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Ul Hassan Zardari, Noor, und Ian Cordery. „Determining Irrigators Preferences for Water Allocation Criteria Using Conjoint Analysis“. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 04, Nr. 05 (2012): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2012.45027.
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Huxtable, Richard. „Logical separation? Conjoined twins, slippery slopes and resource allocation“. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 23, Nr. 4 (Januar 2001): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09649060110079341.
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Danesh, Ahmad, Fariba Asghari, Hojjat Zeraati, Kamran Yazdani, Saharnaz Nedjat, Mohammad-Ali Mansournia, Ali Jafarian und Akbar Fotouhi. „Public preferences for allocation of donated livers for transplantation: A conjoint analysis“. Clinical Ethics 11, Nr. 4 (07.07.2016): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750916657662.
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Despite the fact that the criteria for allocation of donated livers have been laid down for years, these criteria may not help to select a potential recipient from those with the same medical requirements. This study used conjoint analysis method to determine the importance of certain non-medical factors from the public’s point of view. Through a population based study, a sample of 899 randomly selected persons filled a questionnaire where in each question the respondents had to choose one out of two hypothetical patients as the recipients of a donor liver considering their expressed characteristics. The collected data were analyzed by means of conjoint analysis method, and the importance of each characteristic was determined. According to the respondents the important criteria for allocation of donated livers included younger age, being married or breadwinner of the family, more than 3-year survival after transplantation, and having no role in causing the illness. Among the selected criteria, financial ability to pay post-operation costs had the least value on the selection. The findings of this study indicate that the public may values certain social and individual factors in case of multiple potential recipients with equal medical need for liver transplant.
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Rashtchi, Rozita, Ramy H. Gohary und Halim Yanikomeroglu. „Conjoint Routing and Resource Allocation in OFDMA-Based D2D Wireless Networks“. IEEE Access 6 (2018): 18868–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2816817.
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Stepanov, Sergey N., Juvent Ndayikunda und Margarita G. Kanishcheva. „Resource allocation model for LTE technology with functionality of NB-IoT and reservation“. T-Comm 15, Nr. 11 (2021): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2021-15-11-69-76.
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The tremendous growth in the volume of multimedia data streams to be collected by multiple video cameras and a large number of sensors or smart meters in the Internet of Things application is one of the main challenges in the transition from 4G to true 5G network systems. The necessity of conjoint servicing of heterogeneous data over the existing infrastructure has been recognized and supported by 3GPP by introducing the standardization and formalization of Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology. The NB-IoT is the most promising technology for big data collection in the IoT landscape thanks to its particular characteristics such as long-range coverage (10 km), high energy efficient consumption and low-cost radio design. The same spectrum is shared between LTE high-rate end equipment and NB-IoT low-rate end devices. However, the challenge is how to share efficiently the available radio resources between multiple complex devices with priorities of some type of data flow. The model of resource sharing for conjoint serv icing for both traffic originated by video surveillance cameras and by sensors is constructed. Access control offering priority to one type of flows is used to create the differentiated servicing of the incoming sessions. Probability values of the constructed model's stationary states are used to determine the main performance measures. The constructed mathematical model can be used to study the reservation based resource allocation and sharing scenarios between the LTE and NB-IoT traffic flow over 3GPP LTE with NB-IoT functionality.
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Ghosh, Avijit, und C. Samuel Craig. „An Approach to Determining Optimal Locations for New Services“. Journal of Marketing Research 23, Nr. 4 (November 1986): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378602300405.
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Designing a network of service centers involves a tradeoff between the revenue likely to be generated by providing a high level of service and the cost of operating the service network. The authors develop a procedure for determining the location and design strategies for new services using a modified maximal covering location-allocation model. The network optimization procedure relies on direct assessment of consumer sensitivity to distance and nondistance factors through conjoint analysis and simultaneously determines the network size, location of outlets, price, and operating characteristics.
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Sassi, Franco, David McDaid und Walter Ricciardi. „Conjoint analysis of preferences for cardiac risk assessment in primary care“. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 21, Nr. 2 (April 2005): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462305050282.
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Objectives:Many evaluations underestimate the utility associated with diagnostic interventions by failing to capture the nonclinical value of diagnostic information. This is a cause of bias in resource allocation decisions. A study was undertaken to investigate preferences for the assessment of cardiac risk, testing the suitability of conjoint analysis, a multiattribute preference elicitation method, in the field of clinical diagnosis.Methods:Two conjoint analysis models focusing on selected characteristics of cardiac risk assessment in asymptomatic patients 40–50 years of age were applied to elicit preferences for cardiac risk assessment from samples of general practitioners and the general public in the United Kingdom and Italy. Both models were based on rankings of alternative scenarios, and the results were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and an ordered probit model.Results:In both countries, members of the public attached at least three times more importance to prognostic value (relative to clinical value) than did general practitioners. Significantly different patterns were found in the two countries with regard to other characteristics of the assessment. Variation within samples was partly associated with personal characteristics.Conclusions:Only a fraction of the value of cardiac risk assessment to individuals and physicians in this study was linked to health outcomes. The study confirmed the appropriateness and validity of conjoint analysis in the assessment of preferences for diagnostic interventions. A wider use of this technique might significantly strengthen the existing evidence-base for diagnostic interventions, leading to a more efficient use of health-care resources.
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Hare, Christopher. „LOSS ALLOCATION FOR MATERIALLY ALTERED CHEQUES“. Cambridge Law Journal 60, Nr. 1 (März 2001): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197301710616.
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IN the conjoined appeals Smith v. Lloyds TSB Group plc; Jones v. Woolwich plc [2000] 3 W.L.R. 1725 the Court of Appeal had the opportunity to consider the single issue of whether the true owner of a cheque or banker’s draft, which it was accepted had been “materially altered”, and so, subject to irrelevant exceptions, avoided within the terms of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882, s. 64, and subsequently converted, is entitled to damages equivalent to the face value of the instrument. In Smith the Insolvency Service drew a cheque crossed “account payee” in favour of the Inland Revenue, on behalf of the claimants, who were the joint liquidators of ILG Travel Ltd. An unknown third party stole the cheque, altered the payee’s name to “Joseph Smitherman” and paid it into an account held in that name with the defendant, Lloyds Bank plc. The cheque was cleared before the fraud was discovered and the claimants sued the collecting bank for its conversion. The facts of Jones were in all material respects identical, save that the claim was brought against the paying bank in respect of a banker’s draft. Applications were made for the summary disposal of both cases. In Smith Blofeld J. struck out the claim against the collecting bank ([2000] 1 W.L.R. 1225), but in Jones Judge Hallgarten Q.C. awarded the claimants the face value of the draft. A unanimous Court of Appeal (Pill, Potter and Stuart-Smith L.JJ.) held that the claimants in both cases were only entitled to nominal damages.
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Duch, Raymond, Laurence S. J. Roope, Mara Violato, Matias Fuentes Becerra, Thomas S. Robinson, Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Jorge Friedman et al. „Citizens from 13 countries share similar preferences for COVID-19 vaccine allocation priorities“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, Nr. 38 (15.09.2021): e2026382118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026382118.
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How does the public want a COVID-19 vaccine to be allocated? We conducted a conjoint experiment asking 15,536 adults in 13 countries to evaluate 248,576 profiles of potential vaccine recipients who varied randomly on five attributes. Our sample includes diverse countries from all continents. The results suggest that in addition to giving priority to health workers and to those at high risk, the public favors giving priority to a broad range of key workers and to those with lower income. These preferences are similar across respondents of different education levels, incomes, and political ideologies, as well as across most surveyed countries. The public favored COVID-19 vaccines being allocated solely via government programs but were highly polarized in some developed countries on whether taking a vaccine should be mandatory. There is a consensus among the public on many aspects of COVID-19 vaccination, which needs to be taken into account when developing and communicating rollout strategies.
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Kumar, V. V., M. Tripathi, M. K. Pandey und M. K. Tiwari. „Physical programming and conjoint analysis-based redundancy allocation in multistate systems: A Taguchi embedded algorithm selection and control (TAS&C) approach“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 223, Nr. 3 (29.06.2009): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1748006xjrr210.
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Amidst increasing system complexity and technological advancements, the manufacturer aims to win the consumer's trust to maintain his or her permanent goodwill. This expectation directs the manufacturer to address the problem of attaining desired quality and reliability standards; hence, the measure of performance of a system in terms of reliability and utility optimization poses an issue of primary concern. In order to meet the requirement of a reliable and trouble-free product, optimal allocation of all conflicting parameters is essential during the design phase of a system. With this in mind, this paper presents a physical programming and conjoint analysis-based redundancy allocation model (PPCA-RAM) for a multistate series—parallel system. Use of physical programming approach is the key feature of the proposed algorithm to eliminate the need for multi-objective optimization. Physical programming methodology provides an adequate balance among various associated performance measures and thus provides an efficient tool for formulating the objective function of a practical redundancy allocation problem. The proposed model has been addressed by a novel methodology called Taguchi embedded algorithm selection and control (TAS&C). An illustrative example has been presented to authenticate the efficiency of the proposed model and algorithm. The results obtained are compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), artificial immune system (AIS), and particle swarm optimization (PSO), where TAS&C was seen to significantly outperform the rest.
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Borgers, Aloys, Frank Hofman, Maarten Ponjé und Harry Timmermans. „Towards a conjoint-based, context-dependent model of task allocation in activity settings: Some numerical experiments“. Journal of Geographical Systems 3, Nr. 4 (01.12.2001): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101090100062.
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Lefèvre, Mélanie. „Do Consumers Pay More for What They Value More? The Case of Local Milk-based Dairy Products in Senegal“. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 43, Nr. 1 (April 2014): 158–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500006961.
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Senegalese consumers prefer milk-based dairy products that are local and fresh to ones produced with imported powder. However, prices for fresh-milk-based and powder-based products are not significantly different. I address this puzzle by first confirming the preference using choice-based conjoint data to evaluate whether Senegalese consumers will pay a significant positive premium for fresh local products. I then identify price determinants using a unique dataset of milk product characteristics. The results verify the Senegalese preference for fresh local dairy products and show that consumers' misinformation regarding product composition prevents them from allocating a higher price to local milk-based products.
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Andrabi, Umer Mukhtar, und Mikhail S. Stepanov. „Collective servicing of heterogenous traffic streams over 3GPP LTE network and application of access control“. T-Comm 16, Nr. 3 (2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2022-16-3-43-49.
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Due to the progressions in the cellular technologies in recent times, communicating networks have seen vast expansion in the volumes and multiplicities of the data transmitted over the enhanced smart network especially IoT. The regulation and organization of such enormous amounts of data is posing substantial challenges across the various network industries. Because majority of data traffic transferred over such complex networks is comprised of "Big Data" That is continuously growing and evolving. 3GPP have acknowledged such scenarios and have given several recommendations and procedures to manage resources in such situations. But regrettably there are no concrete explanations and techniques on how these resources should be distributed in heterogenous networks. The mathematical modeling that considers the characteristics of traffic flows originating and accepting for servicing is deemed as one of the critical answers to such problems. To address this issue, we have designed a model of resource allocation and sharing strategy for conjoint servicing of real time video traffic referred as "Heavy traffic" of surveillance cameras and low-quality video traffic, referred as "Light traffic" which are transmitted as files over LTE cell facilities in a surveillance operator system. In the model, the access control is incorporated to create the conditions for differentiated servicing of heterogenous traffic incoming sessions. The mathematical model can be utilized to study reservation-based resource allocation scenarios over a shared heterogenous network.
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Frej, Eduarda Asfora, Lucia Reis Peixoto Roselli, Alexandre Ramalho Alberti, Murilo Amorim Britto, Evônio de Barros Campelo Júnior, Rodrigo José Pires Ferreira und Adiel Teixeira de Almeida. „Collaborative Decision Model for Allocating Intensive Care Units Beds with Scarce Resources in Health Systems: A Portfolio Based Approach under Expected Utility Theory and Bayesian Decision Analysis“. Mathematics 11, Nr. 3 (28.01.2023): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11030659.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought health systems to the brink of collapse in several regions around the world, as the demand for health care has outstripped the capacity of their services, especially regarding intensive care. In this context, health system managers have faced a difficult question: who should be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), and who should not? This paper addresses this decision problem using Expected Utility Theory and Bayesian decision analysis. In order to estimate the chances of survival for patients, a structured protocol has been proposed conjointly with physicians, based on the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. A portfolio selection approach is proposed to support tackling the ICU allocation problem. A simulation study shows that the proposed approach is more advantageous than other approaches already presented in the literature, with respect to the number of lives saved. The patients’ probabilities of survival inside and outside the ICU are important parameters of the model. However, assessing such probabilities can be a difficult task for health professionals. In order to give due treatment to the imprecise information regarding these probabilities, a Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the probabilities of recommending a patient be admitted to the ICU is the most appropriate decision, given the conditions presented. The methodology was implemented in an Information and Decision System called SIDTriagem, which is available online for free. With regards to managerial implications, SIDTriagem has a great potential to help in the response to public health emergencies systems as it facilitates rational decision-making regarding allocating ICU beds when resources are scarce.
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BROOKES, V. J., V. J. DEL RIO VILAS und M. P. WARD. „Disease prioritization: what is the state of the art?“ Epidemiology and Infection 143, Nr. 14 (16.04.2015): 2911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000801.
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SUMMARYDisease prioritization is motivated by the need to ensure that limited resources are targeted at the most important problems to achieve the greatest benefit in improving and maintaining human and animal health. Studies have prioritized a range of disease types, for example, zoonotic and foodborne diseases, using a range of criteria that describe potential disease impacts. This review describes the progression of disease prioritization methodology from ad hoc techniques to decision science methods (including multi-criteria decision analysis, conjoint analysis and probabilistic inversion), and describes how these methods aid defensible resource allocation. We discuss decision science in the context of disease prioritization to then review the development of disease prioritization studies. Structuring the prioritization and assessing decision-makers' preferences through value trade-offs between criteria within the decision context are identified as key factors that ensure transparency and reproducibility. Future directions for disease prioritization include the development of validation techniques, guidelines for model selection and neuroeconomics to gain a deeper understanding of decision-making.
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Blackman, Alexandra Domike. „Religion and Foreign Aid“. Politics and Religion 11, Nr. 3 (15.03.2018): 522–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048318000093.
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AbstractForeign aid allocations represent one of several important economic policy tools used by governments to realize their foreign policy objectives. Using a conjoint survey of respondents in the United States, this paper shows that recipient country religion is a significant determinant of individual-level foreign aid preferences. In particular, respondents express a preference for giving to Christian-majority countries in contrast to Muslim- or Buddhist-majority countries. This effect is comparable with that of other important determinants of support for foreign aid, such as a country's status as a U.S. ally or trade partner. Importantly, the preference for Christian recipient countries is especially pronounced among Christian, and most notably Evangelical Christian, respondents. This paper explores two potential mechanisms for the effect of religion: country religion as a heuristic and an individual-level preference for giving to co-religionists.
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SCHNETTLER, BERTA, GERMÁN LOBOS, HORACIO MIRANDA, LIGIA ORELLANA und KLAUS G. GRUNERT. „INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE BENEFITS OF CONSUMING FRUIT ON CONSUMER PREFERENCES IN TEMUCO, REGION OF THE ARAUCANÍA“. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 37, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2015): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-2945-201/14.
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ABSTRACT With the aim of identifying strategies to increase fruit consumption in Temuco, consumer segments were classified according to the importance and preference of theattributes type of fruit, package/ brand, benefit associated with fruit consumption and price. A survey was applied to 400 people in Temuco,Chile, distributed using a simple allocation: 200 working adults and 200university students. The questionnaire included the SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life) scale, respondents’ fruit consumption habits and their characteristics. Using conjoint and cluster analyses, three segments were distinguished: Group 1 (22.0%) gave greatest importance to the package/brand and preferred themessage “prevents diseases” and “without information”; Group 2 (47.5%) gave greatest importance to the package/brand and preferred the message “prevents diseases”; Group 3 (30.5%) assigned greatest importance to the price and preferred the message “contains antioxidants”. The segments differed in their level of satisfaction with food-related life, self-declared lifestyle, age and presence of university students. The results provide input to promote fruit consumption in working adults and university students.
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Arnevik, Espen, Theresa Wilberg, Øyvind Urnes, Merete Johansen, Jon T. Monsen und Sigmund Karterud. „Psychotherapy for personality disorders: Short-term day hospital psychotherapy versus outpatient individual therapy – a randomized controlled study“. European Psychiatry 24, Nr. 2 (März 2009): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.09.004.
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AbstractThis article describes the results of an eight-month follow-up investigation from a randomized controlled trial of day hospital psychotherapy (DHP) compared with outpatient individual psychotherapy (OIP) for patients with personality disorders (N = 114). The patients were randomly assigned to either 18 weeks of day hospital treatment followed by long-term conjoint group and individual therapy (DHP), or outpatient individual psychotherapy (OIP). The main outcome measures were attrition rate, suicide attempts, suicidal thoughts, self-injury, psychosocial functioning, symptom distress, and interpersonal and personality problems. The study showed a low dropout rate and a moderate improvement on a broad range of clinical measures for both treatments. However, there was no indication of the superiority of one treatment over the other. Neither was there any indication that day hospital treatment was better for the most poorly functioning patients. Further studies will follow this group of patients for the next few years, the results of which may have implications for resource allocation and the organization of mental health services for patients with personality disorders.
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Vanhuysse, Pieter, Michael Jankowski und Markus Tepe. „Vaccine alliance building blocks: a conjoint experiment on popular support for international COVID-19 cooperation formats“. Policy Sciences 54, Nr. 3 (11.08.2021): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11077-021-09435-1.
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AbstractThe design principles of institutions that visibly and significantly affect citizens’ lives are likely to be politically salient. Popular support for these principles is in turn crucial for institutional viability and effectiveness. Transboundary pandemics are a case in point. Understanding citizens’ preferences regarding the design of international alliances set up to mass-produce and distribute vaccines is likely to determine citizens’ subsequent cooperation with vaccination campaigns. This study explores Germans’ preferences for international COVID-19 vaccine alliance design principles. We conducted a conjoint experiment at a recurring cognitive moment in many pandemics’ cycles, between the initial outbreak and a more devastating but still-unknown second wave, when infection rates were very low, yet no policy solutions had been developed. We analyzed preferences regarding four building blocks: (1) alliance composition (size; EU-centrism), (2) alliance distribution rules (joining cost; vaccine allocation), (3) vaccine nationalism (cost per German household; coverage in Germany) and (4) vaccine producer confidence (origin; type). Distribution rules, political ideology and personal perceptions of pandemic threat matter little. But a larger alliance size and dominant EU-country composition increase alliance support. And vaccine nationalism is key: support increases with both lower costs and larger coverage for own-nation citizens. Moreover, support goes down for Chinese and American producers and increases for Swiss and especially own-nation producers. In sum, a realist and technocratic outlook is warranted at the cognitive stage in pandemic cycles when no solutions have been found, yet the worst already seems to be over, as national self-interest reigns supreme in popular attitudes.
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Li, Nailiang, Xiao Jin und Yupeng Li. „Identification of key customer requirements based on online reviews“. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, Nr. 3 (07.10.2020): 3957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200057.
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Customer requirements are the essential driving force for successful product development. They can be grouped into several categories, including basic requirements, indifferent requirements, reverse requirements, expected requirements, and attractive requirements. Among these, the latter two are crucial for improving customer satisfaction and can be classified as key requirements. However, the literature on identifying key requirements suffers from issues related to subjective interference and the lack of a specific quantitative calculation process. Thus, this study proposes a model for identifying critical customer requirements. First, use Python to run the web crawler for extracting online customer reviews. Second, extract product engineering characteristics using the relevant text mining technology and latent Dirichlet allocation topic clustering algorithm. Third, we combine sentiment analysis and other factors that influence customer satisfaction with the product engineering characteristics to conduct the conjoint analysis and calculate utility values for the product engineering characteristics. Finally, integrate Kano model to formulate the requirements hierarchy rules, determine the final key requirements index, and identify the key customer requirements. And a case study implemented the key customer requirements identification problem for a smartphone to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
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Buoye, Alexander, Luke Williams und Jay Weiner. „WAR: What Else Is It Good For? A Comparison of Maximum Difference Scaling, Adaptive Choice-based Conjoint, Constant Sum Scaling and Wallet Allocation Rule Utilities“. Journal of Creating Value 4, Nr. 1 (Mai 2018): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394964318771794.
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Purpose – This research compares the results of Maximum Difference Scaling (MaxDiff), Adaptive Choice-Based Conjoint (ACBC), and constant sum scaling with the results of a Wallet Allocation Rule (WAR) approach for identifying the features of smartphones deemed most valuable by consumers. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine the responses of 554 recent purchasers and 598 intended purchasers of smartphones about the features of smartphones that they have considered/will consider in their purchase decisions and the relative value they assign to each feature. MaxDiff, ACBC, constant sum scaling and WAR are used for quantifying the importance of these features and correlation analysis is used to compare the results of the four methods. Findings – The authors find that constant sum scaling and WAR provide nearly identical results at both the aggregate and individual levels, while MaxDiff and ACBC produce similar results to WAR at the aggregate level only. Originality/value – This research validates the feasibility of a simple method for estimating the utility of product features by demonstrating the similarity of results to more established and/or complex methods. The availability of a simpler method creates value by allowing more firms to engage in this kind of co-creative research while reducing costs for customers to participate.
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Sun, Xun. „Bidirectional Multi-Device Daisy Chain Communication Architecture and Verification Based on UART Serial Communication Protocol“. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 81 (26.01.2024): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/tjz7j294.
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This paper proposes an innovative bidirectional multi-device daisy chain communication framework grounded in the Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART) serial communication protocol. This intricate architecture employs four distinct physical Input/Output (IO) interfaces to facilitate dynamic serial communication amongst multiple devices. These devices can be conjoined in a sequential daisy chain or in a closed-loop ring configuration. To further enhance the functionality, our system incorporates a unique mechanism that leverages randomized device codes for rapid address allocation. This not only facilitates directional communication but also supports broad-spectrum broadcast transmissions. An exhaustive simulation of the said protocol was carried out utilizing Proteus software in tandem with a Microcontroller Unit (MCU) model. Critical parameters such as communication response delay, the cumulative failure rate of transmissions, and the isolated failure rate of individual data packets between nodes were meticulously evaluated. Preliminary findings underscore the protocol's potential in fostering cost-effective and dependable communication amongst a plethora of devices. The practicality and versatility of this system manifest prominently in arenas like cluster robot command, robotic automation, and holistic environmental monitoring.
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Tutsch, Matthew, Wolfgang Haider, Ben Beardmore, Kenneth Lertzman, Andrew B. Cooper und Robert C. Walker. „Estimating the consequences of wildfire for wildfire risk assessment, a case study in the southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia, Canada“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, Nr. 11 (November 2010): 2104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-159.
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Wildfire risk assessment research has made considerable progress towards estimating the probability of wildfires but comparatively little progress towards estimating the expected consequences of potential fires. One challenge with estimating wildfire consequences has been to identify a common metric that can be applied to consequences measured in different units. In this paper, we use the preferences of representatives of local fire management agencies as the common consequences metric and apply it to a case study in the southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia, Canada. The method uses an expert survey and a maximum-difference conjoint analysis to establish the relative importance of specific fire consequences. A fire with a major potential for loss of life was considered to be about three times worse than major damage to houses and 4.5 times worse than loss of a rare species. Risk ratings were very sensitive to changes in fire consequences ratings. As the complexity of values at risk and number of stakeholders increase, the most efficient allocation of wildfire prevention, protection, and suppression resources becomes increasingly challenging to determine. Thus, as the complexity of stakeholder representation and values at risk increases, we need to pay increasing attention to quantitative methods for measuring wildfire consequences.
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Abdalla Moh’d AL-Tamimi, Dr Khaled, Dr Mohammad Sulieman Jaradat und Dr Ashraf Mahammad Al-Rjoub. „The Role of Central Bank of Jordan in Economic Development“. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, Nr. 510 (01.10.2019): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861//ijefr.510.221.226.
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The main purpose of this research is to study and highlight that central bank of Jordan (CBJ) plays an important role in economic development. The objective of the financial organization shall be to keep up financial and money stability, to confirm the interchangeability of the Dinar, and to contribute in achieving the banking and money stability within the Kingdom likewise as promoting sustained economic process in accordance with the overall economic policies of the government. To achieve the above- mentioned objectives, CBJ assumes many tasks portrayed in drawing and implementing the financial policy within the Kingdom through an integrated system of monetary policy instruments, setting a evaluation policy of the Dinar compatible with the Jordanian economy, maintaining and managing the Kingdom’s reserves of gold and foreign currencies, regulation credit within the Jordanian economy so as to realize financial and money stability likewise as comprehensive economic process, and issue and regulation bank notes and coins. Subsequently, the central bank plays necessary role within the economic resource allocation of the country. The banking industry may be a major issue that affects the organization of social and economic life cycle within the economies of the planet. it is thought about as associate degree indicator of economic and social growing.. Also, developed financial set up ought to be characterized by the existence of a contemporary and complicated banking industry that contributes to achieving economic balance. It conjointly encourages domestic and foreign investment through the banking system’s ability to states. The aim of the banking industry is to draw in savings domestically and abroad, and direct those savings into productive investment. As a result, this contributes to the accomplishment of economic and social development method, and conjointly facilitates investment activity.
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Friedmann, Enav, und Oded Lowengart. „The context of choice as boundary condition for gender differences in brand choice considerations“. European Journal of Marketing 52, Nr. 5/6 (14.05.2018): 1280–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2017-0524.
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Purpose Marketers often assume that functional, hedonic and socially conspicuous utilities in choosing a brand differ for men and women, thus different marketing strategies are required for each gender. To date, most of the research studies have used self-reported measures when shopping in general or in regard to a single product. The purpose of this research is to examine this question using two different contexts of brand choice: single choice evaluation (SCE) and brand selection context (BSC). This assessment will clarify whether male and female utilities when choosing a brand are indeed inherent and consistent. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using surveys in three studies (N = 923). Conjoint analysis and ICLV (integrated choice and latent variables) models were examined. Findings BSC analysis that more closely mimics real-life contexts revealed that the consideration of these utilities is generally similar for men and women, while the SCE analysis showed significant gender differences. Practical implications In the context of choosing between brands, stereotypical gender targeting may be ineffective and might not be the best allocation of resources for marketers. Social implications Gender stereotypes in advertising seem to reconstruct differences that are not significant in a realistic brand selection context. Originality/value The context of choice was found to be a condition boundary for gender differences in brand choice considerations. Gender differences are not evolutionary or inherent.
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Kumar, Dileep, Usman Safder, Waqas Ahmed Pathan und Kamran Ansari. „Evaluating Main Canal and Barrage Performance in Pakistan through Water Security Metrics“. Water 15, Nr. 21 (24.10.2023): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15213712.
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The present study provides an in-depth investigation into water security using socio-hydrological analysis by investigating the relationship between irrigation entitlements and actual water delivery. Conjoint analysis is used to evaluate the reliability and equity of the system by applying quantitative definitions and metrics. This study examines 10 years of daily average canal flow data collected from the Sindh canal command regions of the Lower Indus Basin Irrigation System in Pakistan. This research was carried out at both the canal and the barrage network levels, with socio-hydrological metrics being used across both temporal and spatial scales. Furthermore, an in-depth study of the LIB system’s fourteen main canals operating across three barrages was carried out. This research focuses on the transition from historical volumetric allocations to the objective of enhancing irrigation efficiency and agricultural yields in order to provide improved water and food security. The investigation underscores the enduring presence of stagnation and volatility in the overall equity and reliability of the system. The analysis reveals that the median reliability of the canals in Sindh was 47–100% in the summer and 65–85% in the winter season. Additionally, the irrigation system equity was worse in the winter and summer, at around 55–75%. This research examines the possibilities of using a socio-hydrological strategy to effectively improve the performance of canal irrigation systems and promote water security.
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Kennerley, Steven W., und Jonathan D. Wallis. „Encoding of Reward and Space During a Working Memory Task in the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Sulcus“. Journal of Neurophysiology 102, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2009): 3352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00273.2009.
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Several lines of research indicate that emotional and motivational information may be useful in guiding the allocation of attentional resources. Two areas of the frontal lobe that are particularly implicated in the encoding of motivational information are the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) and the dorsomedial region of prefrontal cortex, specifically the anterior cingulate sulcus (PFcs). However, it remains unclear whether these areas use this information to influence spatial attention. We used single-unit neurophysiology to examine whether, at the level of individual neurons, there was evidence for integration between reward information and spatial attention. We trained two subjects to perform a task that required them to attend to a spatial location across a delay under different expectancies of reward for correct performance. We balanced the order of presentation of spatial and reward information so we could assess the neuronal encoding of the two pieces of information independently and conjointly. We found little evidence for encoding of the spatial location in either PFo or PFcs. In contrast, both areas encoded the expected reward. Furthermore, PFo consistently encoded reward more quickly than PFcs, although reward encoding was subsequently more prevalent and stronger in PFcs. These results suggest a differential contribution of PFo and PFcs to reward encoding, with PFo potentially more important for initially determining the value of rewards predicted by sensory stimuli. They also suggest that neither PFo nor PFcs play a direct role in the control of spatial attention.
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Xu, Saijuan, Liliang Yang und Genggeng Liu. „An Enhanced Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Global Router for VLSI Design“. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2023 (05.05.2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6593938.
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Global routing is a crucial step in the design of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits. However, most of the existing methods are heuristic algorithms, which cannot conjointly optimize the subproblems of global routing, resulting in congestion and overflow. In response to this challenge, an enhanced Deep Reinforcement Learning- (DRL-) based global router has been proposed, which comprises the following effective strategies. First, to avoid the overestimation problem generated by Q -learning, the proposed global router adopts the Double Deep Q -Network (DDQN) model. The DDQN-based global router has better performance in wire length optimization and convergence. Second, to avoid the agent from learning redundant information, an action elimination method is added to the action selection part, which significantly enhances the convergence performance of the training process. Third, to avoid the unfair allocation problem of routing resources in serial training, concurrent training is proposed to enhance the routability. Fourth, to reduce wire length and disperse routing resources, a new reward function is proposed to guide the agent to learn better routing solutions regarding wire length and congestion standard deviation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms others in several important performance metrics, including wire length, convergence performance, routability, and congestion standard deviation. In conclusion, the proposed enhanced DRL-based global router is a promising approach for solving the global routing problem in VLSI design, which can achieve superior performance compared to the heuristic method and DRL-based global router.
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Gueguen, Cédric, und Malo Manini. „Dynamic Tradeoff between Energy and Throughput in Wireless 5G Networks“. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (04.09.2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7484786.
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Even though system energy and spectral efficiency are major issues in wireless network, reaching these objectives conjointly seems very difficult and requires the usage of tradeoffs. Moreover, depending on the context, the importance of either varies. In underloaded context, guaranteeing high Quality of Service (QoS) is easily achievable due to large surplus of available radio resources and focus should be put on energy rather than system throughput. On the contrary, in an overloaded context, the lack of available radio resources required that resources allocation algorithms focus on system capacity in order to preserve QoS. Since the major issue of the network is to satisfy users, in this specific case, energy consumption must become lesser important. Many specialized solutions have been proposed that focus either on energy saving or on throughput maximization. They provide high performances, respectively, on their specific network traffic load context, previously described, but are not optimized outside. Other solutions that proposed static tradeoffs provide average performances but can not be fully efficient in all scenarios. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Tradeoff between energy and throughput efficiency that adapts the scheduler priorities to the network context and particularly to the traffic load. Considering the context, the scheduler is able to adjust its behavior in order to maintain high QoS while reducing as much energy as possible. Performance evaluation will show that the proposed solution succeeds to minimize energy consumption better than energy focused scheduler in underloaded context while being able to reach the same spectral efficiency as throughput oriented scheduler in highly loaded context.
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Manhas, Kiran Pohar, und Ian Mitchell. „(Dis)-Trust in transitioning ventilator-dependent children from hospital to homecare“. Nursing Ethics 22, Nr. 8 (08.12.2014): 913–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014551598.
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Background: Scholarly work is needed to develop the conceptual and theoretical understanding of trust to nursing practice. The transition from hospital care to complex pediatric homecare involves nurses in myriad roles, including management and care provision. Complex pediatric homecare transforms children, families, professionals, and communities, but its exact implications are unclear. Research objectives: To conduct an ethical inquiry into the role and responsibilities of nurses in the qualitative experience of adults involved in the hospital-to-home transition of young, ventilator-dependent children. Research design: We followed methods described by Franco Carnevale. We used a sociologically grounded theoretical orientation—trust—to re-interpret qualitative data for an ethical inquiry into a specific facet of that data. Participants and study context: The participants included 26 adults, including 14 nurses, involved in the hospital-to-home transition in a Canadian province. Participants represented family, hospital, home, and government. Ethical considerations: The Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board at the University of Calgary approved this study. Findings: First, the concept and practice of trust was salient to the experience of transition. For example, responsibilities’ allocation between hospital-based professionals to mothers, home-based nurses, and non-professionals necessitated reliance and vulnerability. Second, the consequences of distrust connected to recognized challenges. For example, tensions along rural–urban, medical-family, and professional–personal divide each revealed suspicion and uncertainty that led to isolation and anxiety for all involved. Third, recommendations to improve the experience and mitigate the challenges of transition can be grounded in trust promotion. For example, transition-specific education programs and codes of ethics would promote openness, recognize mutual vulnerability, and advance trust in transition. Conclusions: The challenges to transition evidenced distrust, while trust represents a powerful tool to counter these challenges and their implications. A climate of trust could bridge divides between mothers and professionals; rural and urban professionals; and professionals with differing relationships with the family.
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Araar, Abdelkrim, Jean-Yves Duclos und François Blais. „Effets redistributifs d’un régime d’allocation universelle : une simulation pour le Québec“. Articles 81, Nr. 3 (05.06.2006): 421–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013038ar.
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Résumé Nous simulons l’impact redistributif de trois scénarios d’instauration d’une allocation universelle (AU). Les simulations se font en maintenant constant le solde budgétaire conjoint des gouvernements provincial et fédéral. Un premier scénario B suppose qu’un ensemble de programmes sociaux et de dispositions fiscales est éliminé pour être subséquemment remplacé par une AU qui ne modifie toutefois pas les taux marginaux de la fiscalité des revenus des particuliers (FRP). Cet ensemble inclut la plupart des crédits d’impôt à l’égard des besoins essentiels et du soutien à la famille ainsi que d’autres paramètres du système fiscal et de transferts dont nous jugeons que l’abolition pourrait universaliser et simplifier le système de transferts et la fiscalité. Un deuxième scénario C modifie en plus les taux marginaux explicites de la FRP de façon à réduire certains des effets pervers de l’élimination de ces programmes. Un troisième scénario D élimine aussi la sécurité du revenu et l’assurance-emploi de manière à rendre le régime d’AU plus généreux, et modifie également les taux marginaux explicites de la FRP. Le niveau de vie varie de manière importante selon les scénarios. Les plus affectées sont les familles monoparentales, qui enregistrent une baisse de 7,17 % dans le scénario B, mais une hausse de 3,3 % et 12,6 % respectivement dans les scénarios C et D. Les personnes vivant seules subissent des baisses de revenu moyen dans les trois scénarios. Les couples avec enfants sortent généralement gagnants peu importe les scénarios alors que les couples sans enfants ne subissent en moyenne que peu d’impact redistributif. Les personnes âgées sortent perdantes en moyenne du scénario C, mais gagnantes du scénario D, dans lequel leur niveau d’AU est redressé pour leur épargner les effets de la hausse des taux marginaux d’imposition. Le scénario B augmente la pauvreté ; le scénario C la réduit pour les familles avec enfants et pour les couples sans enfants, mais l’augmente néanmoins au niveau de toute la population ; le scénario D diminue la pauvreté dans toute la population et ne l’augmente que chez les personnes seules (et très légèrement pour les personnes âgées). L’inégalité quant à elle augmente de manière importante dans le scénario B, diminue très légèrement pour C et diminue de manière sensible pour le scénario D. La redistribution effectuée par un régime d’AU peut atteindre jusqu’à 2 % du revenu total. Finalement, les taux marginaux implicites d’imposition sont considérablement égalisés par les scénarios d’AU retenus ici, quels qu’ils soient.
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Diederich, Adele. „A Rational Reconstruction of Expert Judgments in Organ Allocation“. Analyse & Kritik 23, Nr. 2 (01.01.2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auk-2001-0207.
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AbstractThe Eurotransplant Kidney Allocation System (ETKAS) emerged from the XCOMB model by Wujciak and Opelz (1993a,b), who applied computer simulation studies to create an allocation algorithm. The present study investigated how experts would allocate a donated organ to patients on the waiting list with respect to the five allocation factors proposed in the ETKAS (number of mismatches, mismatch probability, waiting time, distance, international exchange balance). The experts’ evaluations were compared to the ETKAS points as well as to factor weights established in mandatory allocation guidelines which are based on the German law for organ allocation (Transplantationsgesetz). The investigation was carried out using a conjoint analysis. Overall, the results indicate a fairly high degree of agreement between the experts’ opinions and the existing allocation system ETKAS and even more so for the allocation guidelines, in particular, with respect to the factors Mismatches, Mismatch probability, and Waiting time.
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Hartono, Budi, M. Dzaki Agung Ghifari und Orchida Dianita. „Risk Allocation Preferences in Indonesian Electricity PublicPrivate Partnership Projects: A Conjoint Analysis“. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 2021, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emr.2021.3087809.
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Ahlert, Marlies. „Patterns of Decision Making in Kidney Allocation Problems“. Analyse & Kritik 23, Nr. 2 (01.01.2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auk-2001-0208.
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AbstractExperts in the field of organ transplantation had to rank order a set of 32 patients according to their priority in receiving a donated kidney. The patients were described by the five characteristics that are incorporated in the kidney allocation algorithm applied by Eurotransplant. The priority rankings as defined by the experts were analyzed and patterns of dedsion making identified in the rankings investigated in this study. All patterns could be explained by some type of lexicographical ranking. The larger group of experts preordered tissue compatibility or, more technically speaking, the criterion of HLA match, while the complementary group applied the criterion of the length of waiting time first. Analyzing the finer decision structures of expert rankings and com paring the method of pattern exploration with a conjoint measurement analysis led to two follow-up questions: First, how can the value judgments of the experts be described adequately? Second, which type of aggregated ordering derived from the individual rankings represents them ‘best’?
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Nagarjuna, G., und N. Murali Krishna. „PASTURE OF PHARMACEUTICAL, MACHINE LEARNING HAS A NUMBER OF APPLIANCES“. International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management, 25.10.2022, 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2022.9.5.34.
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These years, with computer science and machine learning changing into the hotspot of analysis, many appliances have emerged in every of those areas. It exists not solely as a form of educational frontier however conjointly one thing on the point of our life. during this trend, the mixture of medical aid and machine learning becomes additional and additional tighter. The proposal of its main plan conjointly greatly mitigated the prevailing scenario of unbalanced medical distribution and resources strain. This paper summarizes some application of machine learning and auxiliary growth treatment within the method of medical resource allocation, and puts forward some new strategies of application to appreciate it nearer to human life within the era of computer science and therefore the explores an honest scenario of mutual combination of medical business and industry, that is profit each.
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Senninger, Roman, und Daniel Bischof. „Do voters want domestic politicians to scrutinize the European Union?“ Political Science Research and Methods, 17.09.2021, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2021.54.
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Abstract In light of important political events that go beyond the nation state (e.g., migration, climate change, and the coronavirus pandemic), domestic politicians are increasingly pressured to scrutinize and speak out on European policy-making. This creates a potential trade-off between allocating effort to domestic and supranational affairs, respectively. We examine how citizens perceive legislator involvement in European Union (EU) politics with a pre-registered conjoint experiment in Germany. Our results show that Members of Parliament (MPs) are not disadvantaged when allocating effort to European affairs as compared to local and national affairs. In addition, voters tend to prefer MPs who engage in EU policy reform over those who do not. As demand for legislator involvement in European politics is on the rise, we provide empirical evidence that MPs can fulfill this demand without being disadvantaged by the electorate.
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Kumar, Ashok, V. K. Banga und Amit Wason. „Intelligent Requests Algorithm Based Scheduling and Efficient Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation to Improve QoS for EPONs“. Journal of Optical Communications, 23.05.2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2018-0040.
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AbstractThe proposed traffic grooming methodology for long-reach-passive optical networks will decrease the latency in upstream. The scheduling and wavelength assignment for ethernet passive optical networks has been shown to perform much better in terms of delay. The dynamic traffic grooming algorithm based on intelligent water drop is proposed in which new depositions function has been introduced for efficient handling of bandwidth. Therefore, once equally distanced optical network units were scheduled on constant wavelengths, the void formation impact is reduced. The outcomes conjointly depict the result of the planned methodology on bandwidth utilization improvement and jitter by 1.46 and 408.66 µs improvements respectively, even overall latency is improved by 465.83 µs by value. These results depict the validity of the planned dynamic bandwidth allocation methodology for traffic grooming.
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Lin, C. Y. Cynthia. „How Should Standards Be Set and Met?: On the Allocation of Regulatory Power in a Federal System“. B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 10, Nr. 1 (14.06.2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2126.
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Abstract Regulation often takes the form of a standard that can be met through the implementation of any of a number of different policies. This paper examines how the authority to set the standard and the authority to choose the combination of policies to meet the standard should be allocated between a central government and local governments. In the context of the United States, for example, should standards regarding such public goods as the environment or education be set and implemented by the federal government, by individual state governments, or by both? Because decisions about setting and/or meeting the standard can be non-contractible, an incomplete contracting approach is used. A central finding is that "conjoint federalism" (the central government sets the standard while the local governments meet the standard), which is the regulatory structure often used in federations such as the United States and the European Union, can be the least efficient form, while a reverse form of delegation, in which local governments choose their own individual standards which the central government then decides how to collectively meet, can be the most efficient.
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Lüdeke-Freund, Florian, und Moritz Loock. „Determinants of Credit Allocation for Photovoltaic Projects: Research Outline and Preliminary Findings from Conjoint Experiments with German Financing Experts“. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2070775.
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Nagpal, Ankita, Naga Vamsi Krishna Jasti und Gaurav Nagpal. „Can Credit Ratings be Modelled on the Basis of Financial Metrics? An Evidence from Ind-Ra Ratings of Indian Firms Using Conjoint Analysis Approach“. IIFT International Business and Management Review Journal, 20.02.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/jiift.231225913.
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The credit ratings play an important role in the allocation of capital among the enterprises, and thereby, in the growth of any economy. The different credit rating methodologies and criteria are used by different credit rating agencies, and the criteria may also differ from industry to industry. This research study tries to explore if it is possible to model credit ratings as the outcome of financial metrics. The study deploys the conjoint analysis approach to forecast the Ind-Ra ratings given to 50 firms, as a dependent variable and the key financial metrics as independent variables. First, the independent variables are computed based on financial statements. Then, the model is executed. It is found that the debt-equity ratio is negatively rated to credit rating, while the other three variables (profitability, asset turnover ratio and current ratio) are positively related to credit ratings. The study shows that financial metrics are not the only influencer of credit ratings but many subjective criteria such as future expected consumer trends, leadership overview, management aptitude and so on. Therefore, the model proposed in this study using financial statements has a 60% accuracy only because the subjective factors as mentioned above are difficult to be quantified and captured in the model as predictor variables.
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Larsen, Anna, Albert Tele und Manasi Kumar. „Mental health service preferences of patients and providers: a scoping review of conjoint analysis and discrete choice experiments from global public health literature over the last 20 years (1999–2019)“. BMC Health Services Research 21, Nr. 1 (18.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06499-w.
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Abstract Background In designing, adapting, and integrating mental health interventions, it is pertinent to understand patients’ needs and their own perceptions and values in receiving care. Conjoint analysis (CA) and discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are survey-based preference-elicitation approaches that, when applied to healthcare settings, offer opportunities to quantify and rank the healthcare-related choices of patients, providers, and other stakeholders. However, a knowledge gap exists in characterizing the extent to which DCEs/CA have been used in designing mental health services for patients and providers. Methods We performed a scoping review from the past 20 years (2009–2019) to identify and describe applications of conjoint analysis and discrete choice experiments. We searched the following electronic databases: Pubmed, CINAHL, PsychInfo, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science to identify stakehold,er preferences for mental health services using Mesh terms. Studies were categorized according to pertaining to patients, providers and parents or caregivers. Results Among the 30 studies we reviewed, most were published after 2010 (24/30, 80%), the majority were conducted in the United States (11/30, 37%) or Canada (10/30, 33%), and all were conducted in high-income settings. Studies more frequently elicited preferences from patients or potential patients (21/30, 70%) as opposed to providers. About half of the studies used CA while the others utilized DCEs. Nearly half of the studies sought preferences for mental health services in general (14/30, 47%) while a quarter specifically evaluated preferences for unipolar depression services (8/30, 27%). Most of the studies sought stakeholder preferences for attributes of mental health care and treatment services (17/30, 57%). Conclusions Overall, preference elicitation approaches have been increasingly applied to mental health services globally in the past 20 years. To date, these methods have been exclusively applied to populations within the field of mental health in high-income countries. Prioritizing patients’ needs and preferences is a vital component of patient-centered care – one of the six domains of health care quality. Identifying patient preferences for mental health services may improve quality of care and, ultimately, increase acceptability and uptake of services among patients. Rigorous preference-elicitation approaches should be considered, especially in settings where mental health resources are scarce, to illuminate resource allocation toward preferred service characteristics especially within low-income settings.
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Clootens, Nicolas, und Francesco Magris. „Nonrenewable resource use sustainability and public debt“. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 15.09.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12665.
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AbstractThe sustainability of resource use and the management of public finances are both long‐run issues that are linked to each other through savings decisions. To study them conjointly, this paper introduces a public debt stabilization constraint in an overlapping generation model in which nonrenewable resources constitute a necessary input in the production function and belong to agents. It shows that stabilization of public debt at a high level (as share of capital) may prevent the existence of a sustainable development path, that is, a path on which per capita consumption is not decreasing. Public debt thus appears as a threat to sustainable development. It also shows that higher public debt‐to‐capital ratios (and public expenditures‐to‐capital ones) are associated with lower growth. Two transmission channels are identified. As usual, public debt crowds out capital accumulation. In addition, public debt tends to increase resource use which reduces the rate of growth. We also provide a numerical analysis of the dynamics that shows that the economy is characterized by saddle path stability. Finally, we show that the public debt‐to‐capital ratio may be calibrated to implement the social planner optimal allocation according to which the growth rate is increasing in the degree of patience.
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Jácome de Moura Jr, Pedro. „Is data science a science? The essence of phenomenon and the role of theory in the emerging field“. Kybernetes ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (22.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-03-2021-0205.
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PurposeData science lacks a distinctive identity and a theory-informed approach, both for its own sake and to properly be applied conjointly to the social sciences. This paper’s purposes are twofold: to provide (1) data science an illustration of theory adoption, able to address explanation and support prediction/prescription capacities and (2) a rationale for identification of the key phenomena and properties of data science so that the data speak through a contextual understanding of reality, broader than has been usual.Design/methodology/approachA literature review and a derived conceptual research model for a push–pull approach (adapted for a data science study in the management field) are presented. A real location–allocation problem is solved through a specific algorithm and explained in the light of the adapted push–pull theory, serving as an instance for a data science theory-informed application in the management field.FindingsThis study advances knowledge on the definition of data science key phenomena as not just pure “data”, but interrelated data and datasets properties, as well as on the specific adaptation of the push-pull theory through its definition, dimensionality and interaction model, also illustrating how to apply the theory in a data science theory-informed research. The proposed model contributes to the theoretical strengthening of data science, still an incipient area, and the solution of the location-allocation problem suggests the applicability of the proposed approach to broad data science problems, alleviating the criticism on the lack of explanation and the focus on pattern recognition in data science practice and research.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed algorithm requires the previous definition of a perimeter of interest. This aspect should be characterised as an antecedent to the model, which is a strong assumption. As for prescription, in this specific case, one has to take complementary actions, since theory, model and algorithm are not detached from in loco visits, market research or interviews with potential stakeholders.Practical implicationsThis study offers a conceptual model for practical location–allocation problem analyses, based on the push–pull theoretical components. So, it suggests a proper definition for each component (the object, the perspective, the forces, its degrees and the nature of the movement). The proposed model has also an algorithm for computational implementation, which visually describes and explains components interaction, allowing further simulation (estimated forces degrees) for prediction.Originality/valueFirst, this study identifies an overlap of push–pull theoretical approaches, which suggests theory adoption eventually as mere common sense, weakening further theoretical development. Second, this study elaborates a definition for the push–pull theory, a dimensionality and a relationship between its components. Third, a typical location–allocation problem is analysed in the light of the refactored theory, showing its adequacy for that class of problems. And fourth, this study suggests that the essence of a data science should be the study of contextual relationships among data, and that the context should be provided by the spatial, temporal, political, economic and social analytical interests.
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Rafiei, Sima, Rafat Mohebbifar, Mohammad Ranjbar und Fatemeh Akbarirad. „The preferences of general practitioners regarding family physician contract in the underprivileged areas of Iran in using conjoint analysis“. Evidence Based Health Policy, Management and Economics, 02.07.2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jebhpme.v3i2.1216.
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Background: One of the most important methods for improving the fair access of people to health services is the family physician program, which is facing many challenges. One of these challenges is the lack of policymakers' understanding of physicians' preferences regarding the provisions of the family physician contract. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate general practitioners' preferences regarding the type of family doctor contract in one of the underprivileged regions of Iran.
Methods: An analytical-cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 general practitioners (GPs) who registered in Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) family physician plan and were working in the health network of deprived regions in Iran. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) questionnaire was developed by the researchers and then distributed to GPs. Results were analyzed using Ordered Logistic Regression.
Data were collected using a questionnaire designed by orthogonal method in SPSS 20. Data analysis was performed using logistic regression model in Stata 13 software.
Results: Findings revealed that “type of employer” had the most significant effect on GPs’ preferences (OR = 2.5), followed by “allocating quota for admission to medical specialty courses after 5 years” (OR = 2.25), being allowed to give medical services to population without geographical restriction (OR = 2.8), being allowed to provide services out of the defined service packet (OR = 1.4), and “decreased length of contract” (OR = 0.93).
Conclusion: The amendment of the provisions of the family physician contract in accordance with physicians' preferences increases the probability of their participation in and compliance with the family physician program.
However, the compliance of the provisions of this contract with relevant international standards and upstream laws of the country should be maintained as much as possible.
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Bera, Sasadhar, Pradeep Kumar und Subhajit Bhattacharya. „A study on how to achieve flexibility in healthcare process: a simulation-based approach“. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 07.04.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-06-2021-0335.
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PurposeThe paper aims to investigate the cardiology department’s operational system for improving flexibility by minimizing the patient waiting time and simultaneously maximizing the utilization of service capacity in an uncertain environment. This article also proposes a policy framework that suggests a pool of additional resources and inter-firm collaboration can boost healthcare service delivery excellence.Design/methodology/approachA discrete event simulation (DES) approach is followed for modeling patient flow and determining the service capacity to respond to demand variability and uncertainty. The model's outputs are used to minimize patient waiting time, maximize the utilization of the resources and match the service capacity with the patient demand.FindingsThis research has tested two hypotheses and proved that an increase in waiting time decimates the throughput rate, and additional resources deployment in bottleneck activity positively impacts the throughput rate. The simulated scenarios prescribe an enhanced service capacity with quality care and further contribute to operational performance in reduced waiting time and cost. The results indicate that flexibility reduces the patient waiting time and maximizes the throughput rate.Practical implicationsThe study guides the healthcare policymakers to develop flexible competence and facilitate service mechanisms that are adaptive and robust while operating under a volatile environment. The article contributes to the healthcare literature that conjoins flexibility through simulation and resource utilization.Originality/valueThis research is based on real-life primary data collected from healthcare providers. This study adds value to the healthcare systems to adopt strategic decisions to build flexibility through resource allocation, sharing and coordinated care.
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Nair, Gautam, und Kyle Peyton. „Building mass support for global pandemic recovery efforts in the United States“. PNAS Nexus, 16.08.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac123.
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Abstract Containing the COVID-19 pandemic will confer global benefits that greatly exceed the costs, but effective solutions require the redistribution of vaccines, technology, and other scarce resources from high-income to low-income countries. The United States has played a central role in coordinating responses to previous global health challenges, and its policy choices in the current pandemic will have a far-reaching impact on the rest of the world. Yet little is known about domestic support for international recovery efforts. We use a series of conjoint and persuasive messaging experiments, fielded on two national surveys of the U.S. adult population (N = 5,965), to study mass support for international redistribution. We find clear evidence that the general population strongly supports allocating vaccines to own-country recipients before others. But despite this “vaccine nationalism,” Americans are also willing to support the U.S. government playing a major role in global pandemic recovery efforts, provided policymakers forge international agreements that ensure moderate domestic costs, burden-sharing with other countries, and priority for certain types of resources, such as domestically manufactured vaccines and patent buyouts. Finally, we test five different persuasive messaging strategies and find that emphasizing the relatively low costs and large economic benefits of global vaccination is the most promising means of increasing domestic support for international redistribution. Overall, our results demonstrate that policymakers can secure broad public support for costly international cooperation by crafting responses aligned with the economic interests of the U.S.