Bien que la chaîne des Andes occupe toute la marge ouest de l'Amérique du Sud, les roches les plus étudiées se trouvent dans le territoire chilien actuel et sont l'objet de cet article. Le magmatisme andin dans cette région s'est développé depuis la limite rhéto-hettangienne (environ 200 Ma) jusqu'à aujourd'hui et représente l'activité d'un arc magmatique continental persistant. Cet article a pour sujet les roches volcaniques, plutoniques et volcano-sédimentaires du pré-Pléistocène liées à l'arc qui couvrent la majeure partie de la masse continentale du Chili (entre la côte du Pacifique et les Hautes Andes) entre les latitudes de 18° et 50°S. Elles comprennent la majeure partie de la gamme de roches ignées sous-alcalines, du gabbro à la monzogranite et du basalte à la rhyolite, mais sont dominées par des roches de type tonalite-granodiorite et andésite. Les variations des caractéristiques pétrographiques, de la composition des éléments majeurs et traces et de la signature isotopique des roches ignées peuvent être corrélées aux changements des paramètres physiques de la zone de subduction, tels que l'angle de pendage de la plaque plongeante, le taux de convergence et l'angle de convergence. Les premiers produits magmatiques andins (du Jurassique au Crétacé inférieur) se trouvent le long de la Cordillère de la Côte dans la partie la plus occidentale des Andes. La succession de roche des stades suivants (Crétacé supérieur, Paléocène – Éocène inférieur, Éocène moyen – Oligocène, Miocène) est progressivement déplacée vers l'est, reflétant la migration du front magmatique vers le continent. La segmentation tectonique de la marge convergente, comme l'attestent les enregistrements magmatiques, peut avoir eu lieu tout au long de la formation des Andes, mais elle est particulièrement évidente à partir de l'Éocène, où l'évolution de la partie septentrionale des Andes chiliennes (au nord de 27°S de latitude) est très différente de celle du segment méridional (sud de 27°S de latitude).

Unges valg av utdanning og bosted vil påvirke utviklingen også i den nordligste landsdelen. Artikkelen gir et innblikk i hvordan noen unge fra Troms ser på framtiden i nord. På den ene siden formidles en statistisk beskrivelse av framtidsperspektiver for Nord-Norge fra SSB, media og også forskere, som kan oppleves som en negativ trussel – også for ungdommen. Det demografiske framtidsbildet for landsdelen som beskrives er dystert. Dette kan bli en negativ prediksjon, nærmest en selvoppfyllende profeti. På den andre siden vokser ungdom opp i en landsdel med svært positive framtidsmuligheter; turiststrømmen øker, Nord-Norge opplever en raskere økonomisk vekst enn resten av landet, og mange nye arbeidsplasser ser dagens lys.Det er flere trekk i samfunnsutviklingen som gjør steder viktige og gjør at nye perspektiver på og teorier om sted utvikles. Økt mobilitet i verden, mer oppmerksomhet på flyt av mennesker, produkter og idéer og mer intense globaliseringsprosesser, påvirker også samfunnsmessige fenomen på nye måter i nord.Mange unge i Troms flytter for å ta utdanning og kan da både bo på flere plasser og oppleve tilhørighet til mer enn ett sted. Begrepet flerstedstilknytning og stedspolygami åpner for andre måter å forstå samhandling mellom forskjellige steder man har tilknytning til. Det er et interessant funn at en stor andel unge fra Troms ønsker å ta utdanning i utlandet. Glokale borgere med flere og parallelle identiteter, åpner for nye måter å forstå og gjenskape steder.«Mulighetens landsdel» brukes av mange om den nordligste landsdelen. I dette skjæringspunktet er ungdom utfordret, både gjennom elektronisk spørreundersøkelse, workshop og intervju om deres forståelse og syn på framtiden. Hvilke næringer ser disse ungdommene som de viktigste for regionens vekst og utvikling? Hvilke faktorer mener de unge bidrar og hindrer vekst?

Die bevrydingsteologie reageer teen strukture en praktyke wat die menswaardigheid van die mens en persoon aantas. Die wortels daarvan lê in Suid-Amerika en die VSA. Tog het Hitler se filosofie van die Ariërs as Herrenvolk en vervolging van die Jode die Tweede Wereldoorlog gemotiveer. Reeds in die oorlog het Bonhoeffer aandag gevra vir die ander mens in nood. Jy moet God dien in wat jy aan die ander doen. Dr. C. F. Beyers Naudé trek reglynig ’n parallel tussen Naziisme van Hitler en “apartheid” in Suid-Afrika (Berkhof, 1985 : 168).

Hur uppfattade den samiska ursprungsbefolkningen i Varanger i nordöstra Norge kristendomen vid sekelskiftet 1700? I domstolsprotokoll och skriftliga källor från missionärer beskrivs samerna som utövare av kristna sedvänjor som en del av sin levda religion. Den enda samiska primärkällan är en trumma som används av Anders Poulsen. I samband med rättegången mot honom i Vadsø 1692 ger han en detaljerad beskrivning av hur han använder trumman för spådomar för att hjälpa människor i nöd med hjälp av den kristna treenigheten. Den danske kungens tjänstemän var övertygade om att Satan hade lockat samerna att utföra sina tjänster. Denna demonologi stod i centrum för den danska lagstiftningen och fungerade som en ideologisk bakgrund för kolonialiseringen av samiska områden. Gränserna hade ännu inte dragits, vilket innebar att statstillhörigheten för de samer som bodde i gränsområdena stod på spel; i själva verket hade den ryska kyrkan funnits i det intilliggande samiska området Skolt sedan 1500-talet. Det sätt på vilket kristendomen praktiserades av Varanger nord-samer visar på influenser från den ryska ortodoxa tron. Anders Poulsen är ett exempel på en person vars religiösa och nationella identitet trotsar de gränser som staterna dragit upp. Han föddes på den svenska sidan av inlandet men levde större delen av sitt liv längs Norges kust. Han använde sin trumma för att hålla kontakt med de krafter som styrde vädret samt den kristna gudomligheten, varav en ansågs vara Guds moder som han också inkluderar i treenigheten. De dansk-norska missionärerna presenteras för närvarande som de som förde det kristna evangeliet till samerna. De lokala samernas levda religion erkändes inte som en kristen tro utan tolkades som en tjänst till djävulen i förklädnad. När bakgrunden var en kamp om de samiska traditionella hemländerna tjänade denna framställning av samerna som hedniska på 1700-talet den statliga kolonialismen väl. Genom att reproducera denna uppfattning i dag försummar vi en historia där den samiska befolkningen integrerade kristendomen på sina egna villkor i ett nätverk av handel, tro och mänskliga relationer.

The words fundamentalist (as both a noun and an adjective) and fundamentalism were coined in 1920 within the Northern Baptist Convention when that and other American Protestant denominations were experiencing theological turmoil due to the advance of theological modernism. It is argued in the present article that both terms initially had positive meanings when used by defenders of orthodoxy. However, within weeks of their birth both were criticised by less conservative Christians. Like many other theological terms they underwent semantic change – in this case pejoration and lexical extension. Moreover, by 1923 ‘fundamentalist’ had been extended into political journalism to refer to strict adherents of one ideology or another. The greatest change, however, and one that fixed these neologisms in the public mind in both North America and the United Kingdom, came with the widely published ‘Scopes monkey trial’ of 1925, when the association of ‘fundamentalists’ and ‘fundamentalism’ with anti-intellectualism and obscurantism reached its apogee.Die terme fundamentalis (as ’n selfstandige sowel as byvoeglike naamwoord) en fundamentalisme het binne die Noordelike Baptiste-tradisie ontstaan toe hulle en ander Amerikaanse Protestantse denominasies onrus op teologiese gebied beleef het as gevolg van die opkoms van teologiese modernisme. Die betoog in hierdie artikel is dat albei hierdie terme aanvanklik positiewe betekenis gehad het toe dit deur die beskermers van die ortodoksie gebruik is. Albei terme is egter binne weke na hulle ontstaan deur minder konserwatiewe Christene gekritiseer. Soos vele ander teologiese terme, het hierdie woorde ook semantiese veranderinge ondergaan, in hierdie geval met ongunstige betekenis en leksikale uitbreiding. Boonop is die term fundamentalis teen 1923 ook in die politieke joernalistiek gebruik om na die rigiede navolging van een of ander ideologie te verwys. Die grootste verandering, en een wat hierdie neologismes algemeen in Noord-Amerika sowel as in die Verenigde Koninkryk gevestig het, het egter gekom met die wyd gepubliseerde ‘Scopes monkey trial’ in 1925 toe die assosiasie van fundamentalis en fudamentalisme met anti-intellektualisme en verkramptheid ’n hoogtepunt bereik het.

Simpel gezegd verwijst intonatie of zinsmelodie naar veranderingen in toonhoogte die in mondelinge communicatie gebruikt worden voor het weergeven van informatie. Kinderen krijgen intonatie meestal probleemloos onder de knie, ook al duurt het een tijdje voordat ze intonatie op een volwassen manier gebruiken. Toch hebben sommige mensen moeite met intonatie. Dat is niet verwonderlijk want intonatie is complex. Intonatie behelst namelijk meer dan alleen het produceren van stijgende en dalende toonhoogtebewegingen. Een ander belangrijk aspect van intonatie is het koppelen van deze bewegingen aan een functionele betekenis. Dit omvat het leren van de inventaris van fonologisch verschillende intonatiecontouren van een bepaalde taal, het uitzoeken wat hun betekenis is, wat de gebruiksfrequentie van intonatiecontouren is, en hoe ze precies uitgesproken worden onder verschillende omstandigheden. Het produceren van taalspecifieke intonatie is dus een complexe taak. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat tweede taalverwervers dit slechts zelden perfect onder de knie krijgen. Gezien de complexiteit van intonatie is het ook niet vreemd dat in sommige spraakstoornissen afwijkingen in de intonatie worden vastgesteld. In recente jaren zijn nieuwe technieken ontwikkeld om intonatie te analyseren. Deze kunnen identificeren in hoeverre en op welke manier intonatie afwijkt van de verwachting en kunnen daarmee een bijdrage leveren aan het ontwikkelen van een gericht interventieplan.