Dissertationen zum Thema „Aide à la Décision Médicale“
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Cauvin, Jean-Michel. „Raisonnement médical et aide à la décision en endoscopie digestive“. Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN1B052.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuarte, Kevin. „Aide à la décision médicale et télémédecine dans le suivi de l’insuffisance cardiaque“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0283/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is part of the "Handle your heart" project aimed at developing a drug prescription assistance device for heart failure patients. In a first part, a study was conducted to highlight the prognostic value of an estimation of plasma volume or its variations for predicting major short-term cardiovascular events. Two classification rules were used, logistic regression and linear discriminant analysis, each preceded by a stepwise variable selection. Three indices to measure the improvement in discrimination ability by adding the biomarker of interest were used. In a second part, in order to identify patients at short-term risk of dying or being hospitalized for progression of heart failure, a short-term event risk score was constructed by an ensemble method, two classification rules, logistic regression and linear discriminant analysis of mixed data, bootstrap samples, and by randomly selecting predictors. We define an event risk measure by an odds-ratio and a measure of the importance of variables and groups of variables using standardized coefficients. We show a property of linear discriminant analysis of mixed data. This methodology for constructing a risk score can be implemented as part of online learning, using stochastic gradient algorithms to update online the predictors. We address the problem of sequential multidimensional linear regression, particularly in the case of a data stream, using a stochastic approximation process. To avoid the phenomenon of numerical explosion which can be encountered and to reduce the computing time in order to take into account a maximum of arriving data, we propose to use a process with online standardized data instead of raw data and to use of several observations per step or all observations until the current step. We define three processes and study their almost sure convergence, one with a variable step-size, an averaged process with a constant step-size, a process with a constant or variable step-size and the use of all observations until the current step without storing them. These processes are compared to classical processes on 11 datasets. The third defined process with constant step-size typically yields the best results
Duarte, Kevin. „Aide à la décision médicale et télémédecine dans le suivi de l’insuffisance cardiaque“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0283.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is part of the "Handle your heart" project aimed at developing a drug prescription assistance device for heart failure patients. In a first part, a study was conducted to highlight the prognostic value of an estimation of plasma volume or its variations for predicting major short-term cardiovascular events. Two classification rules were used, logistic regression and linear discriminant analysis, each preceded by a stepwise variable selection. Three indices to measure the improvement in discrimination ability by adding the biomarker of interest were used. In a second part, in order to identify patients at short-term risk of dying or being hospitalized for progression of heart failure, a short-term event risk score was constructed by an ensemble method, two classification rules, logistic regression and linear discriminant analysis of mixed data, bootstrap samples, and by randomly selecting predictors. We define an event risk measure by an odds-ratio and a measure of the importance of variables and groups of variables using standardized coefficients. We show a property of linear discriminant analysis of mixed data. This methodology for constructing a risk score can be implemented as part of online learning, using stochastic gradient algorithms to update online the predictors. We address the problem of sequential multidimensional linear regression, particularly in the case of a data stream, using a stochastic approximation process. To avoid the phenomenon of numerical explosion which can be encountered and to reduce the computing time in order to take into account a maximum of arriving data, we propose to use a process with online standardized data instead of raw data and to use of several observations per step or all observations until the current step. We define three processes and study their almost sure convergence, one with a variable step-size, an averaged process with a constant step-size, a process with a constant or variable step-size and the use of all observations until the current step without storing them. These processes are compared to classical processes on 11 datasets. The third defined process with constant step-size typically yields the best results
Renaud, Bertrand. „Aide à la décision médicale par les règles de prédiction clinique au service d'urgence : l'exemple de la pneumopathie aigue communautaire“. Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066543.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe explonentially increasing amount of medical knowledge compromises its transfer to medical practice and results in suboptimal quality of care. This is of particular interest with regard to emergency medicine. Indeed, in few other domains of medicine is there such variety, novelty, distraction, and chaos, all juxtaposed to a need for expeditious and judicious thinking and in no other area of medicine, is decision density as high. Therefore, emergency medicine is particularly exposed to reveal the cognitive limits of medical decision making. Indeed, medical decision mainly depends on emergency physicians ability to predict patients’ outcome based on data available at presentation. Clinical prediction rules are the best evidence for guiding medical decision. The following text reports several studies conducted by the emergency department team of H Mondor university related hospital about the usefulness of a clinical prediction rule for guiding medical decision making process of patients presenting with a community acquired pneumonia (CAP). First, the European validation of the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) that has been intially developped in North America is reported. The second study reports the impact of routine use of the PSI in French emergency departments. Then, we report an evaluation of professional practices consisting in the implemention of a comprehensive strategy that included PSI assessment via the emergency department computerized medical file. Finally, the last two reports present on the one hand the development of a new clinical prediction rule for the severe CAP (REA-ICU: Risk of Early Admission to Intensive Care Unit) and on the other hand a demonstration by recurrence of the actual usefulness of this new rule that could be able to signicantly modify medical practices
Galopin, Alexandre. „Modélisation ontologique des recommandations de pratique clinique pour une aide à la décision à niveaux d'abstraction variables“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066202/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleClinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are elaborated according to evidence-based medicine principles in order to improve healthcare quality. However, even when they are integrated into clinical decision support systems, recommendations are poorly implemented by physicians. Indeed, CPGs are often criticized for their lack of flexibility, and their inability to handle the singularity of patients encountered in clinical practice. In particular, CPGs are usually elaborated for a single pathology whereas patients usually suffer from multiple pathologies and comorbidities. We have proposed a method based on an ontological reasoning to enable the reconciliation of single-pathology CPGs to support the flexible management of patients with multiple pathologies. Knowledge bases are made of decision rules that formalize the content of single-pathology CPGs. Patient criteria are organized by a domain ontology, which allows the generation of a generalization-ordered graph of clinical patient profiles. The ontological reasoning allows to reason at different levels of abstraction to process clinical cases described with different levels of completeness. This method has been implemented in a decision support system called GO-DSS, and applied to the management of patients suffering from both arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes, on the basis of CPGs produced by the VIDAL company (VIDAL Recos). The prototype and its user interfaces have been qualitatively evaluated by a sample of users including both computer scientists with medical knowledge and physicians with computer skills
Fisher, Evan. „Humanitarian presence. Locating the global choices of Doctors Without Borders“. Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis dissertation is a monograph of the nongovernmental organisation (NGO) Doctors Without Borders (MSF). It is based on an ethnographic inquiry into the operations of this medical humanitarian NGO as they take place. Observing members of MSF providing healthcare to migrants in Paris and to inhabitants of a slum in Nairobi, evaluating and planning projects in their headquarters, we see them tinker together the sometimes-incompatible goals of a seemingly simple humanitarian mission: medical assistance to the vulnerable around the world. Our pragmatist approach consists in arguing that analysis of international aid must account for how humanitarians find a way to hold together the ambiguities, and even the contradictions, of this claimed mission in the ambivalent effects humanitarian aid in practice. To this end, we ask how MSF selects those it seeks to assist around the world. Our response entails close description of the instrumentation of triage: the problematic processes of elaborating and using tools that support the reflexive choice of beneficiaries around the globe. We then make three analytical gestures, allowing us to contribute to ongoing discussions in anthropology on global assemblages, global spaces, and global health. First, we show how the processes of bordering, territorializing, and scaling that triage instruments support, participate in producing humanitarian locations: humanitarian space, the field, medical platforms, and headquarters. Second, analysing the ways triage instruments script for those humanitarians claim to assist, we argue that MSF gains humanitarian agency in the ways it relates to humanitarian beneficiaries: the tact and tactics of care, the reciprocal recognition of beneficiaries in their need and of MSF’s need to help, the acceptance of responsibility for this vulnerability coupled with an attempt to transfer responsibility to public health care systems. Third, accounting for these instruments in terms of humanitarian technologies of intervention, we demonstrate how MSF makes timely interventions into governing bodies and the bodies of the governed. Together, our description of aid as it takes place and our analysis of the problems associated with humanitarian locations, beneficiaries, and technologies of intervention constitute what we call MSF’s humanitarian presence. This humanitarian presence indicates the ways MSF exists, in their global physical extension, in the health care they practice, in their nongovernmental politics and their ethics of attention. This concept supports critique by indicating, first, the multiple and incompatible goods that are to inhere in humanitarian aid, and second, those specific instances when MSF has failed to do so
Ben, Souissi Souhir. „Vers une nouvelle génération d'outils d'aide à la décision s'appliquant à la prévention des risques lors de la prescription des antibiotiques : combinaison des technologies Web sémantique et de l'aide multicritère à la décision“. Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMotivated by the well documented worldwide spread of adverse drug events that are associated to antibiotics usage, as well as the increased danger of antibiotic resistance (caused mainly by inappropriate prescribing and overuse), we propose a general architecture for recommendation systems adapted for this kind of context and we develop a specific system for antibiotic prescription (PARS). The type of context that our architecture covers is characterised by highly risky decisions or decisions with high stakes. Such a system cannot be based on machine learning, since there are no available training data sets or case bases. However, rules of good practice and expert knowledge are available, therefore our system should be able to model and implement them. The proposed solution is intended to be used by a decision maker who must adapt his/her decision both to each subject’s specific needs and characteristics, as well as to different types of evolution. Our approach is based on the combination of semantic technologies with MCDA (Multi-Criteria Decision Aids). The decision support process involves two steps. First, by taking into account the specific application domain, the approach evaluates the relevance of each alternative (action) in order to satisfy the needs of a given subject. The first level of the decision support model aims to select all the alternatives that have the potential to fulfill the subject’s needs. Subsequently, the second level consists of evaluating and sorting the selected alternatives in categories according to their adequacy to the characteristics of the subject. We propose an approach that exploits the knowledge schemes of semantic web technologies (ontologies) and that structures the recommendation rules into a suitable sorting method: the MR-Sort with Veto. By doing so, our solution is able to link and match heterogeneous knowledge sources expressed by experts. In collaboration with the EpiCURA Hospital Center, we have applied this approach in the medical domain and more specifically in the prescription of antibiotics. The system’s recommendations were compared with those expressed in the guidelines currently in use at EpiCURA. The results showed us that PARS allows for a better consideration of the sensitivity of the patients to the adverse effects of antibiotics. Moreover, by taking into account the additional characteristics of the patients, the model is able to adapt to contextual changes (such as new antibiotics, side effects and development of resistant micro-organisms)
Ramadier, Lionel. „Indexation et apprentissage de termes et de relations à partir de comptes rendus de radiologie“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT298/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the medical field, the computerization of health professions and development of the personal medical file (DMP) results in a fast increase in the volume of medical digital information. The need to convert and manipulate all this information in a structured form is a major challenge. This is the starting point for the development of appropriate tools where the methods from the natural language processing (NLP) seem well suited.The work of this thesis are within the field of analysis of medical documents and address the issue of representation of biomedical information (especially the radiology area) and its access. We propose to build a knowledge base dedicated to radiology within a general knowledge base (lexical-semantic network JeuxDeMots). We show the interest of the hypothesis of no separation between different types of knowledge through a document analysis. This hypothesis is that the use of general knowledge, in addition to those specialties, significantly improves the analysis of medical documents.At the level of lexical-semantic network, manual and automated addition of meta information on annotations (frequency information, pertinence, etc.) is particularly useful. This network combines weight and annotations on typed relationships between terms and concepts as well as an inference mechanism which aims to improve quality and network coverage. We describe how from semantic information in the network, it is possible to define an increase in gross index built for each records to improve information retrieval. We present then a method of extracting semantic relationships between terms or concepts. This extraction is performed using lexical patterns to which we added semantic constraints.The results show that the hypothesis of no separation between different types of knowledge to improve the relevance of indexing. The index increase results in an improved return while semantic constraints improve the accuracy of the relationship extraction
Viti, Mario. „Automated prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG084.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research project is expected to be financed by a CIFRE scholarship in collaboration between GE Healthcare and CentraleSupelec. We are seeking to predict Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE). These are typically embolism and aneurisms in the aorta and the coronary arteries, that give rise respectively to interrupted blood flow to the heart and so a risk of infarctus, or major hemorrhage. Both are life-threatening. When a patient is brought to hospital for an alert (angina, etc), they will undergo an X-ray CAT scan, which can be more or less invasive. A major objective of this research is to utilize as well as possible the available information in the form of 3D images together with patient history and other data, in order to avoid needless, invasive, irradiating or dangerous exams, while simultaneously guaranteeing optimal care and the best possible clinical outcome. The proposed methodologies include image analysis, image processing, computer vision and medical imaging procedures and methods, that will be developed in partnership between GE Healthcare and the CVN lab of CENTRALE SUPELEC
Raoult, Olivier. „Diagnostic de pannes des systèmes complexes“. Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332209.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVeron, Paul. „La décision médicale“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD064.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe medical relationship is traditionally addressed by the private law academia through the prism of the of the contract concept. In line with another part of the academia, this study aims to put forth a renewed reading, centered on another paradigm: the decision. The law does not govern here a meeting of minds producing obligations but rather a care decision whose purpose is performing a medical procedure on a patient, primarily taken as a human being. The approach can a priori rest on a certain degree of common sense: isn’t medicine, after all, primarily an art – which partly became a science – of the decision?To approach the concept of decision in the field of medical law requires to give up the dominant meaning given to that term in the various legal disciplines. Well-known figure of public law and procedural law, emerging in private law, the notion of decision is largely identified with a unilateral legal action. Such strict interpretation cannot prevail for understanding our object of study: first, the medical decision is not a legal action; secondly, it may be unilateral or bilateral, or, to be precise, it can be individual or shared. It appears to be preferable, in the field of medical law, to return to a common meaning of this notion of decision, as opposed to strictly legal: it is a selecting process geared towards the implementation of a deed.The way the law addresses a medical decision can be summarized in four questions : Who decides? Addressing the issue of identifying the decision makers. How should the decision be taken? Addressing the decision-making procedure. Why and to what aim is a decision taken? Addressing the question of reasons and purposes on which the medical decision is based. Finally, what can we decide? Which means can we implement to cure? This addresses the question of the purpose of the decision. While the first two points are related to the process of decision-making, the last two refer to the issue of decision taken.This approach essentially has dual benefits. First, it offers a unique mean of interpreting the medical care relationship, regardless of the context (public hospital, private clinic or private practice), which appears necessary in view of the legal developments in the last two decades. Second, it allows the conceptualisation of the medical relationship in a theory of power, medical decisions being analysed, in this aspect, as the expression of private power
Pelletier, Christine. „Application des techniques d'aide à la décision à la planification sanitaire régionale“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004845.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBelaidi, Aissam. „Organisation et pilotage de la prise en charge des patients dans le cadre du réseau des urgences“. Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439525.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIssa, Najah. „Aide à la décision pour l'apprentissage“. Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999259.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKushlaf, Najah. „Aide à la décision pour l'apprentissage“. Thesis, Valenciennes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VALE0010/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe research realized in this thesis proposes a decision support to improve the quality of learning. The learning includes two dimensions; human dimension and pedagogic one. The human dimension includes the learner and the teacher. The pedagogic dimension represented in curriculum set by the educational establishment; it is the know. The learner is going to transform the know into knowledge. Thus the know and the knowledge are two notions completely different. The distance between both is the distance between what the teacher presents (the know) and what the learner acquires (the knowledge). The quality of the learning concerns the learners who go to the school to acquire the know. In fact, learning consists in interiorizing the know. This internalization requires the efforts for persistent intellectual change and demands continuity based on past experiences. The acquisition of knowledge and its transformation into knowledge by the learner is influenced by several factors that affect positively or negatively on the quantity and quality of this knowledge. The confusion between the know and the knowledge guide the learner to value or to ignore his knowledge. The knowledge construction process by the diffused know requires an constant evaluation process. The process of evaluation then appreciates the structure of knowledge to make decisions intended to make it evolve. However, during an evaluation, the confusion between knowledge and knowledge can bring learner to value the score so neglecting the importance which he must give for the transformation knowledge process in favor of the highest possible fidelity of knowledge. This confusion can be detected provided that the evaluation includes a processual dimension. Therefore, the evaluation may be better associated with improvement actions and transformation of knowledge. Then the evaluation can be addressed in a logical decision support. Therefore In this research we demonstrate that the learning situation is a decision aiding situation
Nguyen, Hoang Khanh. „Alsace et aide médicale au tiers monde“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985STR1M166.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouvet, Renaud. „Liberté du médecin et décision médicale“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G021/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe doctor's decision-making freedom is a necessary condition of medical practice, which allows the practitioner to direct his practice to the whole interest of the patient. This must not mask the native asymmetry of the medical relationship, unbalanced by the doctor’s exclusive possession of knowledge and expertise. However, the patient’s rights limit the medical power derived from knowledge. This is according to the terms of this relationship that the doctor's decision-making freedom comes out. The decision procedure ensures its acceptability and protects the patient against its arbitrariness, via the requirements for consultation and motivation. It is considered in a plural dimension leading to a systemic decision. The content of the decision is to be analysed in terms of purpose and relevance. Its purpose is medical necessity, which, at the option of socially devoted desires recognized by the law, sees its scope expanded beyond the protection of health, with a risk of instrumentalisation of medicine. Its relevance is based on the mobilization of standardization tools whose effects are ambivalent about the decision-making freedom, and which are a preferred means of control of the merits of the decision for the judge
Bizouarn, Philippe. „Décision médicale et rationalité : l'incertitude d'une action“. Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MARN0217.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMedical decision, as an act consisting of doing a choice among different alternatives, results from a judgment done by a medical doctor in face of a patient and cannot be reduced to a formal procedure between diagnosis and prescription. The aim of this study was first to analyse the different constraints linked to the medical decision-making: the patient, viewed as an intimate and social being, the medical doctor, trying to accord his knowledge with his know-how with intent to conciliate the particular with the universal, the society, which requires efficacy and justification of our acts. The notion of uncertainty was then explored through a critical analysis of the clinical trials with emphasis on construction and possibility of synthesis in order to know what could signify their systematic use as an instrument of evidence in a practical point of view. Finally, the medical rationality was questioned, by confronting the instrumental rationality characterized by the use of the best means for reaching a defined end, and a procedural rationality adopted in part by the Evidence-Based Medicine. Another rationality need to be constructed, where experimental data must be interpreted again practically. In this perspective, a passage must be supposed between theory as an explication of a constructed world and practice as a comprehension of what the patient expects from us
Le, Coz Pierre. „Le moment philosophique de la décision médicale“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20686.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDosdat, Jean-Claude. „Les normes nouvelles de la décision médicale“. Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT3023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNguyên, Tri Long. „Inférence causale, modélisation prédictive et décision médicale“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMedical decision-making is defined by the choice of treatment of illness, which attempts to maximize the healthcare benefit, given a probable outcome. The choice of a treatment must be therefore based on a scientific evidence. It refers to a problem of estimating the treatment effect. In a first part, we present, discuss and propose causal inference methods for estimating the treatment effect using experimental or observational designs. However, the evidences provided by these approaches are established at the population level, not at the individual level. Foreknowing the patient’s probability of outcome is essential for adapting a clinical decision. In a second part, we present the approach of predictive modeling, which provided a leap forward in personalized medicine. Predictive models give the patient’s prognosis at baseline and then let the clinician decide on treatment. This approach is therefore limited, as the choice of treatment is still based on evidences stated at the overall population level. In a third part, we propose an original method for estimating the individual treatment effect, by combining causal inference and predictive modeling. Whether a treatment is foreseen, our approach allows the clinician to foreknow and compare both the patient’s prognosis without treatment and the patient’s prognosis with treatment. Within this thesis, we present a series of eight articles
Ketata, Firas. „Risk prediction of endocrine diseases using data science and explainable artificial intelligence“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCD022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims to predict the risk of endocrine diseases using data science and machine learning. The aim is to leverage this risk identification to assist doctors in managing financial resources, personalizing the treatment of carbohydrate anomalies in patients with beta-thalassemia major, and screening for metabolic syndrome in adolescents. An explainability study of the predictions was developed in this thesis to evaluate the reliability of predicting glucose anomalies and to reduce the financial burden associated with screening for metabolic syndrome. Finally, in response to the observed limitations of explainable machine learning, we propose an approach to improve and evaluate this explainability, which we test on several datasets
Thomopoulos, Rallou. „Aide à la décision dans les filières agroalimentaires“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933376.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDaknou, Amani. „Architecture distribuée à base d'agents pour optimiser la prise en charge des patients dans les services d'urgence en milieu hospitalier“. Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674760.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHainguerlot, Marine. „Probability distortion in clinical judgment : field study and laboratory experiments“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E034/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis studies probability distortion in clinical judgment to compare physicians’ judgment with statistical models. We considered that physicians form their clinical judgment by integrating an analytical component and an intuitive component. We documented that physicians may suffer from several biases in the way they evaluate and integrate the two components. This dissertation gathers findings from the field and the lab. With actual medical data practice, we found that physicians were not as good as the statistical models at integrating consistently medical evidence. They overestimated small probabilities that the patient had the disease and under estimated large probabilities. We found that their biased probability judgment might cause unnecessary health care treatment. How then can we improve physician judgment? First, we considered to replace physician judgment by the probability generated from our statistical model. To actually improve decision it was necessary to develop a statistical score that combines the analytical model, the intuitive component of the physician and his observed deviation from the expected decision. Second, we tested in the lab factors that may affect information processing. We found that participants’ ability to learn about the value of the analytical component, without external feedback, depends on the quality of their intuitive component and their working memory. We also found that participants’ ability to integrate both components together depends on their working memory but not their evaluation of the intuitive component
Leplège, Alain. „Epidémiologie et décision médicale : aspects épistémologiques et éthiques“. Paris 10, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA100081.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe problem which is at the origin of this work is the following : what is the influence of the mathematisation of medical uncertainty on the doctor-patient relationship ? The frame of analysis is clinical medicine. The thesis stars with the mathematisation of medical uncertainty within the field of epidemiology. I then examine the impact of this new knowledge on medical practice, especially from the perspective of medical ethics ; and i try to figure out how such a modification is possible. When one try to understand how the practitioner can make use of epidemiologic data, two problems arise. The first one originates in the discrepancy that exists between the object of clinical medicine (the individual patient) and that of epidemiology (groups of patients). The second problem is related to the frequent lack of meaningful information and the correlative necessity for the physician to guess subjectively what are the olds that apply to his / her patient. These two problems find an elegant solution within the bayesian framework (bayesian or utility decision theory). As a normative theory, this theory prescribes that a specific behavior should be adopted. The problem is that, in medicine, every decision has some ethical consequences. My thesis is that the epidemiological interpretation of medical reality implies a reinterpretation of the doctor-patient relationship in terms of…
Serrano, Franck. „Aide multicritère à la décision en matière d'économie d'énergie“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX24008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work is to develop a multicriteria decision aid method to solve town's energy efficiency problems. The second goal is to realize a sensibility analysis to prepare the programming stage
Thebaut, Clémence. „Ethique et évaluation économique des interventions de santé en vue d'une définition du périmètre de soins remboursables“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780340.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBordedebat, Catherine. „Le monde maritime : aide médicale et coordination des systèmes opérationnels“. Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2M077.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLac, des Cognets Anne-Marie. „L'aide médicale urgente, à la recherche d'une organisation cohérente ?“ Paris 9, 1987. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1987PA090067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEmergency and aid notion has evolved with time. Almost forty years have been necessary to come toa change from circulars orders to legislation on emergency medical aid and to achieve the generalisation of the so hoped centre 15. How one cane conceive the notion of medical control in the face of so many agents who deal with emergency medical aid especially in paris?
Garcia, Geoffrey. „Une approche logicielle du traitement de la dyslexie : étude de modèles et applications“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22634/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNeuropsychological disorders are widespread and generate real public health problems. In particular in our modern society, where written communication is ubiquitous, dyslexia can be extremely disabling. Nevertheless we can note that the diagnosis and remediation of this pathology are fastidious and lack of standardization. Unfortunately it seems inherent to the clinical characterization of dyslexia by exclusion, to the multitude of different practitioners involved in such treatment and to the lack of objectivity of some existing methods. In this respect, we decided to investigate the possibilities offered by modern computing to overcome these barriers. Indeed we have assumed that the democratization of computer systems and their computing power could make of them a perfect tool to alleviate the difficulties encountered in the treatment of dyslexia. This research has led us to study the techniques software as well as hardware, which can conduct to the development of an inexpensive and scalable system able to attend a beneficial and progressive changing of practices in this pathology field. With this project we put ourselves definitely in an innovative stream serving quality of care and aid provided to people with disabilities. Our work has been identifying different improvement areas that the use of computers enables. Then each of these areas could then be the subject of extensive research, modeling and prototype developments. We also considered the methodology for designing this kind of system as a whole. In particular our thoughts and these accomplishments have allowed us to define a software framework suitable for implementing a software platform that we called the PAMMA. This platform should theoretically have access to all the tools required for the flexible and efficient development of medical applications integrating business processes. In this way it is expected that this system allows the development of applications for caring dyslexic patients thus leading to a faster and more accurate diagnosis and a more appropriate and effective remediation. Of our innovation efforts emerge encouraging perspectives. However such initiatives can only be achieved within multidisciplinary collaborations with many functional, technical and financial means. Creating such a consortium seems to be the next required step to get a funding necessary for realizing a first functional prototype of the PAMMA, as well as its first applications. Some clinical studies may be conducted to prove undoubtedly the effectiveness of such an approach for treating dyslexia and eventually other neuropsychological disorders
Daly, Rahma. „Quatre essais en microéconométrie de la décision“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE022/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis sheds light on the nature of the interactions between employers and employees within the company, it analyses the decisions of each agent and highlights the role of human resources. It tackles different issues related to the working environment in the firm. It consists of four essays on applied microeconometric. The first chapter investigates the dynamics of the help exchange between employees, particularly the informal help network, which is the unanticipated part of help by the firm. It analyses its determinants and effects on the wages and the productive effort of employees. The results show that providing help increases the level of effort, and receiving it has a positive impact on wages. This highlights the role of reciprocity in the exchange of informal help and suggests the existence of free-riding behaviours. The second chapter focuses on the evaluation of psychosocial risks among employees, and the impact of performance appraisal interviews on them. It aims at clearing up the ambiguous effects of performance appraisal on psychosocial risks. The results show that the level of psychosocial risk decreases when employees undertake performance appraisal interview. This effect is observed on particular dimensions of psychosocial risks, namely social relations, ethics and economic security. Moreover, this result is confirmed when taking into account the point of view of the firm. Chapter Three addresses the issue of financial participation and seeks to determine the role of workers' risk aversion on their decision to engage in a financial participation plan, such as profit sharing or employee stock ownership plan, since profit sharing involves a certain risk for employees. We find that the first factor that intervenes in the decision to subscribe to financial participation plan is the household wealth. Indeed, we find that beyond a certain threshold of wealth, workers' risk aversion does not interfere in the decision to accept financial participation. For individuals whose wealth is at an intermediate level, the attitude towards risk play a role in the decision to accept or not a financial participation plan. The more risk-averse an individual is, the less likely he is to accept financial participation. This would be beneficial to the firm that would hire the least risk averse individuals.Finally, chapter Four considers human resources management practices as a whole and tries to answer the question of whether human resource management practices are driving workers away from unionism. The results show that human resources management practices are not directly involved in the abandonment of unions by employees, but rather the opposite phenomenon is observed. Employees who benefit from some of these practices tend to be more involved with a trade union
Ngo, The An. „Structures de préférence non-conventionnelles en aide à la décision“. Paris 9, 2002. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2002PA090016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAuffret, Vincent. „Aide à la décision pour le remplacement valvulaire aortique percutané“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAortic stenosis represents the most frequent acquired valvular heart disease, affecting up to 10% of octogenarians. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is booming and confronts clinicians with new issues that constitute a major field of research. Our work falls within the framework of computer-assisted medico-surgical interventions, and aims at proposing computer-assisted decision support systems. The present Thesis is composed of four parts. The first part focuses on the medical problematic surrounding TAVI, as well as the current French TAVI field on the basis of an article describing temporal trends in patients’ and procedural’s characteristics from 2010 to 2015 in the FRANCE 2 and FRANCE TAVI nationwide registries. This first part identifies medical issues that operators currently face, especially the optimal selection of TAVI candidates, and the reduction of procedural complications within the current trends towards treatment of patients with lower baseline surgical-risk profile. The second part deal with population-based studies, through standard statistical methods, to identify predictors of TAVI outcomes or selected procedural complications in order to facilitate procedural planning. Three articles compose this part. The first focuses on predictors of short-term cerebrovascular events post-TAVI, the second deals with conduction disturbances post-TAVI while the third aims at identifying predictors of global poor outcomes. We demonstrate the benefits of these analyses, which will remain necessary in the future, but also address their limitations, which support the use of new methods to store, sort, retrieve, and even augment relevant information to facilitate operators’ decision, especially at the pre-procedural step.The purpose of Part 3 is to address a case-based reasoning (CBR) decision-support system that could benefit from the identification of these prognostic factors and ultimately integrate them into a global and ergonomic interface for decision support. We have worked in the framework of the European project H2020 EurValve on the development of a CBR whose problematic is,for the time being, limited to the optimal choice of the approach, type and size of prosthesis. Our work focused on an analytical step in the design of this type of system dealing with the study and improvement of the similarity measure used to identify nearest neighbours (previously treated cases and their therapeutic "solution") of the current problem (case which clinicians are planning to treat). Finally, the last part focuses on increasing the information available for preoperative decision support through patient-specific numerical simulation. After a state of the art of the methods used in the field of TAVI, we worked on the elaboration and parameterization of a simulation model of the insertion of the stiff guidewire in the left ventricle (one of the first steps of the procedure that can condition the positioning of the prosthesis and thus the final result). In order to perform a first validation of this patient-specific simulation using preoperative 3D CT imaging, the proposed approach is based on the extraction of the region of interest in the 3D volume (segmentation) and its mapping to intraoperative 2D fluoroscopy through 3D / 2D registration. Our work on these image processing methods needed to implement and validate our simulation strategy is also discussed in this section. Finally, we present a potential clinical application of the simulation model regarding the influence of the shape of the guide and its insertion conditions on its stability and the pressure forces exerted on the left ventricle
El, Rhrib-Louh Hanane. „L'autonomie médicale des personnes en situation d'incapacité : contribution à une analyse rénovée de la décision médicale“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL20014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMinor, major under protection of law, under guardianship or trusteeship, mentally ill person admitted to psychiatric care free or constrained, the patient must be able, in a context of health democracy, aspire to an irreducible respect for her autonomy. Located on the borders of medicine, ethics and law, timeliness and the degree of autonomy to be granted to such persons shall nevertheless declined to discernment of medical decision making in favor sometimes the will of the patient vulnerable, sometimes preserve its interests. Because the rejection of the legendary figure of the medical contract is legal, to no doubt, definitely acquired, the conference called singular, in these modern times, building a new model, that of the medical decision. For now, the situation of disability of these patients is, in large measure, the subject of a compartmentalized approach from one side to the rules of the Civil Code and the other, those of the Health Code public. It is therefore, through this analysis, to identify and highlight the weaknesses of the current legal system. The causes of failures that are the source of an instrumentalisation of autonomy of mentally impaired patients or that stand as obstacles to their structural autonomy invited to offer food for thought for the development of a theory of medical decision making
Besson, Rémi. „Decision making strategy for antenatal echographic screening of foetal abnormalities using statistical learning“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX037/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we propose a method to build a decision support tool for the diagnosis of rare diseases. We aim to minimize the number of medical tests necessary to achieve a state where the uncertainty regarding the patient's disease is less than a predetermined threshold. In doing so, we take into account the need in many medical applications, to avoid as much as possible, any misdiagnosis. To solve this optimization task, we investigate several reinforcement learning algorithm and make them operable in our high-dimensional. To do this, we break down the initial problem into several sub-problems and show that it is possible to take advantage of the intersections between these sub-tasks to accelerate the learning phase. The strategies learned are much more effective than classic greedy strategies. We also present a way to combine expert knowledge, expressed as conditional probabilities, with clinical data. This is crucial because the scarcity of data in the field of rare diseases prevents any approach based solely on clinical data. We show, both empirically and theoretically, that our proposed estimator is always more efficient than the best of the two models (expert or data) within a constant. Finally, we show that it is possible to effectively integrate reasoning taking into account the level of granularity of the symptoms reported while remaining within the probabilistic framework developed throughout this work
Schluth-Amorim, Nathalie. „Aide à la concertation et à la décision dans le cadre de processus de décision publique complexes“. Paris 9, 2000. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2000PA090045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoulibaly, Adama. „Décision de groupe, Aide à la facilitation : ajustement de procédure de vote selon le contexte de décision“. Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10011/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFacilitation is a central element in decision-making, especially when using new technology tools. The facilitator, to make his task easy, needs voting solutions to decide between decision-makers in order to reach conclusions in a decision-making process. A voting procedure consists of determining from a method the winner of a vote. There are several voting procedures, some of which are difficult to explain and which may elect different candidate/options/alternatives proposed. The best choice is the one whose election is easily accepted by the group. Voting in social choice theory is a widely studied discipline whose principles are often complex and difficult to explain at a decision-making meeting. Recommendation systems are becoming more and more popular in all fields of science. They can help users who do not have sufficient experience or competence to evaluate large numbers of existing voting procedures. A recommendation system can lighten the facilitator's workload in finding an appropriate voting procedure based on the decision-making context. The objective of this research work is to design such recommendation system. This work is in the field of group decision support. The issue is to contribute to the development of a Group Decision Support System (GDSS). The solution will have to be integrated into the software platform currently being developed at IRITGRUS: GRoUp Support
Bourreau, Lucas. „Diagnostic de corrosion sur ouvrage : fiabilité et aide à la décision“. Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4083/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis work aims at studying the reliability of the corrosion diagnosis of reinforced concrete structures located in coastal marine environment. As part of the Project DéCoF-Ré, several non-destructive measurements were carried out on the piers of the Ré bridge in France, including half-cell potentials of the reinforcement and electrical resistivities of the concrete. The reliability firstly focused on the on-site measurement protocol and, secondly, on the interpretation of the measured data, in particular according to factors influencing the measurement. The results showed that in the case of marine structures, interpretations based on texts or recommendations available in the literature, widely used for structures exposed to atmospheric environment, may lead to erroneous conclusions indicating an overestimated degradation of the structure. Indeed, the tidal phenomenon may induce areas without oxygen for which the measurements concluded the presence of “at risk” zones that did not necessarily resulted from the corrosion of the reinforcements. Based on a major experimental campaign performed on the structure, the influence of the tide (high or low), the tidal and the seasons on the measurements was studied and quantified. By subtracting these environmental and time effects to raw data, interpretation of the corrosion diagnosis has been improved a made more reliable. This was confirmed and validated by autopsies (destructive tests), revealing the real state of corrosion of the reinforcements. Finally, a prioritization of the zones to be repaired was suggested using management's tools
Franche-Ferraris, Valérie. „Réflexion sur l'aide médicale gratuite suite à un stage chez le praticien“. Paris 7, Lariboisière, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA072061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePilliat, Gabrielle. „Deux décisions de la Cour Suprême du Canada sur le suicide médicalement assisté de Rodriguez (1993) à Carter (2015) : parle-t-on toujours du même geste ?“ Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36882.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDebono, Gilles. „Aide médicale urgente dans le département de l'Hérault et le risque nucléaire“. Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11215.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSchneider, Denis. „Aide médicale : champ d'application et situation dans le département du Bas-Rhin“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985STR1M039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRousval, Benjamin. „Aide multicritère à l'évaluation de l'impact des transports sur l'environnement“. Paris 9, 2005. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2005PA090068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHo, Kon Tiat Vanessa. „Aide à la décision pour la conception préliminaire de procédés d'évaporation flash“. Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00194229.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSefion, Icham. „Aide à la décision, contribution pour la prise en charge de l'asthme“. Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe works presented in this memoir deal with the problem of the decision support in the asthma health care. The approach we propose aims at using the Case-Based Reasoning paradigm that attempts to solve a new problem by adapting established solutions to similar problems. We present ADEMA, a Case-based Reasoning system for asthma health care. It must propose a solution (diagnosis and treatment) to the physician according the consultation in progress. A case model is proposed to represent an asthmatic consultation and which was obtained using physicians and from data analysis. A similarity metric based on MVDM method was developed, tested and included in the system. An original approach for the reuse step was proposed. Lastly, we developed a user interface for our Case-Based Reasoning system
Azibi, Amine Riad. „Construction de critères en aide à la décision : aspects méthodologiques, techniques et pratiques“. Paris 9, 2003. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2003PA090022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is devoted to criteria construction in decision aiding. Construction of criteria represents a major stage in the decision support process. This stage raises technical difficulties notably related to the use of qualitative aspects. More specifically, we are interested in criteria aggregating qualitative consequences, which is the case of criteria based on dispersed consequences. After emphasizing the equivalence between the aggregation of qualitative attributes and an assignment problem, we propose an original methodology for building a coherent multi-attribute assignment system. Our work is based on “if. . . Then. . . ” assignment rules in order to respect the qualitative nature of attributes. We propose a general approach for a progressive construction of a rule-based assignment model. The process consists in testing iteratively the consistency of the rule base to transform it progressively into a consistent assignment model. Consistency tests are based on a correspondence between the logical representation of rules and an equivalent algebraic representation. This allows us to express rules by linear constraints and then to test the consistency of rule-based assignment models by solving a series of linear programs
Desir, Chesner. „Classification automatique d'images, application à l'imagerie du poumon profond“. Phd thesis, Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUES053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with automated image classification, applied to images acquired with alveoscopy, a new imaging technique of the distal lung. The aim is to propose and develop a computer aided-diagnosis system, so as to help the clinician analyze these images never seen before. Our contributions lie in the development of effective, robust and generic methods to classify images of healthy and pathological patients. Our first classification system is based on a rich and local characterization of the images, an ensemble of random trees approach for classification and a rejection mechanism, providing the medical expert with tools to enhance the reliability of the system. Due to the complexity of alveoscopy images and to the lack of expertize on the pathological cases (unlike healthy cases), we adopt the one-class learning paradigm which allows to learn a classifier from healthy data only. We propose a one-class approach taking advantage of combining and randomization mechanisms of ensemble methods to respond to common issues such as the curse of dimensionality. Our method is shown to be effective, robust to the dimension, competitive and even better than state-of-the-art methods on various public datasets. It has proved to be particularly relevant to our medical problem
Desir, Chesner. „Classification Automatique d'Images, Application à l'Imagerie du Poumon Profond“. Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879356.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDevictor, Denis. „Fondements culturels de la décision médicale : Le domaine de la réanimation pédiatrique“. Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA11T024.
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