Dissertationen zum Thema „Alliages – Défauts“
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Barbe, Vincent. „Défauts atomiques et diffusion dans les alliages : effets des corrélations“. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECAP1009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKinetic models in alloys aim at predicting the transport properties of a system starting from the microscopie jump frequencies of defects. Such properties are of prior importance in systems which stay out of equilibrium for a long time, as for example irradiated alloys in nuclear reactors. We hereby propose several developments of the recent self-consistent mean field (SCMF) kinetic theory, which deals particularly with the correlation effects due to the coupling of atomic and defect fluxes. They are taken into account through a non-equilibrium distribution function of the system, which is derived from the time evolution of small clusters (of two' or more atoms or defects). VVe therefore introduce a set of 'dynamic' interactions called effective Hamiltonian. The SCMF theory is extended to treat high jump frequency ratios for the vacancy mechanism, as weil as the transport through interstitial defects. We use in both cases an atomic model which accounts for the thermodynamic properties of the alloy, as e. G. The short-range order. Those models are eventually applied ta predict the diffusion properties in two model alloys of nuclear interest : the concentrated Fe-Ni-Cr solid solution and the dilue Fe(P) alloy. \Ve present adapted atomic models and compare our predictions to experimental data
Léger, Valentin. „Propriétés physico-chimiques des défauts dans les alliages II-VI pour la détection infrarouge“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS214.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImproving II-VI material quality is an essential step to maintain high electro-optical performances at higher operating temperature of cooled infrared detectors (HOT technologies). Indeed, image quality and stability are challenged by the electrical activity (low-frequency noises) induced by some crystal defects. The aim of this thesis work is to characterize several crystal qualities of the epitaxial Hg1-xCdxTe as well as its Cd1-xZnxTe substrate by spectroscopic techniques, and to establish a comparative review of the physico-chemical fingerprints of point defects. For this purpose, defect populations were investigated in both compounds by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). The electron antiparticle is particularly sensitive to open-volume defects, intrinsically present in high concentrations in the considered alloys. Vacancy concentration profiles in the near-surface region can then be obtained with a slow positron beam. The substrate study was extended with spectrally resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements. This technique is especially powerful at low temperature where defects involved in radiative mechanisms have been identified. CL also allows to map luminescence properties at the sub-micrometer scale
Boulanger, Loïc. „Influence du phosphore sur les défauts ponctuels dans un alliage austénitique“. Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112378.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouobda, Moladje Gabriel Franck. „Contribution à la modélisation par champs de phase des dommages par irradiation dans les alliages métalliques“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe prediction of the microstructure evolution during irradiation ageing of structural materials of nuclear reactors is a key issue for the nuclear industry. In this work, a phase field approach is used to simulate the microstructure evolution of materials under irradiation conditions at the mesoscopic scale. We are interested at first in the calculations of the sink strength which describes the ability of microstructural defects (dislocations, cavities, etc) to absorb point defects (PDs). These calculations take into account the elastic interactions between point defects and sinks and are performed in pure metals Al, Ni and Fe. Additional precision in the calculations is provided by incorporating in the model the change of the PD migration energy due to the sink strain field, also known as elastodiffusion. PDs are elastically modelled through their elastic dipole tensors and the role of the anisotropy of these dipole tensors at saddle state is investigated. The results show that the PD dipole tensor anisotropy at saddle state is a key parameter in the accurate sink strength calculations. Subsequently, our interest is focused on the development of a PF model of dislocation climb under irradiation. The model allows to simulate dislocation loop growth or shrinkage by absorption of both PDs (vacancies and self-interstitial atoms). The analysis of the validation tests shows the limit of the model, and adjustments are carried out. This new model is applied to simulate the growth of an interstitial loop in pure Fe. The temperature, dislocation density, loop orientation and elastodifusion effects on the loop growth rate are studied. The results show, in particular, an increase of the loop growth rate with the combined effects of the increase of the temperature and the decrease of the dislocation density. The new PF model of dislocation climb under irradiation is also used to simulate the radiation induced segregation (RIS) phenomenon in Fe-Cr alloy near an interstitial dislocation loop during its growth. We show that the RIS prediction depends on the sink mobility and on the surrounding microstructure (multi-sink effects)
Augustin, Christel. „Prévision des cinétiques de propagation de défauts de corrosion affectant les structures en alliage d'aluminium 2024“. Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7791/1/augustin1.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMantel, Marc. „Influence de l'ordre atomique et des défauts ponctuels sur la stabilisation de la phase martensitique dans un alliage à mémoire de forme Cu-Zn-Al“. Lyon, INSA, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ISAL0021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGoubet, Jean-Jacques. „Contribution à l'étude des défauts créés par irradiation électronique dans des alliages semiconducteurs silicium-germanium de type N et P“. Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-355.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuong, Thi-Hoàng-Anh. „Étude de la formation sous irradiation des amas de défauts ponctuels dans les alliages ferritiques faiblement alliés“. Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112154.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLéopold, Gaëlle. „Influence des défauts de fonderie sur la tenue en fatigue d'un alliage de titane moulé“. Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ESMA0017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study deals with the influence of casting defects on fatigue strength of an investment cast Ti 6-4 alloy. The purpose is to produce experimental fatigue data in order to quantify the effect of casting defects and identify damage mechanisms. A fatigue test specimen representative of aircraft components is determined. Then, artificial surface defects are studied in the first part of the experimental study. In a second part, shrinkages and ceramic inclusions are studied. We show that cast Ti 6-4 alloy is a pinhole tolerant material. We also show that for fatigue lives about 105 cycles, when cracks initiate at defect, initiation and propagation parts are similar. Shrinkages reduce fatigue strength by 50 % reduction : defect size is not the only parameter to take into account. The second purpose is to develop a numerical tool able to explicitly consider the defect. A multiaxial fatigue criterion based on the stress distribution around defect is used. Relevant quantities able to estimate defect influence according to their nature and size are discussed. A linear elastic and analytical implementation of this criterion gives good results. We show that is necessary to capture nature of casting defects thanks to a parameter equal to their critical size. The proposed criterion allows simulating S-N curves for different loading cases and defect sizes
Belkacemi, Lisa Thinhinane. „Effet du flux d’irradiation sur la formation de nano-défauts dans des alliages ferritiques Fe-Ni et Fe-Mn“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS441/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleReactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel embrittlement under neutron irradiation is the main lifetime limiting factor of nuclear reactors. This is due to the impeding of dislocation glide by nanometric clusters composed of Cu, P, Si, Mn and Ni. More specifically, radiation induced Mn and Ni enriched clusters cause a significant hardening at high dose. To predict this change in mechanical properties, particle accelerator based experiments are conducted. However, the achieved flux ranges between 10⁻⁴ and 10 ⁻ ⁶ dpa/s⁻ ¹, whereas it is limited to 10⁻ ¹ ⁰ dpa/s⁻ ¹ in modern nuclear power technologies. This point is of high importance since radiation damage highly depends on irradiation flux. The reproducibility ion-neutron is thus the key point. It has been studied in austenitic steels but little is known regarding any dose rate dependence in ferritic alloys. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the effect of ion fluxes on radiation damage in two different alloys : Fe-Ni and Fe-Mn in order to investigate, additionally, the effects of each solute on the microstructure after irradiation.The alloys were experimentally investigated using conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and by Atom Probe Tomography.Irradiations were performed with 2 MeV Fe³⁺ ions and 27 MeV Fe⁹⁺ ions at 400°C at a nominal damage rate of 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻ ⁶ dpa/s respectively, up to a nominal displacement damage of 1.2 dpa. The detailed analysis shows that Ni and Mn behave in a very different way in terms of nano-defects formed under irradiation.Besides, light particle irradiations were also performed in order to ascertain the cascade effects.Finally, a two-series irradiation was carried out using Fe ions at room temperature and protons at 400°C, to isolate the contribution of point defect clusters to hardening from that of solute enriched zones
Villeneuve-Faure, Christina. „Étude par spectrométrie Raman des défauts créés par l'implantation d'hydrogène et d'hélium dans le silicium et le silicium - germanium“. Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3745/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAcoustic and optical phonons are very sensitive probes to characterize the disorder produced in a crystal. Consequently, Raman/Brillouin spectroscopy was used to study ion implantation-induced defects. The interest of this study arises from the fact that only light ions (hydrogen and/or helium) were used to induce damage in a perfect silicon single crystal. Such implanted systems, also used in the production of microelectronics substrates, exhibit two mains advantages for basic research: They are ideal candidates to quantify defects and to characterize the crystal-amorphous transition, thanks to the weak amount of damage and hence to slow and progressive defects accumulation with increasing implanted dose. The formation of extended defects (He bubbles or H2 platelets), which introduce a well-controlled porosity in the materials. As the aim is to characterize atomic disorder, extended defects and implantation-induced stress, short-range probe optical and long-range probe acoustic phonons were both used. We evidenced the influence of the implanted species (hydrogen vs helium), of the co-implantation and the sequence of the co-implantation, of the substrate orientation on both the implantation damage (profile and point defect density) and strain. The crystal-amorphous transition was characterized, as well as the vibration modes related to extended defects. The results and methods validated in the case of pure silicon were extended to silicon-germanium alloys (Si1-xGex) as function of the chemical composition x
Soulairol, Romain. „Etude théorique de la corrélation entre le magnétisme et les propriétés des défauts dans le fer, le chrome et leurs alliages“. Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066409.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Jolu Thomas. „Étude de l'influence des défauts de soudage sur le comportement plastique et la durée de vie en fatigue de soudures par friction-malaxage d'un alliage Al-Cu-Li“. Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00719638.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Jolu Thomas. „Étude de l'influence des défauts de soudage sur le comportement plastique et la durée de vie en fatigue de soudures par friction-malaxage d'un alliage Al-Cu-Li“. Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0102.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the aim of reducing aircraft weight, a friction stir welded Al-Cu-Li alloy (2198-T8) is considered by aircraft manufacturers for its use in fuselage or lower wing skin applications. The purpose of this study is to assess the fatigue behaviour of friction stir welds and the influence of some weld defects on fatigue properties for a target lifetime of 105 cycles. Base material, sound welds (produced via welding in one sheet), welds bearing a joint line remnant (due to the native oxide layer present on butt surfaces before welding), a kissing bond (due to a lack of tool plunge depth), and welds with an initial gap between the two butt surfaces, were tested. For the targeted lifetime, cross-weld specimens were plastically deformed during the first half of the first cycle. During cross-weld tensile tests, macroscopic properties were not altered by weld defects, although kissing bond and GAP defects acted as fracture initiation sites. In situ SEM tensile tests showed a threshold stress, beyond which the opening of the kissing bond is observed. The study of the tensile behaviour of the weld is enriched by a 3D finite element simulation. S-N curves showed that the joint line remnant did not generate a significant decrease in weld lifetime, whereas the kissing bond and GAP defects conducted to a decrease in the fatigue strength at 105 cycles by 17% and 28%, respectively. The study of initiation mechanisms revealed that those two defects were fatigue crack initiation sites only beyond a threshold value of stress. For higher values of stress, the fatigue crack initiation stage was shown to be reduced to the defect opening during the first half of the first cycle. The final weld fracture was studied through ductile tearing tests, revealing an evolution of defect harmfulness similar to the one found in S-N curves
Meslin, Estelle. „Mécanismes de fragilisation sous irradiation aux neutrons d'alliages modèles ferritiques et d'un acier de cuve : amas de défauts“. Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES077.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGasperini, Monique. „Contribution à la caractérisation du comportement en emboutissage en rétreint d’une tôle d’alliage Al-Mg 2% : application d’un critère d’instabilité plastique à l’apparition de bandes de cisaillement“. Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112056.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis was to explain occurrence of macroscopic shear bands during cylindrical deep drawing of an Al-Mg 2% thin sheet which make up severe defects. In the frame of mechanics of a continuous medium with a constitutive equation stemmed from the Hill criterion for orthotropic materials, a criterion of localized plastic instability formulated in large strain theory and expressed on stresses has been tested in a semi experimenta1 way thanks to determination of strains on the flanges of cups by grid method. The zones of instability so calculated coincide approximatively with angular zones where shear bands are observed. This method is come up against the difficulty to describe real behaviour of the material and against experimental limitations on stress accuracy. On another hand, evolution of crystallographic texture during deep drawing has been qualitatively studied. Analogies between shear bands occurring during rolling and deep drawing have been suggested, underlining necessity to perform detailed microstructural investigations
Lefranc, Pierre. „Endommagement sous chargement cyclique avec temps de maintien de l'alliage de titane Ti-6242 : rôle de l'hydrogène interne“. Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Lefranc-Pierre/2008-Lefranc-Pierre-These.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study focuses on the dwell-fatigue behaviour of a beta-forged Ti-6242 alloy. The dwell-effect, phenomenon observed on most of titanium alloys, consists in a fatigue-life decrease after the introduction of hold periods at the maximum stress level. Firstly, this study shows that the dwell-effect results from both earlier fatigue-crack initiation and faster crack propagation. The analyses conducted on the fatigue and creep specimens reveal an internal damage consisting in micro voids nucleation along shear bands resulting from either basal or pyramidal slips. Moreover, tests conducted on hydrogen-charged specimens until 300 ppm show that internal hydrogen has a beneficial effect on fatigue-life without changing the damage mechanism. However, for hydrogen content below 150 ppm, this beneficial may be explained by the increase in yield stress with the increasing hydrogen content, but for hydrogen content over 150 ppm, the increase in yield stress is not sufficient to explain the increase in fatigue-life. Crack growth tests reveal faster crack propagation under dwell-fatigue loading. This increase in crack growth rate results from a combination of deleterious effects of environment and internal hydrogen. The role of internal hydrogen needs more analyses to be clearly established but the internal hydrogen could be responsible of the nucleation of micro cracks in the main crack tip area
Radiguet, Bertrand. „Etude de la formation d'amas diffus de solutés sous irradiation dans des alliages modèles ferritiques“. Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00510750.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGarandet, Jean-Paul. „Etude des phénomènes de transport et des défauts cristallins dans des alliages Ga-Sb et Ga-In-Sb élaborés par la méthode Bridgman“. Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDézécot, Sébastien. „Caractérisation et modélisation du rôle des défauts microstructuraux dans la fatigue oligocyclique des alliages d'aluminium de fonderie : Application au procédé à modèle perdu“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI148/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study aims to characterize the fatigue damage mechanisms that lead to the rupture of a cast aluminum alloy AlSi7Cu3Mg produced by lost foam casting at 250°C under large scale yielding. Its characterization by X-ray micro-tomography (µCT) showed the complexity and the strong 3D aspect of its microstructure: large pores with complex shapes (>1mm) and a network of interconnected hard particles are present. An experimental setup was developed to perform high-temperature fatigue tests monitored in situ by synchrotron µCT. These tests revealed the interactions between cracks and microstructural elements. Cracks initiated, in the bulk, on hard particles located in the vicinity of shrinkage cavities. Cracks propagation appears to be correlated to the progressive rupture of particles present in front of the crack tip. These observations were completed by crack growth tests carried out on macroscopic specimens. A pore-free material (similar to the first) was produced to dissociate the role of pores and particles on the low cycle fatigue behavior of the material. Pores appear to be more critical regarding cracks initiation. Realistic finite element meshes have been generated to perform elasto-viscoplastic simulations which have allowed to propose a criterion for cracks initiation. Critical areas regarding cracks initiation are correlated to areas where the inelastic strain energies are maximum. The crack paths correspond to areas where inelastic strains are located and where the levels of stress triaxiality are high. All these informations allowed to propose a damage scenario. Finally, the tests on macroscopic specimens allowed to propose a crack growth speed model for both materials. This model, easily usable by engineers, have been validated for different loadings
Buffard, Laurent. „Influence des interactions des défauts, de l'ordre-désordre et de la transformation martensitique sur l'hystérésis mécanique d'un alliage à mémoire de forme CuZnAIni“. Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1991. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1404_lbuffard.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHellio, Christine. „Étude par microscopie électronique à transmission des défauts induits par irradiation aux ions et aux électrons dans du zirconium pur et quatre de ses alliages“. Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112482.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDeleume, Julien. „Facteurs métallurgiques et mécaniques contrôlant l'amorçage de défauts de corrosion sous contrainte dans l'alliage 718 en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau sous pression“. Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7676/1/deleume.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJambon, Fanny. „Mécanismes d'absorption d'hydrogène et intéractions hydrogène-défauts : implications en corrosion sous contrainte des alliages à base nickel en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau pressurisée“. Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince the late 1960s, a special form of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been identified for Alloy 600 exposed to pressurized water reactors (PWR) primary water: intergranular cracks develop during the alloy exposure, leading, progressively, to the complete ruin of the structure, and to its replacement. The main goal of this study is therefore to evaluate in which proportions the hydrogen absorbed by the alloy during its exposure to the primary medium can be responsible for SCC crack initiation and propagation. This study is aimed at better understanding of the hydrogen absorption mechanism when a metallic surface is exposed to a passivating PWR primary medium. A second objective is to characterize the interactions of the absorbed hydrogen with the structural defects of the alloy (dislocations, vacancies…) and evaluate to what extent these interactions can have an embrittling effect in relation with SCC phenomenon. Alloy 600-like single-crystals were exposed to a simulated PWR medium where the hydrogen atoms of water or of the pressuring hydrogen gas were isotopically substituted with deuterium, used as a tracer. Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth-profiling of deuterium was performed to characterize the deuterium absorption and localization in the passivated alloy. The results show that the hydrogen absorption during the exposure of the alloy to primary water is associated with the water molecules dissociation during the oxide film build-up. In an other series of experiments, structural defects were created in recrystallized samples, and finely characterized by positron annihilation spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, before or after the introduction of cathodic hydrogen. These analyses exhibited a strong hydrogen/defects interaction, evidenced by their structural reorganization under hydrogenation (coalescence, migrations). However, thermal desorption spectroscopy analyses indicated that these interactions are transitory, and dependent on the local hydrogen activity in the bulk material. Finally, these results allowed a new model describing SCC crack initiation and propagation to be formulated
Pauze, Nathalie. „Fatigue corrosion dans le sens travers court de tôles d'aluminium 2024-T351 présentant des défauts de corrosion localisée“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00359611.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNous avons caractérisé la sensibilité de l'alliage 2024-T351 à la corrosion intergranulaire. Il se forme en 7h d'immersion dans NaCl 0.5 M un défaut semi-elliptique de 200 µm de profondeur. Puis la corrosion intergranulaire ralentit fortement.
Nous avons étudié les mécanismes de propagation en fatigue à partir de ces défauts, en particulier la transition entre la corrosion intergranulaire et les fissures transgranulaires courtes de fatigue. A chaque étape de l'endommagement, une estimation des cinétiques, du Delta-K et la morphologie des défauts sont données. Deux mécanismes ont été distingués : un mécanisme de corrosion sous contrainte (cyclique) intergranulaire et un mécanisme de fatigue corrosion transgranulaire. Un critère de transition est proposé
Raujol, Sonia. „Influence du vieillissement sur le comportement en fluage d'un superalliage pour disques d'une turbine“. Toulouse, INSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ISAT0015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of the national project called «Future Supersonic Transport Airplane» concerns the creation of a successor for Concorde able to have a life time four times longer and an increase of the aeroengine output. A new powder metallurgy superalloy called NR3, developed at ONERA, was then elaborated at SNECMA to be used for turbine disks in order to resist the new real working conditions. They are defined by a creep deformation near 700°C under 300 MPa during 20. 000 hours and the long time maintenance, at such a temperature, of this two-phase alloy, inducing a microstructural change negative for the mechanical properties must be understood. The aim of our work is to study, after different thermal treatments, the evolution of the deformation micro-mechanisms during this microstructural ageing, in order to deduce its impact on the creep resistance of the alloy. Several different experimental techniques were used at different scales: macroscopic creep tests, post mortem and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EDX spectroscopy. Finally, a particular emphasis is made on the decrease of the population of the smallest “tertiary” precipitates during ageing. Their important role is revealed by TEM observations through the evolution of the micro-mechanisms responsible for the deformation. It is clearly demonstrated that their dimension, the channel width between them, their chemistry and the quality of their order control at this temperature the variation of the creep resistance of the alloy
Geuffrard, Marion. „Amorçage et micro-propagation de fissure en fatigue à haute température à partir de défauts dans un superalliage monocristallin“. Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00609109.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAgouti, Siham. „Étude de l'origine de défauts détectés dans des pièces en alliage d'aluminium de la série 7XXX destinées à l'industrie aéronautique“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00802983.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDegeiter, Matthieu. „Étude numérique de la dynamique des défauts d’alignement des précipités γ’ dans les superalliages monocristallins à base de nickel“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0038/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn multiphase alloys, internal elastic fields often arise as a result of a coherently adjusted misfit between the lattices of coexisting phases. Given their long-range and usually anisotropic nature, the interaction of these fields is known to significantly alter the kinetics of diffusion-controlled phase transformations, as well as influence the shapes and spatial arrangement of the misfitting precipitates. In the microstructure of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys, obtained by precipitation of the L12-ordered γ’ phase in the FCC γ matrix, elasticity leads to the formation of nearly periodic alignments of the cuboidal γ’ precipitates. However, the γ/γ’ microstructure systematically displays defects in the precipitate alignment: branches, macro-dislocations and chevron patterns. We first address the question of the origin of these alignment defects. Stability analyses of the periodic arrangement of elastically interacting precipitates are carried out. Contrary to the expected stability, the semi-analytical calculations revealed the periodic distribution of cubic γ‘ precipitates to be unstable against specific perturbation modes. The main instabilities are the [100] longitudinal mode and the [110] transverse mode, and their instability range is analyzed with respect to the elastic anisotropy. The consequences of these unstable modes are investigated using a classic phase field method, by modeling the evolution of periodic microstructures undergoing small initial perturbations. We show the expression of the instabilities mainly proceeds by the evolution of the precipitate shapes, and leads to the formation of patterns which were related to experimental microstructures. Specifically, the [110] transverse instability is responsible for the formation of chevron patterns. The effects of the volume fraction and of an inhomogeneity on the C’ shear modulus on the stability of the arrangement are studied, and we show the role they play in the partial stabilization of the periodic distribution, though the [100] longitudinal mode always remains unstable. In phase field calculations carried out in previous studies, the dynamics of alignment defects are analyzed by means of topological parameters derived from pattern formation theory. During annealing, branches and macro-dislocations were observed to migrate in the microstructure according to climbing and gliding mechanisms. We then use a new formulation of phase field models, intrinsically discrete, in which the interfaces are resolved with essentially one grid point with no pinning on the grid and an accurate rotational invariance. This approach, known as the Sharp Phase Field Method (S-PFM), is implemented on a FCC grid and accounts for the four translational variants of the γ’ precipitates. We show that the S-PFM allows for the modeling of large-scale microstructures, with several thousand precipitates both in two and three dimensions, and provides access to statistical information on the microstructure evolution and on the the dynamics of alignment defects. We finally discuss the perspective of modeling the evolution of the γ/γ’ microstructure at the macroscale by means of a description of the defect dynamics in the precipitate alignments
Amor, Sarrah. „Étude des défauts dans les alliages de semi-conducteurs à grand gap B(AlGa)N et de leur rôle dans les propriétés de transport : application aux photo-détecteurs U“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0286/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGallium nitride (GaN) and its ternary and quaternary alloys are attracting more and more interest in the scientific and industrial communities for their potential for use in high frequency electronic devices, for transistors with high electronic mobility, for UV photo-detection and new-generation solar cells. The outcome of these new components is still be seen to be limited in many areas, mainly due to the lack of control of electrical contacts implementation techniques. It is in this context that this thesis takes place.Although the main objective of this thesis deals with the study of the electrically active defects in high band gap B(AlGa)N semiconductor alloys and their role in the transport properties, the production of ohmic and Schottky contacts is an essential step in the realization of the devices under study. For the Ohmic contacts, we have deposited Ti/Al/Ti/Au (15/200/15/200) layers by thermal evaporation. Using the Transfer Length Method (TLM), we obtained specific contact resistances in the order of 3x10-4Wcm2. The Circular TLM has also confirmed this result. Besides, a theoretical modelling has been carried out to analyse the experimental measurements. Schottky diodes were then produced by depositing 150 nm platinum (Pt) metal contacts. An ideality factor of 1.3 and a barrier height of 0.76 eV were obtained. On the other hand, a study of transport mechanisms has been performed. It allowed us to demonstrate the existence of the direct tunnelling and the Thermionic Field Emission, in addition to the conventional thermionic effect. This result was underpinned by current and capacity measurements as a function of temperature. For photo detectors, we performed the same measurements of current and capacity in darkness and under illumination at suitable wavelengths. These measurements allowed understanding the internal gain that was observed on the samples. Furthermore, they show the effect of the thermally active mechanisms whose activation energies were determined by the Arrhenius technique. Using the Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) technique followed up the study of the electrically active defects. This technique has recently been implemented in the laboratory. It allowed us to perform measurements under different conditions including various reverse bias, different frequencies, and different voltage pulse amplitudes and durations. One of the important results is the possibility of characterizing both majority and minority traps by simply changing the polarization conditions, as opposed to the usual procedures where an additional optical excitation is often necessary to increase the concentration of the minority carriers. In accordance with most of the encountered literature results, we found 6 electron traps all located below 0.9 eV of the conduction band, 3 hole traps in the 0.6-0.7 eV range above the valence band and one hole trap distributed at the interface. A rigorous procedure was developed and confirmed our results obtained by the standard Arrhenius technique
Jouanny, Emilie. „Étude de l'évolution microstructurale sous irradiation aux ions Ti2+ de deux alliages de titane : lien avec les propriétés mécaniques“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0071/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD work deals with microstructural evolution of titanium alloys under irradiation, due to their potential use in the nuclear field. Parametric study (temperature, dose and irradiation flux) was conducted, using ion irradiations (JANNuS – Saclay platform) to simulate neutron irradiation damage. Two titanium alloys (CP Ti grade 2 and Ti-6Al-4V) were considered and qualitative and quantitative post irradiation microstructural characterizations were done (TEM, image analysis, APT). Thus, various irradiation defects were identified. In particular, presence of -component loops was highlighted in CP Ti grade 2 and vanadium-rich precipitates in Ti-6Al-4V from the temperature of 300°C. Resulting microstructure is hardly depending on irradiation parameters and considered titanium alloys. Important effect of temperature (between 300°C and 430°C) was noted on -type dislocation loops in CP Ti grade 2 and precipitates in Ti-6Al-4V. At 300°C, dose and flux have no effect on the defect distribution of the two titanium alloys. At 430°C, the increase of dose has a little consequence on the -type dislocation loops in Ti-6Al-4V, contrary to the ones observed in CP Ti grade 2. Precipitates, observed in Ti-6Al-4V, do not seem to be affected by the increase of the dose. Analysis of involved mechanisms is proposed. Finally, nano-indentation tests have allowed to get first description of the link between microstructure and mechanical properties. At 430°C, CP Ti grade 2 do not seem to be affected mechanically by the microstructural evolution with the irradiation dose, contrary to Ti-6Al-4V
Voillot, Benoit. „Caractérisation de la tenue mécanique en fatigue de pièces en alliage de titane Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr contenant des défauts“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLN012/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe prediction of the fatigue life of sliders made by SAFRAN Landing Systems is the goal of this work. To manufacture big forged parts, high performance Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti5553) alloy is used.To ensure the in-service life, various mechanical treatments are carried out. Shot-peening at the end of the process is of prime importance in order to improve the mechanical performance. The knowledge of residual stresses resulting from this treatment is necessary to understand fatigue results for all part location. The two-phase microstructure of the alloy makes stress analyses difficult. A complete protocol to analyse stresses by X-ray diffraction has been developed and validated through in-situ test. The Ti5553 alloy exhibits high yield stress coupled with weaker toughness. Lifing of parts made of Ti5553 is currently carried out with no specific account of surface defects. To improve the knowledge of initiation processes in this alloy in the presence of defects, various tests have been carried out (elasto-plastic behavior, crack initiation and propagation studies). Tests are carried out on coupons with faces and edges with calibrated defects (i.e., machined scratches and indents). The influence of such defects on the fatigue lifetime are studied in terms of type, size and shot-peening level
Vinson, Pierre. „Fusion sélective par laser de lits de poudre : Étude sur le recyclage de la poudre et détection de défauts au cours de la fabrication par imagerie thermique“. Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDirect and additive manufacturing regroups several new technologies that are very different from conventional manufacturing processes such as casting. Aeronautic and space industries are really interested in those new processes such as the selective laser melting of metallic powder beds know as the SLM process. This PhD thesis report will show the issues of additive manufacturing and will describe some processes. A bibliography study has been done on two aeronautical alloys used in this work: titanium alloy TA6V and nickel-based superalloy Nimonic 263. This work also presents powder characterization (granulometry, morphology chemical composition) for the gas atomized powder. Besides, study has been done on the recyclability of the TA6V powder for the SLM process, for the powder itself and the mechanical properties of parts built from recycled powder. Moreover, this works deals with a powder bed consolidation model to estimate the productivity of the process. Then, a parametric and thermal study has been done on the Nimonic 263. The coaxial system for thermal visualization is described such as the image processing algorithm used. Finally, this reports deals with the study of thermal signature of typical SLM defects
Perez, Thomas. „Oxydation à haute température d’alliages modèles Ni-25Cr, Influence des éléments mineurs Mn et Si sur les mécanismes de croissance des oxydes protecteurs“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0234.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNickel-based refractory alloys are mainly used in oxidizing atmosphere at high temperature. These alloys are generally capable to form chromia oxide scales at temperature between 700 and 1100°C. A few relationships between composition, microstructure and kinetic are known, but the systematic study of the oxidation behaviour of new industrial alloys is required because the impact of minor elements and their possible synergy are not fully understood. Thus, this PhD thesis aims to refine the understanding of the relationship between the chemical composition and the chemical reactivity of metallic materials in an oxidizing atmosphere in order to contribute to the design of alloys with optimized oxidation properties. To reach this purpose, the oxidation behaviour of model alloys, simplified compared to those proposed today by industry, was studied. The techniques available nowadays (EBSD, SEM-FIB, MET-HR) were used in order to determine the oxidation mechanism and the effect of manganese and silicon additions on these mechanisms. The characterization of the first oxidation step was performed in-situ in an environmental SEM (Collaboration with the ICSN in Marcoule) and allowed the observation of the former oxide, the Mn1+xCr2-xO4 spinel regardless the alloy Mn content. Manganese addition led to an increase of the oxidation rate in comparison to the one of a Ni25Cr (% wt.) and to a decrease of the chromia oxidation rate thanks to the presence of the spinel Mn1+xCr2-xO4 at the oxide/gaz interface. In opposite, the silicon addition decreased the parabolic constant by a factor 5. This dramatic effect was attributed to the presence of silica at chromia grain boundaries which decreased the chromium diffusion rate across the oxide scale. The addition of both manganese and silicon led to the same oxidation rate than the reference alloy in isothermal condition whereas, the lifetime in cyclic oxidation was considerably increased. The knowledge of the growth direction coupled to that of the semiconductivity type, determined by photoelectrochemical measurements at SiMaP laboratory in Grenoble, allowed the identification of the major point defects in formed oxide scales. Based on the collected results, the involved solid state diffusion mechanisms responsible of the oxide layer growth were proposed
Rotella, Antonio. „Fatigue d'un alliage d'aluminium moulé A357-T6 : rôle de la morphologie, de la position des défauts et application à une structure pour le calcul de la durée de vie en fatigue“. Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0019/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of this work is to characterize the high cycle fatigue strength of the A357-T6 (AS7G06-T6) cast aluminum alloy affected by natural casting defects (shrinkages). Six different castings have been manufactured in order to study two shrinkage types: the cavity shrinkages and the sponge shrinkages with a defect grade ranging from 2 to 4 (as defined by the ASTM E2422 standard). High cycle fatigue tests have been carried out in order to estimate the fatigue limit under positive tensile loading (R = 0.1) for each defect type at N = 2∙106 cycles. The effect of the local defect morphology has been investigated performing several fatigue tests on specimens with artificial surface defects characterized by a local morphology modification (FIB and EDM machining). The artificial defect size and morphology is representative of the natural interdendritic porosity. The local and global defect morphology of the natural defects have been studied by means of finite element simulations conducted on the real shrinkage morphology reconstructed from a μ-CT scan. Two equivalent geometries have been proposed to simplify the natural defect morphology: a sphere and an inertia - equivalent ellipsoid.The effect of the defect position on the mechanical filed evolution has also been studied by means of finite element simulations performed on the real defect geometry. The analysis of the Kitagawa-Takahashi diagram has been performedby using two different approaches for both internal and surface defects: (i) the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)(ii) the Defect Stress Gradient (DSG) fatigue criterion. An experimental campaign has been performed at a component scale. A casted A357-T6structural component has been tested with two different configurations: as received and degraded with artificial surface defects. A DSG fatigue criterion,taking into account the effect of the stress gradient at the macroscopic scale of the component, has been proposed. The model has been validated by means of finite element simulations using a data post-processing sub-routine that gives as output the critical defect size map at each point of the simulated model
Bosc, Fabien. „Centre DX et mobilité électronique dans les superréseaux GaAs/AlAs-application capteur de pression“. Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20169.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarchetti-Sillans, Loïc. „Corrosion généralisée des alliages à base nickel en milieu aqueux à haute température : Apport à la compréhension des mécanismes“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991918.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTupin, Marc. „Approfondissement des mécanismes d'oxydation de deux alliages de zirconium : Zircaloy-4 et ZrNbO, sous oxygène et sous vapeur d'eau. Comparaison des régimes cinétiquement limitants“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00996817.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKolhatkar, Gitanjali. „Épitaxie par faisceaux chimiques d'alliages nitrures dilués à base d'aluminium pour des applications photovoltaïques“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5932.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNguy, Tiwa. „Effets des solutés Si, Ge, Sb sur la germination des cavités et la migration des lacunes dans le nickel irradié aux électrons“. Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112427.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEzanno, Anthony. „Caractérisation rapide des propriétés à la fatigue à grand nombre de cycles des matériaux de fonderie à partir d'essais d’auto-échauffement : application aux alliages d'hélices marines“. Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarine propellers are subjected to cyclic loadings which can lead to fatigue failure of the blades. Large ship propellers are typically obtained by a sand casting process, and are generally made of aluminium bronze. As per all cast components, propellers content casting flaws such as micro-shrinkage pores which act as fatigue crack initiation sites. The objectives of this thesis are to firstly develop a numerical tool that aids the fatigue conception of cast components and to validate it using full-scale tests. A High Cycle Fatigue model is proposed. In this model, it is assumed that fatigue failure is due to microplasticity which occurs around casting defects and results in the dissipation of energy. A two-scale probabilistic approach is adopted. A set of elasto-plastic sites with variable activation threshold and a random distribution in the material is considered. Self-heating tests under cyclic loadings are used to identify the mechanical behavior of a site and the variability of the population of sites. Castings defects are taken into account indirectly, without considering a precise geometrical description, thanks to the thermal response of the material under cyclic loadings. The predictions from the model are compared to experimental results from full-scale fatigue tests on propellers. These tests required the design of a specific experimental set-up
Domfang, Ngnekou Julius-Noël. „Étude expérimentale de la tenue en fatigue de l’alliage AlSi10Mg élaboré par fusion laser de lit de poudre Influence of as-built surface and heat treatment on the fatigue resistance of Additively Layer Manufacturing (ALM) AlSi10Mg alloy Fatigue resistance of selectively laser melted aluminum alloy under T6 heat treatment Fatigue properties of AlSi10Mg produced by Additive Layer Manufacturing“. Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ESMA0015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work shows the impact of defects and microstructure on the fatigue limit of AlSi10Mg produced by Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM). Samples are produced according to three orientations with respect to the construction plate (0 °, 45 ° and 90 °); the studied surfaces are machined or left as-built (AB) in the gauge section. The specimens are studied with or without T6 heat treatment. The study surfaces are machined or as built. Some specimens are subjected to T6 heat treatment. Before any others study, the material is characterized in connection with the process parameters through several techniques (microscopes and 3D X-ray microtomography). Regarding the fatigue, the S-N curves are established before and after T6, mainly at R = -1 under uniaxial loading. For all the fatigue test specimens, fracture surfaces analysis shows that it is always a defect that cause fatigue failure. Thus, a criterion is applied to define these critical defects (type, size morphology and position) and the fatigue limit is analyzed through the Kitagawa type diagrams. The role of the building direction on the fatigue strength is studied, before and after T6 heat treatment, for both machined and as-built surfaces. For this purpose, a sketch based on the characteristic grain size is proposed to explain post-T6 orientation effects. The contribution of the precipitation structure is also studied; as well as the role of defects (type, size, morphology and position) on the fatigue limit at different microstructural states: before and after T6. In order to understand the surface fatigue damage mechanisms, the replica method is used on a polished specimen. In this context, a propagation law of natural cracks, that is to say due to a defect inherited from the process, is identified. It makes it possible to separate the initiation and propagation phases, thus feeding the discussions on the phenomena of priming in the presence of defects. In addition, some fatigue criteria are also discussed and the Defect Stress Gradient (DSG) approach is adapted to the studied material, by taking into account the size of the crystallographic grains. In the specific case of specimens with as-built useful sections, the role of the process of suppression of the building supports on the initiation of fatigue cracks is studied; the definition of the concept of defect size in the presence of roughness, at the scale of the surface undulation, is discussed. Knowing that initiation can occurs on a surface undulation or on an isolated defect (porosity or lack-of-fusion), an experimental method is proposed to analyze the competition between these factors. In a context of industrial development, the influence on the fatigue limit of the process parameters, related to the laser (scanning speed, power and hatching distance), or powder bed (chemical composition, particle size, bed thickness) is studied, in order to feed the discussions towards the process optimization regarding the fatigue strength
Vincent, Edwige. „Simulations numériques à l'échelle atomique de l'évolution microstructurale sous irradiation d'alliages ferritiques“. Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Vincent.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLiu, Meishuai. „Study on microstructural and crystallogarphic characteristics of phase transformation induced by ECP in annealed Cu-40%Zn alloy“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0210.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA thorough investigation has been conducted on the microstructural and crystallographic features of Electric Current Pulse (ECP) treated Cu-40%Zn alloys. The phase transformation orientation relationship (OR) and its correlation with crystal defects have been studied and the formation mechanisms of ECP induced crystal defects in the parent phase and the sub-structures in the β precipitates were also analyzed. The α to β heating phase transformation can be induced by ECP treatment with the formation of fine β precipitates that can be remained to the room temperature. With the increase of the electric current density, the amount of precipitates is increased and the formation sites increase from α grain boundaries to grain interiors. The β precipitates follow different ORs depending on the formation site. The grain boundary β phase obeys the Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) OR; whereas the intragranular β respects the Nishiyama-Wasserman (N-W) OR. In the former sites, the {111}α /<11̅0>α dislocations are observed, whereas in the latter, the {111}α/<112̅>α stacking faults are found. Transformation strain analyses revealed that under the K-S OR the maximum lattice deformation required is a shear on the {111}α /<11̅0>α slip system, whereas under the N-W OR the maximum deformation is a shear on the {111}α /<112̅>α system. Thus the existing {111}α /<11̅0>α dislocations along the α grain boundaries provide pre-strain required by the transformation via the K-S path, whereas the {111}α /<112̅>α stacking faultsboarded by {111}α /<112̅>α partial dislocations offer pre-strain facilitating the transformation via the N-W path. Different types of crystal defects are formed in the α matrix by the ECP treatments depending on the current density. At low density, large amount of {111}α /<112̅>α stacking faults and then nano twins are produced in the α matrix. At high density, dislocation nets are formed near the β precipitates that are composed of edge typed {111}α /< 11̅0 >α perfect dislocations and the Frank typed dislocations. The volume misfit between the α and the β phase analyzed with transformation deformation reveals that the transformation from α to β requires an expansion along [11̅0]α direction and a contraction along [111]α direction. The former results in the appearance of the {111}α /<11̅0>α edge typed dislocation arrays in front of the {31̅1}α broad faces and the latter induces the formation of the Frank typed dislocations in front of the {121}α broad faces. Thus, dislocation nets formed along the edges of the broad faces of the β precipitates where the two kinds of dislocations meet. Furthermore, the β precipitates contain two kinds of nano-sized and diffuse atomic clusters with the structure obeying the Burgers OR and with the ω structure obeying the Blackburn OR with the β matrix. They were each formed through a two-stepped atomic displacement. For the structure, the first step is the atomic shuffle of each second {110}β plane in the <11̅0>βdirection and the second is a structure change mainly by a shear on the {11̅2}β /<1̅11>β. For the ω structure, the first is an atomic shuffle on each second and third {112̅}β plane in the ±[111]β directions and then normal strains in three mutually perpendicular directions (<111>β, <112̅>β and <11̅0>β). The concomitant appearance of the two structures lies in the fact that the volume increase accompanying the formation can be canceled by the volume decrease accompanying the ω distortion, which minimizing the transformation strain energy. The results of this work provide fundamental information on the Cu-40%Zn alloys for interpreting the impact of the crystal defects on the solid phase transformation ORs, on the formation of various types of crystal defects induced by the ultra-rapid phase transformation and on the formation mechanisms of sub structures in the product phase
Kwon, Jaeyoung. „Origine et nature des composés intermétalliques métastables engendrés par les procédés thermomécaniques d'assemblage entre métaux : cas du broyage du système Al-Cu“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10139.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe γ1−Al4Cu9 compound is often observed at Al rich composition, as the main product by mechanical alloying (MA). To understand the conditions and the persistence of γ1−Al4Cu9 at Al rich composition, Al−25 at.% Cu mixtures were milled and investigated by various characterization methods. This experimental study confirms the preferential formation of γ1. In an effort to elucidate this surprising feature, first-principles DFT calculations were performed for bulk and point defect enthalpies in γ1−Al4Cu9. Based on the independent-point-defect-approximation (IPDA) and statistical thermodynamics, the concentrations of the various antisites, vacancies and interstitials were obtained as functions of temperature and deviation from stoichiometry, together with the free energy of γ1−Al4Cu9. These first-principles DFT calculations results revealed that the off−stoichiometry behavior of γ1−Al4Cu9 may provide a plausible explanation for its unusual stability. In a second step, the validity of IPDA and point defect interactions were investigated by (i) Monte-Carlo simulations with empirical potentials for Al−Cu, (ii) ab initio simulations of complex point defects in Al-rich off-stoichiometric γ1 compounds. The last step of this study on the formation of γ1−Al4Cu9 was concerned with the possibility of athermal mechanisms, investigated by first-principles DFT calculations and an original (M2BCE) cluster expansion approach including a reciprocal-space treatment. In conclusion, this study brings significant elements to interpret the preferential formation of complex γ1−Al4Cu9 phases in various a priori unfavourable environments. It evidences key-results regarding the origin and nature of metastable phases produced by MA in Al−Cu
Pannier, Baptiste. „Towards the prediction of microstructure evolution under irradiation of model ferritic alloys with an hybrid AKMC-OKMC approach“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10061/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD thesis work consisted, in the first place, in accelerating an atomic kinetic Monte Carlo model aiming at simulating the microstructure evolution of the FeCuMnNiP model alloys, representative of the reactor pressure vessel steels, under irradiation. This acceleration was required to reach, in a reasonable amount of time, doses and flux conditions comparable to the experimental ones. To do so, an algorithmic optimization has first been performed. The different optimizations introduced lead to an acceleration of the code of a 7 factor. Since this acceleration was not sufficient, the retained approach was to develop an hybrid between an AKMC and an OKMC. The parameterization of the object model provided a better understanding of the macro events involved in the simulations. It turns out that parameterize the model became too complex when increasing the chemical complexity of the objects. However, the hybrid approach brings an acceleration of two orders of magnitude allowing reaching doses corresponding to 40 years of irradiation in service condition. From these results, different limitations of the model as well as the parameterization were highlighted. The difficulty of the model to reproduce flux effect has been solved by adding an absorber that reduced the grain boundary sink strength. Traps have also been introduced to simulate the presence of impurities in pure iron. The high doses simulations in FeCuMnNiSiP model alloys also highlighted differences between the microstructures simulated and those observed experimentally. Thus, in a second time, a new cohesive model based on concentration dependent pair interactions has been developed and parameterized. While the new cohesive model is numerically heavier than the previous one, it has been possible to reach the target dose by coupling it with the hybrid model. The results obtained are in better agreement with recent DFT calculations and experimental microstructures
Koutiri, Imade. „Effet des fortes contraintes hydrostatiques sur la tenue en fatigue des matériaux métalliques“. Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00599125.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChristiaen, Benjamin. „Modélisation multi-échelle de la déformation d’alliage de zirconium sous irradiation“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R008/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZirconium alloys are used to manufacture fuel cladding as well as fuel assemblies of pressurized water nuclear reactors. Under irradiation, they show a dimensional change commonly called growth. Experimental observations have shown that above a threshold dose, these alloys are subject to accelerated growth called "breakaway". It has been well established that the irradiation formation of and dislocation loops is directly responsible for the growth of irradiated zirconium alloys and that the appearance of loops is correlated with this growth acceleration. However, the nucleation mechanisms of the loops that seem to be influenced by the presence of alloying elements are still poorly understood. In order to improve our understanding, a multi-scale modelling approach has been used to simulate the evolution of zirconium microstructure under irradiation. Atomic-scale calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) and empirical potentials are used to determine the properties of clusters of point defects (dislocation loops, cavities, pyramids of stacking faults). The results obtained are then used as input parameters of an object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) code which allows us to simulate the microstructure evolution of the material under irradiation. Our results show that it is necessary to consider an anisotropic migration of the vacancies to predict the growth acceleration
Cadel, Emmanuel. „Etude de la ségrégation intra et intergranulaire de solutés par sonde atomique tomographique et microscopie électronique en transmission“. Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSong, Xi. „Activation des dopants implantés dans le carbure de silicium (3C-SiC et 4H-SiC)“. Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4019/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work was dedicated to the activation of implanted dopants in 3C-SiC and 4H-SiC. The goal is to propose optimized process conditions for n-type implantation in 3C-SiC and for p-type in 4H-SiC.We have first studied the n-type implantation in 3C-SiC. To do so, N, P implantations, N&P co-implantation and the associated annealings were performed. The nitrogen implanted sample, annealed at 1400°C-30 min evidences a dopant activation rate close to 100% while maintaining a good crystal quality. Furthermore, the electrical properties of extended defects in 3C-SiC have been studied. Using the SSRM measurements, we have evidenced for the first time that these defects have a very high electrical activity and as a consequence on future devices.Then, we have realized a study on p-type doping by Al implantation in 4H-SiC with different implantation and annealing temperatures. Al implantation at 200°C followed by an annealing at 1850°C-30min lead to the best results in terms of physical and electrical properties