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Kim, Sungchan, and Soyoung Park. "Political Determination of Intergovernmental Grants: Evidence from the General Shared Tax in South Korea." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, no. 2 (2021): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.2.263-278(2021).
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Intergovernmental transfers can help coordinate resource distribution among local governments to address the disparities between them. Local governments in South Korea heavily rely on general shared tax as an unconditional grant from the central government. Yet, the central government modifies factors and weights in the formula to allocate the grants; thus, the final grants might not always reflect the formula accurately. We aimed to empirically investigate the political influence on the allocation mechanism in practice related to the general shared tax in South Korea. We found that political influence, based on the political ideology of the municipal government chief, which is the same as that of the president, affects the amount of increased general shared tax from the central government. This indicates that the framework for the distribution of resources between different levels of governments is neither efficient nor equitable.
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Twine, Rhian, Mark A. Collinson, Tara J. Polzer, and Kathleen Kahn. "Evaluating access to a child-oriented poverty alleviation intervention in rural South Africa1." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35, no. 69_suppl (2007): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034950701430008.
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Background: In April 1998, the South African government introduced the child-support grant as a poverty-alleviation measure to support the income of poor households and enable them to care for the child. Aims: This research aimed to measure equity of access to applications for the child-support grant in an area characterized by poverty. Three questions were addressed: (i) How does socioeconomic status affect the probability of a household applying for a child-care grant? (ii) What household and caregiver characteristics are associated with child-care-grant application? (iii) What barriers to access are experienced by households that do not apply for the child-care grant? Methods: The study population of 6,725 households with at least one age-eligible child was drawn from the Agincourt field site, a rural sub-district of South Africa. Data used were obtained from health and demographic surveillance, a child-grant questionnaire, and a household-asset survey. Descriptive cross-tabulations and multivariate logistic regression were used in the analysis. Results: Although these grants are intended as a pro-poor intervention, the poorest households are less likely to apply for grants than those in higher socioeconomic bands. Households in lower socioeconomic bands experienced barriers in accessing grants; these related to lack of official documentation, education level of the caregiver and household head, and distance from government service offices. Conclusions: Enhancing access will require improved provision of birth certificates and identity documents, efficient coordination and service provision from a range of rural government offices, and creative methods of communication.
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Booth, Anne. "Decentralisation and Poverty Alleviation in Indonesia." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 21, no. 2 (2003): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0127.
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Indonesia has embarked on an ambitious decentralisation programme which is aimed at empowering regional parliaments and giving them far more autonomy in formulating budgets and implementing expenditures. Beginning in the calendar (and fiscal) year 2001, the central government replaced many of the existing grants from the centre to the regions with a ‘general allocation grant’; in addition, those regions with substantial mining and forestry sectors received a share of the revenues accruing from exploitation of these resources. The author explores the background to these reforms by examining the regional grants system which developed through the Soeharto era, and the criticisms which this system attracted. The impact of the new system on both rich and poor regions is also discussed.
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Gupta, Dhruv. "Policies for resolving insurgencies – lessons from third-party intervention in India." Indian Growth and Development Review 12, no. 3 (2019): 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-04-2017-0033.
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Purpose In this paper, the author develops a game theoretical model to understand why Union Government of India, as a third party, has used different schemes at different times in history to assist the State Governments in fighting the Naxalite insurgency. Comparing across schemes, it was found that though Matching Security Grants scheme was preferred in general, during asymmetric information scenario it led to an emergency situation wherein the Union Government had to provide the less preferred Bulk Security Grants. Later, it became difficult to withdraw these grants as the State Governments free rode by reducing own security contribution. The author finds that instead, in this scenario, Matching Development Grants are more suitable, as they incentivize the State Governments to reveal private information and help the Union Government exit its third-party role. For a practitioner involved in conflict resolution, these conclusions imply that as the desirability of policies can change diametrically overtime, Union Government must spend resources only on those heads of expenditure that provide both security and development benefits provided they aid in preventing flow of resources to Naxalites. Further, to end its assistance, the Union Government’s expenditures should also complement the capabilities of the State Government rather than substituting them. These results can also guide policy in other protracted civil wars with substantial third-party intervention, which are common these days. Design/methodology/approach The paper is an historical analysis of strategies used by Union and State Governments and Naxalites. The analysis is based on game theoretic tools supported with examples. Findings The Union Government must provide matching grants instead of bulk grants such as Central Armed Police Forces, and the grants should be aimed at building complementarities with the state governments’ security contributions. Under asymmetric information scenario, the Union and State Governments reduce their expenses incurred to fight the Naxalites. A Matching Development Grants scheme would have done better. Union Government must spend resources on heads of expenditure that provides both Development and Security benefits, to curb flow of resources to Naxalites, besides complementing the Security Contributions of the State Government. Research limitations/implications The research is limited by disaggregated data to test the hypotheses. It is also limited by the data on hidden variables like the contribution of the Naxalites to fighting. The research is also limited to the extent that individual groups in the war like police commanders, politicians and Naxalite commanders are not incorporated. Multiple asymmetric parties are also not considered; that may generalize the model to other theaters of insurgency. Practical implications Certain heads of expenditure such as roads, mobile communication, improving quality of investigation, preventing human rights violations by the security forces, etc. are both security and development enhancing. The Union Government's expenditures must be directed toward this end. Therefore, from a practitioner's perspective, the debate between greed and grievances exists not as a limitation but as a guide. The relevant articles of Constitution of India must be redrafted on these principles. Third-party interventions in other insurgencies may be revisited under these conclusions. Social implications Security and Development policies are tools for controlling Naxalite insurgency, which can also be used to prevent flow of resources to Naxalites. Security and development policies to resolving insurgencies are useful at different information scenarios. Therefore, information neutral policies should be preferred. Originality/value This paper has contributed theoretically in modeling continuing conflicts like Naxalite insurgency, explicitly. The author also shows that though the field of civil wars may have evolved along the Greed vs Grievance debate (Collier and Hoeffler, 2004), for a practitioner, the lines blur when it comes to solutions, as many heads of expenditures have features of both security and development. This paper also shows that when the Union Government faced asymmetric information scenario, the policy of matching development grants would be beneficial in long run though of limited value in short run. This is an important conclusion as the most intense period of violence was preceded by the asymmetric information scenario. Besides, it has relevance for the other civil wars with third-party intervention, such as NATO in Afghanistan.
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Gill-Atkinson, Liz, Cathy Vaughan, and Hennie Williams. "Sexual and reproductive health and philanthropic funding in Australia." Sexual Health 11, no. 4 (2014): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13204.
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Background Australia’s philanthropic sector is growing and could support efforts to improve sexual and reproductive health (SRH). However, philanthropy is often misunderstood in Australia and there is limited evidence of philanthropic support for SRH initiatives. Methods: We aimed to understand the barriers and facilitators to philanthropic funding of SRH initiatives in Australia. A qualitative approach was used and involved 13 in-depth interviews with professionals from the philanthropic sector, and from organisations and services involved in SRH. Results: Barriers to organisations in seeking philanthropic funding for SRH activities included insufficient resources for writing grant applications and the small financial value of philanthropic grants. Facilitators to seeking philanthropic funding for SRH included a perception that government funding is shrinking and that philanthropic research grants are less competitive than government grants. Philanthropic participants identified that barriers to funding SRH include the sensitive nature of SRH and the perceived conservative nature of philanthropy. Facilitators identified by these participants in supporting SRH initiatives included networking and relationships between grant-makers and grant-seekers. All participants agreed that philanthropy does and could have a role in funding SRH in Australia. Conclusions: The findings of this research suggest that barriers to philanthropic funding for SRH in Australia exist for organisations attempting to access philanthropic funding. Philanthropic organisations could provide more financial support to Australian SRH service providers, as happens in countries such as the United States and United Kingdom. Addressing these barriers and promoting the facilitators could lead to increased awareness of SRH by Australia’s philanthropic sector.
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Suprayitno, Suprayitno, Riamona Sadelman Tulis, and Ira Zuraida. "The Strategy to Increase the Regional Revenue (PAD) of the Government of Central Kalimantan through the Governor Regulation No. 16/2018." Policy & Governance Review 2, no. 3 (2019): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v2i3.100.
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This article aimed to analyze and identify the strategies of Central Kalimantan Provincial Government as an effort to increase Regional revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah - PAD) through third-party grants or donations. One of the efforts made by the Central Kalimantan Provincial Government in increasing regional revenue (PAD) is through the issuance of Governor Regulation No. 16/2018 on Guidelines for the Acceptance and Management of Grants or Donations from Third Parties to the Central Kalimantan Provincial Government. The data showed that the governor’s regulation had shown positive results relating to the efforts to increase the Regional revenue in Central Kalimantan Province. Local Revenue Offices of Central Kalimantan as the leading sector to implement the regulation has made several strategic efforts including sharing/spreading the information to 3 P i.e., investors, monitoring and controlling. The purposes of the governor’s regulation No. 16/2018 to provide legal protection to guarantee the participation of third parties in Central Kalimantan development, provide legal certainty in the management and acceptance of third-party grants or donations, and create an orderly administration, transparency and accountability in acceptance the grants or third-party donations to the government of Central Kalimantan Province. The collaboration cooperation between Central Kalimantan Provincial Government and the private sector to increase Regional revenue (PAD) needs to have support from all parties.
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Gallo, Riccardo, and Fabrizio Carapellotti. "Struttura economico-finanziaria dell'industria italiana: ruolo degli incentivi pubblici." ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, no. 1 (April 2009): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/poli2009-001010.
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- Italian government's grants to industrial companies have decreased in recent years. Moreover, during the period 2000-2007, less than 25% of total incentives was aimed at sustaining industrial R&D and internationalization activities. In the absence of an effective public aid policy, in 2007 Italian industrial companies were still focused on traditional manufacturing industries and were suffering the increasing competition from emerging countries. The added value of their manufacturing activity has decreased, their technological growth has slowed down, their financial indebtedness has dropped, while their return on equity has increased. The performance of most industrial companies that had received the government's aids has not improved, with the exception of the so-called Made in Italy and the Transportation equipment manufacturing sectors, whose economic performance has improved with state subsidies. Keywords: government grants, manufacturing industries, capital structure Parole chiave: agevolazioni del governo, settori manifatturieri, struttura economico-finanziaria Jel Classification: H81, L52
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Spáč, Peter. "For the Game, for the Loyal Partisans: Distribution of Sport Grants in Slovakia." Central European Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 1 (2016): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0020.
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Abstract Distribution of resources is at the core of politics. Although this activity is primarily economic in nature, the existing research shows that political representatives often use the allocation of public money to reward their allies at the expense of their rivals. This paper analyses a 2015 governmental programme of local sport grants in Slovakia that aimed to build sport facilities for children and young people. In order to avoid any political bias, the programme was established as a neutral mechanism with an anonymous evaluation of grant requests. The results of analysis, however, provide substantial evidence that the subsidies were given primarily to towns with closer political ties to the government while municipalities led by mayors from the opposition were nearly fully ignored. In addition, the presented social and economic aims of the funding programme were not effectively pursued. The paper thus represents a valuable contribution to the discussion of distributive politics, in general, as it shows that, despite the respective legal framework, the allocation of resources may still end up as a process fuelled by partisan interests.
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Zharova, Elena, and Elizaveta Agamirova. "Monitoring the Tools of Financial Support Available to Young Researchers in Russia." Science Governance and Scientometrics 15, no. 3 (2020): 356–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.33873/2686-6706.2020.15-3.356-409.
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Introduction. Human resources potential is one of the most important tools for achieving the objectives included in the key programme documents for the development of science and technology in the Russian Federation and the main element in the research and development resources of the state. Human resources potential is fundamentally made up of researchers employed in science and technology, including young researchers. Even though in recent years the government of Russia has been paying a lot of attention to developing mechanisms to attract and support young researchers in the sciences, we are still seeing a decline in their number, including in the number of researchers aged 39 or younger. The article presents the findings of tools for monitoring the financial support available to young researchers, recipients of scholarships and grants from the president of Russia, as well as grants provided by key research foundations. Monitoring Tools. The main monitoring tool is formal logic methods such as classification, analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction. The monitoring was conducted using the materials published on the official websites of research foundations, the annual reports of said foundations, as well as other information in the public domain. The monitoring covered 42 foundations and 8 federal regulatory acts. The subject of the study was the financial tools for supporting young researchers, specifically the grants and scholarships of the president of the Russian Federation and major research foundations such as the Russian Research Foundation, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises, and the Skolkovo Foundation, as well as state-funded programmes aimed at supporting young researchers; the findings of the monitoring are summed up in consolidated tables. Results. The support system for grant recipients spans all age categories of young researchers. Meanwhile, federal programmes offer a broader range of assistance to students, postgraduate students, and young researchers than to candidates and doctors of sciences. The most common types of assistance are grants and scholarships, while prizes are not as common. Regional and industrial foundations for assisting research, development, and innovation only function in some regions of the Russian Federation. Programmes aimed at supporting research activities are offered by regional and industry foundations through their official websites and are widely varied (the most common offerings include competitions, training programmes, organisation of conferences, exhibitions, forums, as well as special prizes and grants). Conclusion. Thus, the article provides information about the existing system of grants aimed at providing support and assistance to young researchers; the article also offers some information about the conditions, amounts, and timeframe for the provision of the scholarships and grants from the President of the Russian Federation; there is also a review of the tools for assisting young researchers in the context of such recipients’ status, as well as the forms and types of assistance (including for young researchers) provided by industry and regional foundations for research, development, and innovation.
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Нуриева, Regina Nurieva, Клычова, Guzaliya Klychova, Закиров, and Zufar Zakirov. "EVALUATION CRITERIA OF EFFECTIVE USE OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES IN AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 4 (2014): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7737.
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Nowadays, the sustainable development of agriculture is impossible without state support at current economic conditions. It is due to the peculiarities of agricultural production, which has a lower productivity, compared with other industries, but plays a vital role in the provision of food, that allows us to solve the problem of strategic national security fully. One of the main forms of state support is targeted allocation of budget subsidies to agricultural enterprises, thus improving the efficiency of their use is only possible through the use of objective information, which is useful for management decision-making, the formation of which provides by accounting system. The carried research in the current conditions allowed us to solve the problem, mentioned in the introduction, make the appropriate general conclusions and recommendations, aimed to more efficient use of government subsidies in the agricultural organizations. In this paper we have identified the main criteria for the evaluation of grants for the purpose of rational distribution and effective use. Today, the operation of agricultural production in all developed countries is entirely based on a system of effective government incentives. In European Union countries through a variety of techniques and actions of government regulation (system of grants and subsidies, preferential loans, the application of special tax regimes, the reduction of tariffs on consumed agricultural resources, the system of credit and insurance compensation from the budget and others) performed less stable support of monopolized agriculture by redistributing income from more monopolized industry, that allows us to develop the agricultural sector at a higher level of innovation. It is extremely important to develop an effective mechanism for compliance with the criteria subsidies. From the point of view of its simplicity, the attractive approach would be to organize a unified Development Bank, which would treat all agricultural enterprises, wishing to implement a project. But the emergence of competent organizations, capable of protecting national interests, nothing is guaranteed, even under the best of circumstances, this will require significant resources and time. In addition, the same amount of money will be more useful, if you use them as subsidies for interest payments of loans, than in the role of capital. The new rules are provided corresponding transparent methods of distribution of subsidies between companies, complemented by the availability of subsidies, aimed to promoting structural reforms in certain sectors of agriculture. Moreover, the rules provided with indicators of not only the quantitative characteristics of achieving concrete results, but also qualitative changes resulting from the effective use of subsidies.
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Kozlov, V. A., O. A. Frolova, and Y. A. Yukhlina. "Development of recommendations to provide grants for beginning farmers." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 1 (2019): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-1-329-336.
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In view of their features, as well as the low level of production, agricultural producers need government support. It stands out in different directions according to the state program. At the same time, there is support to novice farmers in the form of grants from the state, the purpose of which is to help develop business in any branch of agriculture: in breeding horses, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, growing potatoes, grain crops, vegetables in the open and closed ground, fruits and berries, fishing, beekeeping. Grants are provided to persons registered as an individual entrepreneur for at least a year who have a business plan for expanding or modernizing the economy. Support is provided 1 time, for 10 years. Assistance to novice farmers is provided in two main areas: the creation (development) of the economy 1.5–3.0 million rubles; help for the device of life up to 250 thousand rubles. The purpose of the study is to examine the theoretical aspects of state support, analysis of assistance to novice farmers, as well as the development of recommendations for the provision of grants. The article uses abstract logic and design methods. Analyzed the activities of agriculture at the federal and regional levels. The concept of “state support for agriculture” was clarified and supplemented: state budget funds aimed at developing the industry and rural areas in certain areas; direct increase in their profitability, through the production of necessary agricultural products; the main criterion for which remains the effectiveness of the use of this support. The state farmer beginner state support program has been improved, recommendations on introducing changes to this program have been developed.
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Prokopchuk, O., Y. Ulyanych, and S. Ptashnyk. "Problems of formation of the income component of local budgets within the administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine." Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 2, no. 97 (2020): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2020-97-2-108-115.
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Reform of local autonomy and local organizational power has been fully initiated in Ukraine since 2015. Decentralization is one of the biggest changes in the process of European integration, aimed at forming a real local autonomous government, starting from the basic level — united communities. The newly formed community of the united territories must be able to provide the existing government and provide public services at the appropriate level. The main level of socio-economic stability in the administrative region largely depends on the correspondence and balance between the received financial resources and powers. It is expected that the introduction of the agricultural land market may lead to significant changes in the tax structure of integrated communities. The status and trends of formation and development of local budgets are influenced by certain provisions of the regulatory framework. Currently, the revenue side of the local government budget relies too much on government programs and grants, which complicates the work of local communities in the process of self-stimulating their economic development. At the same time, it is proved that special attention should be paid to the search for additional revenues to local budgets, which would compensate for the expected losses from the personal income tax on shares. It is also necessary to take measures to improve the administration process and ensure the proper implementation of the fiscal function of local taxes and fees. In particular, there is an objective need to study the possibility of transferring the administration of certain local taxes and providing access to relevant registers (in the case of property tax) to local governments, which will ensure adequate local tax revenues to relevant budgets and partially address the tax debt.
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Kramon, Eric, and Daniel N. Posner. "Who Benefits from Distributive Politics? How the Outcome One Studies Affects the Answer One Gets." Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 2 (2013): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592713001035.
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Papers in the burgeoning empirical literature on distributive politics often focus their analysis on the pattern of distribution of a single patronage good—for example, cash transfers, roads, education spending, electrification, or targeted grants. Yet because governments can favor constituencies through the targeting of multiple public and private goods, drawing general conclusions about distributive politics by investigating just one (or even a few) good(s) can be misleading. We demonstrate the severity of this problem by investigating a particular manifestation of distributive politics—ethnic favoritism—in a particular setting—Africa—and show that the conclusions one draws about who benefits from government allocation decisions can vary markedly depending on the outcome one happens to study. Our findings suggest the need for caution in making general claims about who benefits from distributive politics and raise questions about extant theoretical conclusions that are based on empirical work that focuses on a single distributive outcome. The findings also provide a foundation for a new research agenda aimed at identifying the reasons why political leaders choose to favor their supporters with some public and private goods rather than others.
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Mc Murray, I., and L. Jansen Van Rensburg. "Legislative and other measures taken by government to realise the right of children to shelter." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 7, no. 1 (2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2004/v7i1a2845.
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The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa , 1996 entrenches numerous socioeconomic rights. One of these socio-economic rights is contained in section 26 that grants everyone the right to have access to adequate housing and section 28 that grants every child the additional right to basic shelter among others. This article aims to examine the legislative and other measures taken by the state to realise the right to shelter of children. Firstly, the legislative measures taken specifically for the realisation of children's right to basic shelter as envisaged by section 28(1)(c) will be discussed. Thereafter attention will be drawn to those measures taken to ensure the progressive realisation of section 26. Section 26 provides everyone, including children, the right of access to adequate housing. Therefore, every measure taken to realise section 26 is indirectly applicable to the realisation of section 28(1)(c) and children's right to basic shelter. The conclusion may be drawn that most of the discussed legislative and other measures are aimed at realising everyone's right of access to adequate housing, this includes children. However, most of these measures make little mention of the specific right of children to basic shelter. It is regarded as inclusive in the overall application of the legislation. Once again, it must be stressed that these legislative and other measures, in order to comply with the standard of reasonableness, must regard the interest of children to be paramount. If such legislation does not provide for the interest of children as a vulnerable group, it can be argued that the relevant legislative measure is not constitutionally valid. It is submitted that national government must recognise the importance of the role of local government, and local government should increasingly assume policy-making and implementation powers in their area. This will go a long way to building local capacity to function as effective development facilitators. As far as the resource problem is concerned, corruption in municipalities should be eradicated, while municipal capacity to manage and mobilise resources must be enhanced. The importance of co-operative government cannot be over emphasised. Without an effective integrated plan of action, which includes cooperation between all three spheres of government, as well as the participation of civil society, especially people who are directly affected by the implementation of socio-economic rights, realising the right of children to shelter will only exist on paper.
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Osiński, Joachim, and Izabela Zawiślińska. "Kondycja finansowa samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce. Przyczyny zadłużenia i propozycje reform." Polityka i Społeczeństwo 18, no. 2 (2020): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2020.2.6.
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The authors aimed to examine the phenomenon of indebtedness on the part of the local self-government units in Poland. The situation is evolving, and as such it pertains to an overwhelming majority of municipalities and counties. The barrier to increased indebtedness was established in the form of a unit-specific debt indicator, which came into force in 2014, and the amendments came into existence on the 1st of January, 2020. The composition of the indicator aims to allow the Regional Chambers of Auditors to monitor the proceedings and prevent continued deterioration. However, the authors indicate that the crux of the issue that the local self-government units face is the insufficient revenue they generate, which calls for an increased allocation of central budgetary funds to the local self-government units in the form of grants and subsidies as well as the designing of numerous ways to finance their operations. Drawing upon the experiences gained by other states, the authors postulate the launch of the territorial and resource-based consolidation reforms on the part of the lower local self-government units – municipalities. This is believed to enhance a more effective leveraging of the endogenous resources on the part of the local self-government units, maximising the economies of scale that pertain to the local economy as well as societal resources. The lower local self-government units in Poland were established over 20 years ago. Since the establishment, the units have come to represent the entities that are ineffective in a structural and functional manner. Furthermore, they fail to ensure the modern development path of local communities. The examination that has been conducted validates the need for reforms and it portrays the currents behind.
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Gotham, Dzintars, Lindsay McKenna, Stijn Deborggraeve, Suraj Madoori, and David Branigan. "Public investments in the development of GeneXpert molecular diagnostic technology." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0256883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256883.
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Background The GeneXpert diagnostic platform from the US based company Cepheid is an automated molecular diagnostic device that performs sample preparation and pathogen detection within a single cartridge-based assay. GeneXpert devices can enable diagnosis at the district level without the need for fully equipped clinical laboratories, are simple to use, and offer rapid results. Due to these characteristics, the platform is now widely used in low- and middle-income countries for diagnosis of diseases such as TB and HIV. Assays for SARS-CoV-2 are also being rolled out. We aimed to quantify public sector investments in the development of the GeneXpert platform and Cepheid’s suite of cartridge-based assays. Methods Public funding data were collected from the proprietor company’s financial filings, grant databases, review of historical literature concerning key laboratories and researchers, and contacting key public sector entities involved in the technology’s development. The value of research and development (R&D) tax credits was estimated based on financial filings. Results Total public investments in the development of the GeneXpert technology were estimated to be $252 million, including >$11 million in funding for work in public laboratories leading to the first commercial product, $56 million in grants from the National Institutes of Health, $73 million from other U.S. government departments, $67 million in R&D tax credits, $38 million in funding from non-profit and philanthropic organizations, and $9.6 million in small business ‘springboard’ grants. Conclusion The public sector has invested over $250 million in the development of both the underlying technologies and the GeneXpert diagnostic platform and assays, and has made additional investments in rolling out the technology in countries with high burdens of TB. The key role played by the public sector in R&D and roll-out stands in contrast to the lack of public sector ability to secure affordable pricing and maintenance agreements.
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Idayanti, Soesi. "Issue to the Legal Protection of the Use of the State Budget to Handling Covid-19." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2021): 1168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i1.1733.
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The Covid-19 pandemic, which impacted the health, social, and economic sectors as a non-natural disaster, led the President to make efforts to handle it with state financial policies by stipulating Perpu Number 1 of 2020. Budget misuse during the Covid-19 pandemic should be punishable by the death penalty because carried out when the state is facing a precarious situation; however, in Perpu No.1/2020, the Government grants immunity rights state budget managers. This legal immunity needs to be studied as a standard-issue regarding the state budget to overcome the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to examine the pandemic's impact on state finances and how Government policies are in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. This study used a normative juridical approach with data obtained from the literature, and the results were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in the Government changing the output of the use of the state budget aimed at dealing with the pandemic and restoring the country's economic condition due to the pandemic; the legal solution is to stipulate Perpu Number 1 of 2020, which was then approved by the DPR and became Law Number 2 2020. At the technical, operational level, the Government has also issued various policy regulations as a follow-up to Law Number 2 of 2020, which is used as an effort to deal with precarious situations as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, such as fiscal policy stimulus, taxes, social assistance, and policies. Adjustment of regional finances. The problem that was considered urgent due to the Covid-19 pandemic led the Government to stimulate immunity in Law Number 2 of 2020. However, this immunity is given following the principle of good faith for users of state finances
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Smiesova, Viktoriia. "The merger of power and property in Ukraine: a mechanism of implementation and ways for regulation." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 4(90) (December 12, 2018): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2018.04.007.
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The article addresses the issue of informal interrelation between power and property in Ukraine. Such a merger results in the following undesirable situations: when the government lobbies for the companies whose business concerns are «represented» by authorities; when public funds are misused by funding the companies through government grants, subsidies, subventions and funding government programmes; when budgetary and extra-budgetary funds are poorly allocated and reallocated; when conditions for shadow economy arise. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the main ways and tools for countering and overcoming the merger of power and property in the national economy. More specifically, the article describes and clarifies the main components of the interrelation between power and property, namely: subjects, objects, the main areas where the merger can be achieved, the areas under its influence, tools and levers, forms and methods for the merger to be completed. The study also indicates negative consequences of the «power – property» structure for economic, social and political processes. The need to combat and prevent the discussed problem in the national economy stems from growing maladministration of the government in the economic area, informal interrelation between authorities and a large number of the institutional and permanent properties, aggravation of corruption, and lobbying for economic interests of authorities and proprietary bodies. It is proposed to implement a systemic state’s policy aimed at overcoming the merger of power and property. This policy should be carried out along with a long-term policy of economic growth and reproduction of intensive economic relations. In response to the need of combating the merger of power and property in public sector and tax service, a set of measures is proposed. These measures will promote the reproduction of economic relations and economic interests in the regulatory and legal sphere.
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Levkin, A., R. Levkina, and A. Ryasnyanska. "The experience of student self-government in improving the quality of the educational process." New Collegium 3, no. 101 (2020): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/nc.2020.3.84.
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The article considers the organization of self-government in higher education. This means voluntary and independent public activities of students to perform the functions of management of higher education, which is determined by its administration. Along with the main tasks of student self-government bodies to ensure and protect the rights and interests of students, it must ensure the performance of duties, influence the discipline and effectiveness of education. Democratic principles of election to these bodies, their effective functioning, and the provision of guarantees are a prerequisite for integration into the Bologna Agreement. The main problems in this are the need to improve the legal framework of the educational process, low financial resources, lack of democratic political culture, the mechanism of interaction with the administration and the passivity of students. Research on the issue shows a lack of awareness of the performance of student government and a low level of trust and authority of its leaders. Instead, the experience of European universities shows in favor of these bodies in solving university-wide cases. Strong material base and financial and legal independence from the administration of the educational institution allow to independently distribute part of the funds for financing grants from student societies and associations at the university. The influence of teachers on the process of formation of future specialists in terms of application of practical experience and modern management technologies is important. Thus there is a formation of the developed personality, stimulation of activity of the future citizen, education of the tolerant interlocutor. The conclusion is made about the importance of student self-government bodies whose activities are aimed at improving the educational process, organizing cooperation with students of higher education institutions and youth organizations, cooperation with managers and executors of projects of various levels, using the practical experience of teachers on the principles of collegiality in order to improve the quality of education.
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Albin, Björn, Christina Siwertsson, and Jan-Olof Svensson. "Informal care of the elderly in Sweden – Carers’ situation." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 23, no. 1-2 (2016): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol23iss1-2id170.
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Informal care of the elderly (often given by a relative or a spouse) plays an important role in most societies. This article describes the situation and support for carers that exist in Sweden today and how this may develop in the future. The description is partly based on the results from the evaluation of a government supported project (‘Anhörig 300’) aimed to develop support for carers in the county of Kronoberg as well as from information and documents. Four different typical situations for carers are identified and indicate how very different situations for carers can be. During the 21st century the Swedish Government has given great attention to support for carers, mainly through changes in the legislation and through economic grants to the municipalities. In the future the support for carers must be given even greater attention and be developed further. The National Development Plan for Nursing and Care of the elderly in Sweden, from 2005, suggested increased support for carers as a complement to the public sector elderly care. From 2009 the Social Services Act has been changed in accordance with this plan. A key issue is to involve voluntary organisations to alleviate isolation and loneliness among carers. An earlier version of the following article was first published in Japanese in Chiiki Fukushi Kenkyu (Studies of Community Welfare), 2008; 36; 72-83. It has since been revised and updated for publication in an English language journal.
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Savchenko, Nataliia, and Mykola Dubinka. "Youths’ cultural leisure activity as a component of the leading foreign countries’ public policy." Scientific Visnyk V.O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Pedagogical Sciences 65, no. 2 (2019): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2518-7813-2019-65-2-258-263.
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The article shows the modern scientific approaches towards the grounds of cultural sector mechanism of its development in leading foreign countries. The main government principles and mechanisms of government part in participating to regulate the youths’ cultural policy are defined. The main tendencies and new instruments of the government policy development in youths’ cultural-leisure activity in highly developed countries are depicted. The necessity of applying the complex approach in realizing various forms of innovations in leisure sphere is grounded. Leisure is appreciated as a component of the youths’ cultural policy. The main topics of the leisure sphere are developed in the context of cultural politics of every country. The main tasks of the youths’ policy are the following: 1) to work out and adopt the statute, state and regional programmes, which are the preconditions of youths’ free growth; 2) to finance the programmes and events aimed at realization of these conditions; 3) to coordinate the government and public institutions and associations, private funds in solving the youths’ cultural leisure-time problems; 4) to encourage (including the grants) government and non-government organisations intended to give equal start-up chances for all categories of youths to achieve the recreational and spiritual potential of free time. In addition to that, separate aspects of leisure sphere (educational potential, pedagogical principles, sociology of leisure-time) are the object of different spheres of vital functions of the state. Every state determines its own cultural policy according to the values, tasks and its own cultural advances. The principles of the state policy in leisure-time sphere develop into the institutional mechanisms of the interaction between the state and society and then realize in the concrete cultural, social and leisure-time initiatives. The common principles and standpoints adopted and approved by the international community in the cultural sphere are: to work out the possibilities for a citizen to take part in cultural life of the society, cultural growth when the cultural policy becomes a component of general state policy; to preserve and popularize the cultural identity; to develop international cultural communications.
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Gholipour, Zeinab, Mahmood Mahmoodi Majd Abadi Farahani, Leila Riahi, and Kamran Hajinabi. "Active Aging Management in Iran: Designing a model." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 15, no. 2 (2020): S61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v15i2.359.
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Objective: Active ageing constitutes one of the guiding perspectives on policies, but the factors influencing ageing have not received considerable attention. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting active ageing management in Iran.
 Design: Drawing on quantitative data gathered through a questionnaire filled out by 287 participants and an interview with 20 experts.
 Main outcome measures: The instrument was a questionnaire based on the five-point Likert scale. Questions with CVR>0.49 and with CVI>0.7 were accepted. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was (0.92) used. The adequacy of the sample size was estimated at 0.952, based on the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS Ver 22. An exploratory factor analysis was used to explore and evaluate the dimensions of the model through a mathematical approach. Also, confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to verify the model, using AMOS 24 software.
 Results: Eight factors were identified as effective factors in active ageing management in Iran, which include: Organizational structure (0/83), services (0/80), control (0/74), financing (0/72), government grants (0/71), policy making (0/68), selected area to focus (0/65), members (0/63). Organizational structure and member components had the most and least significant effects.
 Conclusions: Establishing a High Council with the presence of the President's representative, allocating a specific budget for the elderly, determining the responsibilities of the government and the related organizations, determining the responsibility and providing suitable services can lead to the effective management of active ageing.
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Clark, Tom, and Rita Hordósy. "Social Identification, Widening Participation and Higher Education: Experiencing Similarity and Difference in an English Red Brick University." Sociological Research Online 24, no. 3 (2018): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780418811971.
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In 2012, the UK government introduced the National Scholarship Programme – a scheme that aimed to ensure that young people from families with low household incomes would not be discouraged from entry into higher education by increases in tuition fees. Drawing on longitudinal evidence in the form of 80 semi-structured interviews conducted in an English Red Brick University over a 3-year period, this article uses Jenkins’ work on social identification to examine the processes by which these post-2012 undergraduates used and experienced the financial support made available to them as part of the Programme. The article explores how the initially categorical label associated with being a student in receipt of financial assistance was variously understood and experienced as they moved through their degree. Not only did the additional finance allow students to avoid excessive part-time work, recipients also felt increasingly valued by the institution when they began to recognise how their financial circumstances differed from their peers, and that the university had made this provision for them. It remains to be seen whether these, more intangible, benefits of non-repayable financial support will transfer to the system of ‘enhanced’ loans that have subsequently replaced maintenance grants and the National Scholarship Programme.
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Posadskov, A. L. "Book publishing and local government: the history of relations between publishers and regional administrations in Siberia and the Far East in the 90-ies of XX – 10-s of XXIst century." Bibliosphere, no. 4 (January 11, 2020): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2019-4-3-13.
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The article summarizes the historical experience on support of the Siberian and Far Eastern regional book publishing by regional and national republican authorities and management in the late twentieth – early twenty-first century. During 25 years regional administrations have passed a long way from unskillful attempts to copy the support measures practiced at the Federal center, from the single support of individual publications to an elaborate system of assistance for authors and publishers producing socially demanded books, mainly of local and regional content. The author considers the historical evolution of this process – development of management decisions on financing local publishing proposals aimed at strengthening the cultural, scientific and creative potential of the regions in the East of Russia. The classification, characteristics and evaluation of each of the forms for publishing support used in the regional practice are given. The author has come to conclusion that the best examples of publishing projects effective assistance are the activity of Omsk region and Krasnoyarsk Krai administrations. The former has the support model, in which distribution of funds is based on the publishing program of the regional Ministry of culture. In the latter the funds are allocated in the form of social grants to the regional winners of the annual contest “Book Krasnoyare”, that is fixed in its regional legislation as the protected item of expenditure. It is stated that not all administrations in the regions of Siberia and the Far East are concerned about the development of local publishing. In many regions the forms and level of support for the publishing environment do not meet the needs of society, remain unchanged since the end of the twentieth century.
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Marais, ML, S. Drimie, and C. Boshoff. "Determinants for realisation of the right to food among adolescents in Sterkspruit, eastern cape province, South Africa." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 05 (2021): 18131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.100.19310.
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Globally, the youth population aged between 10 and 24 years is the fastest growing and faces health and nutritional challenges affecting their growth and development, livelihoods and future careers. The government needs to take necessary action towards the full realisation of the right to health, water, education and adequate standards of living, amongst others. A cross-sectional descriptive study using a mixed method approach was conducted. The study aimed at gaining an insight into perceptions about underlying factors, having an impact on the realisation of the Right to Food (RtF)of adolescents in the Sterkspruit area of the Senqu sub-district (Eastern Cape Province). It, furthermore, explored possible solutions and opportunities to facilitate the progressive realisation of the RtF for adolescents in this area. In-depth interviews were held with eight (8) key informants who were actively involved in the community. Fifty (50) adolescents aged 10 to 19 years completed a self-administered questionnaire and participated in Focus Group Discussions, stratified for gender and age. Through content analysis of qualitative data, transcripts were coded and emerging themes were grouped, using the ATLAS.ti 7 text analysis programme. Sixteen (16) percent of the adolescents sometimes had access to only one food source at home and have experienced hunger at times. The most pressing issues identified by participants, which compromises the realisation of adolescents’ right to food and health, was hunger caused by a combination of a monotonous diet, lack of agrarian resources, unemployment and mismanagement of Child Support Grants. Although government was regarded as the main duty-bearer responsible for the realisation of the RtF, it was perceived to be inefficient in taking sustainable measures to enhance food security in this resource-poor area. Very few participants identified adolescents’ own responsibility as rights-holders. The implementation of a human rights-based approach is needed for both the duty-bearers and rights-holders to facilitate adolescents’ physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food.
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Hasan, MK, MZ Abedin, T. Islam, and MZ Rahman. "Traditional rice storage facilities and options for safe storage: A study in some selected flood-prone areas under Bhola district." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 13, no. 1 (2016): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v13i1.28728.
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The study aimed at identifying the existing rice storage facilities, problems and prospects at farmers level in some selected five unions in two flood-prone upazillas under Bhola district of Bangladesh. The farmers suggested policy options for safe storage of rice are also discussed. The selection of Upazilas and villages were done purposively whereas the sample households were selected randomly using stratified random sampling technique with arbitrary allocation. The farmers were classified as small, medium and large based their land ownership. Data on the average rice production, consumption, storage volume and costs of storage and losses of rice in different storage structures/containers from selected 50 farmers of study areas were collected through pre-tested questionnaire. The farmers generally used traditional storage structures such as Dole, Berh, Motka, Jala, Gola, Plastic drum and Gunny/Plastic bags for storing rice. Plastic drum, Gunny and Plastic bags and Motka/Jala were found more economical for the farmers considering the capital cost, expected life and storage loss. Over 90% of the farmers felt the need for training on safe storage and over 80% of the small and medium farmers were interested in getting government help through loans, grants, etc. About 60% of the farmers expressed their interest on cooperative storage system to store and protect their food grains during the time of floods. Farmers opined to construct storage structures at an easily accessible place within their village or union under common or cooperative storage systems. The proposed storage system, on implementation, could be managed or overseen by a committee elected/selected by the cooperative society members.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(1): 125-130, June 2015
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a, Wahyan, Yurnalis Etek, Undang Rosidin, Oki Dermawan, and Koderi b. "INFRASTRUCTURES ANS FACILITIES MANAGEMENT IN THE MADRASAH ALIYAH PESAWARAN, LAMPUNG PROVINCE, INDONESIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 06 (2021): 673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13062.
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Educational infrastructure is an essential factor in improving learning efficiency and the quality of education. This study aimed to analyze and describe the management of infrastructures which includes planning, implementation, and evaluation in Madrasah Aliyah, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung, Indonesia. This study is field research using a qualitative approach. The research data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research locations were Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pesawaran and Madrasah Aliyah Mathlaul Anwar Pesawaran. The results showed that the planning of educational facilities and infrastructures in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pesawaran and Madrasah Aliyah Mathlaul Anwar Pesawaran have been carried out in several stages, namely school coordination meetings, determining school programs, and determining the needs for educational facilities and infrastructures. The facilities and infrastructures at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 have been obtained through purchasing, manufacturing, grants or assistance, loans, recycling, exchanging, and repairing or reconditioning. There are two funding methods for infrastructures, namely the APBN DIPA and from the committee. On the other hand, Madrasah Aliyah Mathlaul Anwar is an autonomous Madrasa that has its own budget, namely the funding that comes from the Madrasah itself and the funding from the government, BOS funds, and donors. The facilities and infrastructures have been obtained based on the principals decision by coordinating with the treasurer. The facilities and infrastructures have been procured through the collaboration between several suppliers and large shops. The facilities and infrastructures inventory data at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pesawaran and Madrasah Aliyah Mathlaul Anwar Pesawaran have been registered using symbols or codes as the substitutes for the name or description for each item groups.
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Zavadska, A. "About the specifics of functioning and support at the regional level of innovative structures of the national innovation system in Ukraine." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (13) (December 26, 2019): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2019-2(13)-6.
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Problem setting . The modern intensive development of the national innovation system determines the expansion offorms of interaction both between the subjects of the national innovation system and with other participants in a widerange of legal relationships. In this respect, the importance of positive interaction at the regional level of local selfgovernmentbodies and actors of the innovation system. Analysis of recent researches and publications . The issues of essence, formation, structure and legal regulation ofthe national innovation system and innovative structures were explored in their works as scientist-economists, such asN.M Bunyak, V.B Butorina, O.O Lyakhovets, E.V Kosovan, and legal scholars: Yu. E. Atamanova, S. V Hlibko,E. A Novikov, L. V Tsindenova, A. V. Strizhkov. Scientific researches on development of innovative activity, forms ofinteraction of local authorities and subjects of national innovation system were carried out by S.V Glibko,I. Yu. Matyushenko, M.S Pasmore and other. Target of research . The purpose of the study is to analyze theoretical and regulatory approaches to understandingthe term «national innovation system» and its content in Ukraine and the EU, to study the legal problems of the functioningof certain types of innovation structures in Ukraine, as well as to identify the most common and effective forms of suchinteraction at the regional level of local authorities self-government and subjects of the national innovation system. Article’s main body . Innovative infrastructures primarily operate in the form of a limited liability company. This isdue to the presence of a number of advantages in the creation and activities of such legal entities. Regarding regional support for innovation, the following should be noted. To date, there has been a distribution offunding for the design and implementation of activities aimed at discussing the innovative development of the territorialcommunity, and the creation and implementation of new innovative inventions and projects. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Implementation of the legislation of Ukraine on development ofinnovations, as well as interaction between local self-government bodies and subjects of the national innovation systemare carried out mainly at the level of financing of individual projects, through tenders and grants. The analysis of KharkivCity Council acts shows that the prospect of innovation development in Kharkiv is high.
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Loss, Christopher P. "“No Operation in an Academic Ivory Tower”: World War II and the Politics of Social Knowledge." History of Education Quarterly 60, no. 2 (2020): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.22.
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America's sprawling system of colleges and universities has been built on the ruins of war. After the American Revolution the cash-strapped central government sold land grants to raise revenue and build colleges and schools in newly conquered lands. During the Civil War, the federal government built on this earlier precedent when it passed the 1862 Morrill Land-Grant College Act, which created the nation's system of publicly supported land-grant colleges. And during Reconstruction, the Freedmen's Bureau, operating under the auspices of the War Department, aided former slaves in creating thousands of schools to help protect their hard-fought freedoms. Not only do “wars make states,” as sociologist Charles Tilly claimed, but wars have also shaped the politics of knowledge in the modern university in powerful and lasting ways.
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Mazuba, Charity C., Kefiloe A. Maboe, and Annalie D. H. Botha. "Sexual Activity, Knowledge of Contraceptives Use among Females Choosing Termination of Pregnancy at a Provincial Clinic in South Africa." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 1 (2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n1p60.
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This study investigated sexual activity, knowledge of contraceptives use among females choosing termination of pregnancy (TOP) at a provincial clinic in South Africa.
 
 This was a quantitative and observational study in the form of a cross-sectional survey. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 61 respondents who had terminated their pregnancies. Almost ninety-two (91.8%) percent of the respondents were single women between 18 and 27 years of age. Their level of education showed that 32% had completed high school, 28% were high school learners, 21.1% were tertiary education level learners and 1.8% had tertiary education. The frequency of sexual activity was mostly once a month (40%), followed by once a week (36.5%). Unemployment was high (36%), making the respondents dependent on government grants. Most of the women were aware of contraceptives methods (88.5%). The majority of the respondents (75.4%) have heard about emergency contraceptives (EC), while only 11.5% had never heard of contraceptives in general. The condom was the most popular method (54.1%), followed by the injection (45.9%). However, although 88.5% and 75.4% have heard of emergency contraceptives, their knowledge of contraceptives in general was very low. Contraceptives were used by 78.6% before termination of their pregnancy (TOP) and the most frequently used method was the injection at 36.6%. The respondents were the initiators of TOP. 
 
 The researchers recommended that awareness of contraceptives should be promoted, and programmes aimed at changing the behaviour of sexually active females should be designed in order for them to make use of reproductive health services and family planning. Continuous education on sexual activities and contraceptives needs to be given to women visiting a reproductive health clinic. Policymakers should facilitate access to modern contraceptives and promote their effectiveness in all disadvantaged communities, thus addressing the root cause of the termination of unplanned pregnancies.
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Kim, Dongyeon, Min-Kyung Kang та Young-Hee Kang. "Eucalyptol Alleviates Amyloid-β-Responsive ER Stress-Induced Endothelial Apoptosis in Diabetic Eyes". Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (2021): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab037_043.
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Abstract Objectives Prolonged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress impairs the protein folding capacity, and the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER eventually triggers apoptosis. This study was aimed to explore that amyloid-β (Aβ) deposited in the diabetic retina, induced retinal endothelial ER stress and apoptosis, which was attenuated by eucalyptol, a monoterpenoid and an achiral aromatic component of many plants, including Salvia and Eucalyptus leaves. Methods Primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMVEC) were cultured in media containing 33 mM glucose and 5 μM amyloid-β for 3 days in the presence of 1–20 μM eucalyptol. The in vivo animal study employed db/db mice orally administrated with 10 mg/kg eucalyptol. Cell lysates and mouse eye tissue extracts were prepared for Western blotting, in which antibodies of Aβ, phospho-PERK, phospho-elF2α, ATF4, CHOP and Bax were used. Results Hyperglycemia enhanced the induction of Aβ protein in microvascular endothelial cells, which was inhibited by eucalyptol. Exposure of HRMVEC to high glucose and Aβ elevated the unfolded protein response to ER stress, evidenced by activation of PERK-elF2α-ATF4-CHOP. Eucalyptol diminished formation of glucose- and Aβ-induced ER stress and induction of apoptosis-related bax. Consistently, oral administration of eucalyptol to db/db mice curtailed the eye tissue levels of ER-responsive components and apoptotic proteins. Conclusions Eucalyptol may be a potent retinoprotective agent allaying diabetes-mediated Aβ-induced ER stress leading to apoptotic cell death. Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korea government (2020R1A6A3A13069116 and 2017R1A6A3A04011473) and was supported by the BK21 FOUR(Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research, 4220200913807) funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF).
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Butu, A. W., C. N. Emeribe, and E. T. Ogbomida. "Effects of Seasonal Flooding in Benin City and the need for a Community-Based Adaptation Model in Disaster Management in Nigeria." March 2019 3, no. 1 (2019): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.01.0108.
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The present study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrologically induced environmental problem in Benin City and how communities (considered as non-state actors) can be sustainably integrated/participate in monitoring of environmental change, disaster preparedness, post disaster management mechanisms and influence water resources development/management decisions. The study focused on the seasonal flood events of years 2016 and 2017. The study showed that the impacts of flooding in Benin City ranges from submergence of physical infrastructures, loss of agricultural lands/ farms. Using the Focused Group Discussion and Interview methods, 61.9% of flood affected persons agreed that their houses were submerged, 80.5% indicated that their farms, including fish farms, piggery, snail farms, crops and poultry were damaged by floods, 9.6%, indicated having experienced food stock losses due to floods. Most common diseases/sicknesses experienced were diarrhoea (27%), malaria (37%); cough (20%), while sickness due to snake bite was the least (4%). Fe and fecal coli form count values were high during seasonal flood event. Most of the hydraulic regulation projects have failed mainly due to poor feasibility study, inadequacy of hydrological data, non-involvement of relevant stakeholder and the complete absence of community based groups during engineering construction works. The study proposed a State-Non-state actors Integrated Model, which will be registered as a Corporate organization to plan and monitor environmental changes relating to climate change, flood and gully erosion disasters and with the active involvement of NEMA, SEMA, LEMA and other related agencies and NGO. Depending on the size of each Local Government Area in Benin, the proposed committee will comprise of 25-50 members. The study recommends capacity building of members in the form of training and re-training in the areas of early warning, preparedness, adaptation, emergency plan, data collection method/analysis, writing of research grants proposals to fund the activities of the committee and monitoring for environmental changes.
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Rahadian, Rikrik, Maulana Firdaus, and Andrian Ramadhan. "STRUKTUR PENDAPATAN PERIKANAN TANGKAP KELUARGA NELAYAN DAN IMPLIKASINYA: Analisis Data Panel Kelautan dan Perikanan Nasional." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 11, no. 2 (2016): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v11i2.3832.
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Kemiskinan merupakan sebuah kata yang sangat melekat dengan keluarga Nelayan, sehingga banyak usaha telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk menanganinya, umumnya melalui pemberian bantuan serta pemberdayaan usaha keluarga nelayan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat kondisi struktur pendapatan perikanan keluarga Nelayan selama ini melalui analisis ketergantungan pendapatan perikanan keluarga Nelayan terhadap tingkat usaha penangkapan. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis data Panel, dengan dua variabel berupa data rata-rata pendapatan keluarga Nelayan dan rata-rata pengeluaran BBM di enam lokasi tipologi penangkapan pada penelitian PANELKANAS – Bitung, Sampang, Sambas, Sibolga, OKI dan Purwakarta – sepanjang periode 2010-2013. Hasil analisis data sepanjang periode pengamatan menunjukkan beberapa fenomena berikut ini: 1). Peningkatan usaha penangkapan berpengaruh signifikan meningkatkan Pendapatan Perikanan Keluarga sebesar 15% dari nilai usaha yang dilakukan; 2). Terjadi rata-rata pendapatan perikanan non-penangkapan yang positif di semua lokasi penelitian; dan 3). Terdapat kesenjangan nilai rata-rata pendapatan perikanan non-perikanan antar lokasi penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, maka untuk membantu keluarga nelayan meningkatkan kesejahteraannya akan diperlukan kebijakan yang dapat mendorong peningkatan usaha penangkapan dan diversifikasi usaha perikanan.Title: Structure of Capture Fisheries Income Family Fisherman and Implications: Panel Data Analysis of The National Marine and Fishery Poverty is a word closely associated with fisher’s households, thus far numerous government efforts – such as grants and empowerment programs – have been conducted to tackle this problem. This paper is aimed at scrutinizing the income structure of fisher’s households by analyzing the dependency of their income to their Catching Effort. The panel data analysis conducted is based on the average Household’s Fisheries Income and its average Gasoline Expenditure data of six PANELKANAS’ Captured Fisheries locations – Bitung, Sampang, Sambas, Sibolga, OKI and Purwakarta – which were observed through out the 2010-2013 periode. The result shows several phenomena, such as: (1). Catch effort is a significant factor positively affecting the household’s fisheries income, as much as 15% of the total effort value; (2). There has been a positive average non-captured fisheries income in every location observed; and (3). There have been disparities of the average non-captured fisheries income among different locations. With such results, poverty alleviation of fisher’s households would still require both catch-effort enhancing as well as livelihood diversifying policies.
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Holtom, Duncan. "Narrowing the Gap: Lessons from RAISE Ten Years On." Cylchgrawn Addysg Cymru / Wales Journal of Education 19, no. 2 (2017): 118–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/wje.19.2.7.
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Breaking the link between poverty and poor educational attainment has been a long- standing goal of the Welsh Government. Progress has been made, but a large gap remains in Wales. This paper revisits RAISE, the Welsh Government's first major funding programme aimed at closing the gap. It considers the impact of RAISE upon pupils and schools and the lessons for contemporary interventions like the Pupil Deprivation Grant in Wales and Pupil Premium in England. The paper concludes that given the challenges many schools in disadvantaged areas face, integrating additional funding for schools (like that provided by the Pupil Deprivation Grant) with support and challenge, through programmes like School Challenge Cymru, and area- based programmes, like the proposed Children's Zones, is needed to maximise the impact of additional funding.
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Marimuthu, Ferina. "Government assistance to state-owned enterprises: a hindrance to financial performance." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 2 (2020): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(2).2020.04.
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This study aimed to examine whether government financial assistance influences the financial performance of state-owned enterprises. Commercial state-owned enterprises in South Africa that are listed under the Public Financial Management Act during the post-apartheid era from 1995 to 2017 were sampled. Government guarantees were measured as a dummy variable, while financial performance was measured by accounting measure: return on assets (ROA). Endogeneity issues were addressed, and data analysis was performed on an unbalanced panel using the two-step system GMM. The empirical evidence indicated that support by the government in the form of guarantees and subsidies has a significant negative effect on the financial performance of state-owned enterprises. This is an indication that continued government bailouts to poor performing state-owned enterprises exacerbates their poor financial performance and encourages these enterprises to become too reliant on government assistance, burdening the national fiscus. AcknowledgmentsThe author gratefully acknowledges the National Research Foundation of South Africa for the research grant and Dr Farai Kwenda for his supervision during the study.
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Maliková, Zuzana, Matúš Kubák, Radovan Bačík, and Miloš Fišar. "Governmental Research Support Programs and Private Entities in Slovakia." Review of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (2015): 345–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2015-0004.
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Abstract The paper analyses public subsidies aimed to enhance development and innovation in the Slovakian private sector. The paper reviews theoretical approaches of the necessity of public support to research and development activities in order to increase private investment in research and development. An overview of research and development support tools in Slovakia is presented. The analytical part of the work is oriented on a comparative analysis of two granting agencies in Slovakia [Agency for Research and Development (ARD) and Agency of Operational Program Research and Development (OPRD)]. Special attention is given to direct public financial support. Logit analysis showed a relationship between success of grant applicants and their characteristics. We find that the following have impact on success of the application: Age of the company, amount of the grant required, legal form of the company, and the agency to which the application for grant was submitted. Applicants with legal form Ltd. (limited liability company) have a higher chance of receiving grant than other legal forms. The highest chance of success has a request for a grant of up to 500.000 €. According to the results of our analysis, the chance to obtain a grant decreases with each passing year.
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Garg, Atul, Avinash Sharma, and Nidhi Bansal Garg. "Impact of Web Based Learning and Teaching in Higher Education in India." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 6 (2020): 2689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8968.
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Since independence, education sector visualized an unremarkable increase in its educational policies as the years passed on. In the development countries like India, the number of Government, Government aided and private Universities/institutions have increased. And, due to the revolution of Internet the teaching methodologies are also affected. The Government agencies like UGC, AICTE etc. are determining of standards in educational Universities/Institutions. The Government is also focusing on new technological resources up to a large extent to increase the education ration and quality of education. The Government of India is providing grants to UGC, AICTE, IITs, IIMs, Universities, Institutions and individuals for the growth of teaching, learning, research and innovations. Information technology (IT) plays a significant role in one’s daily life style, whose growing rate is very wide.
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Shevelova, Svitlana, and Svitlana Plaskon. "Is the Ukrainian economy’s absorptive capacity appropriate to attract foreign direct investment and facilitate economic growth?" International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, no. 6 (2018): 1928–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-03-2017-0090.
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Purpose Despite an increasing volume of literature focussed on foreign direct investment (FDI) in transition economies, there has been little research into FDI in Ukraine. The relationship between the inflows of FDI (IFDI) and absorptive capacity (AC) has been under-researched in the peripheral transition countries like Ukraine. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the appropriateness of the Ukrainian economy’s AC to attract IFDI and facilitate economic growth with a particular focus on AC factors, such as the potential of human resources to absorb innovation and benefit from research and development (R&D) expenditure. Design/methodology/approach This study presents a thoughtful research design: there is an analysis of the AC framework for justification and selection factors that allows a measurement of the potential of Ukraine’s AC to attract and exploit IFDI. The study uses data from 25 regions in Ukraine for the 1996–2015 period. To estimate the effects of IFDI on Ukrainian economic growth, a Cobb–Douglas production function is used. As an appropriate instrumentation technique for dynamic panel data, the Generalised Method of Moments is used to provide unbiased and efficient estimates of the results. The application of the interactive term in this study allows the authors to indicate the existence of complementarities between IFDI and human capital, in particular with higher education, that afford opportunity to absorb new technologies and benefit from IFDI. Findings The resulting model indicates that R&D expenditure benefited very significantly in evolving country’s innovation system due to economic growth. Physical and human capital has not been used effectively in Ukraine to facilitate economic growth and attract IFDI. The number of patents is not significant in all of the regression models. Moreover, IFDI in Ukraine for the 1996–2015 period did not significantly impact on economic growth. However, the AC of human capital, in particular those with a higher education, is relatively relevant to benefit from IFDI. Practical implications The findings have important implications for governmental policy, which should be based on improving the business climate, a strategy for digital development, innovation, migration, institutional and regional policies aimed at the achievement of country’s sustainable economic growth. The government should increase R&D expenditure as an important factor of gross domestic product growth and introduce grants, loans and other financial supports for encouraging students to continue university education. Originality/value The originality and value of this paper is empirical and methodological. The empirical results of this study enable a conclusion about the appropriate level of the country’s absorptive capability required to benefit from IFDI. The paper also contributes to the existing academic debate and proves that despite the well-established theoretical framework for the IFDI–AC economic impact context, a new theorisation is needed to explore the full complexity of the country’s explicit relationship between AC and IFDI. Future research should be focussed on examining not only groups of countries but also distinctly the country’s explicit relationship between AC and IFDI with the particular attention for the under-researched countries: the peripheral transition economies to discover new research niches for theory building. This study presents an original methodological approach with a careful justification of the theoretical framework for hypothesis development, an appropriate sample and an original application of seminal research methods based on the Cobb–Douglas production function. This study proves that the interactive term, which allows indication of the existence of complementarities between IFDI and other variables, is appropriate for measuring AC in countries with smaller amounts of IFDI.
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DAVYDENKO, Vladimir A., Elena V. ANDRIANOVA, and Marina V. KHUDYAKOVA. "CONTEMPORARY WORLD CONTEXTS OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY IN THE RUSSIAN RURAL LIFE REALITIES." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 6, no. 3 (2020): 79–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2020-6-3-79-129.
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This article critically introduces the sociology of rural areas through rethinking and reinterpreting contemporary world contexts of rural sociology and factual representation of the Russian rural life, applying qualitative methods of analyzing in-depth interviews with Tyumen Region’s south residents. The authors employ theoretical and methodological approaches, mainly used in classical and modern academic literature on rural realities. The scientific approach of this article, alternative to the popular perspectives of political economy and sociology of postmodernism, is based on compounding the interactionist theory and social constructionism with economic sociology, and relies on the growing status of qualitative methods used not only in rural sociology, but also in social geography. The case studies on contemporary rural life problems provide the foundation for discussion and criticism. This article also presents the first results of 2020 field research within the framework of a project aimed at studying institutional factors and forms of Tyumen Region south rural areas development. The authors prove the importance of assessing current problems and functioning prospects of the two most important Russian countryside social institutions — the local (municipal) government and business/entrepreneurship, which are considered through the dominant scenarios of their interests’ interaction with reproduction, preservation, and sustainability of rural areas. The authors’ conclusions are drawn from theoretical and empirical results of generalization and conceptualization of rural life peculiarities, considered through the prism of sociological theories of the countryside and world contexts of this scientific field. This article focuses on illustrating rural areas adaptability and versatility to many external shocks, as well as on contributing to the discussion of the current challenges, problems and opportunities that are opening for rural sociology in the realities of modern Russian rural life. Recommendations, stemming from the current world agenda of rural sociology, propose a relatively new concept of rural politics, displaying the “placed-based” paradigm. The paradigm is to reduce the inequality and inefficiency in agricultural production by removing barriers and seeking opportunities in given locations (villages and small towns), especially those which lag behind more dynamic territories in key resources. In other words, these are the “territories of growth” (an increase in population density and yield, expansion or small reduction of farmland); “territories of stagnation” (a decrease in population density, farmland and yield); and “territories of contraction” (a decrease in population with a significant reduction in farmland and yield). However, even for these highly generalized socio-spatial characteristics, there is only approximate information that does not allow classifying the scenarios of rural regions reproduction. Spatial dimension indicates the diversity principle of economic change and development. Adaptation of programs to eliminate disadvantages and enhance strengths of territories is likely to help achieving a high return on investment in rural policy through grants, loans, subsidies, subventions (State Program 2020-2025). Placed-based policies should have the greatest impact on lagging regions, reducing regional inequalities, facilitating regional convergence of rural areas. The concept of “territories of growth — stagnation — contraction” is not yet verified by large studies. Theoretical grounding of placed-based policies, originates from economic concepts, broadening them with spatial, cultural, social and institutional dimensions. There is evidence that the placed-based strategy will advance lagging regions and boost the country’s economy. A social policy based on this concept can be a tool for rural areas development, ensuring the complementarity between efficiency and equity. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the development of a conceptual-categorical scheme that demonstrates the interaction of various branches of government, agricultural actors of different levels and entrepreneurs as a result of their interests coordination. The interaction is presented in a form of impact that macro-actors have on micro- and meso- subjects at the local level, which is very important for tracking the formal-informal ratio in rural residents’ lives.
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Roulstone, Sue E., Julie E. Marshall, Gaye G. Powell, et al. "Evidence-based intervention for preschool children with primary speech and language impairments: Child Talk – an exploratory mixed-methods study." Programme Grants for Applied Research 3, no. 5 (2015): 1–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/pgfar03050.
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BackgroundThe Child Talk study aimed to develop an evidence-based framework to support the decision-making of speech and language therapists (SLTs) as they design and plan interventions appropriate to the needs of individual children with primary speech and language impairments and their families. The need for early identification and effective intervention for these children continues to be a government policy priority because of the link between children’s early speech and language skills and their broader well-being and outcomes in later life. The first phase of Child Talk sought to map and describe current SLT practice for these children; identify and summarise the existing research evidence relating to practice; and investigate the perspectives of parents, early years practitioners, preschool children and ‘underserved’ communities on speech and language therapy. The second phase of Child Talk focused on the development of a toolkit – assessment tools, outcome measures and a data set – to support future service and economic evaluations of the framework.MethodsChild Talk adopted a mixed-methods design. Quantitative methods included surveys and investigated the prevalence and patterns of intervention usage; qualitative data collection methods included focus groups, interviews and reflection to investigate participants’ perspectives and understandings of interventions. Data analysis methods included descriptive and inferential statistics, thematic and content analysis and framework analysis. Participants were recruited nationally through six NHS sites, professional bodies, parent groups and advertising. Participants included SLTs (n = 677), parents (n = 84), preschool children (n = 24), early years practitioners (n = 31) and ‘underserved’ communities (n = 52).Key findingsSpeech and language therapy interventions were characterised in terms of nine themes, viewed as comprehensive and inclusive by practitioners. Relevant assessments, interventions and outcome domains were identified for the nine themes. Areas of tacit knowledge and underspecified processes contributed to variability in the detail of the framework. Systematic reviews identified 58 relevant and robust studies (from 55,271 papers retrieved from the initial literature search). The number of studies relevant to each theme varied from 1 to 33. Observational data on preschool children’s perspectives on speech and language therapy interventions revealed the dynamic nature of their interaction with different activities and people within therapy sessions. Parents’ experiences of speech and language therapy were generally positive although some reported that the rationale for therapy was not always clear. Parental perspectives in underserved communities suggested that, although parents were confident about how to support children’s language development, they were less informed about the nature of language impairments and the function of speech and language therapy. The availability of information regarding resources directed towards speech and language therapy services was poor. In particular, services lacked both a culture of collecting outcome data routinely and measures of professional input and costs associated with their activities.ConclusionA descriptive framework of SLT practice has been developed to support the discussions between therapists and families when making decisions regarding the selection of interventions and outcome measures. Further research is needed to address gaps in the intervention framework and evaluate its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in improving outcomes for preschool children with primary speech and language impairments.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013006369.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme.
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Kovas, Yulia, Eduard V. Galajinsky, Michel Boivin, et al. "The Russian School Twin Registry (RSTR): Project PROGRESS." Twin Research and Human Genetics 16, no. 1 (2012): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2012.133.
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The Russian School Twin Registry (RSTR) was established in 2012, supported by a grant from the Government of the Russian Federation. The main aim of the registry is to contribute to Progress in Education through Gene-Environment Studies (PROGRESS). The formation of the registry is ongoing and it is expected that most schools in the Russian Federation (approximately 50,000 schools) will contribute data to the registry. With a total of 13.7 million students in Grades 1–11 (ages 7–18), the potential number of twin pairs exceeds 100,000. Apart from the large sample size and its representative nature, the RSTR has one unique feature: in collaboration with the International Advisory Committee to the Registry, genetically sensitive cross-cultural investigations are planned, aided by the use of the common assessment instruments. Other strengths of the registry include the assessment of a large sample of non-twin school children, including those studying in the same classes as the twins in the registry. It is hoped that the RSTR will provide an important research platform for national and international educationally relevant research.
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Arat, S., A. Tas, H. Bagis, et al. "21 CLONING OF ANATOLIAN GREY BULL." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab21.
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One of the application fields of nuclear transfer (NT) is to increase the population of endangered mammals. In the present study, cloning of native Anatolian Grey Cattle living semi-wildly especially in the Marmara Region was aimed. Bovine oocytes isolated from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 μg mL–1 of sodium pyruvate, 1% v/v penicillin-streptomycin (10.000 U mL–1 of penicillin G, 10 000 mg mL–1 of streptomycin), 50 ng mL–1 of epidermal growth factor, 0.5 μg mL–1 of FSH, 5 μg mL–1 of LH (Arat et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 135). After removing the cumulus cells of matured oocytes (MII), meiotic spindles and first polar bodies were removed. As nuclear material source, cartilage and fibroblast cells obtained from the ear tissue of 3-year-old Anatolian Grey Bull were used. This animal is kept under the National Conservation Program of the Turkish Government. Prior to NT, all somatic cells were allowed to grow to confluency (G1/G0) in DMEM-F12 supplemented with 10% FBS (Arat et al. 2002 Biol. Reprod. 66, 1768–1774). After transfer of single cells to enucleated oocytes, oocyte-cell couples were fused by a DC pulse of 2.66 kV cm–1 for 30 μs in the Zimmerman medium. After fusion, fused NT units were activated using a combination of calcium ionophore (5 μm for 5 min), cytochalasin D (2.5 μg mL–1) and cycloheximide (CHX, 10 μg mL–1) for 1 h and CHX alone for 4 h. In the first experiment, after activation, NT units were cultured in Sage cleavage medium (Cooke et al. 2002 Fertil. Steril. 78, 1254–1260; Tang et al. 2006 Hum. Reprod. 21, 1179–1183) supplemented with 8 mg mL–1 of BSA for 72 h and then developing embryos were divided into 4 groups. After 72 h of culture, all cleaved embryos from cartilage cells in groups I, II, III, and IV were respectively cultured in Sage blastocyst media supplemented with 8 mg mL–1 of BSA, 8 mg mL–1 of BSA + 5% FCS, 4 mg mL–1 of BSA + 5% FCS, and 4 mg mL–1 of BSA + 100 ng mL–1 of insulin-like growth factor for additional 4 days. Differences among groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA after arcsin square transformation (P = 0.05). In group III, development rate to blastocyst (27.3%) was significantly higher than the other groups (18.2, 21.2, and 15.0% for groups I, II, and IV, respectively). In the second experiment, development rates of embryos from cartilage or fibroblast cells, cultured in the group III medium treatment above, were compared. Development rate to blastocyst of 1-cell embryos from cartilage cells (30.8%) was significantly higher than the rate of embryos from fibroblast cells (20.8%). Forty-two good quality embryos from cartilage cells and 11 embryos from fibroblast cells were transferred into 23 Holstein dairy recipient cows (2–5 blastocysts/cow). Day 35 pregnancies were diagnosed in 10 cows from cartilage cells (53% 10/19; one of them was over to 100 days) and in 1 cow from fibroblast cells (50% 1/2). Two recipient cows carrying embryos from fibroblast cells were not yet examined for pregnancy. This cloning study is the first on the Anatolian Grey Cow and is still going on. This study was supported by grants from TUBITAK, Turkey (TOVAG-104O360 and KAMAG-106G005).
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Lawrence, Rachael B., Sharon F. Rallis, Laura C. Davis, and Karen Harrington. "Developmental evaluation: Bridging the gaps between proposal, program, and practice." Evaluation 24, no. 1 (2018): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356389017749276.
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Developmental evaluation supports grant-funded initiatives seeking innovation and change. Programs born from aspirational grant language and plans often need guidance as they work toward creating workable models for social innovation. This article describes the challenge of designing and implementing complex programs and presents a case that illustrates how a program moves from proposal to practice. The Massachusetts Charter Public School Association Capacity Building Network is a complex intervention, funded by the US federal government, aimed at raising school capacity to serve students with disabilities and English language learners. Developmental evaluation served to bridge the gaps between an aspirational proposal, an ambitious and ambiguous program plan, and emerging practices to serve this population of students. Jointly reviewing our experience in this developmental evaluation, the evaluation team and a program director share important thematic lessons learned about the developmental evaluation approach.
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Martinez, María del Pilar Rodriguez, Karla I. Galaviz, Edtna Jauregui Ulloa, Ines Gonzalez-Casanova, and Juan Ricardo Lopez y. Taylor. "Results from Mexico’s 2014 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, s1 (2014): S74—S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0172.
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Background:The Mexican Report Card on Physical Activity in children and youth was first developed in 2012 as a tool aimed at informing policy and practice. The objective of this paper is to update the Report Card to reflect the current situation in Mexico.Methods:A literature search was conducted in Spanish and English using major databases, and complemented with government documents and national health surveys. Information on the 9 indicators outlined in the Global Matrix of Report Card Grades was extracted. Experts from Mexico and Canada met to discuss and assign a grade on each indicator.Results:The physical activity indicator was assigned a C+, which was higher than in the previous report card. Sedentary behavior was assigned a D, which was lower than the previous report card. Organized Sports and Active Transportation, which were not graded in the previous report card, were assigned grades of D and B-, respectively. Government and Built Environment were assigned grades of C and F, respectively. Family and Peers and Active Play were not graded (INC).Conclusions:Levels of PA and sedentary behaviors among Mexican children and youth were below the respective recommended references. The implementation and effectiveness of current government strategies need to be determined. The Mexican Report Card is a promising knowledge translation tool that can serve to inform policies and programs related to physical activity.
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Sabaeneh, Faisal, and Rajaa Swedan. "The Degree to which National and Life Education Curriculum for the First and Second Basic Grades Includes the Life Skills from the Point of View of Teachers in Government Schools in Qabatia." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية خضوري للأبحاث 8, no. 4 (2020): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/ptukrj.v8i4.98.
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The study aimed to identify the degree to which national and life education curriculum for the first and second basic grades includes the life skills from the point of view of teachers in government schools in Qabatia. Furthermore, to determine the differences according to gender and specialization variables. To achieve that, the study conducted on (72) male and female teachers, and (42) items questionnaire was applied for collecting data.The results of the study indicated that the degree to which National and life Education curriculum for the first and second basic grades includes the life skills from the point of view of teachers in government schools in Qabatia was high, as it came with a mean of (3.90) and a weight of (%78), and that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α=0.05) in the degree to which National and life Education curriculum for the first and second basic grades includes the life skills from the point of view of teachers in government schools in Qabatia due to gender and specialization variables.In the light of the results, the researcher recommended providing the means, materials, and techniques to provide an opportunity for teachers of the national and life education curriculum to employ activities appropriately as well as enhancing the student’s personality through the adoption of various programs in schools such as the child friendly school, in addition to employing the interactive national education curriculum in line with the digitization of education.
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Sabaeneh, Faisal, and Rajaa Swedan. "The Degree to which National and Life Education Curriculum for the First and Second Basic Grades Includes the Life Skills from the Point of View of Teachers in Government Schools in Qabatia." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية للأبحاث 8, no. 4 (2020): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/pturj.v8i4.98.
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The study aimed to identify the degree to which national and life education curriculum for the first and second basic grades includes the life skills from the point of view of teachers in government schools in Qabatia. Furthermore, to determine the differences according to gender and specialization variables. To achieve that, the study conducted on (72) male and female teachers, and (42) items questionnaire was applied for collecting data.The results of the study indicated that the degree to which National and life Education curriculum for the first and second basic grades includes the life skills from the point of view of teachers in government schools in Qabatia was high, as it came with a mean of (3.90) and a weight of (%78), and that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α=0.05) in the degree to which National and life Education curriculum for the first and second basic grades includes the life skills from the point of view of teachers in government schools in Qabatia due to gender and specialization variables.In the light of the results, the researcher recommended providing the means, materials, and techniques to provide an opportunity for teachers of the national and life education curriculum to employ activities appropriately as well as enhancing the student’s personality through the adoption of various programs in schools such as the child friendly school, in addition to employing the interactive national education curriculum in line with the digitization of education.
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Arum Kusuma Wardhani, Krisnawati. "KINERJA PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN ANGGARAN PENDAPATAN DAN BELANJA DAERAH KOTA PALEMBANG PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN." Jurnal Renaissance 3, no. 2 (2018): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.53878/jr.v3i2.77.
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This research is aimed to find out how the performance of regional financial management of Palembang City in increasing APBD of Palembang City, and how to proportion of revenue and expenditure target of APBD Kota Palembang. The theory used in this study is the concept of performance analysis of regional finances according to Mahmudi (2010), which examines the performance of management of regional keunagan based on the financial performance indicators of regional income and financial performance of Regional Expenditure during the period of 2010 to 2015. In accordance with the focus, Qualitative design, to describe the state of subject / object of research based on facts that appear or as it is (fact finding). Data collection was done by observation, interview, and documentation technique. The result of research shows that the growth of APBD from the side of regional income shows that there is a trend of revenue increase from PAD post, but in general the balancing fund positions still dominate the regional income, so that the high rate of regional dependency is balanced fund. While from the side of regional expenditure, it is envisaged that every year the Local Government of Palembang City always allocates a larger budget to the indirect spending group. This indicates that the Local Government of Palembang City still allocates more budget for things that are not directly related to the implementation of the program such as personnel expenditure in the form of salaries and allowances regulated in law, interest expenditure, grant expenditure, social assistance expenditure, Results to provinces / districts / municipalities and village governments, unexpected financial aid and shopping expenditures.Keywords: Performance, Management, Regional Finance.
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Howell, Lachlan G., and John C. Rodger. "An examination of funding for terrestrial vertebrate fauna research from Australian federal government sources." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 2 (2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17037.
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Funding for research towards more effective conservation of Australian fauna is widely believed to be low. Publically available data were examined to determine the spread of wildlife projects supported for the period 2005–15 by Federal Government agencies responsible for research and/or environmental management funding and funding aimed at delivering innovation across relevant sectors. A word search method was used and projects categorised according to their relevance to conservation goals. Of the AU$7.2 billion invested by the Australian Research Council, 0.9% (AU$67.8 million) was in areas relevant to conservation. However, of this relatively modest funding, 40% of conservation projects addressed questions classified as highly relevant, and 11.4% dealt with Australia’s threatened terrestrial vertebrate fauna. Of the AU$2.5 billion grant investment by the Department of the Environment, 7.9% (AU$196.3 million) was relevant to fauna conservation but mainly for on-ground management (62.5%). However, 32.9% of projects were research highly relevant to conservation practice, and 18.8% dealt with Australia’s threatened terrestrial vertebrate fauna. The Cooperative Research Centres Program is a well funded system that has supported applied research relevant to wildlife conservation. However, the Program’s recent focus has been on commercial outcomes rather than the public good. The study provides support for the argument that greater investment by the Federal Government is needed if innovation in wildlife management is to have a solid evidence base.
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Nam, Gyeong, Dae Kim, and Sang Choi. "How Resources of Universities influence Industry Cooperation." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 5, no. 1 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5010009.
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In Korea, cooperation between university and company is mainly encouraged by government policy as the Triple Helix’s statist model. Since 2003, the government started a variety of university financial support program, and in 2014, it reached to the point that 31 ministries conducted 408 programs in total. Most projects focused on training human resources and supporting Research and development, which is considered as the core function of universities, but some of the projects are designed to support the industry–academia cooperation. For instance, the Ministry of Education ran ‘Leaders in University and Industry Cooperation (LINC)’ program. LINC is a follow-up project of Human Resources Development for the Leading Industries, Industry–Academia Cooperation-oriented University, and Focal Point Research program. Accordingly, it aimed to create university–industry cooperative models, and nurture talents based on regional economy’s demand. The program provided approximately $230M per year for over 50 universities across the country. It was one of the highly influential grant programs considering the fact that there are about 200 universities nationwide and an annual budget of university is $900 billion on average. In this context, this study is to assess the influence of resources of universities capacity on the achievement of university–industry cooperation and explore whether a government-initiated policy has a significant effect using data from government information disclosure system on education.
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Mapuranga, Miston, Eugine Tafadzwa Maziriri, and Tarisai Fritz Rukuni. "A Hand to Mouth Existence: Hurdles Emanating from the COVID 19 Pandemic for Women Survivalist Entrepreneurs in Johannesburg, South Africa." African Journal of Gender, Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa) 10, no. 3 (2021): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2021/v10n3a6.
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There are many women survivalist entrepreneurs in South Africa, many of whom work in the informal sector. The emergence of theCOVID-19 pandemic has a devastating effect on their entrepreneurial projects. While both the public and private sectors have initiated various measures to ease the blow, obstacles continue to confront them. This study sought to examine the challenges faced by women survivalist entrepreneurs in South Africa’s Johannesburg metropolitan area. The researchers gathered qualitative data using a qualitative research approach by conducting semi-structured face-to-face interviews. The data was analysed using thematic analyses. The themes that emerged from the findings include; a lack of capital for reinvestment, no government grant support, a decline in the demand for products by the market, rotting agricultural produce or stock, a battle for strategic selling points and numerous confrontations with police as a result of not meeting the regulatory rules relating to COVID-19. The present research provides theoretical implications for academics in entrepreneurship by enhancing the understanding of the hurdles that these entrepreneurs have experienced because of COVID-19. On the practitioners’ side, this work offers avenues for women survivalist entrepreneurs to improve their entrepreneurial ventures and eventually eliminate the challenges they face when running their ventures. This study also offers policy implications. For example, existing government policies can be amended to make the working conditions of women survivalist entrepreneurs better or make the rules under which they operate simpler. This study contributes to entrepreneurship literature by uncovering the difficulties faced by women survivalist entrepreneurs due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It will assist other scholars in further developing this research field. As such, this research is important for women survivalist entrepreneurs because most of them endeavour to enhance entrepreneurial performance for the betterment of their lives. Governments may also use the study to develop interventions aimed at facilitating the growth and development of women survivalist entrepreneurs.