Dissertationen zum Thema „Analyse par faisceau d'ions (IBA)“
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Xia, Bingbing. „The growth and application of thin films grown by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS576.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe have studied the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) growth mechanisms of ZnO, TiO2, Al2O3 and HfO2 thin films, in particular using stable isotopic tracing in conjunction with the isotopically sensitive ion beam analysis techniques Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) and Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA). By using ALD precursors labelled in rare isotope deuterium we distinguish the origin of the bulk and impurity elements in each of the films - from one or other of the precursors, or from residual gases in the reaction chamber. The relative contributions are followed as a function of deposition temperature, from below to above the ALD temperature window. We show by NRA determination of carbon in the films that there is a narrower temperature range, within the ALD window, for which residual contaminants are minimized. We found that the film surface structure could be smooth or rough depending on the grown materials. By growing different couples of films A-on-B or B-on-A, in differently labelled precursors, we highlight the role of the water molecule in the multilayer growth mechanism, and could observe the H and D atomic diffusion in the multilayer system. In the TiO2/ZnO multilayer system, we developed a prototype sandwich structure that facilitates proton ion transport when the multilayer film is electrically polarized in an acid electrolyte also enriched in deuterium or using deuterium labelled acids, under conditions relevant to the operation of proton ion batteries (PIB). The depth distributions of H and D established in this system by ERDA showed fast galvanostatic proton insertion and extraction. We have studied the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) growth mechanisms of ZnO, TiO2, Al2O3 and HfO2 thin films, in particular using stable isotopic tracing in conjunction with the isotopically sensitive ion beam analysis techniques Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) and Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA). By using ALD precursors labelled in rare isotope deuterium we distinguish the origin of the bulk and impurity elements in each of the films - from one or other of the precursors, or from residual gases in the reaction chamber. The relative contributions are followed as a function of deposition temperature, from below to above the ALD temperature window. We show by NRA determination of carbon in the films that there is a narrower temperature range, within the ALD window, for which residual contaminants are minimized. We found that the film surface structure could be smooth or rough depending on the grown materials. By growing different couples of films A-on-B or B-on-A, in differently labelled precursors, we highlight the role of the water molecule in the multilayer growth mechanism, and could observe the H and D atomic diffusion in the multilayer system. In the TiO2/ZnO multilayer system, we developed a prototype sandwich structure that facilitates proton ion transport when the multilayer film is electrically polarized in an acid electrolyte also enriched in deuterium or using deuterium labelled acids, under conditions relevant to the operation of proton ion batteries (PIB). The depth distributions of H and D established in this system by ERDA showed fast galvanostatic proton insertion and extraction
Reguer, Alan. „Etude et applications de nano-structures élaborées par faisceau d'ions focalisés“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22012.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFocused ion beam (FIB), developed in the early 1970’s after the development of Liquid Metal Ion Source (L. M. I. S), has recently emerged as an important technology to elaborate and to study nanostructures and nanostructure-based devices. Ions beam are now fairly routinely focused to dimensions in the nanometer range. Associated with a gas injection system (GIS), FIB is used for selective etching and deposition processes. This thesis work deals with the study of nanostructures elaborated by FIBID (Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition). FIBID uses ion energy to initiate localized chemical vapor deposition (CVD) through the decomposition of precursor molecules adsorbed on the surface. FIBID is a maskless direct writing technique that allows the deposition of sub-micronic patterns. The fabrication by FIBID of different nano-structures and their characterization (morphology, chemical composition, microstructure and electrical properties) has allowed a better understanding of the deposition process. These results have opened a wide range of applications for the FIBID technique in the field of nano electro-mechanical systems (NEMS). We present a method that allows in situ localized heating simultaneously with real time scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies. The localized heating is induced by flowing current through conductive nanowire deposited by FIBID on a 50nm thick Si3N4 membrane. Gold nanoparticles are used as thermometers for probing the local temperature of the heated Si3N4 membrane and to determine the temperature profile around the nanowire by applying a finite element analysis. These conductive nanowires are also used to initiate the synthesis of silicon nanowires by VLS (Vapor-Liquid-Solid) mechanism using Au or Ga as catalyst solvent. We have followed, in a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the nucleation and the growth of Si NWs and demonstrate that two different growth mechanisms are obtained depending on the catalyst solvent (Au or Ga)
Garric, Victor. „Etude du gonflement par cavités d'un alliage d'aluminium irradié sous faisceau d'ions“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI091.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle6061-T6 (Al-Mg-Si) aluminum alloy chose for the core of the Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR) benefits from the T6 structural hardening induced by nanoprecipitates formed after an annealing followed by a quench and an artificial ageing. Because of the thickness of reactor parts, the quench rate is far slower than what is commonly seen on usual thin plates. In order to study the influence of the quench on the microstructure and the behavior under irradiation, three 10 cm side cubes of 6061 alloy have been tempered with a T6 treatment in three different quenching conditions (water, oil and air). Treatment have been followed by microstructural investigations on each temper.The contribution of voids, formed under fast neutron flux, to the global swelling of the alloy is poorly known. Using ion irradiation on bulk TEM samples at different damage levels (from 15 dpa to 100 dpa), microstructural evolutions have been characterized and swelling has been both quantified and modeled.Triple beam irradiations (W, He, Si) alloying to obtain a consistent damage level while implanting fission products (Si, He) showed silicon implantation lead to the precipitation of a new Si enriched phase. Simple beam irradiations (Au), showed voids are localized around linear defects and dispersoïds. Implantation of helium lead to a homogeneous distribution of bubbles in the whole matrix. Acknowledging the very high dose of helium implanted, quantitative measurements of swelling has been performed exclusively on single beam irradiated samples.The measured swelling, higher than what has been observed under neutron flux, lead to consider two series of data (ions and neutrons) in order to model the swelling. The base of a swelling model has been performed and the remaining physical parameters to determine were identified
Cherkhani, Rochdi. „Simulations numériques de phénomènes non linéaires dans les systèmes faisceau d'ions-plasmas“. Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10297.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouquerel, Elian J. A. „Atomic beam merging and suppression of Alkali Contaminants in multi body high power targets : design and test of target and ion source prototypes at ISOLDE“. Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112253.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTwo key issues of developments mandatory for the forthcoming generation of ISOL target-ion source units are assessed and demonstrated in this thesis. The purity of short lived or rare radioisotopes suffer from isobaric contaminants, notably alkalis which are highly volatile and easily ionized elements. Therefore, relying on their chemical nature, temperature controlled transfer lines were equipped with a tube of quartz that aimed at trapping these unwanted elements before they reached the ion source. The successful application yields high alkali-suppression factors for several elements (ie: 80, 82mRb, 126, 142Cs, 8Li, 46K, 25Na, 114In, 77Ga, 95, 96Sr) for quartz temperatures between 300ºC and 1100ºC. The enthalpies of adsorption on quartz were measured for Rubidium and Caesium. For proton beam power of the order of 100 kW (EURISOL-DS) multi-body target units connected to a single ion-source are proposed. The so-called “Bi-Valve” target prototype aims to benchmark the engineering tools required to simulate effusion related decay losses and to validate the multi body target concept. Four isotopes were investigated online: 34,35Ar and 18,19Ne. The efficiency of the double line merging was found to be in the range of 75 to 95%. The diffusion (analytical) and effusion (Monte Carlo) code RIBO provided the profile of the effusion distribution of the isotopes within the Bi-Valve unit for the different operation modes. A mathematical expression for the probability that an isotope diffuses and effuses through the system is proposed
Lao, Jonathan. „Caractérisation par micro-faisceau d'ions des réactions physico-chimiques induites in vitro par des verres bioactifs nanostructurés élaborés par la méthode sol-gel“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718177.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLao, Jonathan. „Caractérisation par micro-faisceau d'ions des réactions physico-chimiques induites in vitro par des verres bioactifs nanostructurés élaborés par la méthode sol-gel“. Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21763.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleClouvas, Alexandre. „Excitation, ionisation et dissociation dans des cibles minces de projectiles atomiques et moléculaires et d'agrégats rapides dans le domaine hors équilibre de charge“. Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO10044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDurantel, Florent. „Mesure de luminescence induite par faisceaux d'ions lourds rapides résolue à l'echelle picoseconde“. Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC261/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe developed an instrument for measuring the luminescence induced by a heavy ion beam (nucleons 12) and energy in the range of MeV / nucleon. Based on a single photon counting method obtained by coincidences, the device can provide in the same run a 16-channel energy spectrum in the UV-visible- IR region (185-920 nm) and a time-resolved response in the range of ns up to µs for each channel. Temperature measurements can be performed from room temperature down to 30K.This work places particular emphasis on data extraction methods: Once the need to deconvolve the signals demonstrated the evaluation of different instrument profiles (simulated and reconstructed from measurements) leads to a systematic temporal characterization of each component of the device. Then, these instrumental profiles are used in two deconvolution methods: least squares first followed by maximum entropy method.Two typical materials are tested: the Strontium Titanate for the study of the dynamics of the electronic excitation, and a commercial scintillator, the BC400, for the study of the aging and the decrease of performances with fluence. In both cases, we have been able to highlight the presence of an ultrafast component of subnanosecond time constant
Hazim, Mostafa. „Mesures des sections efficaces d'ionisations de la couche K induites par des protons de haute énergie pour une large plage de numéro atomique“. Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4100/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe knowledge of the K-Shell ionization cross sections is necessary to perform quantitative analyzes with the high energy PIXE method (HEPIXE) as well as to validate theoretical models like the the ECPSSR model. Currently, experimental data available are scarce.Within this context, an experimental campaign has been conducted at the ARRONAX cyclotron with the aim of measuring these cross-sections in a wide energy range (from 30 MeV to 68 MeV) and for a wide range of atoms. In order to obtain the most precise measurements, all the parameters of the experimental devices necessary for these measurements, such as energy efficiencies and geometry of the detector, the beam and the targets, have been characterized accurately A special care has been made to select the most accurate physical parameters from the literature data, like the K-shell fluorescence yields and the X-rays emission rates. Finally, a low-energy experiment (6 MeV/u) was performed and the results are in good agreement with the bibliographic data validating our approach and our tools. This experiment also allows to link our data to the existing experimental data.A coherent and reliable set of new cross section data has been measured. The values given by the ECPSSR model in our energy range show a difference of less than 10% for heavy atoms and less than 20% for light atoms. Taking into account the relativistic effect of the projectile, model RECPSSR, reduces this difference especially for heavy elements
Zhou, Chun-Lin. „Transmission d’ions multichargés au travers de capillaires isolants“. Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor the purpose of revealing the features of the dynamic evolution of the slow highly charged ions transmission through the capillary, 27 keV Ar 9+ions were injected into individual glass capillaries. The time evolution of insulating conical shaped capillary guiding is observed in details at an injected intensity of ~10 pA and a scenario including several charge patches is introduced for explaining the dynamical evolution. This is the first report on conical capillaries which might be a good shape for high intensity micro-beams. In the MeV energy range, the experiment was performed for 71 MeV 129Xe19+ and 26. 5 MeV 78Kr 10+ to reveal the physics mechanism of fast HCIs transmission through glass capillary. The obtained ’doughnut’ shape images on the PSD for the conical capillary and the halo structure for the tapered capillary are attributed to small angle Rutherford scattering. Furthermore, energy loss is revealed by time of flight spectra, taking the advantage of the 10 MHz pulsed incident beam
Le, Pévédic Séverine. „Etude de la formation et de l'oxydation de couches minces d'alliages Al-Ni après dépôt d'Al sur un monocristal de Ni(111)“. Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165301.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGueit, Éléonore. „Coloration superficielle du béton frais via l'agent de décoffrage : comparaison avec la technique de peinture à fresque“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00686903.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleViguerie, Laurence de. „Propriétés physico-chimiques et caractérisation des matériaux du sfumato“. Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544509.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Pévédic Séverine. „Etude de la formation et de l'oxydation de couchesminces d'alliages Al-Ni après dépôt d'Al sur unmonocristal de Ni(111)“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165301.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTerlier, Tanguy. „Analyse par ToF-SIMS de matériaux organiques pour les applications en électronique organique“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10165/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the last decade, organic electronics have developed rapidly. However, the production of organic electronic devices is still impeded because of various technological barriers. Such systems have specific analytical needs and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is per se highly relevant, particularly when considering the use of a new type of ion source based on argon clusters (Arn +). The main objective of this work was therefore to understand the ion-matter interactions of such a cluster beam with the organic materials used in organic electronics. A fundamental study was carried out by comparing sputtering with three different ion beams (Cs+, C60 ++, Arn +) on organic structured samples (such as PS-b-PMMA block copolymers) and it transpired that although cluster size and energy has little effect on the observable damage to the sample, larger argon clusters induce more roughness during ToFSIMS depth profiling. This was confirmed by AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) and XPS (Xray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and a geometric model. Next, different devices in organic electronics were characterized by ToF-SIMS. The study of self-assembling PS-b-PMMA block copolymers made possible to evaluate the influence of the annealing duration and of the thickness of the layer. Furthermore, a protocol was developed to analyse stacks of inorganic/organic layers, in particular those contained in OLED devices. It was then possible to characterize the stacks of a complete organic light-emitting device whilst maintaining molecular signal and a high depth resolution of 2 nm. In parallel we identified the chemical degradation of an organic material in the stack and evaluated the efficiency of barrier layers designed to protect it. More precisely, specific signatures to the hydrolysis reaction of the layer as well as increase in moisture level after encapsulation were identified
Mony, Marie-Cécile. „Étude des cartographies chimiques élémentaires et des concentrations relatives des cations du tissu cardiaque en microscopie ionique analytique : aspects physiologiques et pharmacologiques“. Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112313.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSubercaze, Alexandre. „Utilisation combinée des rayons X et gamma émis lors de l'interaction avec la matière d'ions légers aux énergies intermédiaires : des mécanismes primaires de réaction aux applications“. Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0053/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParticle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) are multi-elemental and non-destructives techniques. They are based on the detection of characteristic X-ray and gamma emission induced by the interaction of accelerated charged particles with matter. Elements with an atomic number Z> 11 can be quantified reaching a limit of detection in the order of μg/g (ppm). X-rays from light elements are strongly attenuate by matter. Therefore, PIXE shows little sensitivity for lights elements. Those elements are analyzed simultaneously using PIGE. One of the benefits of PIXE/PIGE is its ability to perform analysis with different requirement (elemental concentration mapping, in-depth analysis, valuable objects). Homogeneous and non-homogenous samples can be studied thanks to PIXE/PIGE. High energy PIXE (HEPIXE) has been developed at the ARRONAX cyclotron using particles beams up to 70 MeV. Thus analysis of thick samples is achievable using HEPIXE. Using high energy beams can also reduce the risk of damaging the sample. First of all, the high energy PIXE/PIGE platform develop at ARRONAX is described. Then the results given by high energy PIGE analysis and the experimental procedure for gamma emission cross section measurements are discussed. Finally, the methods developed and the results obtained during the analysis of inhomogeneous samples (multi-layer and granular samples) are presented and discussed
El, Hajjar Ragheb Diana. „Développement de la méthode PIXE à haute énergie auprès du cyclotron ARRONAX“. Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMNA0137/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParticle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) is a fast, nondestructive, multi-elemental analysis technique. It is based on the detection of characteristic X-rays due to the interaction of accelerated charged particles with matter. This method is successfully used in various application fields using low energy protons (energies around few MeV), reaching a limit of detection of the order the μg/g (ppm). At this low energy, the depth of analysis is limited. At the ARRONAX cyclotron, protons and alpha particles are delivered with energy up to 70 MeV, allowing the development of the High Energy PIXE technique. Thanks to these beams, we mainly produce KX-rays, more energetic than the LX-rays used with standard PIXE for the heavy elements analysis. Thus, in depth analysis in thick materials is achievable. For light element analysis, the PIGE technique, based on the detection of gamma rays emitted by excited nuclei, may be used in combination with PIXE. First of all, we will introduce the characteristics and principles of high energy PIXE analysis that we have developed at ARRONAX. Then we will detail the performance achieved, particularly in terms of detection limit in various experimental conditions. Finally, we present the results obtained for the analysis of multilayer samples and quantification of trace elements in thick samples
De, Viguerie Laurence. „Propriétés physico-chimiques et caractérisation des matériaux du ‘sfumato'“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544509.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMathis, François. „Croissance et propriétés des couches d'oxydation et des patines à la surface d'alliages cuivreux d'intérêt archéologique ou artistique“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011255.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNous nous sommes intéressés aux couches provenant d'oxydations à haute température et aux patines intentionnelles antiques.
Nous avons développé les méthodes analytiques non destructives et les dispositifs expérimentaux les plus adaptés à ces problématiques en nous basant principalement sur les analyses par faisceau d'ions.
L'oxydation à haute température du système cuivre-étain a été étudiée de manière approfondie, tant au niveau de la nature des couches, des cinétiques de croissance que des mécanismes réactionnels. Nous avons proposé un modèle tenant compte de tous les résultats expérimentaux que nous avons obtenus, mettant en évidence le rôle inhibiteur de l'étain.
Nous avons également étudié les patines intentionnelles antiques qui sont le résultats de traitements chimiques effectués par l'artisan pour modifier l'aspect et la couleur du matériau métallique. Pour cela nous avons analysé un corpus d'objet provenant des collections de divers musées nationaux, s'étalant de l'Egypte Antique à l'Empire romain.
Ces analyses ont permis d'augmenter significativement les données présentes dans la littérature sur ce type d'objets et sur ces techniques. Elles ont permis la fabrication d'analogues de laboratoire en expérimentant différentes recettes présentes dans la littérature. Les résultats des analyses d'objets et de ces expérimentations ont permis des avancées dans la connaissance de ce type de couches d'oxyde très particulières, mais aussi dans le domaine de l'histoire des techniques et stylistique dans l'Antiquité méditerranéenne.
Betrancourt, Christopher. „Experimental study of soot formation in laminar premixed flames of fuels of interest for automobile and aeronautics : a focus on the soot nucleation process“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10203/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEmission of soot formed from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels and biomass is a serious concern due to soot’s harmful impact on human health, environment and its radiative forcing on climate. Gaining fundamental understanding of soot formation, particularly the nucleation step leading to the formation of the nascent soot particles, is critical to develop reliable predictive soot models and to help the design of more efficient and cleaner combustion devices. This work demonstrates that nascent soot particles in the size range of 2-4 nm are able to emit a black body radiation by combined Laser Induced Incandescence (LII), scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and helium-ion microscopy (HIM). These nascent soot particles are investigated in nucleation premixed flames in which soot particles are essentially formed by nucleation, without growth by soot surface processes and in standard sooting premixed flames in which growth processes occur. This work provides an extensive database for improvement of kinetics modelling of sooting flames with a focus on the soot nucleation in flames. Two kinds of fuels have been selected: n-butane and mixture of n-butane and n-propylbenzene. For each fuels two flames have been studied: a nucleation and a standard sooting flames. The database consist of species profiles obtained by online gas chromatography, temperature profiles measured by Laser induced fluorescence thermometry, soot volume fraction profiles obtained by LII calibrated by cavity ring-down extinction and particles size distributions obtained in n-butane flames by SMPS and HIM. From this database effect of equivalence ratio and fuel composition is analyzed
Belhabib, Tayeb. „Comportement thermique des défauts lacunaires induits par l’hélium et les gaz de fission dans le dioxyde d’uranium“. Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2071/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the new fourth generation nuclear plants, as in the old ones, uranium dioxide must operate in hostile environments of temperature and irradiation with the presence of fission products (FP) and alpha particles (α). Operation in these extreme conditions will induce atoms displacements and degrade the thermal and mechanical properties of UO2 fuel. Understanding the behavior of induced vacancy defects, FP and helium is crucial to predict the uranium dioxide behavior in the future nuclear reactors. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the study of vacancy defects induced by krypton and iodine implantation (a few MeV) in the UO2 polycrystalline and of their evolution under annealing. Analysis by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) has highlighted the creation of Schottky defects VU-2VO in the case of iodine implantations and formation of vacancy clusters containing the gas for krypton implantation. The temperature evolution of these defects depends on the implantation parameters (nature of the ion energy, fluence). This study showed the important roles that can play vacancy defects and the presence of fission gases in the evolution of UO2 material. Then we were interested in the study of the helium behavior in UO2 its location and migration, agglomeration and interaction with vacancy defects by using PAS and ion beam analysis (NRA/C and RBS/C). The NRA/C and RBS/C characterizations showed a localization of a large helium fraction in the octahedral interstitial sites of the UO2 matrix. The helium location in these sites remains stable for T <600°C, changing slightly between 600 and 700°C and becomes random at 800°C. Positron annihilation spectroscopy reveals three stages of vacancy defects evolution : The recombination with oxygen interstitial migration, defects agglomeration between 600 and 800°C and their dissociation and elimination when the temperature increases. These results suggest that the He transport is assisted by the vacancy defects
Bachiller, Perea Diana. „Ion-Irradiation-Induced Damage in Nuclear Materials : Case Study of a-SiO₂ and MgO“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS158/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOne of the most important challenges in Physics today is the development of a clean, sustainable, and efficient energy source that can satisfy the needs of the actual and future society producing the minimum impact on the environment. For this purpose, a huge international research effort is being devoted to the study of new systems of energy production; in particular, Generation IV fission reactors and nuclear fusion reactors are being developed. The materials used in these reactors will be subjected to high levels of radiation, making necessary the study of their behavior under irradiation to achieve a successful development of these new technologies. In this thesis two materials have been studied: amorphous silica (a-SiO₂) and magnesium oxide (MgO). Both materials are insulating oxides with applications in the nuclear energy industry. High-energy ion irradiations have been carried out at different accelerator facilities to induce the irradiation damage in these two materials; then, the mechanisms of damage have been characterized using principally Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) techniques. One of the challenges of this thesis was to develop the Ion Beam Induced Luminescence or ionoluminescence (which is not a widely known IBA technique) and to apply it to the study of the mechanisms of irradiation damage in materials, proving the power of this technique. For this purpose, the ionoluminescence of three different types of silica (containing different amounts of OH groups) has been studied in detail and used to describe the creation and evolution of point defects under irradiation. In the case of MgO, the damage produced under 1.2 MeV Au⁺ irradiation has been characterized using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in channeling configuration and X-ray diffraction. Finally, the ionoluminescence of MgO under different irradiation conditions has also been studied.The results obtained in this thesis help to understand the irradiation-damage processes in materials, which is essential for the development of new nuclear energy sources
Verruno, Marina. „Investigation of the enhancement of the performance of the SIMS instruments“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS400/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSecondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) instruments need to be improved in order to satisfy the demands of trends in many fields that require analytical tools that can map samples with both excellent resolution and high-sensitivity chemical information, but also with shorter time of analysis. The objectives of this thesis are: investigate the enhancement of the mass resolution of double focusing mass spectrometers by replacing the standard spherical sector with a novel spheroid geometry which has better focusing properties, and to investigate the reduction of the time of analysis in imaging SIMS by the proof-of-concept of the SIMS multi-ion- beam system.A comparison of the main focusing properties of the spherical sector, the spheroid geometry and a hybrid spheroid geometry, was made using the SIMION software. A comparison in a Nier-Johnson configuration between the spherical sector and the spheroid, showed that the beam presents a rotation of 90° at the exit of the magnet harming the mass resolution in the spheroid configuration. By adding an electrostatic element that can rotate the beam 90° the performance of the mass spectrometer could be improved. However, a comparison of the performances between the spherical and hybrid sectors simulated in a Mattauch-Herzog configuration, showed that when the double focusing condition is properly satisfied, better mass resolution could be achieved with the spheroid geometry.A multi-ion-beam system was investigated for SIMS analysis. A simulation through the secondary optics of a Cameca IMS XF showed successful transmission of nine beams through the optics resulting in nine well focussed spots on the multi channel plate (MCP) detector. The proof-of-concept was completed experimentally in the Cameca IMS 6F, where a multi-hole aperture was mounted in the primary column generating 9 and 16 beams of sizes between 4 μm to 10 μm. Images of an AlCu grid were obtained when t the multi-ion-beam system was scanned over the sample. These results showed that the multi-ion-beam system is a feasible technique for imaging SIMS and by optimizing the design multi-nano-ion-beams will be a solution for reducing drastically the time of analysis
Yuan, Hui. „3D morphological and crystallographic analysis of materials with a Focused Ion Beam (FIB)“. Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0134/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of current work is to optimize the serial-sectioning based tomography in a dual-beam focused ion beam (FIB) microscope, either by imaging in scanning electron microscopy (so-called FIB-SEM tomography), or by electron backscatter diffraction (so-called 3D-EBSD tomography). In both two cases, successive layers of studying object are eroded with the help of ion beam, and sequentially acquired SEM or EBSD images are utilized to reconstruct material volume. Because of different uncontrolled disruptions, drifts are generally presented during the acquisition of FIB-SEM tomography. We have developed thus a live drift correction procedure to keep automatically the region of interest (ROI) in the field of view. For the reconstruction of investigated volume, a highly precise post-mortem alignment is desired. Current methods using the cross-correlation, expected to be robust as this digital technique, show severe limitations as it is difficult, even impossible sometimes to trust an absolute reference. This has been demonstrated by specially-prepared experiments; we suggest therefore two alternative methods, which allow good-quality alignment and lie respectively on obtaining the surface topography by a stereoscopic approach, independent of the acquisition of FIB-SEM tomography, and realisation of a crossed ‘hole’ thanks to the ion beam. As for 3D-EBSD tomography, technical problems, linked to the driving the ion beam for accurate machining and correct geometrical repositioning of the sample between milling and EBSD position, lead to an important limitation of spatial resolution in commercial softwares (~ 50 nm)3. Moreover, 3D EBSD suffers from theoretical limits (large electron-solid interaction volume for EBSD and FIB milling effects), and seems so fastidious because of very long time to implement. A new approach, coupling SEM imaging of good resolution (a few nanometres for X and Y directions) at low SEM voltage and crystal orientation mapping with EBSD at high SEM voltage, is proposed. This method requested the development of computer scripts, which allow to drive the milling of FIB, the acquisition of SEM images and EBSD maps. The interest and feasibility of our approaches are demonstrated by a concrete case (nickel super-alloy). Finally, as regards crystal orientation mapping, an alternative way to EBSD has been tested; which works on the influence of channelling effects (ions or electrons) on the imaging contrast of secondary electrons. This new method correlates the simulations with the intensity variation of each grain within an experimental image series obtained by tilting and/or rotating the sample under the primary beam. This routine is applied again on a real case (polycrystal TiN), and shows a max misorientation of about 4° for Euler angles, compared to an EBSD map. The application perspectives of this approach, potentially faster than EBSD, are also evoked
Bernard, Elodie. „Comportement du deutérium dans les matériaux d’intérêt pour la fusion thermonucléaire“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112250/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlasma-wall interactions play an important part while choosing materials for the first wall in future fusion reactors. Moreover, the use of tritium as a fuel will impose safety limits regarding the total amount present in the tokamak. Previous analyses of first-wall samples exposed to fusion plasma highlighted an in-bulk migration of deuterium (used as an analog to tritium) in carbon materials. Despite its limited value, this retention is problematic: contrary to co-deposited layers, it seems very unlikely to recover easily the deuterium retained in such a way. Because of the difficult access to in situ samples, most published studies on the subject were carried out using post-mortem sample analysis.In order to access to the dynamic of the phenomenon and come apart potential element redistribution during storage, we set up a bench intended for simultaneous low energy ion implantation, reproducing the deuterium interaction with first-wall materials, and high energy microbeam analysis. Nuclear reaction analysis performed at the micrometric scale (µNRA) allows characterizing deuterium repartition profiles in situ. This analysis technique was checked to be non-perturbative.We observed from the experimental data set that the material surface (depth 0-1 µm) displays a high and nearly constant deuterium content, with a uniform distribution. On the contrary, in-bulk deuterium (1-11 µm) localizes in preferential trapping sites related to the material microstructure. In-bulk deuterium inventory seems to increase with the incident fluence, in spite of the wide data scattering attributed to the structure variation of studied regions. Deuterium saturation at the surface as well as in-depth migration is instantaneous; in-vacuum storage leads only to a small deuterium global desorption.Observations made via µNRA were combined with results from other characterization techniques. X-ray µtomography allowed identifying porosities as the preferential trapping sites for in-depth deuterium retention. Raman µspectrometry disclosed the formation of an amorphous layer at the surface, very thin (~30 nm) and deuterium saturated, following deuterium irradiation.At last, we confronted the experimental characterization obtained with existing models for deuterium behaviour in carbon materials and proposed a simple and original one. Considering that in-depth retention is due to deuterium implantation and Coulombian diffusion at the open porosity surfaces, it allows reproducing qualitatively the observed experimental profiles
Ihiawakrim, Dris. „Etude par les techniques avancées de microscopie électronique en transmission de matériaux fragiles“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAE005/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe present manuscript shows the importance of methodological and technical development to identify and to unblock locks preventing the analysis of hybrid and complex materials that undergo degradation under electron beam irradiation. We have shown that beam-induced damage to the sample only appears above some specific threshold of current density. Such a threshold depends on the nature of the material and on its morphological and structural characteristics. These developments in synergy with the use of Cryo-EM, allowed us to expose the architecture of carbon-based hybrid materials, measure the variation of the lamellar distance in a perovskite according to the molecular spacer and to the positioning of the metal, identify the interactions at the interface between two molecular crystals, and the 3D quantification of the functionalization within a MOF. Lastly, we brought to light the processes of nucleation and growth of iron oxide by in-situ liquid phase TEM
Haddad, Yara. „Investigation of the formation mechanisms of the High Burnup Structure in the spent nuclear fuel - Experimental simulation with ions beams“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS519/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis is to investigate and reproduce the specific features of the microstructure of the high burnup structure of the irradiated nuclear fuel and to explore the various relevant parameters involved in the formation of such a structure, in evaluating their importance, and in clarifying the synergies between them. This have been performed by using a very simplified model system – namely uranium dioxide single crystals- irradiated with low energy La and Xe ions at 773 K, corresponding to the temperature at the periphery of the genuine fuel. The energies and masses of bombarding ions were chosen to investigate the destabilization of the solid due to: (i) the elastic nuclear collisions and by (ii) the chemical contribution of implanting impurities at high concentrations by implanting different ions in UO₂, namely Xe and La, having very different solubility: La species are soluble in UO₂ while Xe ions are insoluble. In situ Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM) and in situ Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry in the channeling mode (RBS/C), both techniques coupled to ion irradiation, were performed to visualize, quantify and provide information with respect to the fraction of radiation-induced defects and the formation of bubbles, cavities, or precipitates. The channeling data were analyzed afterwards by Monte Carlo simulations assuming two class of defects comprising (i) randomly displaced atoms (RDA) and (ii) bent channels (BC) defects. Regarding the RDA evolution, a sharp increase step appears from 0.4 to 4.0 dpa (corresponding to a low concentration of implanted ions) regardless of nature of ions followed by a saturation of the fraction of RDA for both ions over a wide range of irradiation. A sharp increase of RDA fraction is observed specifically for crystals implanted with Xe ions at a high concentration exceeding 1.5 % (corresponding to the dose of more than 125 dpa). Regarding the BC evolution, for both ions, the evolution shows an increase in the fraction of BC up to 4.0 dpa then the fraction of BC almost saturates for Xe and La ions. In situ TEM results show that a similar radiation-induced defects appear for both ions and the same evolution of defects as a function of the fluence is observed. The various defects evolved as a function of the fluence: starting from the black dot defects formation that were observed as a first type of defects created, then dislocation lines and loops appeared and evolved until they started to be become less distinguishable, the restructuring process continued by forming a tangled dislocation network. A high density of nanometer-sized gas bubbles with a mean diameter 2 nm were observed at room temperature for the Xe-implanted crystal at a threshold dose of 4 dpa. The coupling between both techniques (in situ RBS/C and TEM) demonstrates that the difference between the two plateaus of saturation between the two ions and the dramatic increase of RDA at high concentration of implanted Xe ions can be ascribed to: (i) the solubility of La compared to Xe ions leading to the formation of nanometer-sized gas bubbles and (ii) the size of implanted species in UO₂ matrix where insoluble Xe atoms have an atomic radius much larger than the cationic radius of U⁴⁺ atoms, (La³⁺ atoms have a similar atomic radius as U⁴⁺ atoms) responsible for more stress in UO₂ crystal