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Vause, Erika. „State of Nature“. Agricultural History 97, Nr. 3 (01.08.2023): 351–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-10474417.
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Abstract Scholars have argued for the importance of industrial accidents and urban precarity in laying the groundwork for the European welfare state in nineteenth-century France. Given the central role that farming played in French economic, political, and cultural life, however, agricultural insurance was among the first and most frequently debated aspects of nineteenth-century attempts to apply insurance to the “social question.” This article explores what François Ewald has termed the “insurantial imaginary” of agricultural insurance by examining debates about which threats could or should be insured and who should insure them. Despite widespread consensus on the virtues of expanding insurance into the countryside, there remained huge areas of disagreement: What counted as an insurable risk in agriculture? How should that risk be assessed? And whose responsibility was it to insure such risks—that of private individuals or the French state? This article argues that the repeated failures of the various proposals designed to protect peasants against the vagaries of nature had as much to do with practical impediments as they did with ideas about the “naturalness” of certain dangers. This perception of the “natural” would inform the construction of the French welfare state.
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Khudokormov, A. G. „“Economic Miracle” in France: Formation and Results of the Dirigisme Model in 1944–1973“. World of new economy 13, Nr. 2 (08.12.2019): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-2-55-69.
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The purpose of the article is to show the determining role of dirigisme in the restoration and prosperity of France in the period 1944–1973; the influence of nationalization of enterprises of leading industries, banks on a compensatory basis; indicative planning for the revival of the country’s economy and achieving high rates of its growth; the rise of agriculture; the formation of a unified system of state social insurance. As a result of the reforms carried out in the 1950s and 1960s, these decades were a period of accelerated and almost continuous growth of the French economy. The ‘engines’ of economic growth were heavy industries, which accounted for the majority of all investment in the industry. The equipment in machine building (first of all in the car and aircraft construction, production of machines and devices) was updated; metallurgy, electrical engineering, chemistry, oil refining were modernised; the nuclear industry was created for the first time in the history. At the same time, in agriculture was held large-scale mechanisation. All this was accompanied by significant positive changes in the social sphere: soon after the end of WWII, the 40-hour working week was restored, annual leave for workers and employees was returned. Already by 1946, a unified state social insurance system was formed, which extended to all categories of employees, except for workers in the agricultural sector. As a result, the dirigisme model in France in the period 1944–1973 allowed this country not only to restore the war-ravaged economy, and also to achieve impressive success in industry, agriculture and the social sphere, to return it to one of the key positions in the world. It leads to the conclusion that the experience of using the conductor model in France can be used in the development of areas of reform of the Russian economy in current conditions.
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Vergunov, V. A. „UKRAINE AND FRANCE IN LIFE AND SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATE I.I. MECHNIKOV (1845-1916): UNKNOWN ARCHIVED UNKNOWN ARCHIVED PAGE OF HISTORY OF DOMESTIC AGROBIOLOGY“. Agriciltural microbiology 8 (05.05.2009): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.8.168-177.
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Creative heritage of one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutional embryology, microbiology and immunology, Nobel Prize laureate I.I. Mechnikov’ (1845-1916) was examined by the historicalscientific method in the context of his life and activity in Ukraine and France. The information from the documents found in the Central State Archives of the Supreme Organs of Government of Ukraine on the attempt of People’s Agriculture Commissariat USSR to create Ukrainian scientific-research institute of experimental biology nd. a. I.I. Mechnikov by the Ukrainian Public Committee’ offer to perpetuate the memory of I.I. Mechnikov was submitted for consideration for the first time.
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Muzychka, J., und O. Dadak. „Foreign experience of agricultural insurance and prospects of its adaptation in Ukraine“. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, Nr. 95 (28.10.2020): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9504.
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In the articles of the considered process of agrarian insurance in foreign countries. The essence of the concept of “agricultural insurance” and “agricultural insurance risk" is revealed. The history of development of agricultural insurance in the international market of insurance services is studied. There are several well-known national agricultural insurance systems and their characteristics. The national systems and participants of agrarian insurance in the countries of the world, namely: the United States of America, Canada, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria, France, Germany, Latvia and Poland are singled out. It is proved that in most countries of the world the importance of insurance of risks of agricultural production as an irreplaceable financial and economic lever of development of agriculture and economy of the countries is described. The most important measures that are provided and mandatory for the participants of the above-mentioned foreign national agricultural insurance systems are highlighted. Models of agricultural insurance in different countries are characterized by certain features: the state is an active participant in the agricultural insurance system; insurance is overwhelmingly voluntary; state policy in the field of insurance is characterized by structure and transparency; the state subsidizes both agricultural producers and insurance companies; Appropriate state institutions and appropriate levers of financial influence are created for the development and implementation of state policy in the field of agricultural insurance. Based on the experience of foreign countries, three main operating systems of agricultural insurance protection have been identified: the system of catastrophic coverage, the system of state administration of agricultural insurance programs, the system of cooperation between the state and insurance companies. It is noted that there is also an inefficient system of “state insurance company”, which sells agricultural insurance services. The main normative acts regulating the insurance process in Ukraine are described. It was proposed to introduce a new program of state support for agricultural insurance, which would clearly define: the subjects of the market of insurance of agricultural products with state support, insurance contracts, insurance rules, the mechanism for providing state support to farmers; information support of state support of agricultural insurance.
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Bivar, Venus. „Manufacturing a Multifunctional Countryside“. French Politics, Culture & Society 36, Nr. 2 (01.06.2018): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2018.360203.
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Rural France was instrumental to the experience of les trente glorieuses. Not only did rural France fuel economic growth and urbanization through increases in agricultural efficiency, but it also served as an imaginary counterpoint to the hustle and bustle of a new mass consumer society. In the first two decades of the postwar period, a productivist logic of agricultural output dominated rural land use policy. By the 1970s, however, after experiencing problems of surplus, the state turned toward a multifunctional approach. Rural lands were used to create regional parks, environmental preserves, and vacation properties. As both a site of agricultural production and urban consumption, rural France was operationalized to further the economic growth that defined les trente glorieuses.
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Osipov, Evgeny Aleksandrovich. „Soviet-Algerian Relations in 1962-1971 in the Context of the Rivalry Between Moscow and Paris. Based on the Materials of the RGANI and the Archive of the French Foreign Ministry“. Genesis: исторические исследования, Nr. 11 (November 2022): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.11.39116.
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Based on documents from the archives of the French Foreign Ministry and the Russian State Archive of Modern History, the article analyzes Soviet-Algerian relations through the prism of the rivalry between Moscow and Paris in the period from Algeria's independence in 1962 to the nationalization in 1971 by the Algerian leadership of oil transportation facilities and 51% of the shares of French oil companies operating in the Arab state. In the first years after the signing of the Evian Agreements of 1962, loans provided by the USSR, supplies of Soviet equipment, the start of a program to train national personnel, as well as assistance from other socialist countries helped Algeria to stabilize the socio-economic situation in the country. Up until 1968, Moscow's actions in Algeria did not affect strategically important areas for France. However, the aggravation of French-Algerian relations due to Paris' non-compliance with the Algerian wine purchase agreement and, more importantly, the Algerian leadership's desire for independence from France in the oil sector and, at the same time, the beginning of supplies of Algerian wine to the USSR in 1968 and Moscow's assistance in the exploration and exploitation of oil fields in Algeria led to the beginning of the Soviet-French rivalry for the Algerian market. As a result, France and other Western countries were able to impose serious competition on the USSR, significantly reducing Moscow's capabilities in the Algerian direction. The USSR promoted Algeria's independence from France in the oil sector, but failed to make Algeria part of the socialist bloc. The main beneficiary of the Soviet-French rivalry was Algeria itself, which received significant support from the USSR in creating modern industry, agriculture and in the field of training qualified personnel, while retaining ample opportunities to enter Western markets.
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Bonneui, Christophe, und Frederic Thomas. „Purifying Landscapes: The Vichy Regime and The Genetic Modernization of France“. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 40, Nr. 4 (2010): 532–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2010.40.4.532.
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This article argues that "genetic modernism" in seeds was simultaneously a technoscientific and a political project that materialized under wartime Vichy's proto-fascist regime and that contributed to shaping and legitimizing Vichy as a "planner state." The constitution of the genetically homogeneous cultivar as a scientific object, a market commodity, and a state policy object went hand in hand during the Vichy regime. A new biopolitical connection between state and seeds emerged, in which seeds were considered a priority target for state intervention because they were seen as the easiest path toward transforming agricultural practices so as to meet pressing needs for a sufficient and autonomous food supply (autarky). The state acquired the power of life and death over plant genomes in the nation's landscapes and enacted a phytoeugenics that was both positive (aiming to encourage the diffusion of varieties deemed healthy or higher yielding) and negative (aiming to suppress varieties deemed obsolete). The ontology of "genetic modernism" considered living beings as having an intrinsic genetic identity, sealed off from the vagaries of the environment, and favored serial and stable forms of life, which were achieved materially through the production of plant populations composed of isogenotypic individuals (clones, pure lines, F1 hybrids). Such pure line ontology, planned seed-economy practices, and metrological arrangements articulated a biopolitics geared towards superseding a nexus of biocultural crop evolutionary processes under farmers' management with centralized planning of genetic progress. This turned Vichy France into a huge biopolitical laboratory. It also left major legacies in the post––World War II decades.
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Planas, Jordi. „STATE INTERVENTION IN WINE MARKETS IN THE EARLY 20THCENTURY: WHY WAS IT SO DIFFERENT IN FRANCE AND SPAIN?“ Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 35, Nr. 2 (15.11.2016): 175–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610916000148.
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ABSTRACTIn the early 20thcentury, governments not only used trade policy to protect domestic agricultural markets, but they also introduced regulations affecting quality, quantity and prices. In this article I assess the differences in the state intervention in wine markets in two major wine-producing countries, France and Spain, and try to explain the reasons for them. To do so, I examine the specific features of their markets and productive systems, the winegrowers’ collective action, and the political framework in each country. I argue that the differences are related to (a) the strength and cohesion of the winegrowers’ lobby, (b) the winegrowers’ relationship with political parties and (c) the state’s ability to respond to their demands.
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Yancheva, Svetla, Boryana Ivanova und Hristina Yancheva. „Agricultural education in Bulgaria – traditions and future“. Agricultural Sciences 13, Nr. 29 (07.06.2021): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.29.001.
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The foundations of Bulgarian higher agricultural education date back to 1921. Until then, agricultural university graduates were trained in France, Germany, Italy and other European countries. In 1945, based on the Regents’ Council Decree No 180 of August 4th, published in the State Gazette on August 20th, the Ordinance setting up a state university located in Plovdiv was enacted. Nowadays, the Agricultural University (AU) is the successor of that first university situated outside the capital Sofia. The history and traditions of this higher educational establishment have invariably followed the social and cultural development of the country, which has gone through difficult and complicated political and economic times. Even today, the Agricultural University in Plovdiv is the only specialized state university in Bulgaria in the area of agricultural and related sciences of national, European, and international high prestige. The purpose of the present review is to present the traditions and challenges in agricultural education in Bulgaria. The University draws strength from the rich tradition but looks to the future and global problems to provide accurate decisions to the challenges of the twenty-first century in agricultural education, science, and safe food production for a better quality of life.
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Sviatoshniuk, A. L. „The current state of the agricultural advisory activity and its importance for the development of the agricultural cooperation in Ukraine“. Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, Nr. 80 (22.01.2024): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.80.1.57.
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The article is devoted to researching the current state of the agricultural advisory activity and outlining its importance for the development of the agricultural cooperation in Ukraine. It is established that development of the agricultural advisory activity has a rather long world history: the first references are found in Mesopotamia. In 1847, the first modernized agricultural advisory service was established in Ireland. Subsequently, agricultural advisory services, which at the present stage demonstrate high efficiency indicators for the development of the agricultural sector of the economy, in particular the development of the agricultural cooperation, have spread to other countries of the world, in particular, Germany, Denmark, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy, Japan, the USA, etc. In Ukraine agricultural advisory activity started at the end of the 19th century. In 1995, the first modern agricultural advisory service in Lviv region began to form. Legal regulation of the agricultural advisory activity was introduced in 2004 through the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the Law of Ukraine «On Agricultural Advisory Activity». In the course of the study, it was determined that agricultural advisory activity is a necessary condition for the effective development of the agricultural cooperatives in Ukraine, because in the conditions of the appearance of the latest innovative agricultural technologies, active updating of the legal acts in the agricultural sphere, taking into account the fact that the level of cooperative education of Ukrainians is not satisfactory, members of the agricultural cooperatives need proper professional informational and advisory support from the agricultural advisory services. At the same time, at the current stage, there continues to be a significant number of factors that restrain the development of agricultural advisory activities and agricultural advisory services, which, as a result, negatively affects the development of the agricultural cooperation. The article concludes that the effective development of the agricultural advisory activities and agricultural advisory services requires proper support from the state.
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JOSEPH, SABRINA. „The Legal Status of Tenants and Sharecroppers in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century France and Ottoman Syria“. Rural History 18, Nr. 1 (16.03.2007): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793306002007.
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By the middle of the sixteenth century, the role of the tenant farmer and sharecropper in both Syria and France witnessed important transformations which lent increasing relevance to the social and legal status enjoyed by these cultivators. In various regions of France after the sixteenth century, a rising class of bourgeois landholders increasingly appropriated agricultural lands from both peasant proprietors and nobles, leading to the spread of both sharecropping and leasing contracts. In Ottoman Syria, the appropriation of peasant lands and proliferation of tenancy arrangements was linked to an expanding state which sought to consolidate power and ensure the consistent flow of revenue. Thus, this paper will address how the socio-legal discourse on tenants and sharecroppers differed in a context where arable lands were appropriated by private rather than public forces. Issues that are examined include: perceptions of agricultural innovation; possession rights; and payment of rent and other dues.While Islamic legal scholars articulated a discourse which sought to incorporate tenants and sharecroppers, French legal and social thinkers of the day championed the rights of the landlord above all else. Unlike their Syrian counterparts, French thinkers linked agricultural development and efficient production to private ownership of land. In Syria, on the other hand, jurists advocated a land tenure system in which the possession rights of cultivators were supported while landlord interests were not jeopardised. Thus, agricultural development in the Syrian case was articulated within a framework which conceded multiple layers of ownership. These ideas would have an important impact on nineteenth-century developments in both regions.
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Zubar, Ivan, und Yuliia Onyshchuk. „Heliceculture as a promising area of agricultural production“. INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, Nr. 7-8 (2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2020.7-8.5.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is research of theoretical, organizational and economic aspects of functioning and effective development of farms for growing and processing of snails and substantiation of prospects of heliceculture as a branch of agriculture on the basis of analysis of world experience. Methodology of research. In the course of the research the methods of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, abstraction) and empirical methods (observations, questionnaires, conversations) of economic science are used, which are based on a systematic approach, which allowed to characterize the current state of production and export of heliceculture products, as well as identify key issues in this area of agricultural production. Findings. The concept of “heliceculture” is substantiated and its content is analysed in terms of prospects as a new direction of agricultural production. The historical genesis of the development of traditions of snail products consumption has been studied, as a result of which the first mentions in the history of Ancient Rome, as well as France and Italy have been revealed. An analysis of the dynamics and current state of development of domestic heliculture entrepreneurship, which showed a rapid increase in the number of snail farms and increasing exports of snails to Europe. An overview of the world market for edible snails is made, where there is a noticeable tendency to a gradual annual increase in the consumption of heliculture products. The key elements of the technological process of growing edible snails are analysed, which allowed to systematize a number of basic technological processes and to conclude about the complexity and complexity of this production. The commodity assortment of heliculture has been determined, which includes meat, caviar and snail secretion. The key advantages of Ukraine as a producer and exporter of heliculture products are highlighted, including the availability of labour, proximity to markets, high land supply and dissatisfaction with global demand for these products, which makes it significant for the development of heliculture as an agricultural production. The key problems that hinder the development of snail farming are summarized, namely: legislative unregulation, limited industrial production capacity, lack of diversified processing, limited information and scientific research. The key directions of development of the heliceculture industry are determined, among which: organization of production and marketing heliceculture cooperatives, provision of in-depth processing and year-round uninterrupted production, development of agro-tourism on the basis of snail farms. Originality. A systematic approach to clarifying the definition of “heliceculture” is proposed. On the basis of a thorough study of official statistical information on the state of production of snail products, the importance of heliculture as a promising area of agricultural production is substantiated. Practical value. The obtained research results can be used in the development of an effective concept for the development of the heliculture industry. Key words: heliceculture, heliceculture market, snail farming, small business, family farm.
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Muller, Isabelle, Johan Friry, Elise Buisson und François Mesléard. „The Cassaïre wetland restoration project: defining the reference ecosystem“. Ecologia mediterranea 48, Nr. 1 (2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.2022.2140.
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Defining a reference ecosystem for ecological restoration project is an essential step. The reference can correspond to the historical ecosystem, can be defined to solve environmental issues or can correspond to a socioecosystem. For the restoration of the Cassaïre site in the Camargue delta in southern France, the reference ecosystems chosen are : Mediterranean temporary wetlands and Mediterranean meso-xeric grasslands. The choice of these two reference ecosystems appears logical considering their contribution to regional biodiversity. Temporary wetlands and meso-xeric grasslands are rare, adapted to the Mediterranean climate, seriously endangered and host a high species richness. They are potentially achievable restoration targets because patches of these ecosystems remain in the Camargue area and close to the Cassaïre site. Moreover, an ecological history approach reveals deep human imprints on ecosystems and ensures that historical restoration targets (the state prior to human impacts) cannot be reached, because they are associated with hydraulic functioning (flooding of the Rhône and Durance) that no longer exists. The restored site is planned to be suitable for livestock grazing, thus presenting a new agricultural opportunity, while simultaneously offering new services, such as hunting.
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Fando, Roman A. „Propaganda of T. D. Lysenko’s Anti-Scientific Views on the Pages of French Periodicals of the 1930s?40s“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 4 (2023): 1185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-4-1185-1198.
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The article is devoted to foreign propaganda of T. D. Lysenko’s views on the nature of heredity and variability. Articles from French communist periodicals are used as an example. The article?s relevance is determined by understudied issue of the Lysenkoism promotion in France, although it is known that his doctrine, which was close to Lamarckism, was being implanted after 1948 in the countries of the socialist camp and criticized by the British and American biologists. The historical picture of purposeful promotion of anti-scientific views criticizing fundamental genetics has been reconstructed in materials of French periodicals and documents deposited in the T. D. Lysenko fond in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (fond 1521). To determine the political factors that influenced international scientific relations between Soviet and French scientists, the documents from the Political Bureau of the Central Committee fond of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (fond 3) have been used. When describing popularization of Lysenkoism in France, an integrated approach has been chosen, as it takes into account various factors (political, ideological, cognitive) that determined penetration and reception of scientific ideas. Using newspapers and magazines as historical source have permitted to detail the phenomenon, to supplement the available information with new facts, and to revise established notions. It is shown that T.D. Lysenko’s figure came into the spotlight in the French press as early as the late 1930s, when a campaign began in the Soviet Union against Mendelism-Morganism, called metaphysical-idealistic bourgeois science by the party elite. In those years, such scientists as N. I. Vavilov, G. D. Karpechenko, S. G. Levit, I. I. Agol were arrested and repressed. In 1948, with J. V. Stalin support, Lysenko organized the August session of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, where representatives of classical genetics were accused of sabotage. Lysenko claimed that his experiments were aimed at increasing productivity of agricultural crops and solving food security issues. The Soviet bureaucracy saw innovation and bold struggle against old scientific dogmas in populist statements of the “People's Academician.” The fight against genetics was not limited the territory of the USSR, almost all socialist countries were involved. However, the leading scientific powers (the USA and Great Britain) actively resisted penetration of the works of Soviet Lysenkoists into scientific and popular publications. The exception was France, which had long-standing scientific contacts with the Soviet Union. Information on the “victory” of Michurin Biology over genetics at the 1948 Agricultural Sciences Session was widely presented on the pages of French liberal publications. It is shown that the French scientific community was not categorically opposed to Lysenkoism for a number of reasons, among them spread of communist ideas in the country, stability of Lamarckian traditions, cooling diplomatic relations between the USSR and the USA, desire of the Soviet leadership to make France its political ally.
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Bogomolov, Igor K. „To Publication History of Nikolai I. Kareev’s Brochure “Southern Slavs and Italy on the Adriatic”“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 1 (2023): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-1-172-183.
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The article publishes correspondence concerning publication of a pamphlet by the famous Russian historian, Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev (1850–1931) “Southern Slavs and Italy on the Adriatic.” It was to be published in the series “World War and Slavic Questions.” The compilers intended the series to increase the knowledge in the Russian society about the “Slavic question” and its prospects after the war. In particular, they supported the idea of uniting the Czechs and Slovaks into a Czechoslovak state and expanding the borders of Serbia, both at the expense of Austro-Hungarian territories. Kareev held to a similar point of view in his brochure, based primarily on historical facts. Written in the summer of 1916, this work reflected his views on the course of the war and the future post-war world order. In the question of the fate of Austrian Istria and Dalmatia, Kareev actually supported the Serbian side, seeing no reason for Italy to acquire these lands after the victory over the Central Powers. At the stage of censoring, the essay encountered some obstacles. According to the existing procedure, the Petrograd Committee for Press Affairs (which also dealt with military censorship) sent essays on foreign policy topics to the Press and Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for review. In August 1916, Kareev’s manuscript was received there. After reviewing it, the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Anatoly Neratov advised to postpone the publication of the brochure, as it raised difficult questions and might have caused discontent of Italian allies of Russia. The manuscript was “stuck” in the censorship committee for two months, and Kareev tried to solve the problem by contacting the head of the Second Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, baron Boris Nolde, who, in his turn, advised him to write a personal letter to Neratov. In his letter, Kareev assured Neratov that there was nothing “offensive” in the brochure; it was written in “objectively scientific” language; the facts had been published and discussed not only in England and France, but also in Italy. Kareev also asked Neratov for a personal meeting to convey his arguments. It is possible that the meeting actually took place, because a week later the director of the Press and Information Department, Alexander Lysakovsky, informed the chairman of the Petrograd Press Committee, Nikolai Levitsky, that the Foreign Ministry no longer had any complaints against Kareev’s brochure and it could be published. The published documents show the mechanism of censoring essays on foreign policy topics in Russia during the First World War. In addition, N.I. Kareev’s letter is now introduced into scientific use, supplementing his extensive epistolary legacy.
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Massé, Léa, Emmanuel d’Incau, Antoine Souron, Nicolas Vanderesse, Frédéric Santos, Bruno Maureille und Adeline Le Cabec. „Unraveling the Life History of Past Populations through Hypercementosis: Insights into Cementum Apposition Patterns and Possible Etiologies Using Micro-CT and Confocal Microscopy“. Biology 13, Nr. 1 (13.01.2024): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13010043.
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The “teeth-as-tools” hypothesis posits that Neanderthals used their anterior teeth as a tool or a third hand for non-dietary purposes. These non- or para-masticatory activities (e.g., tool-making or food preparation prior to ingestion) have also been described in other past and extant human populations, and other Primates. Cementum is the mineralized tissue that covers the tooth root surface and anchors it to the alveolar bone. Under certain conditions (e.g., mechanical stress, infection), its production becomes excessive (i.e., beyond the physiological state) and is called ‘hypercementosis’. Several studies in dental anthropology have established a correlation between the teeth-as-tools and hypercementosis. The present work aims to characterize the different patterns of cementum apposition on archeological teeth and discuss their supposed etiology. Using microtomography and confocal microscopy, the patterns of cementum apposition (i.e., thickness, location, and surface characteristics) were analyzed in 35 hypercementotic teeth (Sains-en-Gohelle, France; 7th–17th c. A.D.). Four groups were identified with distinct hypercementosis patterns: (1) impacted, (2) infected, (3) hypofunctional, and (4) hyperfunctional teeth. Characterizing hypercementosis can contribute to documenting the oral health status (paleopathology) and/or masticatory activity of individuals, even from isolated teeth. This has implications for the study of fossil hominins, particularly Neanderthals, known for their use of anterior teeth as tools and frequent and substantial occurrence of hypercementosis.
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Arntzen, Jan W. „Coexistence of two newt species in a transition zone of range overlap“. Contributions to Zoology 91, Nr. 2 (21.03.2022): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10028.
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Abstract Theory suggests that spatial segregation of similar, co-occurring species may be driven by alternative innate life history and dispersal strategies, and that it operates through catastrophic events. An inventory of the evolutionary closely related small-bodied newts Lissotriton helveticus and L. vulgaris in the northwest of France demonstrated the species’ spatial partitioning, with L. vulgaris dominating in two pond-rich and historically disturbed coastal areas and L. helveticus prevailing inland where ponds are sparser. Population numbers were followed over several decades (1975–2021) in a pond within the narrow (ca. 2000 m wide) species transition zone. Early in the temporal survey (1986) a massive die-off was observed of two-third of the L. helveticus breeding population from a late frost event. Yet, the contribution of L. helveticus to the newt assemblage was more or less stable around 60%, even though the total population size fluctuated by an order of magnitude. Lissotriton vulgaris and a third species, Ichthyosaura alpestris, made up ca. 30% and 10% of the total till 1993, after which date their relative contributions reversed. These data suggest that a state shift may have occurred among the latter two species and that the assumed two-species dynamics of Lissotriton underlying the study has been an oversimplification. The local decline of L. vulgaris is paralleled by the loss of well-vegetated ponds from the wider agricultural terrain that affects this species more than L. helveticus and I. alpestris.
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BITAR, GHAZI, und ALI BADREDDINE. „An updated checklist of the marine fishes in Lebanon. An answer to Bariche and Fricke (2020): “The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status”“. Zootaxa 5010, Nr. 1 (02.08.2021): 1–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5010.1.1.
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The recent paper by Bariche & Fricke (2020) presents an updated checklist of the marine fish species in Lebanon including 367 fish species, 70 non-indigenous and 28 new records. According to Bariche & Fricke (2020), the inventory is based on the published scientific papers related to the marine fishes in Lebanon, since Gruvel (1928, 1931), as well as “grey literature, images published in newspapers or on local websites and social media”. However, important scientific papers and published reports, providing important data on marine fishes in Lebanon, were missed. Hereby we cite twelve scientific papers: [Nafpaktitis (1963), Bath (1977), Shiber (1981), Moosleitner (1988), Lakkis et al. (1996), Bariche (2006), Bariche et al. (2006); Bitar et al. (2007), Bariche & Trilles (2008), Bitar (2010), Khalaf et al. (2014), and Bitar (2015) in Zenetos et al. (2015)], twelve national reports [the national report of Abboud Abi Saab et al. (2003) under the framework of a Libano-Franco cooperation, the national report of Majdalani (2005) under the framework of the Ministry of Agricultue (MoA), the two reports in cooperation between the Food Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS) Lelli et al. (2006), and Sacchi & Dimech (2011), and the eight national reports in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and the organizations of: (i) aecid/Tragsa as MoE/aecid/Tragsa (2009), (ii) International Union for Conservaion Nature (IUCN)- Specially Protected Areas Regional Activity Centre (SPA/RAC) as IUCN-SPA/RAC (2017), (iii) the SPA/RAC as Bitar (2008), RAC/SPA-UNEP/MAP (2014), IUCN-SPA/RAC (2017), and SPA/RAC-UN Environment/MAP (2017, 2018a, 2018b), and finally, the book of Lakkis (2013)]. Concerning the publication of Lakkis et al. (1996), and the book of Lakkis (2013), only the valid and confirmed/ or proofed marine fish species were listed in Table 1. While, the questionable/ doubtful marine fish records from those two references were listed in Table 2 and Table 3 (see suppl.file 2, and 3). In this context and based on the Lebanese literature, Bariche & Fricke (2020) missed the reports of 9 species (Table 1). Therefore, the list of marine fish of Lebanon (Bariche & Fricke, 2020) is enriched reaching 376 species, 71 of which are non-indigenous species (See suppl.file 1). In agreement with Zenetos & Galanidi (2020) we state that even the current update may contain errors, as species invasions are dynamic phenomena, where new information continually comes to light, whether from new observations or from re-examination of older material, changes in nomenclature and phylogenetic studies.
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Schwartz, Robert M. „Rail Transport, Agrarian Crisis, and the Restructuring of Agriculture“. Social Science History 34, Nr. 2 (2010): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011226.
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During the late nineteenth century the transport revolution and growing agricultural output, especially in North America, engendered an agrarian crisis (1878–96) when intensifying international competition in foodstuffs led to dramatic price declines, particularly in wheat and other cereals. This comparative study of the process in Britain and France examines regional and local patterns of rural change in relation to the expansion of railways, the agrarian crisis, and the responses to the crisis by the governments and farmers of the two countries. Using spatial statistics and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to identify spatially varying relationships, it offers a new approach and results. Case studies of Dorset County in England and the Allier Department in France show that railways facilitated the shift from cereal production to livestock and dairy farming during the era of agrarian crisis. In Dorset the analysis using GWR provides an explanation for patterns of the agricultural depression that a pioneering article identified but could not explain and thus illustrates the promise of blending narrative and spatial history. Further, it argues that in France railway expansion and the construction of a secondary network reduced regional disparities in rail service and likely in agricultural productivity, too. More broadly, it concludes that the differing political economies of Britain and France led to different trade and railway policies during the crisis and to different agrarian outcomes in which agricultural productivity declined in Britain and improved in France.
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Egorov, Victor N., Ludmila V. Malakhova, Andrey Kh Degterev und Mikhail N. Yurlov. „The Mediterranean Sea Basin as a Single Ecosystem: Problems and Prospects for International Cooperation“. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, Nr. 4 (27.12.2021): 625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-4-625-641.
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The article justifies that the Mediterranean Basin in the broad sense (Mediterranean, Black, Azov and Marmara Seas) is a single ecosystem. The state of this ecosystem is affected by the rivers of this water intake basin, among them - the Nile, Tiber, Po, Rhone, Ebro, Danube, Don and others. The interconnection of the individual elements of the ecosystem is ensured through active water exchange and a sufficiently branched system of currents that turn the inland seas of the Mediterranean basin into communicating vessels. The paper analyzes the main anthropogenic factors, as well as the influence of climate changes on the ecological condition of the Mediterranean ecosystem. Within the framework of anthropogenic impact, special attention is paid to the negative impact of urbanization, the oil industry (production, transportation and oil refining), industrial and agricultural waste, as well as runoff waters. The problem of plastic, as well as contamination with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is discussed in detail. Analysis of DDT accumulations in the bottom sediments of the Mediterranean basin makes it possible to study the synchronization of anthropogenic processes and their long-term nature. Aridization (intensification of droughts) in the Mediterranean is shown as an important problem for the regional ecology, not directly related to the anthropogenic factor. The article reveals the disastrous effects of increasing droughts and climate change on Mediterranean basin countries. International cooperation to regulate transboundary environmental problems in the region is associated with a number of problems. Among them is the delimitation of sea zones between countries, first of all - the territorial claims of Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean. The problem of the shelf around the Serpents Island in the Black Sea is also considered, as well as territorial disputes in the Western Mediterranean (France/Spain). The paper widely presents successful cases of cross-boundary cooperation: the 1976 RAMOGE Agreement, the 1975 Mediterranean Action Plan and the 1995 Barcelona Convention, as well as its seven protocols. The cases of PEGASO and 4GreenInn projects, as well as the BSEC environmental projects, are considered as successful examples of cross-border academic cooperation. Promising areas of cooperation are outlined and the conclusion is made about the importance of transboundary environmental risk management, despite the political differences between the Mediterranean countries and the EU sanctions restrictions on Russia after 2014.
21
Popov, A. V. „Presence of the B. A. Smyslovsky’s Detachment in Liechtenstein in 1945–47: Documents of the National Archive of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Landesarchiv des Fürstentums Liechtenstein)“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 4 (2023): 1067–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-4-1067-1081.
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The article presents an archivistics review of documents on Russian displaced persons, their internment and subsequent repatriation after end of World War II, which were deposited in the National Archive of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Liechtenstein Landesarchiv). In the fond of the Government of Liechtenstein from the National Archive of the Principality of Liechtenstein, there are some few documents on displaced persons of the Second World War; some shed light on the stay of the detachment of B. A. Smyslovsky on the territory of the principality in 1945–47. A group of 494 Russian servicemen led by B. A. Smyslovsky crossed the Liechtenstein border near Schellenberg overnight into May 3, 1945. Later, 290 voluntarily returned to the USSR. The fate of those internees who remained in Liechtenstein was decided in 1947. B. A. Smyslovsky obtained permission to enter Argentina, about 100 former servicemen of the 1st RNA moved to Argentina with him. Some few army officers and soldiers were able to leave for European countries, primarily, France. The last servicemen of the B. A. Smyslovsky’s detachment left the principality in October 1947. In general, documents from the National Archive of the Principality of Liechtenstein are quite informative and useful for researchers of the history of post-war displaced persons. However, they need to be checked. In addition, researchers can refer to the documents of the personal provenance fond of the rector of the Intercession Church in Zurich, archpriest David Chubov, which is kept in the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco in the United States. The fond contains archpriest David Chubov’s correspondence with servicemen interned in Liechtenstein, his correspondence with the government of the principality, Protopresbyter Konstantin Izraztsov, the Argentine Consulate in Switzerland, and charitable organizations discussing legal paperwork for entry into Argentina. Since 2003, the documents have become available for Russian researchers in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) in form of microfilms. The documents of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco were acquired by the GARF in 2002-03. In 2003, they formed a separate collection “Microfilm Collection of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco. 1948-2000.”
22
Djurfeldt, Göran. „Classes as Clients of the State: Landlords and Labourers in Andalusia“. Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, Nr. 1 (Januar 1993): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018296.
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This is a study of landlordism, agricultural labourers, and the State of Andalusia in southern Spain. This region, a classical case of landlordism, deviates from the typically West European agrarian structure dominated by the family farm. Andalusia's history centers on the conflict over land between a majority of landless peasants and a minority of powerful landlords, which was one of the main causes of the Spanish civil war. This study deals with two periods covering nearly fifty years of this latifundist system and its conflictridden relations of production. It examines the freezing of the agrarian structure for nearly forty years by the dictatorship of Francisco Franco and the adaptation of social and agrarian policy for the next ten years by the socialists. In other words, this is the story of how the agricultural laborers of Andalusia were transformed in less than one-half century from “peasants without land” to “clients of the welfare state” dependent on the social policies of the state.
23
Sharma, Rajendra. „Indian State, agriculture and peasants“. Political Discourse 8, Nr. 2 (2022): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2582-2691.2022.00009.8.
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24
Buisseret, David. „State and nobility in early modern France“. Historical Journal 39, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1996): 1097–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0002478x.
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BEALES, DEREK. „EDMUND BURKE AND THE MONASTERIES OF FRANCE“. Historical Journal 48, Nr. 2 (27.05.2005): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004450.
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Burke's Reflections contains a section of about ten pages on the monasteries of France, deploring not only the confiscation of their property but also the destruction of the institutions themselves, which are defended for their contribution to learning, beauty, and agriculture and for their general social role. Their ‘superstition’ is vindicated as preferable to that of the philosophes. Burke maintains that they could and should have been reformed, rather than suppressed. This discussion of monasteries has been almost wholly ignored by commentators and editors. The following article considers these pages against the reality of French monasticism, itself a neglected theme, and shows their centrality to Burke's critique of the Revolution.
26
McCuaig, William, und James B. Collins. „The State in Early Modern France.“ Sixteenth Century Journal 28, Nr. 2 (1997): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2543471.
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Falola, Toyin, und Michael Watts. „State, Oil, and Agriculture in Nigeria“. African Economic History, Nr. 17 (1988): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601361.
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FENNELL, SHAILAJA. „MALTHUS, STATISTICS, AND THE STATE OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE“. Historical Journal 63, Nr. 1 (24.06.2019): 159–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000189.
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ABSTRACTReferences to Malthus are increasingly evident in narratives of agricultural trends in development discourse at the end of the twentieth century. This article addresses the long roots of Malthusian thinking in formulating public policy, that can be traced across from Malthus's own ideas and to subsequent construction of neo-Malthusianisms in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It deploys the distinction between two approaches to statistical data collection that emerge in Malthus's own time: an ‘open’ system that collects data to identify trends, and a ‘closed’ system that uses data to prove an existing model. The article uses these distinctions in order to demonstrate opposing tendencies in policy-making in both England and India, with particular reference to Indian agriculture. It shows how radical thinking about data collection as an inductive line of enquiry lost out to a deductive approach that regarded data on Indian agriculture as doomed, because of its ‘unimproved’ condition, and highlights three moments where opposing tendencies were important. The article concludes that this turn in thinking about food, land, and people continues to persist in agricultural policy-making in international development circles into the present.
29
Wright, J. „The State and the Left in modern France“. French History 21, Nr. 4 (15.11.2007): 450–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crm061.
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Wright, Julian, und Christopher Clark. „Regionalism and the state in France and Prussia“. European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 15, Nr. 3 (Juni 2008): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507480802082607.
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31
Hanley, Sarah. „Engendering the State: Family Formation and State Building in Early Modern France“. French Historical Studies 16, Nr. 1 (1989): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/286431.
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LLOBERA, JOSEP R. „State and Nation in Medieval France“. Journal of Historical Sociology 7, Nr. 3 (September 1994): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.1994.tb00069.x.
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Magnac, Thierry, und Gilles Postel-Vinay. „Wage Competition between Agriculture and Industry in Mid-Nineteenth Century France“. Explorations in Economic History 34, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exeh.1996.0662.
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34
Naanen, Ben, und Michael Watts. „State, Oil, and Agriculture in Nigeria“. International Journal of African Historical Studies 21, Nr. 3 (1988): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219463.
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35
Weber, Eugen, und M. C. Cleary. „Peasants, Politicians, and Producers: The Organisation of Agriculture in France Since 1918.“ American Historical Review 96, Nr. 1 (Februar 1991): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164103.
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Lynch, F. M. B. „Pierre Laroque and the Welfare State in Postwar France“. French History 27, Nr. 2 (18.04.2013): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crt027.
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Breen, Michael P. „Law, Society, and the State in Early Modern France“. Journal of Modern History 83, Nr. 2 (Juni 2011): 346–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/659209.
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Mitchell, B. R., Jean-Claude Perrot und Stuart J. Woolf. „State and Statistics in France, 1789-1815.“ Economic History Review 38, Nr. 3 (August 1985): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597020.
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Katz, Ethan B. „Jewish Citizens of an Imperial Nation-State“. French Historical Studies 43, Nr. 1 (01.02.2020): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-7920464.
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Abstract This article draws on the work of recent years on Jews and Algeria to map a French-Algerian frame as a new approach to French Jewish history. The article thinks through the implications of two key ideas from the “new colonial history” for the history of Jews in France and Algeria and posits that Jews in French Algeria can profitably be understood as colonial citizens. After focusing briefly on the French-Algerian War and decolonization, a period for which recent scholarship has developed robustly in suggestive ways, the article turns to a case study from a different era: World War II and the Holocaust. It addresses the history of the majority-Jewish resistance movement in Algiers that paved the way for the success of Operation Torch. Finally, the article considers how this French-Algerian framework might reshape our thinking about certain basic issues in the field of French Jewish history. Cet article s'appuie sur les travaux des dernières années sur les juifs et l'Algérie pour tracer un modèle franco-algérien comme nouvelle approche de l'histoire des juifs en France. L'article examine les implications de deux idées clés de la « nouvelle histoire coloniale » pour l'histoire des juifs en France et en Algérie, et pose comme principe que les juifs de l'Algérie française peuvent à juste titre être compris comme des « citoyens coloniaux ». Cet article commence par aborder brièvement une période que l'historiographie récente a développé de manière suggestive—la guerre franco-algérienne et la décolonisation—avant de passer à l'étude d'une autre époque, la Deuxième Guerre mondiale et l'Holocauste. L'article analyse l'histoire du mouvement de résistance à majorité juive qui a ouvert la voie au succès de l'opération Torch. Enfin, l'article discute de la manière dont ce cadre franco-algérien pourrait modifier notre réflexion sur certaines questions fondamentales pour l'histoire des juifs en France.
40
Gaines, Jena M. „Alsatian Catholics Against the State, 1918–25“. Contemporary European History 2, Nr. 3 (November 1993): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300000497.
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The years that followed the return of Alsace and Lorraine to France after World War I proved that reunion was a complicated and painful process. The potential for misunderstanding, if not outright conflict, between Alsatians and French policy-makers was from the outset grossly underestimated by virtually everyone on both sides. Alsatians saw no incompatibility between the wish to preserve their regional cultural personality, or particularism, and their loyalty to France. The believers in the ‘Republic one and indivisible’, however, did. The preservation of Alsatian particularism, especially in language and religion, was regarded by French politicians as the perpetuation of German cultural and political influence. The end of the armistice celebrations and the introduction of a transitional administration brought the realisation that the cultural gulf between France and Alsace, widened by years of separation following the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, could not be legislated away. With few exceptions, the people on both sides of the Rhine who welcomed the end of the annexation had assumed that the commitment to reunion was sufficient to make it a success.1 This belief was nowhere more rapidly disproven than in the matter of religion. The enforcement of French legislation ending the role of the state in overseeing the congregations became the flash-point between the Catholic majority in Alsace and the Third Republic.
41
Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. „Invention and the State in 18th-Century France“. Technology and Culture 32, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1991): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.
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Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane. „Invention and the State in 18th-Century France“. Technology and Culture 32, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1991): 911–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1991.0003.
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BURCHARDT, JEREMY. „AGRICULTURAL HISTORY, RURAL HISTORY, OR COUNTRYSIDE HISTORY?“ Historical Journal 50, Nr. 2 (09.05.2007): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006152.
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This article assesses the state of modern English rural history. It identifies an ‘orthodox’ school, focused on the economic history of agriculture. This has made impressive progress in quantifying and explaining the output and productivity achievements of English farming since the ‘agricultural revolution’. Its celebratory account was, from the outset, challenged by a dissident tradition emphasizing the social costs of agricultural progress, notably enclosure. Recently a new school, associated with the journal Rural History, has broken away from this narrative of agricultural change, elaborating a wider social history. The work of Alun Howkins, the pivotal figure in the recent historiography, is located in relation to these three traditions. It is argued that Howkins, like his precursors, is constrained by an increasingly anachronistic equation of the countryside with agriculture. The concept of a ‘post-productivist’ countryside, dominated by consumption and representation, has been developed by geographers and sociologists and may have something to offer historians here, in conjunction with the well-established historiography of the ‘rural idyll’. The article concludes with a call for a new countryside history, giving full weight to the cultural and representational aspects that have done so much to shape twentieth-century rural England. Only in this way will it be possible to move beyond a history of the countryside that is merely the history of agriculture writ large.
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Heinzen, James W. „“Alien” Personnel in the Soviet State: The People’s Commissariat of Agriculture under Proletarian Dictatorship, 1918-1929“. Slavic Review 56, Nr. 1 (1997): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500656.
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Land policy must be carried out by an apparatus that has not grasped the tasks and ideas of Soviet construction in the countryside and that is riddled with elements that are alien and even hostile to Soviet power.—N. M. Shvernik, section chief, People’s Commissariat of Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, 1924“Anyone who reads the letters that passed between the Intendants and their superiors or subordinates,” wrote Alexis de Tocqueville, “cannot fail to be struck by the family likeness between the government officials of the past and those of modern France.” He added that not only the personnel and institutions but even the internal bureaucratic terminology of the old regime was similar to that of postrevolutionary, republican France. Despite their obsession with the French Revolution, Russia’s revolutionary rulers had probably not read Tocqueville’s cautionary tale about the persistence of the old-regime state. If they had, they might have learned quite a bit.
45
Schwartz, Robert, Ian Gregory und Thomas Thévenin. „Spatial History: Railways, Uneven Development, and Population Change in France and Great Britain, 1850–1914“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, Nr. 1 (Juni 2011): 53–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00205.
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A comparative spatial history combining historical narrative, geographical thinking, and spatial analysis of historical data offers new perspectives on railway expansion and its effects in France and Great Britain during the long nineteenth century. Accessible rail transport in the rural regions of both countries opened new economic opportunities in agriculture, extractive industries, and service trades, helping to revitalize rural communities and decrease their rates of out-migration. In France, long-standing economic disparities between the developed north and the less-productive south gradually reduced. These conclusions are based, in part, on the use of historical geographical information systems (hgis) and spatial statistics, illustrating a component of spatial history.
46
Greenfield, Jerome. „The Origins of the Interventionist State in France, 1830–1870*“. English Historical Review 135, Nr. 573 (April 2020): 386–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceaa130.
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Abstract The historiography of the French state’s economic interventionism has focused primarily on the Ancien Régime and the period from the 1850s into the twentieth century. This article argues that, though often overlooked, the French state embarked on a major expansion in the 1830s and 1840s, as government spending on public works grew sharply. Most notably, the government contributed to the financing of railways and urban improvements. Following the 1848 revolution, rising pressure for fiscal rectitude forced a reconfiguration of the interventionist Orleanist state. While the new Bonapartist regime remained committed to public works, it relied more heavily on private finance than its predecessor, benefiting from the ‘great boom’ of the 1850s. Still, private enterprise remained inadequate to sustain public works without the support of public money, particularly once economic expansion began to slow in the 1860s. As a result, government spending on public works continued to rise under the Bonapartists. In this respect, they sustained the conception of an interventionist state developed by the Orleanists.
47
Kingston, R. „Inside Napoleonic France: State and Society in Rouen, 1800-1815“. French History 17, Nr. 2 (01.06.2003): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/17.2.216.
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Barreyre, Nicolas, und Claire Lemercier. „The Unexceptional State: Rethinking the State in the Nineteenth Century (France, United States)“. American Historical Review 126, Nr. 2 (01.06.2021): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhab195.
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Abstract In the past thirty years, historians have deeply renewed our understanding of the state in the early republic period of the United States as much more powerful, deep reaching, and proactive than the traditional image represented. In France, too, new work has revised our vision of the state in the early nineteenth century, which looked different from the triumphant, Napoleonic leviathan that often appears in discourse. Yet both historiographies, having evolved separately, still base their conclusion on implicit comparisons, with an imagined “European” state or with a later “modern” state. This article uses the new historiographies on both countries to go beyond those unstated exceptionalisms to propose a reconstruction of the state in that period. Pulling those studies together, and mobilizing insights from one to shed light on the other, it recovers a common repertoire of statecraft that emerged in the revolutionary era. It hinged on fostering consent of key segments of the population and therefore organized the work of the state in mostly nonbureaucratic forms. States in that period reflected a particular enmeshing of public and private forms that needs to be analyzed for itself, especially if we want to understand the specificity of today’s practices.
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Hickey, Daniel. „Innovation and Obstacles to Growth in the Agriculture of Early Modern France: The Example of Dauphine“. French Historical Studies 15, Nr. 2 (1987): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/286264.
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Weinberg, David, Pierre Birnbaum und Arthur Goldhammer. „Jewish Destinies: Citizenship, State, and Community in Modern France“. American Historical Review 106, Nr. 3 (Juni 2001): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692476.
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