Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f“

The Increasing case of antibiotic resistance encourages a new action that is the combination plant extracts and antibiotics. Aloe vera leaf skin (Aloe vera (L.) Burm f.), contains phenols, flavonoids and anthraquinones that act as antimicrobials. The aim of research is to determine the value of FICI (Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index) combination of ethanol extract of Aloe vera leaf skin (Aloevera (L.) Burm f.), and chloramphenicol against pathogenic bacteria. The determination of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) value of ethanol extract for Aloe vera leaf skin (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.) and chloramphenicol use disc-paper diffusion method. The combination solution is created by a ratio of 1: 1 volumes from the every MIC values. The determination of FICI values was analyzed by descriptive. The combination of Aloe vera leaf skin extract (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.) and chloramphenicol are used for Salmonella typhi bacteria which are 12.5mg / ml and 8 μg / ml, and for Bacillus subtilis bacteria is 2.5 mg / ml and 4 μg / ml resulted in inhibit zone 7.77 ± 0.25 and 7.83 ± 0.36. The combination of FICI value is 2 and it has indifference characteristics (not different) when the researcherd compared between single extract and single chloramphenicol. Aloe vera leaf skin ethanol extract (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) and chloramphenicol may inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis bacteria and both of the combinations show indifference characteristics of FICI 2 values. Keywords: FICI, Aloe Vera, Antibacterial, Chloramphenicol.

A Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. tem sido utilizada há milhares de anos na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de diversos males. O intuito desse trabalho foi o levantamento bibliográfico de artigos que evidenciassem a atividade farmacológica da Aloe vera. A revisão contemplou livros e periódicos nacionais e internacionais indexados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciElo, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, utilizando as palavras-chave citadas. Após o levantamento bibliográfico, constatou-se que várias atividades biológicas são atribuídas a Aloe vera. Evidências sugerem eficácia no tratamento da psoríase, herpes genital, queimaduras e hiperglicemia. Além disto, também foram demonstradas atividades antineoplásica, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória e imunomodulatória por estudos in vitro e in vivo, entretanto, na cicatrização de feridas, os resultados foram conflitantes. No tratamento de dermatite por radiação e em queimaduras solares sua eficácia não foi comprovada e foram relatados casos de hepatite aguda devido ao consumo de preparações orais. Tendo em vista as várias atividades comprovadas e poucos relatos acerca de sua contra indicação, conclui-se que o uso desta espécie corrobora o vasto uso popular.

Aloe vera, também conhecida como babosa, é uma planta suculenta que tem origem incerta devido à sua ampla distribuição ao longo de muitas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Ela é cultivada há milhares de anos em várias partes do mundo por suas propriedades medicinais e terapêuticas. No Brasil, seu uso é uma prática caseira tradicional, que ganhou respaldo institucional com a introdução de produtos fitoterápicos à base de Aloe vera na rede pública de saúde a partir de 2006, com a implementação da Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares. Dentre as diversas aplicações, destaca-se seu potencial na cicatrização de feridas, incluindo queimaduras e lesões cirúrgicas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a literatura existente sobre o uso do gel derivado da Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. como alternativa terapêutica ou complemento no processo de cicatrização de feridas em humanos. Embora algumas revisões sistemáticas tenham indicado possíveis vieses em ensaios clínicos, gerando cautela na determinação da eficácia da Aloe vera na cicatrização de lesões agudas e crônicas de várias origens, a maioria dos estudos clínicos e revisões científicas apontam para propriedades terapêuticas benéficas do gel de Aloe vera na promoção da cicatrização de feridas em pacientes humanos. As evidências acumuladas sustentam a importância da utilização da Aloe vera no processo de cicatrização de feridas. Ainda assim, para obter uma compreensão mais abrangente dos mecanismos subjacentes e estabelecer as diretrizes ideais de uso, a realização de mais pesquisas é essencial. Essa revisão destaca a relevância da Aloe vera no contexto da medicina alternativa e complementar, especialmente no tratamento de feridas cutâneas.

O consumo da Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (A. vera) pode causar riscos à saúde. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em identificar e apresentar, a partir de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, as informações disponíveis sobre casos de hepatotoxicidade ocorridos após a ingestão de preparações de A. vera. A busca foi feita nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, com os descritores “hepatitis AND Aloe” e “liver AND Aloe”, e oito artigos foram incluídos na revisão. Os indivíduos envolvidos nos relatos de casos de hepatotoxicidade aqui analisados eram, em sua maioria, mulheres (70%); apenas 30% eram idosos e 80% não apresentavam comorbidades. A automedicação foi a circunstância de exposição mais relatada (60%). Exposições do tipo crônica ou subcrônica foram as mais frequentes (90%), bem como o desenvolvimento de lesão do tipo hepatocelular (90%). Todos os casos receberam a classificação Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method como provável ou definida. Curiosamente, a suspensão do uso gerou a cura de todos os pacientes. Concluiu-se, assim, que A. vera foi o agente responsável pela hepatotoxicidade em todos os casos, o que enfatiza a importância de uma orientação profissional especializada ao se utilizar preparações à base de plantas.

Plants contain underutilized resources of compounds that can be employed to combat viral diseases. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (syn. Aloe barbadensis Mill.) has a long history of use in traditional medicine, and A. vera extracts have been reported to possess a huge breadth of pharmacological activities. Here, we discuss the potential of A. vera compounds as antivirals and immunomodulators for the treatment of viral diseases. In particular, we highlight the use of aloe emodin and acemannan as lead compounds that should be considered for further development in the management and prevention of viral diseases. Given the immunomodulatory capacity of A. vera compounds, especially those found in Aloe gel, we also put forward the idea that these compounds should be considered as adjuvants for viral vaccines. Lastly, we present some of the current limitations to the clinical applications of compounds from Aloe, especially from A. vera.

The paper embodies morpho-taxonomic interpretations on the atavistic behaviour of floral spike of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Liliaceae), bearing vegetative buds or bulbils in the lower part besides developing floral buds in the upper part. The presence of bulbils on raceme is rare of the rarest phenomenon which has its own phylogenetic relevance in the classification of allied taxa and establishment of phylogenetic relationship among them. Taxonomic position of Allium L. and Agave L. in relation to the atavistic behaviour of Aloe L. in the light of modern biology, is also discussed.

Se evaluó el efecto antiinflamatorio y cicatrizante del Gel del extracto de Aloe vera y su contenido (sábila) procedente de Lima, se preparó el Gel del extracto de Aloe vera al 20% que fue aplicado por vía tópica en 40 pacientes entre las edades 20 a 50 años, de ambos sexos, en el Establecimiento de Salud Ganimedes DISA LIMA ESTE del Ministerio de Salud, y otro grupo de 40 pacientes (grupo control) sin la aplicación del Gel del extracto de Aloe vera, comparando ambos casos se demostró la eficacia antiinflamatoria y cicatrizante del Gel del extracto de Aloe vera, que consistió en el control de la medición de la inflamación y la herida leve cerrada al paciente, desde su llegada por Emergencia (tópico) al establecimiento de Salud, por efecto de un trauma accidental o por otra índole; primero se evalúo el estado general del paciente para un diagnóstico médico, luego se plantea para su consentimiento del estudio a realizar, iniciando el uso tópico mediante controles de observación y medición de la zona inflamada y herida leve cerrada, así como el cambio de color de la piel y reacciones adversas que puede ocasionar el uso tópico hasta su recuperación total. El estudio del Gel del extracto de Aloe vera (sábila) de acuerdo con los ensayos efectuados y los objetivos generales propuestos, han demostrado su efecto anti inflamatorio y cicatrizante en la parte externa de la piel, el cual se realizó por el método mecánico y tópico. El Gel del extracto de Aloe vera, es un producto natural muy económico, de acceso fácil en su elaboración, presentando actividad antiinflamatoria y cicatrizante, administrada por vía tópica en los pacientes tratados en mención. La calidad de la inflamación y la cicatrización obtenida con Gel del extracto de Aloe vera demuestra que es de gran utilidad en tratamiento dermatológico o en cirugía plástica, obteniendo mejores resultados en regeneración de tejido o piel y epitelización de las heridas. Palabras clave:Gel del extracto de Aloe vera, efecto: antiinflamatorio y cicatrizante, Dermatológico.
The effect of anti-inflammatory and healing gel of Aloe vera and its contents (Aloe vera) from Lima, was prepared Gel Aloe vera extract 20% was applied topically to 40 patients aged 20 to 50, of both sexes, in the health facility Ganymede DISA LIMA EAST Ministry of Health, and another group of 40 patients (control group) without the application Gel of Aloe vera, comparing both anti-inflammatory efficacy was demonstrated Scar Gel and Aloe vera extract, which consisted medicine control inflammation and mild closed injury to the patient, since his arrival in Emergency (topical) the establishment of Health, due to accidental trauma or other nature, first performed an overall patient for a medical diagnosis, then posed for consent to conduct the study, starting with the topical use of observation and measurement controls the inflamed area and minor wound closed, and the change of color of the skin and can cause adverse reactions to topical total. The recovery study Gel Aloe vera (Aloe) according to those tests and the general objectives proposed have demonstrated its anti inflammatory and healing on the outside of the skin, which is performed by the mechanical method and topical. The gel of Aloe vera is a natural product very economical, easy to access in their development, presenting antiinflammatory and healing, administered topically in patients treated in mention. The inflammation and scarring gel obtained Aloe vera extract shows that it is of great use in treating dermatological or plastic surgery, obtaining better results in tissue regeneration or epithelialization of skin wounds. Key words: Gel of Aloe vera Extract, effect: anti-inflammatory and healing, Dermatology.
Tesis

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Alginate is a polymer extracted from seaweed and traditionally used in various types of wound dressings. It is a polysaccharide which has bioadhesive and swelling characteristics. The ability of alginate to form gel and films provides a favorable environment for healing and re-epithelialization of the injured tissue. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., or simply Aloe, is a medicinal plant with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and healing properties. The purpose of this study was to develop an alginate film containing Aloe gel and examine its cutaneous healing effect in vivo. The film was obtained by casting of the aqueous sodium alginate solution containing glycerin and Aloe gel, followed by crosslinking with calcium chloride. The film was characterized by mechanical tensile strength, hydration degree, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, polysaccharide and calcium release. The wound healing effect was studied by performing surgical wounds in the back of Wistar rats. The animals (n = 60) were divided into three groups: gauze dressings (control), dressing with alginate film and dressing with alginate-aloe film. The retraction of wounds was measured every 3 days. On days 3, 7, 14, 22 five animals from each group were euthanized and samples of skin were removed and fixed in formalin 10%. The samples for histological analysis were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and analyzed for quantification of inflammatory infiltrate, angiogenesis and macrophages. Collagen fibers were evaluated using a picrosirius red staining for differentiation of type I and III fibers. The alginate-aloe film exhibited desirable physical and mechanical characteristics for the wound dressing application. In vivo animal test revealed there was no significant difference among the three groups in wound retraction. The results of histological analysis showed a beneficial effects of alginate-aloe (p=0.04) and alginate films (p=0.05) decreasing the inflammatory infiltrate at 14th days, in relation to the control group. On the 7th day, there was an increased angiogenesis in the control group compared to the group treated with alginate-aloe films (p = 0.04) and alginate (p = 0.024). Treatment with alginate-aloe film increased the number of blood vessels on the 14th day, when compared to the control group (p = 0.004); in addition, it caused decrease of macrophages on day 22, when compared to the other groups (alginate film (p = 0,0) and control (p = 0.007). The evaluation of the collagen fibers showed a significant difference between the alginate-aloe film and control group, with evident decrease of type III fibers (p = 0.05) and increase of type I fibers (p = 0.024) between days 14 and 22, suggesting an improvement in the progression of the healing process.
O alginato é um polímero extraído de algas marinhas e tradicionalmente utilizado na fabricação de curativos. A propriedade de formar géis e filmes faz com que o alginato proporcione um ambiente favorável à cicatrização e a re-epitelização do tecido lesado. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., popularmente conhecida como babosa, é uma planta medicinal que apresenta propriedades analgésica, anti-inflamatória e cicatrizante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um filme de alginato contendo gel de babosa e avaliar o seu efeito cicatrizante in vivo. O filme foi obtido por evaporação de uma solução aquosa de alginato de sódio contendo glicerina, gel de babosa e reticulado com cloreto de cálcio. O filme foi caracterizado por ensaios de resistência mecânica a tração, hidratação, espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura e liberação de polissacarídeos e íons cálcio. Na avaliação do efeito cicatrizante, foi utilizado o modelo de lesão cirúrgica na pele da região cérvico-lombar de ratos Wistar. Os animais (n=60) foram divididos em três grupos: curativos com gaze (controle), curativos com filme de alginato e curativos com filme alginato-babosa. As medidas da retração das feridas foram realizadas a cada 3 dias. Nos dias 3, 7, 14 e 22 cinco animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados e um fragmento de pele foi retirado e fixado em formol 10%. As análises histológicas dos tecidos foram realizadas utilizando-se coloração hematoxilina eosina para quantificação de infiltrado inflamatório, avaliação da angiogênese e contagem de macrófagos. As fibras colágenas foram avaliadas utilizando a coloração picrosirius red para diferenciação das fibras de tipo I e III. As análises físico-químicas do filme evidenciaram características ideais para a aplicação como curativos. No ensaio do efeito cicatrizante, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na avaliação da retração da lesão. Os resultados das análises histológicas mostraram uma diminuição do infiltrado inflamatório com os filmes alginato-babosa (p=0,04) e alginato (p=0,05) no 140 dia, em relação ao grupo controle. No 70 dia, observou-se uma maior angiogênese no grupo controle comparado aos grupos filme alginato-babosa (p=0,04) e alginato (p=0,024). O tratamento com o filme alginato-babosa aumentou o número de vasos sanguíneos no dia 14, quando comparado ao grupo controle (p=0,004); além disso, ocasionou uma diminuição mais expressiva de macrófagos no dia 22, quando comparado aos demais grupos (filme alginato (p=0,0) e controle (p=0,007)). A avaliação das fibras colágenas mostrou uma diferença significativa entre os grupos filme alginato-babosa e controle, com evidente diminuição das fibras tipo III (p=0,05) e aumento das fibras tipo I (p=0,024) entre os dias 14 e 22, sugerindo uma melhora na progressão do processo de cicatrização.

A babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.), família Asphodelaceae, reconhecida e explorada mundialmente pela indústria farmacêutica e cosmética devido aos princípios medicinais de seus compostos fenólicos e principalmente ao gel de polissacarídeos específicos, foi submetida a dois experimentos interligados. O primeiro, refere-se a micropropagação no qual foram avaliados tratamentos de desinfestação de ápices caulinares, multiplicação in vitro e condições de aclimatação ex vitro. O segundo experimento refere-se ao cultivo das plantas em areia lavada e irrigada com solução nutritiva, em condições controladas de casa de vegetação, onde foram testados os efeitos de doses (105; 210 e 315 ppm) de nitrogênio avaliados aos 90; 180 e 270 dias de cultivo. Os efeitos foram avaliados em função dos teores foliares dos macronutrientes e dos micronutrientes boro, cobre, ferro manganês e zinco, de proteínas totais solúveis (PTS), de açúcares redutores (AR) e açúcares totais solúveis (ATS) e sobre o crescimento por meio do índice de área foliar (IAF), da taxa de assimilação líquida (TAL), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) e incrementos de massas de matérias fresca (IMMF) e seca (IMMS). Todos os dados foram analisados estatisticamente. Em relação a micropropagação, a eficiência de desinfestação foi aumentada em torno de 40% na obtenção de ápices caulinares verdes em início de brotação quando as plantas colhidas a campo foram previamente desinfestadas por lavagem com solução de hipoclorito de sódio com 0,5% de cloro ativo ou com solução de dicloroisocianurato de sódio (Sumaveg®) 0,66%. p.v-1 e os ápices caulinares submetidos a imersões alternadas nas soluções dos dois produtos utilizados. A fase multiplicativa da microproagação em meio MS apresentou um rendimento de 1:5,3 a cada intervalo de 30 dias de multiplicação. A partir de 136 ápices caulinares desinfestados, verdes, em início de brotação, foram obtidas 40.495 microplantas. Classificadas em pequenas, médias e grandes, foram submetidas a condições de aclimatação observando-se que bandejas de 64 células com 40 cm3 de substrato apresentaram economia em torno de 50% de substrato e em espaço físico na casa-de-vegetação com micro-aspersão e exaustão de ar em sistema \"pad-house\", e durante o processo de aclimatação e transporte das microplantas aclimatadas. Em relação ao cultivo das plantas em doses de nitrogênio, apesar de algumas variáveis responderem melhor à dose de 105 ppm e outras à dose de 315 ppm, a dose de 210 ppm de nitrogênio favoreceu as melhores respostas para os teores de açúcares totais solúveis (504,21 mgATS.g-1 de MMS), que são diretamente relacionados ao conteúdo de polissacarídeos específicos, de interesse comercial da cultura de Aloe vera. Esses teores, por sua vez, foram propiciados pelos melhores valores de IAF, TCA, IMMF e IMMS, todos observados aos 270 dias de cultivo, ratificando a significância do fator tempo e da dose de 210 ppm de nitrogênio no cultivo dessa espécie vegetal.
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., family Asphodelaceae, worldwide renowned and explored by pharmaceutics and cosmetics industries due to its phenolics bearing medicinal principles and mainly to the specific polysaccharides present in the gel, was submitted to two interlinked experiments. The first one refers to apical shoot micropropagation evaluating different disinfection treatments of the explants, the in vitro bud multiplication and ex vitro acclimatization of the microplants. The second one refers to cultivation in greenhouse of the micropropagated plants in washed sand and irrigated with nutritive solution, in the presence of three nitrogen rates (105, 210 and 315 ppm); the plant material was harvested at 90-, 180- and 270-day. All data were statistically analyzed. The effects of nitrogen were evaluated on the content of the macronutrients, the following micronutrients: B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn and total soluble proteins, reducing sugars, total soluble sugars; the growth of the Aloe vera plants was measured through the foliar area index, the rate of liquid assimilation, rates of relative and absolute growth and increases in the fresh and dry weights. In regards to micropropagtion, the efficiency of the disinfection process was increased by 40% when the plants harvested in the field were previously washed either with sodium hypochloride (0.5% active chlorine) solution or sodium dichloroisocyanurate (Sumaveg®) 0.66% w.v-1 solution and the apical shoots explants were afterwards alternatively treated with the two disinfectants. The multiplication phase in MS medium showed a rate of 1:5.3 of microplant production at each 30-day interval with a production of 40.495 microplants out of the 136 initial disinfected apical shoots. The microplants were classified as small, medium and large plants and acclimatized in polyethylene trays bearing 64 cells with 40 cm3 of substrate each cell, a 50% saving in terms of substrate amount and free space in the greenhouse equipped with micro-aspersion irrigation, pad-house and air exhaustion systems and also in the transport of the acclimatized microplants. In regards to the effect of nitrogen rates on the development of Aloe vera plants, besides the fact that the best responses were observed either to 105 ppm or 315 ppm nitrogen by some variables, at 210 ppm nitrogen rates the best result was obtained for total soluble sugars (504.21 mg.g-1DW); the sugars are directly related to specific polysaccharides of Aloe vera and are of great importance for the industries. On the other hand, these values were favored by the best values reached by the physiological variables studied in this work at 270-day validate the significance of the time factor and the 210 ppm N rates in the Aloe vera production system.

The chemical profiling, characterization of Aloe products and phytochemical properties of Aloe vera were studied. The adulteration of commercial products derived from medicinal plants has been a major muddle for both the society and the pharmaceuticalindustry. Economically motivated adulteration includes the potential for contaminated, sub‐potent or counterfeit medication to enter the supply chain at several levels, from the production of raw ingredients through to the point of retail sale. Darwin’s theory of evolution states that, species undergo genetic variation with time to adapt to environmental changes. Therefore, the same species growing in widely different habitats may drift from the original genetic makeup as a mechanism of adaptation and that may result in them having different chemical profiles. Therefore this study aimed at investigating the phytochemical properties of Aloe vera growing in South Africa. Also, this study aims to utilize Thin Layer Chromatography to profile this plant, as well as use Infra Red spectroscopy to characterize commercial Aloe vera products. A large quantity of Aloe vera plant was collected from AloeWay, Iphofolo Game Farm, Polokwane in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The identity of the plant was confirmedrom literature and authenticated by Professor DS Grierson of Botany Department, University of Fort Hare, Alice. The plant leaves were divided into two portions. One portion was extracted fresh while the other was cut into pieces and oven dried at 400C then and milled to a homogenous powder once dried completely. The phytochemical composition of the gel and leaf extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols at different concentrations. Results showed that the dry plant material yielded more phytochemicals than the fresh plant material. In particular, it was found that the acetone extract showed much more amounts ofphychemicals than the dichloromethane and aqueous extracts. The percentage compositions of phenols (71.86), flavonols (36.61), proanthocyanidins (82.71), saponins (37.73) and alkaloids (13.29) were significantly high in the acetone extract, followed by the dichloromthane extract with values of 46.85, 37.73, 49.51, 89.0 and 11.11 respectively, while the least composition was found in the aqueous extract. Furthermore, flavonoids were somewhat high in composition in both the aqueous extract of the dried and of the fresh plant material while others were very low. Tannins levels were significantly very low in all the solvent extracts. It was found that the acetone extract showed great amounts of phytochemicals than dichloromethane and aqueous extracts. Since A. vera is used in the treatment of different ailments such as skin wounds and abrasions, eczema, constipation, rheumatoid arthritis etc, the medicinal uses of this plant could be associated to such analysed bioactive compounds. Acetone, hexane, ethanol, water and dichloromethane were used to extract the Aloe vera leaf and the best solvent extract was determined. Thin layer chromatography was used to profile the leaf extracts with the aim of documenting the main phytochemicals present in the Aloe vera growing in South Africa. The best spraying reagent was determined. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer was used to validate the presence of Aloe vera ingredients in commercial products. The yield extraction ability of the solvent was the order: water>ethanol> hexane >dichloromethane and acetone for the dry portion. However, for the plant extracted fresh, the order of yield produced was ethanol-acetone-dichloromethane > and water. The different solvent systems separated the compounds differently. Hexane: acetone: ethanol (20 : 5: 2) and Benzene: ethanol: ammonium (80): ethanol (10): ammonium solvent systems were noted to be the best mobile phase as they gave the best separation compared to other systems.EMW [ethyl acetate (81): methanol (11): water (8)] showed better separation than the other two separating solvent systems. Vanillin- sulphuric acid spray was seen to be the best spraying reagent as compared to vanillin- phosphoric acid. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer validated the presence aloe ingredients in aloe vera commercial products.

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. is a medicinal plant that has gained widespread interest due to the distinctive biological activities associated with its biologically active phytocomponents. To combat the difficulties caused by microbe resistance, it is urgently necessary to investigate potent antimicrobials as a natural alternative to synthetic chemicals. This challenging task is attracting a lot of interest from the scientific community worldwide. The previous antimicrobial results of A. vera indicated its broad spectrum to treat a variety of infectious diseases, which will support the development of new herbal antimicrobial agents and avoid the side effects of conventional antibiotics as well as preserve the fruit quality and extend the shelf-life of various vegetables and fruits To take advantage of the prospective uses of this plant, the current review offers insight into the phytochemical composition, and its production-limiting factors, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, as well as the promising use of A. vera in postharvest fruit-coating.