Thematische Bibliographien / Alkali metal – carbon interaction

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  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Alkali metal – carbon interaction“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 24. Juni 2021
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 11. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Alkali metal – carbon interaction"

1

Zaporotskova, Irina V., Natalya P. Boroznina, Evgeniy S. Dryuchkov, Tatyana S. Shek, Yulia V. Butenko und Pavel A. Zaporotskov. „Surface functionalization of CNTs by a nitro group as a sensor device element: theoretical research“. Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies 6, Nr. 2 (2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.02.pp.113-121.

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The problem of modifying carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by functional groups is relevant in connection with the intensive development of the nanoindustry, in particular, nano- and microelectronics. For example, a modified nanotube can be used as a sensor device element for detecting microenvironments of various substances, in particular, metals included in salts and alkalis. The paper discusses the possibility of creating a highly efficient sensor using single-walled carbon nanotubes as a sensitive element, the surface of which is modified with the functional nitro group —NO2. Quantum-chemical research of the process of attaching a nitro group to the outer surface of a single-walled CNTs of the (6, 0) type were carried out, which proved the possibility of modifying CNTs and the formation of a bond between the —NO2 group and the carbon atom of the nanotube surface. The results of computer simulation of the interaction process of a surface-modified carbon nanotube with alkali metal atoms (lithium, sodium, potassium) are presented. The sensory interaction of a modified carbon nanosystem with selected metal atoms was investigated, which proved the possibility of identifying these atoms using a nanotubular system that can act as a sensor device element. When interacting with alkali metal atoms in the “СNT – NO2” complex, the number of major carriers increases due to the transfer of electron density from metal atoms to the modified CNTs. The results presented in this paper were obtained using the molecular cluster model and the DFT calculation method with the exchange-correlation functional B3LYP (valence split basis set 6-31G).
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2

Balakrishnan, Vimal K., Julian M. Dust, Gary W. vanLoon und Erwin Buncel. „Catalytic pathways in the ethanolysis of fenitrothion, an organophosphorothioate pesticide. A dichotomy in the behaviour of crown/cryptand cation complexing agents“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, Nr. 2 (01.02.2001): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-006.

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The rates of displacement of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenoxide ion from the pesticide, fenitrothion, by alkali metal ethoxides in anhydrous ethanol were followed spectrophotometrically. Through product analysis experiments, which included 31P NMR and GC-MS, as well as spectrophotometric analysis, three reaction pathways were identified: nucleophilic attack at the phosphorus centre, attack at the aliphatic carbon, and a minor SNAr route ([Formula: see text]7%). Furthermore, a consecutive process was found to occur on the product of attack at the phosphorus centre. For purposes of kinetic treatment, the processes at the aliphatic and aromatic carbon were combined (i.e., the minor SNAr pathway was neglected), and the observed reaction rate constants were dissected into rate coefficients for nucleophilic attack at phosphorus and at aliphatic carbon. Attack at phosphorus was found to be catalyzed by the alkali metal ethoxides in the order KOEt > NaOEt > LiOEt. Catalysis arises from alkali metal ethoxide aggregates in the base solutions used (0–1.8 M); treatment of the system as a mixture of free ethoxide, ion-paired metal ethoxide, and metal ethoxide dimers resulted in a good fit with the kinetic data. An unexpected dichotomy in the kinetic behaviour of complexing agents (e.g., DC-18-crown-6, [2.2.2]cryptand) indicated that the dimers are more reactive than free ethoxide anions, which are in turn more reactive than ion-paired metal ethoxide. The observed relative order of reactivity is explained in the context of the Eisenman theory in which the free energy of association of the metal ion with the rate-determining transition state is largely determined by the solvent reorganization parameter. In contrast with displacement at the phosphorus centre, attack at the aliphatic carbon was not found to be catalyzed by alkali metals. In this case, the free ethoxide anion was more reactive than either the ion-paired metal ethoxide or the dimeric aggregate. The differing effects of alkali metals on the two pathways is ascribed largely to the leaving group pKa. For carbon attack, the pKa value estimated for demethyl fenitrothion, 2.15, is sufficiently low that metal ions are not required to stabilize the rate-determining transition state. In contrast, for phosphorus attack, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenoxide, with a pKa of 7.15, requires stabilization by metal ion interactions. Hence, alkali metal ions catalyze attack at phosphorus, but not attack at the carbon centres.Key words: organophosphorothioate, pesticide, fenitrothion, ethanolysis, alkali metal ethoxide, ion-pair reactivity, dimers, catalysis, competitive pathways.
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Rondeau, Philippe, Sandrine Sers, Dhanjay Jhurry und Frederic Cadet. „Sugar Interaction with Metals in Aqueous Solution: Indirect Determination from Infrared and Direct Determination from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy“. Applied Spectroscopy 57, Nr. 4 (April 2003): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/00037020360626023.

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In this article, mid-infrared Fourier transform (Mid-FT-IR) and carbon thirteen nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy have been used to determine possible interactions between sucrose and various alkali or alkaline earth metals in aqueous solution. In the presence of these metals, significant shifts in the absorption bands of sucrose were noted by mid-FT-IR coupled with principal component analysis (PCA). These shifts were explained on the basis of weakening of the H-bond network between sucrose and water and possible interactions between sucrose and the metal ion. Factorial maps were established and the spectral patterns obtained show that these interactions vary according to the nature of the metal ion. 13C NMR analysis showed that the carbon atoms of sucrose undergo shielding or deshielding in the presence of metal ions in aqueous solutions. Two factors were invoked to account for the variation of chemical shifts: the rupture of hydrogen bonds due to hydration of the metal ion and the possible coordination of the metal ion to the oxygen atoms of sucrose.
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4

Buncel, Erwin, Ruby Nagelkerke und Gregory RJ Thatcher. „Alkali metal ion catalysis in nucleophilic displacement by ethoxide ion on p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate: Evidence for multiple metal ion catalysis“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, Nr. 1 (01.01.2003): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-202.

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In continuation of our studies of alkali metal ion catalysis and inhibition at carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur centers, the role of alkali metal ions in nucleophilic displacement reactions of p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate (PNPP) has been examined. All alkali metal ions studied acted as catalysts. Alkali metal ions added as inert salts increased the rate while decreased rate resulted on M+ complexation with 18-crown-6 ether. Kinetic analysis indicated the interaction of possibly three potassium ions, four sodium ions, and five lithium ions in the transition state of the reactions of ethoxide with PNPP. Pre-association of the anionic substrate with two metals ions in the ground state gave the best fit to the experimental data of the sodium system. Thus, the study gives evidence of the role of several metal ions in nucleophilic displacement reactions of ethoxide with anionic PNPP, both in the ground state and in the transition state. Molecular modeling of the anionic transition state implies that the size of the monovalent cation and the steric requirement of the pentacoordinate transition state are the primary limitations on the number of cations that can be brought to bear to stabilize the transition state and catalyze nucleophilic substitution at phosphorus. The bearing of the present work on metal ion catalysis in enzyme systems is discussed, in particular enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl transfer, which often employ multiple metal ions. Our results, both kinetic and modeling, reveal the importance of electrostatic stabilization of the transition state for phosphoryl transfer that may be effected by multiple cations, either monovalent metal ions or amino acid residues. The more such cations can be brought into contact with the anionic transition state, the greater the catalysis observed.Key words: alkali metal ion catalysis, nucleophilic displacement at phosphorus, multiple metal ion catalysis, phosphoryl transfer.
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Boroznina, Natalia, Irina Zaporotskova, Sergey Boroznin und Evgeniy Dryuchkov. „Sensors Based on Amino Group Surface-Modified CNTs“. Chemosensors 7, Nr. 1 (05.03.2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7010011.

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This article discusses the possibility of the fabrication of a highly sensitive sensor based on single-walled carbon nanotubes surface modified with functional amino groups (-NH2). The sensor potential for detection of alkali (sodium, lithium, and potassium) metals was investigated. The results of computer simulation of the interaction process between the sensor and an arbitrary surface of the modified tube containing atoms of the studied metals are presented. The calculations were carried out within the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) method using the molecular cluster model. It has been proved that surface-modified ammonium carbon nanotubes show high sensitivity for the metal atoms under study.
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Oswald, Steffen, Franziska Thoss, Martin Zier, Martin Hoffmann, Tony Jaumann, Markus Herklotz, Kristian Nikolowski et al. „Binding Energy Referencing for XPS in Alkali Metal-Based Battery Materials Research (II): Application to Complex Composite Electrodes“. Batteries 4, Nr. 3 (01.08.2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4030036.

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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a key method for studying (electro-)chemical changes in metal-ion battery electrode materials. In a recent publication, we pointed out a conflict in binding energy (BE) scale referencing at alkali metal samples, which is manifested in systematic deviations of the BEs up to several eV due to a specific interaction between the highly reactive alkali metal in contact with non-conducting surrounding species. The consequences of this phenomenon for XPS data interpretation are discussed in the present manuscript. Investigations of phenomena at surface-electrolyte interphase regions for a wide range of materials for both lithium and sodium-based applications are explained, ranging from oxide-based cathode materials via alloys and carbon-based anodes including appropriate reference chemicals. Depending on material class and alkaline content, specific solutions are proposed for choosing the correct reference BE to accurately define the BE scale. In conclusion, the different approaches for the use of reference elements, such as aliphatic carbon, implanted noble gas or surface metals, partially lack practicability and can lead to misinterpretation for application in battery materials. Thus, this manuscript provides exemplary alternative solutions.
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Armstrong, David R., Helena S. Emerson, Alberto Hernán-Gómez, Alan R. Kennedy und Eva Hevia. „New supramolecular assemblies in heterobimetallic chemistry: synthesis of a homologous series of unsolvated alkali-metal zincates“. Dalton Trans. 43, Nr. 38 (2014): 14229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt01131g.

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8

Dunn, Edward J., Robert Y. Moir, Erwin Buncel, J. Garfield Purdon und Robert A. B. Bannard. „Metal ion catalysis in nucleophilic displacement reactions at carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur centers. II. Metal ion catalysis in the reaction of p-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinate with alkali metal phenoxides in ethanol“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, Nr. 10 (01.10.1990): 1837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-286.

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The reactions of p-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinate (1) with lithium, sodium, potassium, and benzyltrimethylammonium phenoxides (BTMAOPh) have been studied by spectrophotometric techniques in anhydrous ethanol at 25 °C. The reactivity (kobs) of the alkali metal phenoxides increases in the order BTMAOPh < KOPh < NaOPh < LiOPh. The rate of reaction of 1 with LiOPh is enhanced when lithium salts (LiSCN, LiNO3, LiClO4, LiOAc) are added to the reaction media. The addition of the alkali metal complexing agents dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 ether or [2.2.2]cryptand for Na+, and [2.1.1]cryptand for Li+, to each of the alkali metal phenoxide reactions resulted in a decrease in rate, indicating catalysis by the alkali metal ions. The kinetic data are analyzed to obtain specific rate coefficients of reactions of phenoxide and ethoxide as the dissociated ions and as alkali metal – phenoxide ion pairs. Reactivities follow the order [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]. A mechanism is proposed in which the ion-paired metal phenoxide is more reactive towards the substrate than is the dissociated phenoxide. Analysis of the data in terms of initial state and transition state interactions with metal ions indicates that the increased reactivity of the ion-paired species results from greater stabilization of the negatively charged transition state relative to stabilization of the ion-paired nucleophile. Keywords: nucleophilic displacement at phosphorus by phenoxide, alkali-metal-ion catalysis.
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9

Platek-Mielczarek, Anetta, Elzbieta Frackowiak und Krzysztof Fic. „Specific carbon/iodide interactions in electrochemical capacitors monitored by EQCM technique“. Energy & Environmental Science 14, Nr. 4 (2021): 2381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee03867a.

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This paper reports on the ion fluxes at the interfaces of various porous carbon electrodes/aqueous solutions of alkali metal cations (Na+, K+ and Rb+) and iodide anions, monitored by an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM).
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Wei, Li Hong, Na Zhang, Tian Hua Yang und Lei Wang. „Effects of Sewage Sludge on Combustion of Loading Alkali Metal Pulverized Coal“. Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (Juli 2012): 2315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2315.

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The effects of sewage sludge on combustion of loading alkali metal pulverized coal is carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The result shows sewage sludge decreases initial release temperature and ignition temperature of volatile matter(VM) during the combustion of loading alkali metal pulverized coal. The combustion of fixed carbon in coal was promoted by the metal material in sludge when the sludge mixing ratio(SMA) was lower than 20% or inhibited because of the cover of sludge ash when SMA was higher than 40%. Comparison of stacking curves of sludge and measured curves of loading alkali metal coal, finds that: (1) there is no effect between sludge and coal, for the volatilization of water and small molecule substance, the combustion characteristic curves are superimposed in both experimental curves; (2) the co-combustion is interactional and interrestricted continuous change process, can't direct obtain from superimposition of curves, for the combustion of VM and fixed carbon. While SMA is lower than 20%, the samples have good combustion characteristic than pure coal.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Alkali metal – carbon interaction"

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Kautz, Jr David Joseph. „Investigation of Alkali Metal-Host Interactions and Electrode-Electrolyte Interfacial Chemistries for Lean Lithium and Sodium Metal Batteries“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103946.

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The development and commercialization of alkali ion secondary batteries has played a critical role in the development of personal electronics and electric vehicles. The recent increase in demand for electric vehicles has pushed for lighter batteries with a higher energy density to reduce the weight of the vehicle while with an emphasis on improving the mile range. A resurgence has occurred in lithium, and sodium, metal anode research due to their high theoretical capacities, low densities, and low redox potentials. However, Li and Na metal anodes suffer from major safety issues and long-term cycling stability. This dissertation focuses on the investigation of the interfacial chemistries between alkali metal-carbon host interactions and the electrode-electrolyte interactions of the cathode and anode with boron-based electrolytes to establish design rules for "lean" alkali metal composite anodes and improve long-term stability to enable alkali metal batteries for practical electrochemical applications. Chapter 2 of this thesis focuses on the design and preliminary investigation of "lean" lithium-carbon nanofiber (<5 mAh cm-2) composite anodes in full cell testing using a LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC 622) cathode. We used the electrodeposition method to synthesize the Li-CNF composite anodes with a range of electrodeposition capacities and current densities and electrolyte formulations. Increasing the electrodeposition capacity improved the cycle life with 3 mAh cm-2 areal capacity and 2% vinylene carbonate (VC) electrolyte additive gave the best cycle life before reaching a state of "rapid cell failure". Increasing the electrodeposition rate reduced cycling stability and had a faster fade in capacity. The electrodeposition of lithium metal into a 2D graphite anode significantly improved cycle life, implying the increased crystallinity of the carbon substrate promotes improved anode stability and cycling capabilities. As the increased crystallinity of the carbon anode was shown to improve the "lean" composite anode's performance, Chapter 3 focuses on utilizing a CNF electrode designed with a higher degree of graphitization and probing the interacting mechanism of Li and Na with the CNF host. Characterization of the CNF properties found the material to be more reminiscent of hard carbon materials. Electrochemical analysis showed better long-term performance for Na-CNF symmetric cells. Kinetic analysis, using cyclic voltammetry (CV), revealed that Na ions successfully (de)intercalated within the CNF crystalline interlayers, while Li ions were limited to surface adsorption. A change in mechanism was quickly observed in the Na-CNF symmetric cycling from metal stripping/plating to ion intercalation/deintercalation, enabling the superior cycling stability of the composite anode. Improving the Na metal stability is necessary for enabling Na-CNF improved long-term performance. Sodium batteries have begun to garner more attention for grid storage applications due to their overall lower cost and less volumetric constraint required. However, sodium cathodes have poor electrode-electrolyte stability, leading to nanocracks in the cathode particles and transition metal dissolution. Chapter 4 focuses on electrolyte engineering with the boron salts sodium difluoro(oxolato)borate (NaDFOB) and sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4) mixed together with sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) to improve the electrode-electrolyte compatibility and cathode particle stability. The electrolytes containing NaDFOB showed improved electrochemical stability at various temperatures, the formation of a more robust electrode-electrolyte interphase, and suppression in transition metal (TM) reduction and dissolution of the cathode particles measured after cycling. In Chapter 5, we focus on the electrochemical properties and the anode-electrolyte interfacial chemistry properties of the sodium borate salt electrolytes. Similar to Chapter 4, the NaDFOB containing electrolytes have improved electrochemical performance and stability. Following the same electrodeposition parameters as Chapter 2, we find the NaDFOB electrolytes improves the stability of electrodeposited Na metal and the "lean" composite anode's cyclability. This study suggests the great potential for the NaDFOB electrolytes for Na ion battery applications.
Doctor of Philosophy
The ever-increasing demand for high energy storage in personal electronics, electric vehicles, and grid energy storage has driven for research to safely enable alkali metal (Li and Na) anodes for practical energy storage applications. Key research efforts have focused on developing alkali metal composite anodes, as well as improving the electrode-electrolyte interfacial chemistries. A fundamental understanding of the electrode interactions with the electrolyte or host materials is necessary to progress towards safer batteries and better battery material design for long-term applications. Improving the interfacial interactions between the host-guest or electrode-electrolyte interfaces allows for more efficient charge transfer processes to occur, reduces interfacial resistance, and improves overall stability within the battery. As a result, there is great potential in understanding the host-guest and electrode-electrolyte interactions for the design of longer-lasting and safer batteries. This dissertation focuses on probing the interfacial chemistries of the battery materials to enable "lean" alkali metal composite anodes and improve electrode stability through electrolyte interactions. The anode-host interactions are first explored through preliminary design development for "lean" alkali composite anodes using carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrodes. The effect on increasing the crystallinity of the CNF host on the Li- and Na-CNF interactions for enhanced electrochemical performance and stability is then investigated. In an effort to improve the capabilities of Na batteries, the electrode-electrolyte interactions of the cathode- and anode-electrolyte interfacial chemistries using sodium borate salts are probed using electrochemical and X-ray analysis. Overall, this dissertation explores how the interfacial interactions affect, and improve, battery performance and stability. This work provides insights for understanding alkali metal-host and electrode-electrolyte properties and guidance for potential future research of the stabilization for Li- and Na-metal batteries.
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Pulkkinen, E. (Elina). „Chemical modification of single-walled carbon nanotubes via alkali metal reduction“. Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526212449.

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Abstract Carbon nanotubes are a promising material for various applications due to their unique collection of properties. However, carbon nanotube material as such is inert and insoluble, which hampers the true realization of its potential. In order to enhance the applicability of carbon nanotubes, their surface must be modified. This work concerned the chemical modification of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) by the Birch reduction, which is based on the reduction of the SWNT surface with the valence electron of alkali metal solvated in liquid ammonia. The reduction generates a SWNT anion, which reacts with electrophiles resulting in the covalent attachment of functional groups to the tube surface. In this work, aryl halides or alcohols were used as electrophiles to yield arylated or hydrogenated SWNTs, respectively. At first, the goal was to modify SWNTs as a filler material for polystyrene. The use of five halogenated ethenylphenyl derivatives as electrophiles revealed that the structure of electrophile affected the success of functionalization and the solubility of SWNTs in polystyrene-toluene solution. The most successful functionalization and solubilization of SWNTs were achieved with 1-chloro-4-ethenylbenzene. In the second part, liquid ammonia was replaced with a new solvent, 1-methoxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane (diglyme) in order to avoid the restrictions, hazards and inconvenience of its handling. The work concentrated on the study of alkali metal reduction of SWNTs in diglyme by the use of arylation with 4-iodobenzoic acid or 4-chlorobenzoic acid and hydrogenation as model reactions. Li, Na or K was used as an alkali metal while naphthalene or 1-tert-butyl-4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)benzene was used in order to enhance the solvation of electrons. As a result, functionalization was simplified and enhanced. Electrophile affected the functionalization in such a way that arylation was significantly more successful than hydrogenation. The effect of alkali metal and electron carrier varied with electrophile. The most successful hydrogenation was achieved with the complex of Li and 1-tert-butyl-4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)benzene while arylation was the most successful with the complex of K and naphthalene. The solubility of SWNTs in water, ethanol, methanol and dimethylformamide was clearly improved by arylation whereas hydrogenation led to moderate improvement
Tiivistelmä Hiilinanoputket ovat ainutlaatuisten ominaisuuksiensa vuoksi lupaava materiaali moniin sovelluksiin, mutta liukenemattomuus ja epäreaktiivisuus haittaavat niiden tehokasta hyödyntämistä. Käytettävyyttä voidaan parantaa kemiallisella modifioinnilla. Tässä työssä yksiseinäisiä hiilinanoputkia modifioitiin Birch-pelkistyksellä, joka perustuu putken pinnan pelkistykseen nestemäiseen ammoniakkiin solvatoituneella alkalimetallin valenssielektronilla. Pelkistyksessä hiilinanoputkesta muodostuu anioni, joka reagoi elektrofiilin kanssa johtaen funktionaalisten ryhmien kovalenttiseen sitoutumiseen putken pintaan. Tässä työssä hiilinanoputkia aryloitiin käyttämällä aryylihalideja elektrofiilinä tai vedytettiin käyttämällä alkoholia. Aluksi tavoitteena oli hiilinanoputkien modifiointi sellaiseen muotoon, että niitä voitaisiin käyttää polystyreenin täyteaineena. Viittä aryylihalidia käyttämällä havaittiin, että elektrofiilin rakenne vaikutti funktionalisoinnin määrään ja putkien liukoisuuteen polystyreeni-tolueeni-liuokseen. 1-Kloori-4-etenyylibentseenillä saavutettiin onnistunein arylointi ja paras liukoisuus. Työn toisessa osassa luovuttiin ammoniakin käytöstä siihen liittyvien rajoitteiden ja haittojen vuoksi. Keskityttiin hiilinanoputkien alkalimetallipelkistyksen tutkimiseen uudessa liuottimessa, 1-metoksi-2-(2-metoksietoksi)etaanissa (diglyymi). Mallireaktioina käytettiin arylointia 4-jodibentsoehapolla tai 4-klooribentsoehapolla ja vedytystä alkoholilla. Ammoniakin korvaaminen diglyymillä yksinkertaisti ja tehosti funktionalisointia. Reaktiot suoritettiin eri alkalimetalleilla (Li, Na tai K). Naftaleenia tai 1-tert-butyyli-4-(4-tert-butyylifenyyli)bentseeniä käytettiin elektronien solvatoinnin parantamiseksi. Elektrofiilin rakenne vaikutti funktionalisointiin siten, että aryylihalidi johti huomattavasti onnistuneempaan funktionalisointiin kuin alkoholi. Alkalimetallin ja elektroninkantajamolekyylin vaikutus vaihteli elektrofiilin mukaan. Litiumin käyttö 1-tert-butyyli-4-(4-tert-butyylifenyyli)bentseenin kanssa johti onnistuneimpaan vedytykseen. Kaliumin käyttö naftaleenin kanssa johti onnistuneimpaan arylointiin. Hiilinanoputkien liukoisuus vaihteli elektrofiilin mukaan. Arylointi paransi selkeästi hiilinanoputkien liukoisuutta veteen, etanoliin, metanoliin ja dimetyyliformamidiin. Vedytyksen vaikutus liukoisuuteen oli vähäisempi
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3

Mirkelamoglu, Burcu. „Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Under Oxidizing And Reducing Conditions With Alkali-metal And Palladium Doped Tin Dioxide“. Phd thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607509/index.pdf.

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The investigation of CO oxidation with supported noble metal catalysts to develop a fundamental understanding of the nature of the active sites, adsorbate-surface interactions, surface reaction pathways and the role of promoters is of prime importance for development of highly active and selective catalyst formulations for low temperature oxidation of carbon monoxide. Low temperature CO oxidation catalysts find applications in monitoring and elimination of CO in chemical process exhaust gases, in on-board control and diagnostics devices, automobile exhaust gas treatment systems for the development of zero-emission vehicles and, in closed-cycle CO2 lasers for remote sensing. Moreover, the investigation of the interaction of CO with noble metals and noble metals catalyzed oxidation of CO have important outcomes for upstream fuel processing systems and for the development of more CO tolerant anode materials for hydrogen fuel cell. Palladized tin dioxide is a well-known and highly active catalyst for CO oxidation which possesses the potential to satisfy the need for CO oxidation catalysts in the abovementioned areas however, research on this material is concentrated mostly around empirical studies which focus solely on CO sensing applications. This current research is undertaken to investigate both the mechanism of CO oxidation with Pd/SnO2 at the molecular scale and the possibility of promoting the CO activity of this catalyst by the application alkali-metal modifiers. Alkali-metal modified PdO/SnO2 catalysts were characterized by XPS, XRD and SEM and, tested with regard to their oxidation/reduction and CO oxidation behavior by in-situ dynamic methods such as, temperature-programmed reaction/reduction/desorption and impulse techniques. Modification of PdO/SnO2 by alkali-metals, namely Li, Na and K, resulted in catalyst formulations with different surface characteristics and reduction/oxidation behaviors that lead to superior activity in low temperature CO oxidation and selectivity towards CO in the presence of hydrogen. Studies have shown that these catalysts are potential candidates for CO oxidation catalysts in a wide range of areas.
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4

Pavlenko, Ekaterina. „Probing interaction and dispersion of carbon nanotubes in metal and polymer matrices“. Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2586/.

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L'incorporation de nanotubes de carbone (NTC) dans des polymères et des métaux modifie leurs propriétés intrinsèques. Disperser des NTCs uniformément dans une matrice reste difficile du fait de leur forte agglomération. La spectroscopie Raman est une technique particulièrement adaptée pour détecter la présence et l'interaction avec l'environnement de NTCs. Dans ce travail, la spectroscopie Raman est utilisée, en association avec d'autres techniques, pour étudier les NTCs dans une matrice métallique ou polymère. Le dopage avec des super-acides, l'analyse de défauts dans les zones d'usure et la dispersion des NTCs sont abordés. L'analyse statistique des images Raman permet de générer des histogrammes permettant d'estimer la quantité et la dispersion des NTCs. La diffusion lors de recuit d'un polymère thermoplastique poly (éther-éther-cétone) ou PEEK dans des NTCs agglomérées est étudiée par imagerie Raman et microscopie électronique. Les mesures de transport électronique en fonction de la température et de la concentration de NTCs montrent une forte conductivité électrique compatible avec la formation d'un réseau percolant de NTCs
The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into polymers and metals modifies their intrinsic properties. Dispersing CNTs uniformly in a matrix remains challenging due to strong tube agglomeration. Raman spectroscopy is a compelling technique to detect the presence of CNTs and their interaction with the environment. In this work, Raman spectroscopy is applied in association with other techniques to investigate CNTs in a metallic or polymer matrix. Doping with superacids, analysis of defects in friction wear and CNT dispersion are investigated. Statistical analysis of Raman images are used to generate histograms of Raman bands maps in order to estimate the amount of CNTs and their dispersion. The diffusion of a Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) PEEK thermoplastic polymer into agglomerated carbon nanotubes when annealing on the surface of a polymer sheet is studied by Raman imaging and transmission electron microscopy. Electronic transport measurements as a function of temperature and CNT concentration show high electrical conductivity consistent with the formation of a uniform percolating CNT network
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Ayed, Othman. „Etude des interactions entre atomes alcalins (li, na, k) et monoxyde de carbone en matrices de gaz rares : analyse en spectroscopie vibrationnelle et calcul quantiques de quelques complexes“. Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066117.

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Dans le cas de li(le plus reactif), identification de li(co)::(n), ou n = 1,2,3,4,(ou 6), avec des frequences de vibration de valence de co plus perturbees que pour les metaux de transition carbonyle,et de li::(m) co, ou m = 2,3, avec frequences nu (co) abaissees. Pour na et k, observation d'especes de haute stoechiometrie (c::(n)o::(n))**(2-) (m**(+))::(2) ou n = 2,3,4, formees apres irradiation uv-visible et correspondant a des transformations chimiques. Essai d'interpretation de ces differences de reactivite par une description quantique des agregats de plus basse stoechiometrie : dans le complexe 1 :1, les deux etats electroniques inferieurs sont l'etat **(2)sigma non liant et l'etat **(2)pi liant; la courbe de potentiel de lico possede un minimum pour li-c equiv. A 2,5 a au-dessous de la courbe de l'etat **(2)pi alors que pour naco, le minimum de la courbe pour l'etat **(2)pi est au-dessous de la courbe de l'etat **(2)sigma ; le calcul met en evidence le caractere ionique de m::(2)c::(2)o::(2) (acetylenediolate) resultant d'une reaction chimique
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Wong, Chun-yuen. „Ruthenium-carbon bonding interaction synthesis and spectroscopic studies of ruthenium-acetylide, -carbene, -vinylidene and -allenylidene complexes“. Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31040858.

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Adeyemo, Adedunni D. „Interaction of Metal Oxides with Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide for Gas Sensing Applications“. The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1332475552.

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Wong, Chun-yuen, und 黃駿弦. „Ruthenium-carbon bonding interaction synthesis and spectroscopic studies of ruthenium-acetylide, -carbene, -vinylidene and -allenylidene complexes“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31040858.

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Howlader, M. B. H. „A study of the interaction of some cationic transition-metal compounds with carbon monoxide and nucleophiles“. Thesis, University of South Wales, 1993. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/a-study-of-the-interaction-of-some-cationic-transitionmetal-compounds-with-carbon-monoxide-and-nucleophiles(c583f7ce-c2b1-4c57-9726-128f4017dacd).html.

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A number of novel cationic carbonyl complexes of ruthenium and rhodium have been synthesised and characterised. The work also investigates the attack of nucleophiles on such species and examines the feasibility of these reactions as a possible first step in the catalytic production of organic esters. Mono and dipositive species of ruthenium have been effectively prepared by the reaction of [RuCl 2 (CO) 2{PPh3) 2 ] with AgBF4. The cationic 2species [RuCl(CO) 2 (PPh3) 2 ] [BF4 ] . 1/2(CH2C1 2 ) and [Ru(CO) 2 (PPh3) 2 ] [BF4] 22£H2cl2jiave been prepared under nitrogea The compound [Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2] [BF4 ] 2 has been synthesised in the presence of CO. The compound, [RuCl(CO)2(PPh3)2] [BF4 ] . l/2(CH2Cl2) reacts with 0*30 under CO to give [RuCl(COOCH3J I (00)2^*13)2. The compounds [Ru(CO) 2 (PPh3 ) 2 r [BF4 ] 2.CH2C1 2 and [Ru(CO) 3 (PPh3 ) 2 ] [BP4 ] 2 effectively form cis-[Ru(COOCH3)2(CO)2(PPh3)2] by the reaction of CHsONa in the presence of CO at room temperature. This dialkoxycarbonyl compound preparation from the dipositive species are energetically more favourable than the cis-[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2L where the2reaction takes place at CO high pressure. The compound [Ru(CO)2(PPh3)2] [BF4 ] 2. CH2C1 2 reacts with NaBH4, Nal, cone. HC1 and CHsCOONa to give the dihydrido, diiodo, dichloro and bisethanoato compounds respectively. Cationic complexes of rhodium have been synthesised by the reaction of trans-[RhCl(CO)(L)2], (L = PPhs, AsPhs, PCys) with AgBF4 in the absence and presence of CO to give [Rh(CO|(L)2]_[BF4]~. n CH2C12 [where n = 1/2 or 3/2] and trans- [Rh(CO) 2 (L) 2 ] [BF4J~ respectively. These cations react with PONa (R = CH3/ C2Hs) to give [Rh(OR) (CO) (L) 2 ] and [Rh(COOR)(CO)(L) 2 ], (R = CH3, L = PPh3/ PCy3 ). The alkoxycarbonyl compound, [Rh(COOR) (CO) 2 (L) 2 ] is formed by the reaction of sodium alkoxide in the presence of CO, (when R = CH3, C2Hs, C3H7, then L = PPh3 and when R = CH3 then L = AsPh3). The alkoxo compound, Rh(OCH3) (CO) (L) 2, (L = PPh3 ) oxidatively adds CH3I to give [Rh(OCH3) (CH3 )I(CO) (L) 2 ]. The cation [Rh(CO)(L) 2 ] , reacts with RCOONa to give the carboxylato compounds, trans-[Rh(CCCR) (CO) (L) 2 L when L = PPh3 then R = CH3, when L = AsPh3 then R = H, CH3, C2H5_and when L = PCys then R = CH3. The compound [Rh(CO) 2 (SbPh3)3] [BF4J . CH2C12 has been formed from [RhCl(CO)(SbPh3)aJ with AgBF4 in the _presence of CO. The cation [Ru(CO) 2 (PPh3) 2 ] reacts with CH^p in the presence of CO (10 atmospheres) to give [Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2) and a trace amount of dimethylcarbonate. The same compound is obtained by using triethylamine in methanol under CO (10 atmospheres) at 65-70 C. Dimethylcarbonate rapidly reacts with Cl^ONa in contact with air to form a white precipitate, suggested to be Na2COj. Homogeneous solutions of [RuCl 2 (CO) 2 (PPh3 ) 2 ], [Ru(CO) 2 (PPh3 ) 2 r and [Rh(CO) (PPh3 ) 2 ] in dichloromethane produce benzene in the presence of CI^ONa in air. The cationic complexes of rhodium [Rh(CO)(L) 2 l , where L = PPh3, AsPh3, PCy3 and ruthenium complex [RuCl(CO) 2 (PPh3) 2 ] are effective catalysts for the hydrogenation of alkenes under hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. The compounds .-have been characterised by analysis, infrared, H-NMR, P-NMR and C-NMR spectres copy and the organic products have been characterised by gas chromatography and in one case, GC/MS.
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Richard, Brandon Demar. „Thermal Infrared Reflective Metal Oxide Sol-Gel Coatings for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Structures“. Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4569.

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Recent trends in composite research include the development of structural materials with multiple functionalities. In new studies, novel materials are being designed, developed, modified, and implemented into composite designs. Typically, an increase in functionality requires additional material phases within one system. The presence of excessive phases can result in deterioration of individual or overall properties. True multi-functional materials must maintain all properties at or above the minimum operating limit. In this project, samples of antimony and cobalt-doped tin oxide (ATO(Co2O3)) sol-gel solutions are used to coat carbon fibers and are heat treated at a temperature range of 200 - 500 °C. Results from this research are used to model the implementation of sol-gel coatings into carbon fiber reinforced multifunctional composite systems. This research presents a novel thermo-responsive sol-gel/ (dopant) combination and evaluation of the actuating responses (reflectivity and surface heat dissipation) due to various heat treatment temperatures. While ATO is a well-known transparent conductive material, the implementation of ATO on carbon fibers for infrared thermal reflectivity has not been examined. These coatings serve as actuators capable of reflecting thermal infrared radiation in the near infrared wavelengths of 0.7-1.2 μm. By altering the level of Co2O3 and heat treatment temperatures, optimal optical properties are obtained. While scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used for imaging, electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS) is used to verify the compounds present in the coatings. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was performed to analyze the chemical bonds and reflectivity in the infrared spectra after the heat treatments. Total reflection and angle-dependent reflectivity measurements were performed on the coatings in the wavelengths of 0.7-2 μm. Laser induced damage threshold testing was done to investigate the dielectric breakdown and used to calculate surface temperatures.
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Bücher zum Thema "Alkali metal – carbon interaction"

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Maynard, Kevin John. Adsorption of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide on alkali metal predosed silver surfaces. 1989.

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Dierolf, Volkmar. Electronic Defect States in Alkali Halides: Effects Of Interaction With Molecular Ions. Springer, 2010.

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Electronic Defect States in Alkali Halides: Effects of Interaction with Molecular Ions (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics). Springer, 2003.

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Howlader, M. B. H. A study of the interaction of some cationic transition-metal compounds with carbon monoxide and nucleophiles. 1993.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Alkali metal – carbon interaction"

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Kanoh, Hirofumi, und Hongchao Luo. „CHAPTER 4. Alkali-metal-carbonate-based CO2 Adsorbents“. In Post-combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture Materials, 206–58. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788013352-00206.

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Hüttinger, K. J., und R. Minges. „Alkali Metal Catalyzed Water Vapour Gasification of Carbon Using Mineral Catalyst Raw Materials“. In Carbon and Coal Gasification, 197–212. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4382-7_7.

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Sosa-Torres, Martha E., und Peter M. H. Kroneck. „10. Interaction of Cyanide with Enzymes Containing Vanadium, Manganese, Non-Heme Iron, and Zinc“. In Metal-Carbon Bonds in Enzymes and Cofactors, 363–93. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847559333-00363.

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Perevertailo, V. M., und O. B. Loginova. „Contact Interaction in Carbon-Metal Systems for Joining and Integration“. In Ceramic Integration and Joining Technologies, 193–229. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118056776.ch7.

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Yang, Xiao Bao, und Jun Ni. „Alkali Atoms Intercalating Induced Metal-Semiconductor and Semiconductor-Semiconductor Transitions in Carbon Nanotubes“. In Solid State Phenomena, 1003–6. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-30-2.1003.

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Fantucci, Piercarlo, Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký und Jaroslav Koutecký. „Ab Initio Configuration Interaction Study of Electronic and Geometric Structure of Alkali Metal Clusters“. In Proceedings of the First Donegani Scientific Workshop on Strategies for Computer Chemistry, 79–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2599-1_8.

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Paul, Jared, Phillip Page, Philip Sauers, Katherine Ertel, Christina Pasternak, William Lin und Mariusz Kozik. „Transition-Metal-Substituted Heteropoly Anions in Nonpolar Solvents — Structures and Interaction with Carbon Dioxide“. In Nanostructure Science and Technology, 205–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47933-8_17.

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Murrell, L. L., N. C. Dispenziere, R. T. K. Baker und J. J. Chludzinski. „Evidence of a Metal-Surface Phase Oxide Interaction for Re on WOxSupported on Activated Carbon“. In ACS Symposium Series, 195–99. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0298.ch019.

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Podlech, J. „Using Alkali Metal Cyanides“. In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Nitriles, Isocyanides, and Derivatives, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-019-00204.

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Subramanian, L. R. „Using Alkali Metal Cyanides“. In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Nitriles, Isocyanides, and Derivatives, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-019-00132.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Alkali metal – carbon interaction"

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Béguin, F., L. Duclaux, K. Méténier, E. Frackowiak, J. P. Salvetat, J. Conard, S. Bonnamy und P. Lauginie. „Alkali-metal intercalation in carbon nanotubes“. In ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF NOVEL MATERIALS--SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF MOLECULAR NANOSTRUCTURES. ASCE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.59857.

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Maltsev, Dmitry S., Vladimir A. Volkovich, Ilya B. Polovov und Andrey V. Chukin. „The interaction of scandium fluoride with alkali metal fluorides“. In 3RD ELECTRONIC AND GREEN MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017 (EGM 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5002931.

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Merritt, Jeremy M., Jiande Han, Terry Chang und Michael C. Heaven. „Theoretical investigations of alkali metal: rare gas interaction potentials“. In SPIE LASE: Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering, herausgegeben von Steven J. Davis, Michael C. Heaven und J. Thomas Schriempf. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.815155.

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Kregel, Steven, Etienne Garand, Jia Zhou und Brett Marsh. „ALKALI METAL-GLUCOSE INTERACTION PROBED WITH INFRARED PRE-DISSOCIATION SPECTROSCOPY“. In 70th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2015.td10.

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Shishido, J., T. Kato, W. Oohara, R. Hatakeyama und K. Tohji. „Electrical transport properties of alkali-metal/halogen encapsulated single-walled carbon nanotubes“. In 2007 7th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2007.4601272.

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Boroznin, S. V., Z. A. Zhitnikov, I. V. Zaporotskova und N. P. Boroznina. „Study of interaction of BCn-type borocarbon nanotubes with alkali metal atoms“. In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0033073.

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Izumida, T., G. H. Jeong, T. Hirata, R. Hatakeyama, Y. Neo und H. Mimura. „Electronic transport modification of single-walled carbon nanotubes by encapsulating alkali-metal ions“. In Microtechnologies for the New Millennium 2005, herausgegeben von Paolo Lugli, Laszlo B. Kish und Javier Mateos. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.608575.

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Tanuma, S., A. PaInichenko und N. Satoh. „Synthesis of low density carbon crystals by quenching gaseous carbon and intercalation of alkali metal atoms into these crystals“. In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.835619.

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Shun-Fu Xu, Guang Yuan, Chun Li, Zhen-Ning Gao, Xiang-Fei Kong, Hong-Qun Zhang und Qiang Guo. „Roles of alkali-metal adsorption and defect position on work functions of capped single-wall carbon nanotubes“. In 8th International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference and Nanocarbon (2010 IVESC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivesc.2010.5644131.

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Kanzow, H., A. Ding, H. Sauer, T. Belz und R. Schlögl. „Chains of carbon nanoparticles from the interaction of fullerenes with thin metal films“. In ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF NOVEL MATERIALS--SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF MOLECULAR NANOSTRUCTURES. ASCE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.59783.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Alkali metal – carbon interaction"

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McCarty, J. G. Interaction of carbon and sulfur on metal catalysts. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10118270.

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McCarty, J. G., und J. Vajo. Interaction of carbon and sulfur on metal catalysts: Technical progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Februar 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10118243.

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