Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Algorithmes – Droit“

O objetivo do trabalho é expor considerações sobre a potencial violação do direito de marcas por motores de busca a partir de sistema de geração de palavras-chave por algoritmos. A introdução descreve o problema de pesquisa em termos gerais e expõe o acerto teórico utilizado para concluir que somente será possível pensar em soluções para estes conflitos jurídicos se houver a apreciação de um conceito de regulação em rede. Em síntese, é descrito o modelo de “comunitarismo de rede”, aperfeiçoado por Andrew D. Murray, a partir do qual se concluirá, com análise das disputas jurídicas no Brasil e na Europa, pela importância de estudar a novos modos de regulação cooperativa. A primeira seção do artigo descreve como a evolução tecnológica dos sistemas de navegação na Internet colocou os motores de busca em um papel central, em razão da necessidade de ordenar o grande volume de informação disponível. A segunda parte descreve as prescrições genéricas do direito internacional sobre propriedade intelectual e propriedade industrial, demonstrando a dificuldade de adaptação das normas tradicionais para o paradigma da Internet. Ainda, é indicado um dilema potencial relacionado aos algoritmos e base de dados – protegidos pelos direitos autorais – serem meios de perpetração de violações de direitos protegidos por normas de propriedade industrial. É detalhado o caso Louis Vuitton versus Google France SLC no qual o Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia houve por considerar não haver responsabilidade do motor de busca por violação de marca. A terceira seção analisa casos brasileiros, julgados por tribunais de apelação, para concluir que o resultado dos julgados é parecido com o paradigma da União Europeia, contudo com uma inovação: a exclusão de responsabilização com base na premissa técnica de que os algoritmos utilizados inviabilizariam o exame prévio das palavras-chave. A conclusão do artigo reside na importância de buscar soluções cooperativas de regulação, em razão da complexidade técnica envolvida, sendo possível intuir a fruição dos benefícios de ação conjunto dos agentes de comércio em prol de um ambiente de negócios saudável, que deriva das tradições do direito mercantil.AbstractThe paper exposes considerations over potential trademarks infringements by the keyword generation algorithms. The introduction describes the research problem in broad terms in order to show that an effective analysis should use a networked regulation theoretical framework. It is described the model named “network communitarism”, created by Andrew D. Murray from which it will be, after assessing the judicial disputes both in Brazil and in the European Union, of the importance of study of new cooperative regulation models. The first part of the article describes how the technological evolution of Internet browsing has granted the search engines a central role to deal with the necessity to organize the enormous volume of available information. The second section describes the general norms of the international intellectual property law to indicate the complex operation to adapt them to the Internet new paradigm. Therefore it is indicated a potential legal dilemma due to the fact that algorithms and databases are protected by copyright laws and are also means to violate industrial property rights. The final ruling of the European Court of Justice in the Louis Vuitton against Google France SLC case is detailed, and it is shown that it determined the absence of trademark infringement in the conduct of the search engine. The third section assesses some Brazilian appellate rulings and concludes that the panorama there is similar to the European case. Notwithstanding, the Brazilian courts utilize an additional argument: the technical premise that the algorithm system is unable to make a previous exam of the keywords contents – and potential violation. The conclusion of the article focuses on the importance to debate and find new cooperative regulatory solutions, as something possible to infer from both the technological complexity of the problem and the own enterprises need of a good business environment.KeywordsInternet – Industrial Property – Trademark Law – Rulings – European Court of Justice – Comparison.ResuméeL'objectif de l´article est de présenter des considérations au sujet de la violation potentielle du droit des marques par les moteurs de recherche à partir de mots-clés générés par des systèmes techniques et des algorithmes. L'introduction décrit le problème de la recherche en general, et, ensuite, elle décrit le cadre théorique utilisé pour conclure qu´il n´est pas possible de trouver une solution à ces conflits juridiques sans l'examen du concept de régulation en réseau. En bref, elle décrit le modèle de «communautarisme en réseau», mis au point par Andrew D. Murray, à partir duquel se fera l'analyse des litiges en Europe et au Brésil. Au fin, se concluira par l'importance d'étudier des nouveaux moyens de régulation coopérative. La première partie de l'article décrit comment l'évolution technologique des systèmes de navigation de la Toile a mis les moteurs de recherche dans un rôle central, en raison de la nécessité d´organiser un grand volume d'informations disponibles. La deuxième partie décrit les dispositions générales du droit international sur la propriété intellectuelle et la propriété industrielle, ce qui démontre la difficulté d'adapter les normes traditionnelles au paradigme de l'Internet. Pourtant, un dilemme potentiel lié à des algorithmes et à la base de données est qu´ils sont protégés par le droit d'auteur mais également ils sont um moyen de commettre des violations d´autres droits protégés par les règles de la propriété industrielle, comme le droit de marque. La section détaille de cas Louis Vuitton vs Google France dans la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne qui n´engagait pas la responsabilité du moteur de recherche em ce qui concerne la violation de marque. La troisième section analyse les cas brésiliens de certaines cours d'appel dont l'issue des procès est similaire au paradigme de l'UE, mais avec une innovation: l'imputabilité de l'exclusion fondée sur l'hypothèse technique que les algorithmes utilisés rendraint impossible l´examen préalable des mots clés. La conclusion de l'article traite de l'importance de l´étude de solutions juridiques dans le paradigme de la régulation coopérative, en raison de la complexité technique en cause, et elle indique la possibilite de profiter de l´interêt de tous les agents commerciaux d´avoir un environnement d'affaires sain issu des traditions de droit commerciaux.Mots-cléInternet – Proprieté Industrielle – Droit de Marque – Arrêts – Cour de Justice de l´Union Européenne – Comparasion.

ATRi (Autonomous droid for Terrestrial Research and Intelligence) is an autonomous and sentient droid designed to assist space crews with various activities and experiments. The artificially intelligent droid autonomously navigates inside crewed space capsules and utilizes voice and visual recognition algorithms to receive commands, record basic readings, and assist the crew in performing various experiments. ATRi's machine learning algorithms can be tailored to the specific astronaut(s) it will accompany in the space capsule. This personalized approach not only assists astronauts but also fosters a sense of companionship. This paper provides details about the physical and algorithmic characteristics of the droid and outlines how it can be trained and deployed in any crewed space capsule. The droid will be powered by a sentient program that incorporates visual recognition (including facial recognition and video recording capabilities), natural language processing, voice recognition, and speech synthesis. Six microphones and two cameras are embedded to capture audio/voice commands and visuals. While the current version of the droid is fixed to the space capsule, future iterations are envisioned to be highly mobile in zero-gravity environments within any crewed space capsule. This mobility is facilitated by a sophisticated motion control system that enables the droid to align in any direction, rotate, and navigate inside the crewed space module. In addition to assisting the crew, ATRi will document all activities inside the capsule through photos and videos. It can process images and videos, automatically categorize them, and periodically communicate the information to ground control.

Digital media play an important role in the contemporary rise in visibility of New Right and far-right activist groups online, offline, and in the mainstream media. This visibility has boosted their online and offline mobilization power. Through a live digital ethnographic analysis of the rise of Schild & Vrienden, a recent Flemish far-right activist movement, I will argue that we should understand their online and offline activism as part of a “metapolitical battle” exploiting the affordances of digital media in a hybrid media system. Schild & Vrienden, just like most contemporary New Right movements, draws ideological and strategic inspiration from “ La Nouvelle Droite,” the French far-right school of thought. Following their lead, these activists focus first and foremost on the circulation and the normalization of ideas: the discursive or metapolitical battle for hegemony. Digital media like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube prove to be ideal platforms for that metapolitical battle enabling them to gain considerable discursive power in a hybrid media system. This article argues that the distribution of New Right content on these platforms presupposes digital literacy and algorithmic activism. “Algorithmic activists” are defined as activists who use (theoretical or practical) knowledge about the relative weight certain signals have within the proceduralized choices the algorithms of the media platforms make as proxies of human judgment, to reach their (meta)political goals. In this sense, “algorithmic activism” contributes to spreading their message by interacting with the post to trigger the algorithms of the medium, so that they boost the popularity rankings.

This work presents the development and evaluation of a real-time 3D reconstruction system using drones. The system leverages innovative artificial intelligence techniques in photogrammetry and computer vision (CDS-MVSNet and DROID-SLAM) to achieve the accurate and efficient reconstruction of 3D environments. By integrating vision, navigation, and 3D reconstruction subsystems, the proposed system addresses the limitations of existing applications and software in terms of speed and accuracy. The project encountered challenges related to scheduling, resource availability, and algorithmic complexity. The obtained results validate the applicability of the system in real-world scenarios and open avenues for further research in diverse areas. One of the tests consisted of a one-minute-and-three-second flight around a small figure, while the reconstruction was performed in real time. The reference Meshroom software completed the 3D reconstruction in 136 min and 12 s, while the proposed system finished the process in just 1 min and 13 s. This work contributes to the advancement in the field of 3D reconstruction using drones, benefiting from advancements in technology and machine learning algorithms.

Ce papier propose une nouvelle stratégie de fonctionnement et de suivi du point de puissance maximum ‘MPPT’ pour un système photovoltaïque. Elle prend en considération l’interaction entre le module solaire, le hacheur survolteur, le contrôle MPPT et le rayonnement solaire. Basée sur le tracé de la droite asymptotique de la caractéristique I-V, cette nouvelle méthode a l’avantage de simplifier la détermination de la tension optimale Vopt, le courant optimal Iopt et le point de puissance max (Pmax) produit par le panneau photovoltaïque sans recourir à des algorithmes complexes (P&O, Incrémental Conductance, etc...).

Nous examinons la règle d’Ibn Ezra – Rabad historiquement utilisée pour résoudre le problème « d’arbitrage des droits » quand la plus grande des demandes est égale à l’actif. Pour le problème étendu d’Ibn Ezra – Rabad, c.a.d., quand la plus grande des demandes est inférieure à l’actif, nous proposons une typologie des règles de résolution du problème en fonction de leur nature récursive : a) règles non récursives : Attributions Égales sous Contrainte et Pertes Égales sous Contrainte ; b) règles semirécursives : Unanimité sur l’Écart de Réclamation, Dictature sur l’Écart de Réclamation ; c) règles qui combinent les règles non récursives et semi-récursives : Chevauchement Minimal et Chevauchement Minimal Résiduel ; d) règles récursives : aujourd’hui la catégorie est vide ; et e) règles récursives-itératives : la Valeur Généralisée d’Ibn Ezra. Nous proposons alors une règle récursive, l’Unanimité Contrainte Récursive. Comme la Valeur Généralisée d’Ibn Ezra, elle étend la règle d’Ibn Ezra – Rabad et remplit les axiomes d’efficacité et de limitation des créances. Contrairement à la Valeur Généralisée d’Ibn Ezra, elle ne présente pas de problèmes de convergence lorsque la valeur de l’actif est proche du total des demandes. JEL classification : C7, D31

Abstract. In the context of the development of an autonomous tower crane, the usage of crane cameras to map the respective workspace as basis for autonomous path planning is investigated. The goal is to generate an up-to-date DEM as input for the crane control. As construction sites are highly dynamic scenes, it is crucial to be able to react to any changes. Thus, real-time mapping with a visual SLAM solution is aspired. As the quality of the DEM is important for such a safety critical application, we are evaluating the mapping quality of four state-of-the-art SLAM solutions, namely ORB-SLAM3, LDSO, DSM and DROID-SLAM. The results show that all approaches can handle our specific crane camera setup and thus are generally suited for our application. The DEM accuracies of all tested methods are even competitive with the result from standard offline photogrammetric processing, at least for the major part of the test site. However, there are limitations with regards to the DEM completeness. Consequently, our investigations show that the tested methods deliver a good basis for real-time accurate mapping, but for their application for autonomous path planning further refinements have to be made.

L’Allemagne est un pays connu pour son système dual de relations industrielles, combinant négociations collectives sectorielles et conseils d’entreprise forts et indépendants au niveau de l’entreprise et du lieu de travail. Cet article analyse l’évolution du rôle des conseils d’entreprise sous l’angle de l’évolution du secteur des services des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC), qui est en pleine croissance. Longtemps, ce secteur était divisé entre les fournisseurs de télécommunications historiques, avec des salariés fortement syndiqués et organisés, et les nouvelles entreprises internationales de services informatiques, où la présence syndicale était faible ou inexistante. Toutefois, ces dernières années, les conseils de ces segments ont joué un rôle de plus en plus actif et en réseau dans l’élaboration de stratégies de réorganisation du travail liées à la numérisation et à l’adoption de technologies fondées sur l’intelligence artificielle (IA). Les auteurs analysent les outils utilisés par les conseils d’entreprise dans ces négociations, notamment les droits de consultation, d’information, de codécision et de veto, les règles de protection des données et la loi de modernisation des conseils d’entreprise de 2021, qui prévoit des droits spécifiques en matière d’information et de consultation sur l’IA. L’article souligne le rôle des conseils dans trois domaines principaux : façonner le lieu de travail numérique de manière durable, garantir l’utilisation éthique et équitable de l’IA et des algorithmes au travail, et promouvoir des méthodes de travail agiles. Il conclut par une discussion sur les avantages de l’expression des travailleurs à la fois pour les travailleurs et les entreprises, ainsi que sur les défis liés à l’extension de ces avantages à l’ensemble d’un secteur qui manque d’une approche globale et cohérente.

FR. La relation entre les éditeurs de presse et Google peut être qualifiée de dépendance mutuelle, bien qu’elle s’inscrive dans un rapport de force asymétrique. Cette dépendance est à la fois économique et éditoriale. Google participe avec ses services à mettre en forme la façon dont l’actualité est rendue visible aux publics. À travers une régulation par le code, il structure aussi la manière dont les éditeurs balisent leurs contenus et les véhiculent. De plus, il finance une initiative liée à l’innovation dans le journalisme numérique dont plusieurs éditeurs de presse ont déjà bénéficié. Ces derniers contestent cependant le partage de la valeur lié à l’exploitation de leurs contenus numériques. Le nouveau droit voisin vise à remédier, par le droit de la propriété intellectuelle, au déséquilibre économique dans la distribution des revenus publicitaires entre les plateformes et les éditeurs de presse. En échange d’une autorisation d’exploitation des contenus, les plateformes doivent rémunérer les éditeurs de presse, marquant ainsi le passage d’une exploitation de fait à une exploitation de droit. À travers l’affaire du droit voisin, nous observons l’ajustement dynamique des modalités de régulation des plateformes, conduisant l’État à accorder à celles-ci le rôle de partie prenante dans la régulation. Pour cela, nous revenons sur deux faits qui ont suivi l’entrée en vigueur de la loi : la modification des règles d’affichage des contenus sur les services de Google et la décision provisoire de l’Autorité de la Concurrence. Si Google a cherché à échapper à la négociation collective et à la rémunération des éditeurs prévues par le droit voisin, la décision prononcée par l’Autorité l’oblige à négocier avec les éditeurs. Un compromis reste à établir et un arrangement institutionnel à trouver entre l’État, les éditeurs et les plateformes afin de négocier une dépendance acceptable. *** EN. The relationship between press publishers and Google can be described as interdependent and asymmetrical. This interdependence is both economic and editorial. With its services, Google participates in shaping how news is made visible to the public, and through regulation by algorithms, it also structures the way publishers tag their content and convey it. Moreover, Google is funding an initiative targetting innovation in online journalism from which several press publishers have already benefited. However, these press publishers also contest how the value linked to the exploitation of their online content is shared. The new neighboring rights legistaltion aims to find a solution, through intellectual property laws, to the economic imbalance in the distribution of advertising revenues between platforms and press publishers; in exchange for an authorization to exploit content, platforms would pay press publishers, thus marking the transition from de facto exploitation to legal exploitation. With neighboring rights, a dynamic adjustment of the methods of regulating platforms is taking place, which has lead the French government to afford them a role of stakeholder in regulation. In this context, we analyze two events that followed the enactment of the neighboring rights legislation: the modification of the rules for the display of content on Google services and the provisional decision of the French Competition Authority (l’Autorité de la Concurrence). If Google has sought to evade collective bargaining and the remuneration of publishers provided for by neighboring rights legislation, the decision pronounced by the Authority compels the company to negotiate with publishers. A compromise remains to be established and an institutional arrangement to be found between the French government, publishers and platforms to negotiate an acceptable interdependence. *** PT. A relação entre os editores de jornais e a Google pode ser qualificada como de dependência mútua, ainda que assimétrica. Trata-se de uma dependência tanto econômica quanto editorial. A Google interfere com seus serviços no modo como as notícias se tornam visíveis para o público. Por meio de uma regulação pelo código, também estrutura a forma como os editores delimitam seu conteúdo e o transmitem. Além disso, a Google tem patrocinado uma iniciativa de inovação no jornalismo digital, da qual vários editores de jornais já se beneficiaram. Entretanto, esses editores têm contestado o compartilhamento do valor associado à exploração de seus conteúdos digitais. O novo direito conexo visa compensar, recorrendo ao direito de propriedade intelectual, o desequilíbrio econômico na distribuição das receitas publicitárias entre plataformas e jornais. Em troca de uma autorização de exploração de conteúdo, as plataformas devem remunerar os editores de imprensa, marcando assim a transição da exploração de fato para a exploração de jure. O caso dos direitos vizinhos revela como o ajuste dinâmico das modalidades regulatórias das plataformas leva o Estado a lhes outorgar o papel de parte interessada na regulação. Para tanto, focamos em dois fatos que acompanharam a entrada em vigor da lei: a modificação das regras de exibição de conteúdo nos serviços da Google e a decisão provisória da Autoridade da Concorrência. A Google buscou evitar a negociação coletiva e a remuneração dos editores prevista pela lei conexa, mas a decisão proferida pela Autoridade obrigou o grupo a negociar com os editores. Não se chegou ainda a nenhum acordo, nem arranjo institucional entre o Estado, os editores e as plataformas quanto a uma dependência aceitável. ***

The article actualizes the problem of improving the process of teaching informatics in a secondary comprehensive school. It was noted that the technology of using mobile learning tools was covered by scientists J. Attewell, K. L. Buhaichuk, I. O. Zolotareva, V. V. Osadchyi, D. L. Revenaugh, A. M. Trush and others. V. O. Kuklev, Ye. D. Patrakin, A. A. Fedosieiev, B. Banister and others highlighted prospects and possibilities of mobile learning in their works. M. Yu. Novikov raised the question of possibility to use mobile technologies in the school curriculum of informatics in senior classes. However, the use of mobile technologies by secondary school students while studying informatics has been hardly covered in home researches. Having analyzed scientific methodological literature and the Internet resources there was generalized the experience of introducing mobile technologies into the process of teaching informatics in a secondary school. There were given the definitions of notions “mobile technologies”, “mobile learning technologies”, “mobile informational and communicative technologies”. The authors understand mobile technologies as learning technologies based on the use of mobile devices (Mobile phones, smart phones, communicators, pocket computers, tablet computers), mobile attachments (programs for mobile devices), services (receiving, storage, processing, search, transfer of data and others with the help of a mobile device), and mobile communication facilities (GSM, WAP, GPRS, Bluetooth, WiFi, IMax) in the process of learning. There was analyzed the existing program software for operational systems Windows 10 Mobile, Android, iOS intended for education. On the basis of this there were singled out mobile attachments to be used at informatics lessons from the 5th to the 9th grades according to curriculum topics. In particular, while learning the topic “Algorithms and their performers” to study basic algorithmic structures (sequence, repetition, branching, conditions, functions, cycles, repairing) it’s offered to use such mobile attachments as Coddy, Lightbot, Robozzle. In the 8th grade in order to make acquaintance with the programming environment and to study the ways of creating a software project, the topic “Basis of event-driven and object-oriented programming” should be learnt with the help of such programs as AIDE-IDE for Android Java C++, Java Editor, Pocket Code, Scratch, iBlocks Blocky, CB1 Blockly, MIT AI2 Companion. The authors draw to the conclusion that every topic in informatics in a secondary school can be learnt with the help of mobile attachments. Given examples of using mobile attachments (Robozzle Droid, «Kahoot!») at informatics lessons in the 6th and the 8th grade demonstrate various possibilities of mobile software in studying informatics. Survey results of effectiveness of mobile technologies while learning informatics in a secondary school which were provided prove the reasons of using mobile technologies at informatics lessons and while doing home tasks.

Background:Knee osteoarthritis (OA), a leading cause of disability worldwide, can be difficult to define as its development is often insidious and involves different subgroups. We still lack robust prediction models that are able to guide clinical decisions and stratify OA patients according to risk of disease progression.Objectives:This study aimed at identifying the most important features of knee OA progressors. To this end, we used machine learning (ML) algorithms on a large set of subjects and features to develop advanced prediction models that provide high classification and prediction performance.Methods:Participants, features and outcomes were from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Features were from baseline (1107), including articular knee tissues (135) assessed by quantitative MRI. OA progressors were ascertained by four outcomes: cartilage volume loss in medial plateau at 48 and 96 months (Prop_CV_48M, 96M); Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade ≥2; and medial joint space narrowing (JSN) ≥1 at 48 months. Subjects’ numbers were as follows: 1598 for the outcome Prop_CV_96M, 1044 for the Prop_CV_48M, and 1468 for each KL grade ≥2 at 48 months and JSN ≥1 at 48 months. Six feature selection models were used to identify the common features in each outcome. Six classification methods were applied to measure the accuracy of the selected features in classifying the subjects into progressors and non-progressors. Classification of the best features was done using auto-ML interface and the area under the curve (AUC). To prioritize the top features, Sparse Partial Least Square (sPLS) method was used.Results:For the classification of the best common features in each outcome, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) achieved the highest AUC in Prop_CV_96M, KL, and JSN (0.80, 0.88, 0.95), and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) for Prop_CV_48M (0.70). sPLS revealed that the baseline top five features to predict knee OA progressors are the joint space width (JSW), mean cartilage thickness of peripheral, medial, and central tibial plateau, and JSN.Conclusion:This is the first time that such a comprehensive study was performed for identifying the best features and classification methods for knee OA progressors. Data revealed that early prediction of knee OA progression can be done with high accuracy and based on only a few features. This study identifies the baseline X-ray and MRI-based features as the most important for predicting knee OA progressors. These results could be used for the development of a tool enabling prediction of knee OA progressors.Acknowledgments:This work was supported in part by the Osteoarthritis Research Unit of the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre; the Chair in Osteoarthritis, University of Montreal, (both from Montreal, Quebec, Canada); and the Computational Biology Laboratory, Laval University Hospital Research Center, (Québec, Quebec, Canada). A Jamshidi received a bursary from the Canada First Research Excellence Fund through TransMedTech Institute, (Montreal, Quebec, Canada).Disclosure of Interests:Afshin Jamshidi: None declared, Mickaël Leclercq: None declared, Aurelie Labbe: None declared, Jean-Pierre Pelletier Shareholder of: ArthroLab Inc., Grant/research support from: TRB Chemedica, Speakers bureau: TRB Chemedica and Mylan, François Abram Employee of: ArthroLab Inc., Arnaud Droit: None declared, Johanne Martel-Pelletier Shareholder of: ArthroLab Inc., Grant/research support from: TRB Chemedica

Insects perfectly fit the flagship principle of animal research – 3R: to reduce (the number of animals), to replace (animals with alternative models) and to refine (methods). Bees have the most important advantages of a model organism: they cause minimal ethical controversy, they have a small and fully known genome, and they permit the use of many experimental techniques. Bees have a fully functional DNMT toolkit. Therefore, they are used as models in biomedical/genetic research, e.g. in research on the development of cancer or in the diagnostics of mental and neuroleptic diseases in humans. The reversion of aging processes in bees offers hope for progress in gerontology research. The cellular mechanisms of learning and memory coding, as well as the indicators of biochemical immunity parameters, are similar or analogous to those in humans, so bees may become useful in monitoring changes in behavior and metabolism. Bees are very well suited for studies on the dose of the substance applied to determine the lethal dose or the effect of a formula on life expectancy. Honeybees have proven to be an effective tool for studying the effects of a long-term consumption of stimulants, as well as for observing behavioral changes and developing addictions at the individual and social levels, as well as for investigating the effects of continuously delivering the same dose of a substance. The genomic and physiological flexibility of bees in dividing tasks among workers in a colony makes it possible to create a Single- Cohort Colony (SCC) in which peers compared perform different tasks. Moreover behavioral methods (e.g. Proboscis Extension Reflex – PER, Sting Extension Reflex – SER, free flying target discrimination tasks or the cap pushing response) make it possible to analyse changes occurring in honeybee brains during learning and remembering. Algorithms of actions are created based on the behavior of a colony or individual, e.g. Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABCA). Honeybees are also model organisms for profiling the so-called intelligence of a swarm or collective intelligence. Additionally, they serve as models for guidance systems and aviation technologies. Bees have inspired important projects in robotics, such as B-droid, Robobee and The Green Brain Project. It has also been confirmed that the apian sense of smell can be used to detect explosive devices, such as TNT, or drugs (including heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and cannabis). This inconspicuous little insect can revolutionize the world of science and contribute to the solution of many scientific problems as a versatile model.

Avec le vieillissement des installations industrielles, la recherche d’endommagements par corrosion au droit de zones inaccessibles (notamment sous supportages de tuyauterie) par les méthodes conventionnelles de CND attire de plus en plus l'attention. L'objectif principal étant d'évaluer la conformité de l'épaisseur résiduelle en regard de l'épaisseur de calcul des composants contrôlés. Les solutions actuelles sont apportées principalement par des techniques d’examen ultrasonores conventionnelles, multiéléments ou EMAT, à moyenne et longue portée, telles que la technique Multibonds, la technique CHIME et les techniques d’ondes guidées, avec une incertitude significative sur la précision d'évaluation de l’extension en profondeur des zones de corrosion détectées. ONET Technologies a réalisé nombreuses prestations de contrôle de zones sous supportage de tuyauteries à géométries complexes en milieux hostiles. Plus de 10 années d’expériences sur le terrain nous ont permis de développer une solution de contrôle novatrice, intégrant notamment, le développement d’un scanner motorisé dédié, l’amélioration des performances de détection et de quantification par l’utilisation combinée de différentes techniques ultrasonores, l’étude de nouveaux algorithmes d'analyse et le développement d’un outil informatique permettant d’accroitre la précision de mesure et de réduire l’impact du facteur humain. Ce nouveau produit développé par ONET dans le cadre d’un projet de R&D subventionné par France Relance permet une quantification et un suivi en service beaucoup plus précis de l'épaisseur résiduelle minimale des zones de corrosion détectées sous la forme d’une profilométrie de la perte d’épaisseur en zone affectée avec ses incertitudes associées. Dans cet article nous allons présenter les résultats de nos développements.

International audience In this work, we give a presentation of the so-called Harthong-Reeb line. Only based on integer numbers, this numerical system has the striking property to be roughly equivalent to the continuous real line. Its definition requires the use of a natural number w which is infinitely large in the meaning of nonstandard analysis. Following the idea of G. Reeb, we show how to implement in this framework the Euler scheme. Then we get an exact representation in the Harthong-Reeb line of many real functions like the exponential. Since this representation is given with the help of an explicit algorithm, it is natural to wonder about the global constructivity of this numerical system. In the conclusion, we discuss this last point and we outline some new directions for getting analogous systems which would be more constructive ans ce travail, nous donnons une présentation de la droite dite d’Harthong-Reeb. Il s’agit d’un système numérique uniquement basé sur les nombres entiers et dont la propriété frappante est qu’il est à peu près équivalent à la droite réelle continue. Sa définition nécessite l’utilisation d’un nombre naturel w qui est infiniment grand au sens de l’analyse nonstandard. Suivant l’idée de G. Reeb, nous montrons comment on peut implémenter le schéma d’Euler dans ce cadre. Alors, on obtient une représentation exacte dans la droite d’Harthong-Reeb de nombreuses fonctions réelles comme la fonction exponentielle. Puisque cette représentation est donnée au moyen d’un algorithme explicite, il est naturel de s’interroger sur la constructivité globale de ce système numérique. Dans la conclusion, nous discutons ce dernier point et nous esquissons de nouvelles directions pour obtenir des systèmes analogues dotés d’une meilleure constructivité.

This article considers the Court of Justice of the European Union's assessment and regulation of risks of discrimination in the context of algorithmic profiling based on Passenger Name Records data (PNR data). On the June 21, 2022 the court delivered a landmark judgment in Ligue des Droits Humains pertaining to discrimination and algorithmic profiling in a border security context. The CJEU identifies and seeks to regulate several risks of discrimination in relation to the automated processing of PNR data, the manual review of the results of this processing, and the resulting decisions taken by competent authorities. It interpreted whether the PNR Directive that lays down the legal basis for such profiling was compatible with the fundamental right to privacy, the right to data protection, and the right to non-discrimination. In its judgment, the CJEU seems to insufficiently assess various risks of discrimination. In particular, it overlooks risks relating to data quality and representativeness, automation bias, and practical difficulties in identifying discrimination. The judges also seem to prescribe safeguards against discrimination without guidance as to how to ensure their uniform and effective implementation. Such shortcomings can be observed in relation to ensuring the non-discriminatory nature of law enforcement databases, preventing indirectly discriminatory profiling practices based on collected PNR data, and configuring effective human-in-the-loop and transparency safeguards. This landmark judgement represents an important step in addressing algorithmic discrimination through CJEU adjudication. However, the CJEUs inability to sufficiently address the risks of discrimination in the context of algorithmic profiling based on the PNR Directive raises a broader concern. Namely, whether the CJEU is adequately equipped to combat algorithmic discrimination in the broader realm of European border security where algorithmic profiling is becoming increasingly commonplace.

This article summarizes two initiatives for artificial intelligence (AI) underway in the Canadian public service: public consultation and collaboration in compiling an algorithmic impact assessment, and a symposium on AI and human rights held by Global Affairs Canada. The findings contextualize the national consultations on digital and data transformation and future steps for more inclusive AI governance in Canada.Cet article offre une synthèse de deux initiatives sur l’intelligence artificielle (IA) en cours dans la fonction publique canadienne : la consultation et collaboration du public dans la compilation d’une évaluation d’impact algorithmique et un symposium sur l’IA et les droits de la personne organisée par Affaires mondiales Canada. Les conclusions permettent de donner un contexte aux consultations nationales sur la transformation du numérique et des données et les mesures à prendre pour une gouvernance en intelligence artificielle plus inclusive au Canada.

International audience In a recent paper, Diaconis, Ram and I constructed Markov chains using the coproduct-then-product map of a combinatorial Hopf algebra. We presented an algorithm for diagonalising a large class of these "Hopf-power chains", including the Gilbert-Shannon-Reeds model of riffle-shuffling of a deck of cards and a rock-breaking model. A very restrictive condition from that paper is removed in my thesis, and this extended abstract focuses on one application of the improved theory. Here, I use a new technique of lumping Hopf-power chains to show that the Hopf-power chain on the algebra of quasisymmetric functions is the induced chain on descent sets under riffle-shuffling. Moreover, I relate its right and left eigenfunctions to Garsia-Reutenauer idempotents and ribbon characters respectively, from which I recover an analogous result of Diaconis and Fulman (2012) concerning the number of descents under riffle-shuffling. Dans un récent article avec Diaconis et Ram, nous avons construit des chaînes de Markov en utilisant une composition du coproduit et produit d’une algèbre de Hopf combinatoire. Nous avons présenté un algorithme pour diagonaliser une large classe de ces “chaînes de Hopf puissance”, en particulier nous avons diagonalisé le modèle de Gilbert-Shannon-Reeds de mélange de cartes en “riffle shuffle” (couper en deux, puis intercaler) et un modèle de cassage de pierres. Dans mon travail de thèse, nous supprimons une condition très restrictive de cet article, et ce papier se concentre surune application de cette amélioration. Nous utilisons ici une nouvelle technique de projection de chaînes de Hopf puissance pour montrer que la chaîne de Hopf puissance sur l’algèbre des fonctions quasi-symétriques est la chaîne de Markov induite sur les ensembles des descentes dans le “riffle shuffling”. De plus, nous faisons le lien entre les fonctions propres à droite et à gauche et respectivement les idempotents de Garsia-Reutenauer et les caractères en rubans, ce qui nous permet de retrouver un résultat analogue à Diaconis et Fulman (2012) concernant le nombre de descentes dans le “riffle shuffling”.

Introduction Music streaming represents a highly personalised, portable technology that enables a ubiquitous listening quality and transforms the relationship people have with music. It has implications for how music recordings can be engaged with and what people sense they can do with music. Streaming therefore expands the ability of users to inflect music audio across everyday life (DeNora 63), contributing to advancements in playback audio technologies that disarticulate performance spaces from listening contexts (Nowak and Bennett 53). Furthermore, they afford convenient, ostensibly inexpensive, and various opportunities to sort and organise music recordings while also enabling users to engage in personalised recommendations (Lüders 2342). Crucially, though, streaming services extend listening as a secondary activity (Lüders 2351) in which users of these technologies “listen alongside” (Drott 257) and situate music with other everyday activities. In other words, streaming services afford users the capacity to render music listening as a secondary or background activity, with “backgroundness” now a highly apparent component of streaming cultures (Hagen 238). In this article, I investigate and focus on this background quality. While not representing the only way listeners experience acts of listening while using these services, this quality of music in the background now appears firmly etched into the experiences of many users of streaming services. However, music as placed in the background is far from new. The products and the wider historical influence of the Muzak Corporation and others point to a broader use of environmental mood music that strips distinctive aural qualities to ensure it is neither too exciting nor sedate (Sterne 30). In such cases, wired radio or piped music (Lanza) is typically transmitted to supermarkets, shopping centres, elevators, public lavatories, and other semi-public commercial spaces that explicitly avoid drawing attention to the music provided (Zerubavel 19). But background music as facilitated and adopted by users of music streaming differs in some important respects: first, it is music that is typically privatised and configured in important ways by users; and second, it is provided through streaming platforms that now focus on personalisation and prediction for the user, thereby “giving listeners exactly what they want, and what they don’t yet know they want” (Prey 3). These qualities afford users the ability to place music in the background as a seemingly valued secondary activity. Streaming platforms therefore do not merely adapt to existing listening habits but actively work to frame and encourage users to adopt instrumentalised relations with music. In this sense, they can render the experience of listening to music as less of a singularly focussed activity (on the music in question), but one that partners and designates music in acts of self-care and regulation (Drott 167). Streaming services therefore importantly provide users with an increasing way to adopt music audio as a background accompaniment in navigating the everyday. They offer recommendations that suit an array of situations, and this is reflected in the perceptions of users who draw increasingly on music as a social resource. How do users experience using these audio technologies and the way platforms cater to the user’s context? And when exploring the experiences of using streaming services, in what ways might the audio provided enable or even induce listening in the background? To explore these ideas, I draw on in-depth interviews with users of music streaming services. Conducted in late 2021, these interviews were used to further understand how people used and integrated music streaming technologies. One main theme from the larger project (see Walsh, Streaming Sounds) is presented in this article to consider how streaming enables and potentially compels the use of music as background audio. I consider how these technologies inflect music as an increasingly secondary, or background dimension. Importantly, some users indicate that this capacity represents a considerable resource in managing everyday tasks and interactions, while others imply a more ambivalent view about the increased presence of music in the background. Streaming as Background Audio Streaming services enable users to partner recordings of music throughout their everyday lives and with the express purpose of placing audio in the background. Charlotte (pseudonyms are used to ensure the anonymity of participants) describes this when comparing her use of streaming to earlier formats. In her words, going back to the old days of Vinyl, you had to turn the record over and with CDs you had to change the CD. If I have friends over for dinner and I want music on in the background the streaming service allows me to choose something that will last the entire evening… . You used to buy multiple 6 CD sets, which still required you to change a CD, but I can now access that 6 CD set as a stream of music that doesn't require my attention. So, it becomes easier to have background music that you enjoy, what my uncle used to call wallpaper music. So, it’s music that you don't have to interact with to keep it going. In mentioning the idea of wallpaper music, Charlotte suggests that streaming assists her in auditorily furnishing dining with music. This compelling observation resonates with Erik Satie’s notion of furniture music, which when translated from the French—musique d’ameublement—means furnishing music, or “music which would be part of the noises around it and would take account of them” (Orledge 74). While Satie’s furniture music speaks to musical performances that respond and blend into the auditory atmosphere of a restaurant, streaming services now also offer a similar capacity that provides recorded music that is tuneful without overpowering or making itself obtrusive (Orledge 74). Others similarly describe the way these technologies now allow users to listen more ambiently. In this case, users like Elliot incorporate music into a variety of everyday activities which renders it continually present. Responding to a question about how streaming has changed the way he engages with music, Elliot replies: yeah, I definitely think so. I probably engage with it [music] a lot more than I did before streaming was invented because, again, you only really listened to the radio when you were going to and from somewhere, or listened to a CD if you were driving. But now I use it [streaming] like constantly, when I’m studying or if I’m cooking or cleaning, it’s constantly there. The idea that music recorded now can be perennial and blended into everyday activities is one dimension that streaming services enable. Crucially, though, while playing a role to auditorily furnish everyday activities, this is not a primary role but one that is rendered as part of the contextual environment. Music streaming services enable a configuration of music recordings to become present, but in a way that does not dominate one’s focus, while simultaneously acting as a companion used to dynamically enhance and shape moods (Hagen 238). Participants like Amanda reinforce this; in response to a question about whether she felt music streaming altered the way she engages with music, she suggests: Amanda: Yeah, because I never would've used music so much in a day. Like music has almost integrated into every part of my life, and it's kind of scary. Interviewer: Scary? Why would you say that? Amanda: Well because I think it's important to just sit and listen to nothing ... because it's losing the value of … like just quiet. And also, my hearing, like if the volume of music, not the literal volume hasn't changed but people in the '80s used to listen to live concerts all the time, but the prolonged exposure to music is what actually creates auditory problems. In considering the notion that streaming services have become embedded in everyday life, Amanda speaks of how streaming has seemingly altered her relationship with music. She reflects ambivalently on the quantity of her listening and how this may have meant she has lost the value of being able to listen to nothing, with music recordings perennially being heard. She also articulates concern about the physiological health of her hearing, given the way music audio has seemingly insinuated itself across many of her everyday experiences. This perception that streaming now caters widely to various situations that can also blend into the background is echoed by other participants. For example, in reflecting on the use of her music streaming, Sophie describes her tendency to use the service in two ways: Question: Could you tell me about the types of music you listen to and how you engage with music streaming services in general? Sophie: So, I'm definitely a pop princess. I listen to mostly pop ... to be honest, I think like a lot of people my age, I tend to focus on music that I first listened to in my teenage high school years. So, a lot of what I listen to is from the early 2000s, yeah, kind of pop range. I think I also listen to quite a lot of music while I work. And that stuff is not pop, because I can't concentrate [with pop]. So, I would use playlists and things like that that I like for reading and chill out. So, music that doesn't have any lyrics or things like that or any noticeable riffs in them. Just things that are calm and I can have it as background music so that I'm not distracted by all the things in the office and things like that. They'd be the two main ways that I listen. Sophie describes her use of streaming services as falling into two variants: first, a more animated and potentially nostalgic type of listening mode associated with her engagement with popular music; then second, another modality that is used to assist in her completion of work and relaxation. Music streaming in this second guise is connected to the use of music as a background or ecological feature. As Tacchi (32) suggests earlier of radio, it can provide unfocussed sounds that afford an environment that is reassuring while also one that does not demand nor distract from the task at hand. This experience is also suggested by other participants who, along with the idea of placing music in the background, suggest that streaming interfaces themselves appear to induce users to use the service in the pursuit of accompanying other activities. Consider Damien’s experience: maybe it’s the interface, it just makes me want to choose something faster. I feel pressured, I don't know why (laughs). And I guess because a lot of the time when I'm streaming, I'm doing it to accompany another activity, like if I'm going for a run or I'm cleaning or something. So, I'm not sitting down to listen to music. So, I guess that's the difference for me. Unlike choosing a movie, sitting down to choose a movie, I'm trying to find something to have on in the background. And I guess that's kind of changed the way I listen to music as well because, yeah, now it's, it's mostly an accompaniment to something. Damien draws music into his everyday life in a way that speaks to how streaming services afford a musical accompaniment “in the background”. As streaming platforms require users to navigate interfaces to access ever-expandable depositories of music (Besseny 3), they can also convey a sense of urgency in selecting music that can be used as an accompaniment to other activities. This perception of streaming services as rendering music as background was evident too for Anita, who describes how the social features associated with streaming contrast with earlier music formats: for me it might be that it [music streaming] changed how you interact with music but also the social aspect of music. It’s become so ubiquitous and so ambient that it’s taken away the specialness a little bit. I remember a time when people would get together and listen to the CDs that they bought ... . Now, you would send a YouTube video or music to somebody, and they'd listen. But it doesn't have the same kind of social, celebratory aspect to it. It has made life a lot nicer in some ways, but it has also created a different kind of connection. Anita articulates how the reception of music facilitated by streaming services, along with other social media platforms, appears to render the experience less collective and reduces its “specialness”. As Drott (167) argues, music listening in this case represents an experience that is less focussed on the music itself and renders it more ambient or ubiquitous. This is indicative of how music streaming appears to have assumed a niche for some users that enables music as an audio accompaniment in the background, which could also undermine user awareness of the artists, albums, and musicians that they stream (Nag 28). For example, Natalia in response to a question about whether she listens directly to artists or if her relationship with music has changed, indicates: no, I don’t [listen to artists] you know. I think there might have been one point in my life when I did. But these days you know, I’m pretty much purely using streaming services so it’s easy to press like, “Oh, you know what I like. Just play what I like” and then it just sort of does its own thing and then you don’t really … I think you don’t have that relationship, that kind of I guess direct relationship as in who’s this, what is this [the music recording] kind of thing. Do you know what I mean? It’s more sort of a background rather than a conscious, “Who is this? What album is it from?” This awareness of how her relationship with music has changed is revealing. It suggests that Natalia perceives streaming as a background accompaniment that furthermore corresponds with a diminished awareness of the musicians she listens to via streaming technologies. Damien also implies a similar occurrence when suggesting, in response to a question about what musicians are listed on his year-in-review playlist, that I wouldn’t be able to name … any song from those playlists despite the hundreds of hours I’ve spent listening to them. Like, I would recognise them [aurally], but I wouldn’t, yeah, I wouldn’t know the artist or any… Like it’s just a different space. Music streaming, therefore, facilitates music listening in a way that increases its presence throughout everyday life, but in a way that simultaneously renders it less primary, thereby ensuring its place in the background. As Louise explains: I think it has made it easier for me to have it [music] as a part of a soundtrack to my life, a part of what I do. Because it’s just so integrated… I mean, with technology it just allows things to be just so simplified for us that we can just access music at a click of the finger. I think that therefore music is much easier for me to have it kind of flowing through. The idea that music streaming affords an ambient quality that flows through everyday life, alongside a user's everyday activities, is suggestive of one quality that arguably has been extended by streaming cultures. It also is suggestive of how these services are designed to capture users, secure their attention, and increase “engagement” (Seaver 428)—albeit while placing music in the background. While convenience and assistance in managing interactions is a hallmark associated with earlier audio playback technologies like MP3 players (Bull), streaming services and their integration into preexisting mobile communication devices, along with the personalised services they provide, offer increasing ways to blend music into the everyday. With the digitalisation, miniaturisation, and now networking afforded by streaming technology, this now allows users to arguably expand what can be done with music in the pursuit of managing and inflecting various social contexts through the introduction of music recordings (Walsh, "'I'm also'"). As Theresa—a self-described devoted collector of vinyl—explains, her preferred music format was streaming, despite expressing the important relationship she (elsewhere in our interview) admits feeling towards her vinyl collection: oh for convenience, streaming is so much easier. I mean, you can create playlists. You can explore different artists that you wouldn't normally listen to. And you can look up a list of top 500 albums and you can tick off which ones you like and explore in that way. I think in order to listen to vinyl I have to kind of have free time where I'm able to sit down and just not have anything else going on. Whereas streaming I can be cooking or, you know, jogging or in the car. So, it's like music on the go, if you will. It might sound very clichéd but it's—it's just so much easier. But you just don't have the quality if you're into that. Even for users like Theresa—who engage with multiple formats to listen to music in various ways—streaming appears as an important secondary activity that assumes a part of how she describes her preference for listening and incorporating music. Conclusion While not the only way listeners use these technologies, a secondary or background mode that offers a personalised and responsive auditory accompaniment to the individual’s circumstances now appears to be a shared experience for users of music streaming services. The accounts and descriptions provided by users presented in this article indicate that music as background audio represents a dimension of streaming cultures that appears highly evident. It allows these users to furnish their social world with forms of aesthetic output (DeNora 74). However, the expansion of background music facilitated by streaming services can be perceived by some users as undercutting music as an autotelic aesthetic experience. Consequently, for these users, the increasing role that music streaming plays in mediating music throughout everyday life can be also tinged with feelings of nostalgic unease or ambivalence. Nonetheless, music platforms now offer personalised music that is configured to explicitly allow users to listen alongside and integrate music with their everyday activities. It is this background quality, discernible in these accounts, that is of significance in that it represents an important way that users describe their relationship to and use of music streaming technologies. 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