Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Amazon.com (Firm) – Management“

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a composição florística, diversidade, distribuição diamétrica e estrutura horizontal de fragmentos florestais de terra firme e várzea no trecho médio da Reserva Extrativista do Rio Cajari, município de Mazagão, estado do Amapá. As florestas apresentaram relevante riqueza e diversidade florística. Registraram-se 1068 indivíduos com DAP ≥ 9,5 cm, distribuídos em 29 famílias, 68 gêneros e 84 espécies. A distribuição diamétrica das árvores apresentou-se em forma de “J” invertido, conforme tendência natural das florestas heterogêneas. As famílias Fabaceae, Lecythidaceae, Malvaceae, Chrysobalanaceae e Lauraceae foram as mais representativas em número de espécies, sendo que as espécies com maior valor de importância foram Swartzia polyphylla, Caryocar glabrum, Hevea brasiliensis, Vatairea guianensis e Virola surinamensis. A ampliação dos estudos na Resex é necessária tanto para o auxílio na criação de seu plano de manejo quanto para a subsistência das populações que vivem dentro e no seu entorno. A B S T R A C T The objective of this study was to analyze the floristic composition, diversity, diametric distribution and horizontal structure of forest fragments of firm ground and lowland in the middle section of the Extractivist Reserve of the Cajari River, municipality of Mazagão, state of Amapá. The forests presented significant richness and floristic diversity. There were 1068 individuals with DBH ≥ 9.5 cm, distributed in 29 families, 68 genera and 84 species. The diametrical distribution of the trees was inverted "J", according to the natural tendency of the heterogeneous forests. The families Fabaceae, Lecythidaceae, Malvaceae, Chrysobalanaceae and Lauraceae were the most representative in number of species, being that the species with greater value of importance were Swartzia polyphylla, Caryocar glabrum, Hevea brasiliensis, Vatairea guianensis and Virola surinamensis. The expansion of the studies in Resex is necessary both for the aid in the creation of its management plan and for the subsistence of the populations that live inside and in its surroundings. Keywords: floristic composition, floristic diversity, species trees, horizontal structure.

This article aims to characterize horizontal and diameter structure of a managed forest using graphic expression techniques. Data for this research is result of complete forest inventory (census) carried out from a block of 800 hectares, before and after selective cutting, inside Tapajós National Forest, located in the Municipality of Belterra, State of Pará, Brazil. The analysis revealed that, in relation to horizontal structure, intense cutting resulted in changes of different levels mainly to phytosociological frequency of some species, such as, Manilkara huberi, Carapa guianensis and Tabebuia serratifolia. The diameter structure of some species, such as Sextonia rubra and Dipteryx odorata, revealed changes after selective cutting under technically acceptable rates, because the stock levels of some diameter classes surpassed the limits of balance observed for polycyclic systems with silviculture based on natural regeneration. The inclusion of graphics in the harvest operating plan for the 10 most important species listed in forest management, that is, before and after selective cutting, would lead to the desirable structure maintenance.Keywords: Diameter distribution; cutting cycle; forest management; Amazonian forest; graphic techniques. ResumoEstrutura diamétrica e frequência fitossociológica de uma Floresta de Terra Firme da Amazônia brasileira antes e depois do corte seletivo. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi caracterizar a estrutura horizontal e diamétrica de uma floresta manejada usando técnicas de expressão gráfica. Os dados provieram de um inventário florestal sob completa enumeração (censo) efetuado em um bloco de 800 hectares, antes e depois de um corte seletivo dentro da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, localizada no município de Belterra, Pará. As análises mostraram que a intensidade de corte utilizada promoveu diferentes níveis de alteração na estrutura horizontal, com mudanças mais significantes nas taxas de frequência fitossociológica de algumas espécies, tais como Manilkara huberi, Carapa guianensis e Tabebuia serratifolia. A estrutura diamétrica de algumas espécies, tais como Sextonia rubra e Dipterix odorata, apresentou alterações após o corte seletivo acima de taxas tecnicamente aceitáveis, porque o nível de estoque de algumas classes de diâmetro ultrapassou limites de balanço observado para sistemas policíclicos com silvicultura baseada na regeneração natural. A inclusão de gráficos no plano de operação de colheita para as 10 espécies mais importantes listadas no manejo, isto é, antes e depois do corte seletivo, induziria à estrutura desejada a ser mantida.Palavras-chave: Distribuição de diâmetro; ciclo de corte; manejo florestal; Floresta Amazônica; técnicas gráficas.

Sistemas de manejos das plantas daninhas, utilizando diferentes estratégias de controle, podem alterar a dinâmica populacional das plantas e favorecer o controle de algumas espécies. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a ocorrência de plantas daninhas antes e após cultivo de feijão-caupi, em plantio direto, sob quatro formas de manejo da vegetação natural (sem roçada, com roçada, uso de fogo e dessecação com glyphosate) em área da savana Amazônica no estado de Roraima. As avaliações foram realizadas mediante a aplicação do método do quadrado inventário. As plantas daninhas situadas nas áreas amostradas foram cortadas rente ao solo, identificadas e quantificadas. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos analisados foram: frequência relativa, densidade relativa, abundância relativa, índice de valor de importância e índice de similaridade. As principais famílias identificadas foram Cyperaceae, Poaceae e Fabaceae. As formas de manejo da vegetação natural da savana de Roraima para o cultivo do feijão-caupi favoreceram a emergência de 10 espécies de um total de 29. O manejo com o herbicida glyphosate proporcionou o desenvolvimento das espécies Digitaria insularis e Hynchelitrum repens e o controle de 12 espécies, entre elas o Trachypogon plumosus, importante forrageira da região em estudo. O manejo da vegetação natural com o fogo favoreceu o surgimento da espécie Desmodium tortuosum. O manejo com glyphosate promoveu alterações na comunidade infestante de plantas daninhas, nesse foi observado os menores índices de similaridade entre os sistemas de manejo avaliados.Palavras-chave: fitossociologia; Vigna unguiculata; vegetação natural; manejo com fogo. OCCURRENCE OF WEEDS IN COWPEA CULTURE UNDER FOUR HANDLES IN THE WESTERN AMAZON ABSTRACT: Weed management systems, using different control strategies, can change the population dynamics of plants and favor the control of some species.The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of weeds before and after cowpea cultivation under no-tillage under four forms of natural vegetation management (no-till, no-till, use of fire and glyphosate desiccation) in an area of savannah of Roraima. Evaluations were performed by applying the inventory square method. Weeds located in the sampled areas were sectioned close to the ground, identified and quantified. The phytosociological parameters analyzed were: relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance, importance value index and similarity index. The main families identified were Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae. The management of the natural vegetation of the Roraima savanna for cowpea cultivation favored the emergence of 10 species out of 29. Management with the herbicide glyphosate provided the appearance of the species Digitaria insularis and Hynchelitrum repens and the control of 12 species, including the Trachypogon plumosus, an important savanna forage. The management of natural vegetation with fire favored the emergence of the species Desmodium tortuosum. Glyphosate management caused changes in the weed community, which showed the lowest similarity indexes between the evaluated management systems.Keywords: phytosociology; Vigna unguiculata; natural vegetation; fire management.

In the Amazon region, it is common the conversion of natural environments for the cultivation of pastures using fire. This management releases a large part of the organic carbon present in the soil to the atmosphere, mainly affecting the attributes of the soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial variability of organic carbon and carbon stock in areas in União Bandeirantes, RO state. In the field, three areas were selected: brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha) and mombaça (Panicum maximum) and forest, where sampling grids were demarcated with regular spacing of 10 x 10 m, with 70 sampling points being collected in the pasture areas and 60 in the forest area, at depths of 0.00-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m. In the laboratory, determined: soil density, organic carbon and estimated carbon stock were. Along with the data obtained, descriptive statistics, average test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and geostatistical analysis were performed. All soil attributes showed spatial dependence in all areas, with some attributes showing greater variability. Through the kriging maps, it was possible to spatially relate the attributes, visualize the spatial distribution and verify management zones for the areas.Keywords: spatial distribution, Amazon rain forest, organic matter. Variabilidade espacial do carbono orgânico e do estoque de carbono do solo em áreas de pastagem em União Bandeirantes, Rondônia RESUMONa região amazônica é comum a conversão de ambientes naturais para o cultivo de pastagens com o uso do fogo. Esse manejo libera grande parte do carbono orgânico presente no solo para a atmosfera, afetando principalmente os atributos do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial do carbono orgânico e do estoque de carbono em áreas de União Bandeirantes, RO. No campo, foram selecionadas três áreas: braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha) e mombaça (Panicum maximum) e mata, onde foram demarcadas grades amostrais com espaçamento regular de 10 x 10 m, sendo coletados 70 pontos amostrais nas áreas de pastagem e 60 nas a área de mata, nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m. Em laboratório, determinou-se: densidade do solo, carbono orgânico e estoque de carbono estimado. Juntamente com os dados obtidos, foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas, teste de média, teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov e análise geoestatística. Todos os atributos do solo apresentaram dependência espacial em todas as áreas, com alguns atributos apresentando maior variabilidade. Através dos mapas de krigagem foi possível relacionar espacialmente os atributos, visualizar a distribuição espacial e verificar as zonas de manejo das áreas.Palavras-chave: distribuição espacial, floresta amazônica, matéria orgânica

O uso do fogo no manejo da terra é quase onipresente nas propriedades rurais e urbanas na Amazônia após as mudanças climáticas ocorridas nas últimas décadas. Desta forma, objetivou-se nesta pesquisa, analisar a dinâmica temporal dos focos de calor na mesorregião Sudeste paraense entre 2010 e 2017 e, por conseguinte, propor um modelo de pressão-resposta para o atual cenário. Os dados de focos de calor foram adquiridos do satélite AQUA_M-T, a partir do processamento realizado no banco de dados online do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) no período compreendido e posteriormente empregado técnicas de SIG para a criação de uma superfície de densidades, utilizando o estimador de Kernel. Os resultados sinalizaram um alerta à mesorregião, em especial aos municípios que fazem parte do arco do desmatamento. O ano de 2010 teve o maior quantitativo de casos, existindo forte influência de fenômenos como El Niño e de atividades humanas, que foram responsáveis pela maioria das ocorrências de focos. Já os meses com maiores registros foram agosto, setembro e outubro, representando 81% dos focos referentes ao total registrado, coincidindo com o período do inverno amazônico na região, apontando a conjuntura do agronegócio como responsável pelas modificações ambientais ocorridas nos últimos anos.Palavras-chave: monitoramento ambiental; fogo; alteração no ambiente; Amazônia. TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF HOTSPOTS AND THEIR PRESSURE CONDUCTORS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN TERRITORY OF PARÁ ABSTRACT: The use of fire in land management is almost omnipresent in rural and urban properties in the Amazon after the climate changes that have occurred in recent decades. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyse the temporal dynamics of the hotspots in the Southeast region of Pará between 2010 and 2017 and, consequently, to propose a pressure-response model for the current scenario. The data of hotspots were acquired from the AQUA_M-T satellite, from the processing performed in the online database of the National Institute of Space Research (INPE) in the period understood and later employed GIS techniques for the creation of a surface of densities, using the Kernel estimator. The results signalled an alert to the mesoregion, especially to the municipalities that are part of the arc of deforestation. The year 2010 had the highest number of cases, with a strong influence of phenomena such as El Niño and human activities, which were responsible for the majority of outbreaks. The months with the highest records were August, September and October, representing 81% of the outbreaks referring to the total recorded, coinciding with the Amazonian winter period in the region, indicating the agribusiness environment as responsible for the environmental changes that occurred in recent years.Keywords: environmental monitoring; fire; alteration in the environment; Amazon.

No Brasil pode-se encontrar as mais diversas formações da vegetação, elas por vez classificam-se em biomas. Entretanto, na última década, os biomas brasileiros têm enfrentado desafios relacionados à manutenção do seu ecossistema. Dentre esses desafios destacam-se as queimadas, que apresentam cada vez mais focos de calor em suas extensões sem poupar nem mesmo as áreas protegidas por lei, denominadas Unidades de Conservação (UCs). O Cerrado é o maior bioma em biodiversidade e é o segundo mais afetado em queimadas, perdendo apenas para o bioma Amazônico. Cabe salientar que boa parte da área afetada no Cerrado é afetada por Unidades de Conservação, extremamente importantes para a preservação do ecossistema local. Esses dados foram analisados e constatados a partir do programa de monitoramento de INPE – Queimadas que aborda detalhadamente as informações dia a dia, e trabalhados com auxílio da ferramenta geotecnológica de sistema de informação geográfica (SIG), para aumentar a compreensibilidade, com o objetivo de dar sustentação e obter apoio relacionado às políticas públicas direcionadas a esses eventos, servindo também como subsídio para demonstrar possíveis fraquezas na elaboração de novas políticas. Os resultados encontrados mostram o número de focos de calor nas áreas preservadas pode estar relacionada com as características do local ou com as práticas de gestão de controle do fogo, ressaltando a importância do conhecimento dos povos indígenas tradicionais para a utilização de fogo como instrumento de prevenção de grandes incêndios nas áreas preservadas. Por fim, o planejamento da gestão ambiental das áreas protegidas do bioma é fundamental para a manutenção ambiental do ecossistema, além do ponto de vista econômico e social.Palavras-chave: queimadas, geotecnologias, subsídio, legislação ambiental. Public Policies Toward the Reduction of Heat Flares in Conservation Units and Indigenous Areas: The Case of the Cerrado Biome A B S T R A C TIn Brazil we can find the most diverse formations of vegetation, which in turn are classified into biomes. However, in the last decade, Brazilian biomes have faced challenges related to the maintenance of their ecosystem. Among these challenges, the fires stand out, which present more and more sources of heat in their extensions without even sparing the areas protected by law, called Conservation Units (UCs). The Cerrado is the largest biome in biodiversity and is the second most affected by fires, second only to the Amazon biome. It is worth noting that a large part of the affected area in the Cerrado is affected by Conservation Units, extremely important for the preservation of the local ecosystem. These data were analyzed and verified from INPE's monitoring program - Fires, which addresses the information in detail day by day, and worked on with the help of the geotechnological tool of geographic information system (GIS), to increase comprehensibility, with the objective of giving support and obtaining support related to public policies directed to these events, also serving as a subsidy to demonstrate possible weaknesses in the elaboration of new policies. The results found show the number of hotspots in preserved areas may be related to the characteristics of the location or to fire control management practices, highlighting the importance of the knowledge of traditional indigenous peoples for the use of fire as a tool to prevent large fires in preserved areas. Finally, planning the environmental management of the protected areas of the biome is fundamental for the environmental maintenance of the ecosystem, in addition to the economic and social point of view..Keywords: fires, geotechnologies, subsidy, environmental legislation.

Carbon removal is one, if not the, hottest topic in today’s battle over correcting the global course of climate change, and direct air capture (DAC) is the current darling of the carbon removal space. DAC works to gather CO2 directly from the atmosphere with an engineered system, like how trees absorb CO2 for photosynthesis, only faster and with a smaller, but manmade, overall footprint. Popular systems use chemical reactions to extract CO2 from the captured air. Once captured, the CO2 is compressed and stored in geological formations deep in the ground, or in some cases, used to produce low-carbon-intensity products like diesel or aviation fuel. The rest of the captured air is returned to the atmosphere. The Biden administration has put its weight behind the expansion of DAC facilities in the US. The recent Inflation Reduction Act included tax credits for DAC CO2 as well as broadening the eligibility of qualified DAC facilities. It decreases the amount of CO2 capture requirements from 100,000 tonnes per year to just 1,000. In addition, the US Department of Energy (DOE) recently awarded up to $1.2 billion for a pair of DAC facilities in Texas and Louisiana. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm called the award a “once-in-a-generation investment.” When announced in August 2023, it was the world’s largest investment in engineered carbon removal. The projects—Battelle’s Project Cypress and 1PointFive’s South Texas DAC hub—are expected to eventually remove greater than 250 times more CO2 than the largest DAC facility currently operating. The US government isn’t the only entity putting their money where their mouth is when it comes to DAC. Some of the most active investors read like a who’s who of the tech industry. Microsoft has signed on to use Climeworks services and agreed to purchase up to 315,000 metric tons of CO2 removal from Heirloom Carbon Technologies. Climeworks operates a DAC plant in Iceland. It is one of the biggest globally, capturing and storing 36,000 mtpa of CO2. Both Climeworks and Heirloom are partners in Project Cypress. Climeworks’ estimated $12-million Orca plant came online in September 2021 and is due to capture 4,000 tonnes of CO2 from the air every year—equivalent to the emissions from about 870 cars. The captured CO2 is then mixed with water and injected into basalt rock 1 km underground, where it slowly turns into a solid carbonate mineral over a 2-year period. Amazon is purchasing 250,000 metric tons of carbon removal credits over a 10-year period from 1PointFive’s $1-billion Stratos DAC project in Ector County, Texas, and investing in CarbonCapture Inc. The DAC investment is part of Amazon’s Climate Pledge to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2040. In April, online payment firm Stripe teamed up with Google parent Alphabet, Facebook parent Meta, Shopify, and McKinsey to launch an initiative called Frontier, which plans to purchase $925 million worth of carbon removal by 2030 from carbon removal companies in an effort to advance research and development efforts and lower costs.

MAPPING DISASTER RISK BY FOREST FIRE IN THE AMAZON: a multifactorial approach in the municipality of Moju (PA)MAPEO DEL RIESGO DE DESASTRE POR INCENDIO FLORESTAL EN LA AMAZONÍA: un enfoque multifactorial en el municipio de Moju (PA)RESUMONo estado do Pará o município de Moju é um dos que apresentam a maior quantidade de focos de calor conforme dados oficiais. Note-se que a base de suas atividades econômicas são a agricultura familiar e as plantações de dendê e coco-da-baía, diante disso propôs-se questionar sobre o risco não apenas da existência de incêndios florestais, mas da magnitude das consequências socioeconômicas deles. A pesquisa bibliográfica e documental em artigos acadêmicos e científicos, dissertações e teses possibilitou a compreensão do significado de mapeamento de áreas de risco de incêndio florestal identificadas no mapa de risco, bem como a possibilidade de desenvolver com base teórica e metodológica a criação de um mapeamento e ponderação de aspectos socioeconômicos expressado no mapa de vulnerabilidade, a fim de refinar um produto final na elaboração do mapa de risco de desastre. Assim, objetivo deste artigo é mostrar e discutir a incorporação de fatores sociais e econômicos na formulação dos mapas de risco de incêndio florestal. Mais precisamente, um Mapa de Risco de Desastre por Incêndio Florestal (MRDIF), que consiste na fusão entre Mapas de Risco de Incêndio Florestal e um Mapa Avaliativo Socioeconômico. Como resultado imediato da formação do MRDIF é o planejamento de ações preventivas. Percebeu-se que houve variação nas áreas de risco dos mapas com e sem a inclusão dos aspectos socioeconômicos, o que pode indicar quais sejam as áreas principais para ações a fim de diminuir os riscos ou as consequências dos possíveis desastres causados por incêndios florestais. Palavras-chave: Gestão de Risco; Incêndios Florestais; Uso do Solo na Amazônia; Cartografia.ABSTRACTIn the state of Pará, the municipality of Moju is one of those with the highest number of hot spots according to official data. It should be noted that the basis of its economic activities are family farming and oil palm and coconut plantations. In view of this, it was proposed to ask about the risk not only of the existence of forest fires, but of the magnitude of their socioeconomic consequences. Bibliographic and documentary research in academic and scientific articles, dissertations and theses made it possible to understand the meaning of mapping areas of forest fire risk identified in the risk map, as well as the possibility of developing a mapping with theoretical and methodological basis. and weighting of socioeconomic aspects expressed in the Vulnerability Map, in order to refine a final product in the preparation of the disaster risk map. Thus, the objective of this article is to show and discuss the incorporation of social and economic factors in the formulation of forest fire risk maps. More precisely, a Forest Fire Disaster Risk Map (FFDRP), which consists of the merger between Forest Fire Risk Maps and a Socioeconomic Assessment Map. As an immediate result of the formation of FFDRP is the planning of preventive actions. It was noticed that there was variation in the risk areas of the maps with and without the inclusion of socioeconomic aspects, which may indicate what are the main areas for actions in order to reduce the risks or the consequences of possible disasters caused by forest fires.Keywords: Risk Management; Fire Forest; Land Use in the Amazon; Cartography.RESUMENEn el estado de Pará, el municipio de Moju es una de las regiones con el mayor número de focos de calor según datos oficiales. Cabe señalar que la base de sus actividades económicas son la agricultura familiar y las plantaciones de palma aceitera y coco, en vista de esto, se propuso preguntar sobre el riesgo no solo de la existencia de incendios forestales, sino de la magnitud de sus consecuencias socioeconómicas. La investigación bibliográfica y documental en artículos académicos y científicos, disertaciones y tesis permitió comprender el significado de las áreas de mapeo de riesgo de incendio forestal identificadas en el mapa de riesgo, así como la posibilidad de desarrollar un mapeo con base teórica y metodológica. y ponderación de los aspectos socioeconómicos expresados en el mapa de vulnerabilidad, con el fin de refinar un producto final en la preparación del mapa de riesgo de desastres. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es mostrar y discutir la incorporación de factores sociales y económicos en la formulación de mapas de riesgo de incendios forestales. Más precisamente, un Mapa de Riesgo de Desastres por Incendios Forestales (MRDIF), que consiste en la fusión entre Mapas de riesgo de incendios forestales y un Mapa de evaluación socioeconómica. Como resultado inmediato de la formación de MRDIF es la planificación de acciones preventivas. Se observó que hubo variación en las áreas de riesgo de los mapas con y sin la inclusión de aspectos socioeconómicos, lo que puede indicar cuáles son las principales áreas de acción para reducir los riesgos o las consecuencias de posibles desastres causados por incendios forestales.Palabras clave: Gestión de Riesgos; Incendios Florestales; Uso del Suelo en la Amazonia; Cartografía.

ESTIMATIVA DO SALDO DE RADIAÇÃO DO AÇAÍ IRRIGADO POR MEIO DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO NO LESTE DA AMAZÔNIA EWELYN REGINA ROCHA SILVA 1; DENILSON BARRETO DA LUZ2; DENIS DE PINHO SOUSA3; LUCAS BELÉM TAVARES4; BERNARDO BARBOSA DA SILVA5 E PAULO JORGE DE OLIVEIRA PONTE DE SOUZA6 1 Mestre em Agronomia pelo programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia – PgAgro, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, Terra Firme, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brasil, ewelynrocha@gmail.com. 2 Graduando em Agronomia, Laboratório de Agrometeorologia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, Terra Firme, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brasil, denilsong97@gmail.com. 3 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Doutor em Agronomia, Fiscal de Meio Ambiente na Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade do Pará, Rua do Utinga, n° 717, bairro Curió Utinga, CEP: 66610-010, Belém, PA, Brasil, denisdepinho@agronomo.eng.br. 4 Mestrando no programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, Terra Firme, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brasil, lucas.belem.tavares@gmail.com. 5 Centro de Tecnologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Campina Grande, 58429-900, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, bernardo.silva@ufcg.edu.br. 6 Instituto Socioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Laboratório de Agrometeorologia, professor no programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, Terra Firme, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brasil, paulo.jorge@ufra.edu.br. 1 RESUMO Muitas áreas na Amazônia foram modificadas, alterando as trocas energéticas neste ambiente. Essa mudança é uma das responsáveis pelas variações no saldo de radiação (Rn), pois afetam a troca de energia entre a superfície e a atmosfera. O objetivo foi estimar o Rn em uma área de açaí irrigado na Amazônia Oriental. Foram utilizadas imagens do satélite Landsat 8, do dia sequencial do ano (DSA) 151/2018 e DSA 241/2019, referente às órbitas/pontos 222/61 e 223/61, respectivamente. O Rn foi obtido por meio do algoritmo Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land – SEBAL, que se fundamenta na radiância dos canais reflexivos e termal do sensor. Os resultados (sensor x superfície) mostraram-se satisfatórios com valores de erro absoluto médio (EAM) iguais a 4,92 W/m2 e 15,66 W/m2, erro relativo médio (ERM) iguais a 0,98 % e 3,4 % para DSA 151 e o DSA 241, respectivamente. Observou-se a capacidade do SEBAL em diferenciar tipos de coberturas do solo, o que proporcionou elaborar a distribuição espacial do Rn na cena analisada e no plantio de açaí, demostrando assim, a sensibilidade do modelo e a importância da variabilidade espacial existente na área, essas informações podem auxiliar as tomadas de decisões quanto ao manejo de irrigação. Keywords: sebal, variabilidade espacial, landsat 8. SILVA, E. R. R.; LUZ, D. B.; SOUSA; D. P.; TAVARES, L.B. SILVA, B. B.; SOUZA, P. J. O. P. ESTIMATION OF THE RADIATION BALANCE OF IRRIGATED AÇAÍ THROUGH REMOTE SENSING IN EAST AMAZONIA 2 ABSTRACT Many areas in the Amazon have been modified, altering the energy exchanges in this environment. This change is a factor responsible for variations in the radiation balance (Rn), as they affect the energy exchange between the surface and the atmosphere. The objective was to estimate the Rn in an açaí irrigated area in Eastern Amazon. Landsat 8 satellite images of the sequential day of the year (DSA) 151/2018 and DSA 241/2019, referring to orbits/points: 222/61 and 223/61, respectively, were used. The Rn was obtained through the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land - SEBAL algorithm, which is based on the radiance of the reflective and thermal bands of the sensor. The results (sensor x surface) were satisfactory with mean absolute error (EAM) values ​​equal to 4.92 W/m2 and 15.66 W/m2, mean relative error (ERM) equal to 0.98% and 3.4% for DSA 151 and DSA 241, respectively. SEBAL's ability to differentiate types of land cover was observed, which provided the elaboration of the spatial distribution of Rn in the analyzed scene and in the açaí planting, so demonstrating the sensitivity of the model and the importance of spatial variability in the area, this information can help in decision-making regarding irrigation management. Keywords: sebal, spatial variability, landsat 8.

Theoretical basis This case focuses on valuation using various methods to price a firm. Students attempting this case should know the basics of how to value a company using discounted cash flow, comparable multiples and comparable transactions. Students will need to calculate the weighted average cost of capital using comparable companies and the capital asset pricing model and determine differences in value created by an acquisition vs a leveraged buyout (LBO). The case also discusses qualitative issues in mergers, such as fit between target and acquirer, integration issues, potential high debt from LBO. Research methodology This case was library-researched, using Amazon and Whole Foods public filings and business press papers. Case overview/synopsis Whole Foods Markets received a buyout offer from Amazon. Whole Foods could solicit offers from other firms, including firms more directly in the grocery business. Whole Foods also considered a management buyout or purchase by a private equity firm. Whole Foods had underperformed, with a falling stock price and reduced profitability. Amazon’s bid was attractive, a premium of about 40 per cent over Whole Foods’ pre-merger stock price. Whole Foods also wanted to consider issues such as culture. Whole Foods’ strategy was to sell organic foods at premium prices, while Amazon was a retail discounter with a largely online business. Complexity academic level This case is appropriate for graduate students at the end of their introductory course or for graduate or undergraduate students in a corporate finance elective, particularly a merger/restructuring elective. The case has been used in an advanced undergraduate finance elective, with a team presenting the case to the class, with remaining students in the class required to write case summaries and questions for the presenting group.

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O estado de Roraima apresenta uma ampla diversidade geomorfológia e pedológica, os quais são resultado da combinação dos fatores de formação do solo. O Estado pode ser dividido em três grandes ecossistemas: as savanas, as florestas e as campinaranas, todos com características bastante contrastantes. A atividade pecuária está inserida nessa diversidade, sendo muitas vezes associada à degradação física do solo. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar e comparar as propriedades físico-hídricas do Argissolo Amarelo sob os ecossistemas de savana e floresta natural, convertidos em sistema de pastagem. Os tratamentos foram áreas representativas de savana natural e savana convertida em pastagem, floresta natural e floresta convertida em pastagem. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcela subdividida (tratamentos e profundidades), as propriedades avaliadas foram: RP, Densidade do Solo e de Partículas, Granulometria, CAD, Retenção de Umidade, Grau de Floculação da Argila, Porosidade Total, Umidade Gravimétrica, Argila Dispersa, DMP, DMG, Índice de Sensibilidade, Classes de Agregados e MO. A granulometria foi diferente em savana e floresta, sendo mais arenosa na savana, o que pode ter influenciado nos demais atributos. A relação silte/argila foi baixa, evidenciando o elevado estágio de intemperismo desses solos. A densidade do solo foi superior nas duas áreas de Savana, não havendo diferença entre Savana Convertida (SC) e Savana Natural (SN) em nenhuma das profundidades. A conversão da Floresta Natural (FN) provocou aumento significativo da DS apenas na camada superficial, sendo que na profundidade não houve diferença entre FN e Floresta Convertida (SC). O valor médio de DP encontrado foi de 2,66 g cm-3 característico de solos cauliníticos. A RP variou em função das áreas e da profundidade, o maior valor foi encontrado na SC e o menor na área de FN, houve influencia da conversão neste atributo. A Umidade do solo apresentou diferenças entre os tratamentos, entretanto, a umidade não variou significativamente com a profundidade em nenhum dos tratamentos. A Porosidade Total foi superior na FN e inferior na Savana Convertida, houve diminuição da porosidade com a profundidade. A conversão da floresta não afetou o tamanho dos agregados em nenhuma das profundidades, não havendo efeito prejudicial à estabilidade de agregados com a instalação da pastagem, o mesmo não ocorreu na área de savana. A CAD foi maior na Floresta Natural apenas na profundidade de 0 a 10 cm. Nesta mesma profundidade não diferiram os demais tratamentos. A retenção de umidade foi maior onde ocorreu menor densidade e maior porosidade, sendo também relacionada com a profundidade e matéria orgânica. A matéria orgânica do foi superior nas áreas de Floresta, especialmente na FN que diferiu da FC apenas na profundidade de 0 a 10 cm, enquanto nas as áreas de savana não houve diferença em nenhuma das profundidades. Concluiu-se que a conversão dos ambientes naturais em pastagem provocou alterações significativas em alguns atributos físico-hídricos e as áreas de savana mostraram-se menos sensíveis às alterações provocadas pela implantação da pastagem.
The Roraima state shows a wide geomorphologic and soil diversity, which are results of the soil formation factor combinations. The state can be divided in three great ecosystems: the savannas, the forests and campinaranas, each one with contrasting characteristics. The livestock activity is inserted in this environmental diversity, being many times associated with the soil physics degradation. The present study was made in this context, the objective was to evaluate and compare the soil physics properties of an Yellow Argisol under savanna and forest natural areas, converted in pasture system. Representative areas of those ecosystems were selected in natural e converted order. The delineation were a randomized blocks in Split plot scheme (treatments and depth), being evaluated the following physical properties: penetration resistance (PR), soil density (SD) and particle density (PD), texture, available water capacity (AWC), moisture retention (MR), clay flocculation degree, total porosity (TP), gravimetric moisture, dispersed clay, aggregate stability, sensitivity index and soil organic matter. The texture was different between savanna and forest, being sandier on savanna, this may influenced the other attributes. The silt/clay relation was low, evidencing the high weathering state of these soils. The soil density was superior in both savanna areas, dont showing differences between Converted Savanna (CS) and Natural Savanna (NS) in any depth. The conversion of the Natural Forest (NF) caused an increase of SD only on the superficial depth, therefore not having difference between NF and Converted Forest (CF). The average PD value was 2,66 g cm-3 that is typical of kaolinite. The PR varied in function of the areas and the depths, the greater value was observed on CS and the minor on the NF, having influence of the conversion in this attribute. The moisture values presented differences between the treatments; however, this attribute doesnt vary with the depth in any treatment. The TP was superior on NF and inferior on CS, having TP decrease with the depths. The forest conversion doesnt affected the aggregate size in any depths, having no harmful effects to the aggregate stability with the pasture installation, the savanna areas doesnt show the same reaction. The AWC was only superior on the NF at 0 10 cm depth. The other treatments did not differ at this same depth. The MR was greater where occurred minor density and major porosity, being also related with the depth and organic matter. This attribute was superior on the forests areas, especially at NF, that differed from the CF only at the 0 10 cm depth. Among the savanna areas were not observed differences in any depths. It was concluded that the natural environment conversions at pasture systems caused significant changes in some physical attributes and the savanna areas were less sensitive to the changes that were caused to the pasture deployment.

As crescentes preocupações com a mitigação das mudanças do clima levaram à criação de mecanismos de mercado que recompensassem financeiramente ações adicionais de remoção de gases do efeito estufa da atmosfera através de projetos voltados ao mercado de carbono. Embora, no âmbito do Protocolo de Kyoto, apenas atividades florestais de florestamento e reflorestamento sejam consideradas elegíveis, a maturação do mercado voluntário de carbono levou regimes de mercado como o Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) a aceitaram, entre outras, atividades de projeto envolvendo a melhoria do manejo florestal, incluindo a conversão da exploração madeireira convencional (EC) para o manejo florestal com exploração de impacto reduzido (MF-EIR), atividade esta que, muito provavelmente, estará inclusa no escopo de um futuro programa florestal de mitigação das mudanças do clima, o REDD+ (redução de emissões do desmatamento e degradação florestal mais os benefícios do seqüestro de carbono através de melhorias do manejo florestal). Utilizando uma série histórica de 16 anos de dados de uma área florestal explorada através da EC e do MFEIR em Paragominas, Estado do Pará, estimou-se os impactos dos tratamentos na dinâmica do carbono ao longo do tempo, sob a perspectiva de um projeto florestal de crédito de carbono envolvendo a conversão da EC para o MF-EIR. A comparação entre os tratamento MF-EIR e EC em relação às taxas de regeneração dos estoques de carbono apontou diferenças estatísticas significativas (P < 0,001). O tratamento MF-EIR apresentou um incremento médio observado de 12,30 Mg C ha-1 ano-1 e estimado de 13,01 Mg C ha-1 ano-1, enquanto que o tratamento EC apresentou um incremento médio observado de 5,42 Mg C ha-1 ano-1 e estimado de 5,43 Mg C ha-1 ano-1. O volume de créditos de carbono estimado para o projeto envolvendo a conversão da EC para o MFEIR foi de 61,81 VCUs ha-1. Considerando um buffer de créditos da ordem de 15%, o volume dos créditos passível de comercialização passou para 52,54 VCUs ha-1. A análise econômica realizada, considerando cenários distintos envolvendo a área do projeto (500; 1.000; 5.000; e 10.000 ha) e o preço do crédito de carbono (US$ 5,00; US$ 7,50; e US$ 10,00 unidade-1), resultou em uma matriz de resultados onde apenas projetos com área superior a 1.000 ha seriam possivelmente viáveis economicamente à atividade de projeto de carbono em questão. Por fim, o valor mínimo estimado do crédito de carbono para que não haja prejuízo financeiro aos madeireiros pela postergação do início do segundo ciclo de corte na área do projeto, tempo necessário para que os estoques de carbono da biomassa arbórea viva atinjam seu valor inicial pré-exploração, foi de US$ 5,33 por unidade, estando dentro da faixa de preços praticados pelo mercado de carbono apontada pela literatura.
Growing concerns over global climate change led to the development of market mechanisms that financially compensate additional retention or sequestration of greenhouse gases (GHGs). While under the Kyoto Protocol only forest activities related to afforestation and reforestation are eligible for compensation, maturation of voluntary carbon markets led to schemes such as the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) to accept other sorts of forest-based offsets, such as the conversion from conventional logging (CL) to reduced-impact logging (RIL). It is anticipated that this sort of activity will also be included in the scope of the future REDD+ program (reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus the carbon sequestration benefits of improved forest management). Carbon dynamics over a16 year period after CL and RIL in Paragominas, Pará State, Brazil was assessed. The observed and estimated mean annual increments in carbon stocks after RIL were 12.30 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 and 13.01 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. After CL, in contrast, the annual increments in carbon stocks (observed and estimated) were only 5.42 Mg Cha-1 yr-1 and 5.43 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, respectively. The amount of carbon credits estimated for the project involving the conversion from CL to RIL was 61.81 VCUs ha-1. Assuming buffer credits of 15%, tradable carbon was reduced to 52.54 VCUs ha-1. The economic analysis performed, considering different scenarios involving the project area (500; 1,000; 5,000 and 10,000 ha) and carbon credit prices (USD 5.00; USD 7.00 and USD 10.00 unit-1), resulted in an array of results where only projects >1,000 ha would likely be economically viable. Finally, the minimum estimated carbon credit price that would imply in no financial loss to loggers by delaying the start of the second cutting cycle, that is, the, time required for the live carbon stocks to reach their pre-logging values, was USD 5.33 per unit, which is within the range of prices observed on the current carbon market.

One recent quote for the role of CEOs and other C-Suite executives on the innovation of a firm is: "Innovation executives are not expected to be the innovators, but the great ones can facilitate ideation processes effectively to generate great ideas" (Soloman, 2005). This paper explores the role of CEO/Top Executive participation in innovation in modern business. At the turn of the 20th century, there were many great inventors who also became successful businessmen. They founded and played key management roles in firms that created the backbone in the infrastructure and business growth of the country. Thomas Edison (GE), Alexander Graham Bell (AT&T) and the Wright Brothers (Aircraft) are just a few that come to mind. However, as the 20th century wore on, America's big business organizations became more bureaucratic with CEOs and executives leaving entrepreneurship and innovation primarily to their R&D divisions (e.g., Bell Labs and RCA Labs) and to outside organizations that could be acquired if necessary. However, recent trends indicate that this may be changing. This paper looks at today's state of innovation and examines the current role of innovation as it pertains to CEO and Top Executives. This subject of CEO/Executive innovation is approached with a view of: (1) examining if the spirit of innovation is alive at the CEO level; and (2) if it is, determining if today's CEOs/Executives are contributing to innovation in U.S. major firms. A literature review addresses some of the authors and academicians who have contributed current major ideas concerning innovation. Joel Barker is a futurist who has spent his career focusing on paradigm shifts and innovation. A famous MIT professor, Clayton Christensen, was another who developed and documented key ideas in innovation that are now mainstream e.g., the theory of disruptive innovation. Lastly, most graduate books on Business Strategy address innovation in a separate chapter and describe the latest ways that a firm can embrace innovation to be successful. Much insight into this topic was gained by examining a recent Forbes list of Executive Innovators (Forbes 2019). At the top of the Forbes list are found some common names of U.S. CEOs and Executives. Quite a few have recently displayed a healthy penchant toward reaping the benefits of innovation. Included in the list were: Sundar Pichai at Alphabet (Google); Jeff Bezos at Amazon; and Elon Musk at Tesla. Three major recent CEOs who epitomized the best in the successful harnessing of innovation over the past 30 years are also discussed in some detail: Steve Jobs (computers and other related fields), Edward Whitacre (Telecommunications) and E. Hunter Harrison (Railroads). While examining these leading CEO/Executives, deregulation in the United States economy was identified to be a potential important construct that may well have influenced positively the changing role of modern CEOs and top Executives in innovation. It is concluded that all innovation does not necessarily have to be driven by intrapreneurs within a firm or acquired from outside a firm. In fact, CEOs are more active today in driving innovation than at any time since the earliest 20th century. It appears that innovation at the CEO/Executive level has been revived and is far from being defunct!! Future CEO and Top Executive position hires should be examined with innovation in mind. At a minimum criterion for selecting a new CEO or Top Executive needs to include how well they have delivered innovation in their past executive assignments, as well as what ideas they have for generating innovation in their new job. Recommendations are also made as how to further research this topic to provide definitive factors that are driving innovation at the CEO and Executive levels today. Such research on innovation should not be limited to just technological innovations, but needs to be expanded to include innovations in such functional areas of business as marketing, operations, procurement, R&D etc. Lastly, future research could also be undertaken in innovation using techniques such as data analytics. A data-centric technique could be employed which would focus on using machine learning algorithms to identify themes that are driving the recent upsurge in CEO and Executive innovation.

Abstract The problem of strategic choice and organizational design is, in principle, immensely complex. Selecting a strategy is complex already, but when one considers all the elements of an organization design, the problem becomes mindbogglingly complicated. Indeed, the “rugged landscapes” literature in strategic management (Levinthal 1997) is built around the idea that the problem is arbitrarily com-plicated, essentially without logic or regularity.

Logistic services are central to the design and management of any supply chain. Due to recent technological advances, modern supply chains are challenging traditional market boundaries in ways that both influence and are influenced by consumer behavior (e.g., Amazon, Alibaba, or JD.com). Economically speaking, corporations are changing along the way resources are being used in production. At the firm level, management decisions follow cost efficiency and risk management principles, pursuing a cost-risk tradeoff equilibrium. Theoretically, operations organized within the boundaries of the firm are just those for which the markets are unable to offer a more efficient alternative, whereas the link between buyers and sellers (i.e., demand and supply in the market) is intermediated by logistics services, such as transport, to mention but one. As technological innovation, social transformation, and consumer behavior threaten firms' traditional boundaries, logistics need to adjust and adapt to new and emerging challenges, its costs, and risks to end consumers.

Electronic commerce (E-com) is now adopted by most of the firms, especially after the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Consumers are conscious of increasing online purchases and demand sustainable consumption friendly actions. This study aims to analyze the intellectual, conceptual, and social knowledge of consumer buying behavior in E-com research to generate new understandings for online consumer behavior. A survey on LinkedIn was conducted to measure the impact of E-com on consumer behavior and results are shown on Likert's five scale. The survey questions were closed ended and not specific to any industry or firm rather general questions to measure the impact of E-com on consumer buying behavior. The questions were based on factors of customer satisfaction, security, information quality, payment methods, shipping, time, and delivery services. Analysis shows a variation in types, factors, and method of consumer buying behavior in an online environment.

Abstract In this paper, the design and performance differences between Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) and NoSQL Database Systems are examined, with attention to their applicability for real-world Internet of Things for manufacturing (IoTfM) data. While previous work has extensively compared SQL and NoSQL for both generalized and IoT uses, this work specifically examines the tradeoffs and performance differences for manufacturing applications by using a high-fidelity data set collected from a large US manufacturing firm. Growing an IoT system beyond the pilot stage requires scalable data storage; this work seeks to determine the impact of selected database systems on data write performance at scale. Payload size and message frequency were used as the primary characteristics to maintain model fidelity in simulated clients. As the number of simulated asset clients grow, the data write latency was calculated to determine how both database systems’ performance were affected. To isolate the RDBMS and NoSQL differences, a cloud environment was created using Amazon Web Services (AWS) with two identical data ingestion pipelines: writing data to an RDMBS (1) using AWS Aurora MySQL, and (2) using AWS DynamoDB NoSQL. The findings may provide guidance for further experimentation in large-scale manufacturing IoT implementations.