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1
Reimann, W. „Treatment of agricultural wastewater and reuse“. Water Science and Technology 46, Nr. 11-12 (01.12.2002): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0735.
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The use of membrane separation technology, such as ultrafiltration (UF) and subsequent reverse osmosis (RO), for purifying different types of low-contaminated wash water of carrots (COD = 1,314 mg/l) and wash water of different kinds of vegetables (COD = 2,280 mg/l) was investigated on a pilot scale to determine its suitability for reuse in the process. In both membrane processes, UF and RO, the permeate flux first decreased with increasing fouling (deposition of organic and inorganic substances on the membrane surface and in its pores). After that the membrane permeability (permeate flux) and selectivity (rejection of COD) remained constant on a stable level in spite of a concentration with a volumetric concentration factor of up to 39. The tests showed that water can be obtained with a quality complying with the German regulations by applying a process combination of UF and RO. It was found that the membranes gave a 5-log reduction for total bacteria, and no coliform bacteria were present in the permeate after RO. Using UF and RO, part of the wastewater can be recovered for reuse in the process if drinking water is used for the last step of vegetable washing.
2
Peterson, Hans G. „Use of constructed wetlands to process agricultural wastewater“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, Nr. 2 (01.04.1998): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-142.
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Constructed wetlands are emerging as a serious challenge to conventional wastewater treatment because of lower construction and operating costs, less requirement for trained personnel, more flexibility, and lower susceptibility to variations in waste loading rates. Water quality improvements can be achieved by removal of plant nutrients, such as N and P, organics (natural and manmade) as well as inorganic contaminants. Wetland treatment is now advocated by regulatory agencies and has been determined as the technology of choice by municipalities and industries required to meet stringent discharge regulations. These same regulations have not usually been imposed on the agricultural community, but deteriorating water sources will likely change this regulatory anomaly. Use of this technology in treating agricultural wastewater is still in its infancy with few, although rapidly expanding, applications. This paper aims to highlight different aspects of wetland treatment by exploring its use for the treatment of agricultural run-off as well as wastewater from the agri-food industry. It is concluded that natural wetlands will be quite limited in absorbing agricultural wastewater while constructed wetlands can be designed for optimum pollutant removal. Key words: Constructed wetlands, wastewater treatment, agriculture, food processing, nutrient removal, nitrogen, phosphorus, organics
3
Rovirosa, N., E. Sánchez, F. Benítez, L. Travieso und A. Pellón. „An integrated system for agricultural wastewater treatment“. Water Science and Technology 32, Nr. 12 (01.12.1995): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0482.
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The treatment of agroindustrial wastewaters gives the possibility of noxious pollutant removal which otherwise would deteriorate the ecosystem even more. The construction and start-up of Integrated Systems for the treatment of such wastes allow the reuse of the treated effluents, with the consequent production of useful by-products. Biological processes for the adequate treatment of 300 m3/day of mixed animal and human wastewaters allow also the production of 1200 m3/day of biogas as an energy supplier and a source of CO2 for microalgae culture in a High Rate Algal Pond. On the other hand, it can be possible to recover the digested sludge as biofertilizer and low grade water useful for crop irrigation. The proposed Integrated System also provides the recovery of 8.3 g/m2/d of algal biomass suitable for animal consumption and the removal of an important amount of noxious pollutants with an average efficiency of 80–98% (COD basis).
4
García, Sandra, Fernando Hernández, Agustin Aragón, José Rivera und Rolando Rueda. „Photochemical Wastewater Treatment for Potential Agricultural Use“. Current World Environment 9, Nr. 3 (31.12.2014): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.9.3.15.
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Shelef, G., Y. Azov, A. Kanarek, G. Zac und A. Shaw. „The dan region sewerage wastewater treatment and reclamation scheme“. Water Science and Technology 30, Nr. 9 (01.11.1994): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0486.
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The Greater Tel-Aviv (Dan Region) urban area is composed of seven municipalities producing close to 100 million cubic meters per year (mcmy) of wastewaters, serving a population equivalent of over 1.7 millions. The Dan Region Association of Towns for Sewerage serves the largest population, commercial and tourism center of Israel as well as an important part of its industry. The flow of wastewater in the region is expected to reach some 150 mcmy by the end of this decade due to its intensive growth. Due to the perennial and severe shortage of water, Israel has adopted a national policy of maximizing wastewater reuse, aimed principally at agricultural irrigation of crops without any restrictions (including fruits and vegetables eaten uncooked). The quality requirements for the reclaimed wastewater are quite stringent, due to the fact that a large proportion of the agricultural produce is intended for export to foreign countries. The Dan Region - Third Line scheme is an example of a holistic approach to urban sewerage system integrated with reclamation and agricultural reuse, within an overall policy-making, engineering design, operation, monitoring, surveillance, management, administration and legal framework. It has a combined health, environmental and economical benefit to the urban communities and critical economic and livelihood benefit to the rural community.
6
Bouwer, H. „Agricultural and Municipal Use of Wastewater“. Water Science and Technology 26, Nr. 7-8 (01.10.1992): 1583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0602.
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Areas in relatively dry climates often have water shortages and there is competition between municipal and agricultural (irrigation) water use. The problem can be alleviated by using the water twice, first for the cities and then for agriculture after the municipal wastewater has been properly treated. There are now two sets of water quality standards for irrigation with wastewater: a stringent set for developed countries, and a less stringent set for developing countries. Also, more and more cities will have to use their wastewater internally for irrigation of parks, etc., and even for drinking. The latter requires advanced wastewater treatment. Part of this treatment can be supplied inexpensively by a groundwater recharge and recovery system, which also provides storage and enhances the aesthetics of direct potable reuse of wastewater by breaking the pipe-to-pipe connection. The renovated water from a recharge or “soil-aquifer treatment” system generally can be used as such for unrestricted irrigation, but potable use requires additional treatment.
7
Bonomo, L., C. Nurizzo und E. Rolle. „Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Related Problems and Perspectives in Italy“. Water Science and Technology 40, Nr. 4-5 (01.08.1999): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0570.
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An overview of water availability and distribution, water consumption, wastewater treatment trends, with particular reference to advanced ones, is briefly presented. Data about the current situation of municipal wastewater treatment and advanced treatment options are presented and regional trends about wastewater reclamation (agricultural and industrial reuse) are summarised. Some considerations about present and possible future standards, both for disposal into surface waters and for wastewater reclamation in agriculture are discussed. A short list of examples in the field of advanced wastewater treatment and reclamation in various Italian regions is presented and some information about environmental crisis areas in Italy is given.
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Dare, Anne E., Rabi H. Mohtar, Chad T. Jafvert, Basem Shomar, Bernard Engel, Rachid Boukchina und Ayman Rabi. „Opportunities and Challenges for Treated Wastewater Reuse in the West Bank, Tunisia, and Qatar“. Transactions of the ASABE 60, Nr. 5 (2017): 1563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12109.
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Abstract. Harsh environment, severe aridity, and climate change create chronic water shortages in the Middle East. Technical challenges, socio-economic factors, and competing uses of water have escalated the difficulties in water planning at national and institutional levels. This research identifies opportunities and challenges associated with wastewater treatment systems and the potential for wastewater reuse in the West Bank, Tunisia, and Qatar through the following objectives: (1) identify the factors associated with successful and unsuccessful reuse schemes, (2) compare treated wastewater quality with end use application of treated wastewater, and (3) identify the governance and social challenges preventing the use of treated wastewater, specifically in agricultural applications. Water quality analyses and consultations with farmers, local stakeholders, and water and agriculture experts were conducted. Opportunities and challenges for treated wastewater reuse in agriculture are identified as the proximity of the treatment facility to agricultural areas, water quality, and motivation of farmers. With proper maintenance and appropriate monitoring, the modest (natural) treatment facilities in the West Bank and secondary treatment technologies in Tunisia are capable of producing effluent safe for use in production of certain agricultural products; however, in Qatar, despite massive investments in producing high-quality treated wastewater using advanced treatment technologies, there is little demand. Water policies, laws and acts, and action plans are urgently needed to be coupled and integrated for implementation. Keywords: Arid lands, Food security, MENA, Wastewater treatment, Water reuse.
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Криксунов, Evgeniy Kriksunov, Диас, Verissimo Dias, Перелыгина, Elena Perelygina, Панков, Yakov Pankov, Бизин und Stanislav Bizin. „The use of rhizosphere for wastewater treatment: a review“. Forestry Engineering Journal 5, Nr. 3 (15.11.2015): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14149.
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The paper summarizes the history and the use of the rhizosphere for wastewater treat-ment. This technology assures high level of pollutant removal and presents an ecological cha-racter. Most systems around the world are still primarily used to treat municipal and domestic wastewaters but treatment of many types of industrial and agricultural wastewaters, storm wa-ter runoff and landfill leachate has recently become common. There are several types of con-structed wetlands (rhizosphere systems), and they can be classified according different crite-ria: the water level, the direction of the flow, the type of vegetation.
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Tsadilas, C. D., und P. S. Vakalis. „Economic benefit from irrigation of cotton and corn with treated wastewater“. Water Supply 3, Nr. 4 (01.08.2003): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0066.
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The effect of irrigation with treated municipal wastewater on the agricultural income from cotton and corn crops was studied by a three-year field experiment (1995-1997), carried out within the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the city of Larissa, central Greece. The experimental design for both crops was randomised complete blocks with five treatments (M- control-irrigation with fresh water, W-irrigation with wastewater and no mineral fertilization, MF- irrigation with fresh water and complete mineral fertilization, WSF- irrigation with wastewater and reduced mineral fertilization, WTF- irrigation with wastewater and complete mineral fertilization). Each treatment was replicated four times. The agricultural income was assessed using the yield of the crops and the economic data of the area. The results showed that in the case of corn, the treatment WTF gave the highest agricultural income. The treatments W and WSF gave higher agricultural income compared to the control but was not significantly different compared to the treatment MF. In the case of cotton, all the treatments included wastewater use, increased significantly the agricultural income in comparison to the control, but at similar level as the treatment MF did. From the data of this study, it is concluded that treated wastewater can be used for irrigation of corn and cotton, saving fresh water and mineral fertilizers and obtaining the same or better economic results.
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Al-Muzaini, Saleh, und Ahmad A. Ghosn. „Fate of Conventional/Priority Organic Pollutants Associated with Wastewater Reuse in Soil Irrigation in Kuwait“. Water Science and Technology 40, Nr. 7 (01.10.1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0314.
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Soil contamination from conventional/priority organic pollutants associated the reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation in selected sites in Kuwait is assessed in this paper using a laboratory pilot plant designed for this purpose. The permeated wastewaters included industrial and tertiary treated wastewaters from different industrial and wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait. Tab (potable) water will be also used as a reference base. The investigated soil sites covered representative agricultural areas in Kuwait including Al-Wafra, Al-Abdally and Sulaibiya agricultural sites. The soil characteristics in these sites are presented. The preliminary results of pilot plant tests for Abdally area soils are discussed herein and related conclusions and remarks are outlined.
12
Gavala, H. N., I. V. Skiadas, Nikolaos A. Bozinis und G. Lyberatos. „Anaerobic codigestion of agricultural industries' wastewaters“. Water Science and Technology 34, Nr. 11 (01.12.1996): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0264.
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Wastewaters generated from agricultural industries are usually hard to treat due to a high organic content. The basic treatment process to be used can only be anaerobic digestion, a process with the additional advantages of (i) limited production of stabilized sludge and (ii) utilization of the produced biogas. The cotreatment of such seasonally produced wastewaters is proposed in order to secure the economically favorable and stable year-round operation of a treatment plant, with the additional benefits of smaller capital costs (due to the use of centrally located rather than distributed treatment facilities) and the exploitation of complementarity in waste characteristics (e.g. avoidance of nutrients (N,P) addition when a codigested wastewater contains nutrients in excess). A mathematical model for codigesting piggery, olive-mill and dairy wastewaters was developed based on batch kinetic experiments. An organic loading rate of 3.84 g COD/l·d was found to be safe for a digester operating on a year-round basis, fed sequentially with piggery, piggery-olive-mill and piggery-dairy wastewaters.
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Jinénez, B., A. Chávez und C. Hernández. „Alternative Treatment for Wastewater Destined for Agricultural Use“. Water Science and Technology 40, Nr. 4-5 (01.08.1999): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0610.
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An Advanced Primary Treatment (APT) system commercially known as ACTIFLO®, coupled with a system of filtration and chlorination are described. The system used microsand grains in the coagulation phase. This allowed an almost immediate start-up as well as an increase in loading in the sedimentation tank to rates far higher than those previously described (up to 180 m/h). The process was shown capable of treating wastewater from a combined drainage system, which typically varies in water quality and quantity. The ACTIFLO® process reduced TSS from 354 to 27 mg/L, helminth eggs from 24.8 to 1.2 HE/L, COD from 460 to 198 mg/L, TKN from 21.7 to 18.3 mg/L, and TP-P from 8.7 to 3.2 mg/L. To comply with WHO, 1989 recommendations regarding HE quality in water destined for irrigation of crops eaten raw it is necessary to add to the APT a system of filtration. In the paper two types of filter media are compared. In both cases the HE were reduced to <1.0 HE/L for filtration rates of up to 40 m/h. In the disinfection phase 10 mg Cl2/L were used to reduce the number of fecal coliforms from 6.5 × 108 to 340 MPN/100 mL.
14
Adin, Avner, und Yigal Kadar. „Energy conservation in wastewater treatment for agricultural reuse“. Resources and Conservation 15, Nr. 1-2 (Juni 1987): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3097(87)90039-3.
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El‐Kamah, Halla M. „Biological treatment of municipal wastewater for agricultural application“. International Journal of Environmental Studies 56, Nr. 6 (September 1999): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239908711242.
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Joy, Douglas, Claude Weil, Anna Crolla und Shelly Bonte-Gelok. „New technologies for on-site domestic and agricultural wastewater treatment“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, S1 (01.01.2001): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-100.
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Recently publicized problems of water quality in rural parts of Canada are again bringing increasing attention to methods of dealing with wastewater in rural environments. This includes wastewater from both domestic (principally single-family homes) and agricultural sources. Previous practices which relied on dispersal with little treatment are increasingly unacceptable not only because of the recognition of the weakness of this approach but also because of the increasing intensification of land use in rural areas. Thus the need for additional and improved technologies for treating wastewater, on site, has increased. Because of this, new technologies have been developed which provide better treatment than previous approaches that also rely on natural processes. Examples of the former include peat, sand, and foam filters for domestic on-site wastewater systems. Engineered wetlands to treat barnyard runoff or rural municipal lagoon effluent is an example of a technology using natural processes. This paper describes some of these new technologies and their potential advantages.Key words: rural, wastewater, septic, manure, farm, on site, technologies.
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Tadros, Hermine RZ, Samia Kh Hamdona, Mary G. Ghobrial, Mona F. El-Naggar und Omayma H. Abd El-Hamid. „Wastewater Treatment of Mariout Lake Drains Using Combined Physical, Chemical, and Biological Methods in Microcosm Experiments“. Aquatic Science and Technology 7, Nr. 2 (03.06.2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ast.v7i2.14651.
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The treatment of wastewater is a must due to the decrease of clean water and the increase in the consumption of fresh water for domestic uses. This study discusses the physical, chemical, and biological treatments of water from different types of Mariout Lake drains. It also aims at a designation of appropriate wastewater treatment process for sewage water (El-Qalah drain), agriculture water (El-Umoum drain), and raw drinking water before treatment (Nubareya canal) so as to adopt an appropriate procedure to be applied as the drains discharge their wastewaters in Mariout Lake affecting its water quality as well as its fish productivity. Obtaining secure effluents for discharge in natural water bodies (El-Mex bay), or using treated effluents in agriculture or industrial purposes, is a target too, open for estimation. Alum, aeration beside two natural medicinal plants, piper nigrum (Black Pepper) and dry ginger (Zingiber officinalis), and the eukaryotic microorganism yeast, were used for treatment, in addition to the freshwater submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum.The results of the physicochemical parameters revealed that the best material for treatment in El-Qalaa sewage drain was by Alum + Aeration + Ginger + Ceratophylum demersum.The most preferable material for both the raw drinking water of Nubareya canal and El-Umoum agricultural wastewater was Alum + Aeration + Yeast + Ceratophylum demersum.Regarding the four trace metals' (Zn, Pb, Fe, and Cu) concentration treatments, the best treatment in all cases was found to be Alum + Aeration + Yeast + Ceratophylum demersum, except for Zn in El-Qalaa sewage water which had to be treated by Alum + Aeration + Ginger + Ceratophylum demersum.
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Obotey Ezugbe, Elorm, und Sudesh Rathilal. „Membrane Technologies in Wastewater Treatment: A Review“. Membranes 10, Nr. 5 (30.04.2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10050089.
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In the face of water shortages, the world seeks to explore all available options in reducing the over exploitation of limited freshwater resources. One of the surest available water resources is wastewater. As the population grows, industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities increase accordingly in order to cater for the voluminous needs of man. These activities produce large volumes of wastewater from which water can be reclaimed to serve many purposes. Over the years, conventional wastewater treatment processes have succeeded to some extent in treating effluents for discharge purposes. However, improvements in wastewater treatment processes are necessary in order to make treated wastewater re-usable for industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Membrane technology has emerged as a favorite choice for reclaiming water from different wastewater streams for re-use. This review looks at the trending membrane technologies in wastewater treatment, their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses membrane fouling, membrane cleaning, and membrane modules. Finally, recommendations for future research pertaining to the application of membrane technology in wastewater treatment are made.
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Abdel-Raouf, N., A. A. Al-Homaidan und I. B. M. Ibraheem. „Microalgae and wastewater treatment“. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 19, Nr. 3 (Juli 2012): 257–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.04.005.
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Bahri, A. „Agricultural Reuse of Wastewater and Global Water Management“. Water Science and Technology 40, Nr. 4-5 (01.08.1999): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0608.
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Agricultural reuse of wastewater has to be integrated into comprehensive land and water management plans taking into account water supply, wastewater collection, reclamation, and reuse. It may be incorporated, as a land treatment system, to the treatment cycle and considered as the nutrient recycling part of the loop. However, the water used for irrigation purposes has to meet the public health and agronomic quality requirements. Therefore, the treatment objectives and standards need to be clearly defined. This leads to reconsidering the treatment approach, the required treatment levels and processes, and the indicators that should be taken into account. A common approach to wastewater treatment and agricultural reuse has to be developed in order to define a reclaimed water quality that would be safe for each intended end use of the effluent, and acceptable in economic terms as well as the quality of the products coming from these wastewater reuse operations. Among the challenges that agricultural reuse operations have to overcome, planning and management are still major ones the require careful attention.
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Mitsch, William J. „Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural“. Journal of Environmental Quality 19, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1990): 784–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900040028x.
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Tarrass, Faissal. „Research Needs: Treatment of Hemodialysis Wastewater for Agricultural Reuse“. Water Environment Research 82, Nr. 4 (April 2010): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1554-7531.2010.tb00257.x.
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Igoud, Sadek, Fatiha Souahi und Chems Eddine Chitour. „Solar Wastewater Treatment (SOWAT) and Reuse for Agricultural Irrigation“. Irrigation and Drainage 66, Nr. 5 (24.07.2017): 750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.2157.
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Zoric, Jelena, V. Simic und Ana Petrovic. „On the possibility of using biological toxicity tests to monitor the work of wastewater treatment plants“. Archives of Biological Sciences 60, Nr. 3 (2008): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0803431z.
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The aim of this study was to ascertain the possibility of using biological toxicity tests to monitor influent and effluent wastewaters of wastewater treatment plants. The information obtained through these tests is used to prevent toxic pollutants from entering wastewater treatment plants and discharge of toxic pollutants into the recipient. Samples of wastewaters from the wastewater treatment plants of Kragujevac and Gornji Milanovac, as well as from the Lepenica and Despotovica Rivers immediately before and after the influx of wastewaters from the plants, were collected between October 2004 and June 2005. Used as the test organism in these tests was the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio Hamilton - Buchanon (Cyprinidae). The acute toxicity test of 96/h duration showed that the tested samples had a slight acutely toxic effect on B. rerio, except for the sample of influent wastewater into the Cvetojevac wastewater treatment plant, which had moderately acute toxicity, indicating that such water should be prevented from entering the system in order to eliminate its detrimental effect on the purification process.
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Oliveira, Andressa De Almeida Soares, Reinaldo Gaspar Bastos und Claudinei Fonseca Souza. „Adaptation of domestic effluent for agricultural reuse by biological, physical treatment and disinfection by ultraviolet radiation“. Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 14, Nr. 2 (21.02.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2292.
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Domestic effluent reuse is an alternative for irrigated agriculture in situations of reduced water availability. However, as there is the presence of pathogens in wastewater, the disinfection process is necessary before use. This research evaluated the sanitary and agricultural viability of treated wastewater at a pilot-scale station composed of a septic tank, Wetlands and an ultraviolet radiation (UV) disinfection system. The Sewage Treatment Station (STS) is installed in the Agricultural Sciences Center, UFSCar, in Araras city, SP, and receives 2000 L of sewage daily, which was monitored in terms of pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), magnesium (Mg), total organic carbon (TOC), total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).The removal efficiency of the parameters was calculated based on the input and output means of each treatment unit. Results indicated removal efficiency for K (68.2%), TN (54.1%) and TP (36.1%). The levels of Na (26.7%) and Ca (22.9%) demonstrated the contribution of these salts to the wastewater; however, SAR did not present any risks for soil sodification. Microbiologically, the STS presented removal efficiency of 4 and 5 log-cycles for TC and E. coli, respectively. Therefore, results of monitoring indicate that the treated wastewater presents sanitary and agricultural viability, and conforms with the current legislation.
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Shamanskyi, Sergii, Sergii Boichenko und Lesia Pavliukh. „WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH BIOCONVERSION FOR MOTOR FUEL PRODUCTION“. ScienceRise, Nr. 5 (11.11.2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001460.
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The object of research: the process of wastewater treatment using bioconversion for subsequent motor fuel production.
Investigated problem: improving the efficiency of bioconversion process for biofuel production with simultaneous wastewater treatment by removing nitrogen and phosphorous compounds.
The main scientific results: providing the possibility of biofuel production with energy and economic inefficiency. It is done by combining the process of motor biofuel production with the process of treating wastewater from biogenic elements makes it perspective for commercial use. Traditional technology for the production of motor biofuels from microalgae includes cultivation, harvesting, dehydration and drying of biomass, extraction of oils from them and subsequent production of methyl esters and glycerol. Such technology is often not economically effective. It requires significant amount of energy for carrying out all necessary processes. In addition, it requires significant expenditures of water and nutrients. The use of nutrient-rich wastewater as a culture medium for the cultivation of microalgae allows not only to reduce costs, but also to purify wastewater from nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, which makes this process economically effective.
The area of practical use of the research results: Sewage and gray water treatment plants. Industrial and agricultural effluents treatment plants. Different types of enterprises, which have wastewater enriched with nitrogen and phosphorous compounds.
Innovative technological product: The technology of microalgae cultivation using wastewater as a culture medium. The technology allows effectively purifying used wastewaters from nitrogen and phosphorous compounds with no waste at the end.
Scope of the innovative technological product: Improved technology of motor biofuel production with simultaneous wastewater purification, which is economically effective and environmentally safe.
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Gori, R., und C. Caretti. „Experimental study on municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewater refinement for agricultural reuse“. Water Science and Technology 58, Nr. 1 (01.07.2008): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.651.
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The present study is aimed at verifying the possibility of reusing municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewaters for the irrigation of container-grown ornamental shrubs, paying attention to the refinery treatment. The research has been carried out in the district of Pistoia (Central Italy), which represents one of the main nursery areas in Europe. Two experimental sites, each consisting of a refinery treatment pilot plant (filtration and disinfection) and an agronomic area, were set-up. In this paper the attention is focused on the selection of the refinery treatment. The combined process of peracetic acid (PAA) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV) chosen for the disinfection treatment proved to be very effective for the inactivation of microorganisms for both municipal and industrial wastewaters. The high efficiency is recognised as being brought about by the formation of free radicals due to the photolysis of the PAA when in the presence of the UV rays. A preliminary cost analysis has been carried out in order to highlight the most economically advantageous solution which guarantees the compliance to the Italian limits for wastewater reuse in agriculture (Escherichia Coli 10 CFU/100 mL).
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Schulz, T. J., und D. Barnes. „The Stratified Facultative Lagoon for the Treatment and Storage of High Strength Agricultural Wastewaters“. Water Science and Technology 22, Nr. 9 (01.09.1990): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0065.
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A research and development programme at The University of New South Wales and a large intensive piggery located on the outskirts of Sydney, Australia, has culminated in the successful commissioning of an odour control process for the storage and treatment of wastewaters from the piggery. The stratified facultative lagoon utilises surface aeration of an otherwise anaerobic lagoon to provide a non-odorous cover for the anaerobic contents. The process has filled a need in the pig industry for a non-odorous cost effective alternative to conventional treatment systems, prior to wastewater re-use or disposal by land application. Critical design parameters include lagoon depth, specific energy input and aeration system design. Mean removal efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demand of 75 per cent have been achieved consistently. The development of the process was facilitated by the use of wastewater redox potential testing to indicate the likely presence of odorous compounds in the liquid on the surface of the lagoon and in the surrounding atmosphere. Surface redox potential readings (Eh) greater than −76 mV resulted in non-odorous operation of the process.
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Ahmad, Imran, Norhayati Abdullah, I. Koji, A. Yuzir und S. E. Mohamad. „Potential of Microalgae in Bioremediation of Wastewater“. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, Nr. 2 (29.04.2021): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10616.413-429.
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The increase in global pollution, industrialization and fast economic progress are considered to inflict serious consequences to the quality and availability of water throughout the world. Wastewater is generated from three major sources, i.e. industrial, agricultural, and municipal which contain pollutants, such as: xenobiotics, microplastics, heavy metals and augmented by high amount of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen compounds. Wastewater treatment is one of the most pressing issues since it cannot be achieved by any specific technology because of the varying nature and concentrations of pollutants and efficiency of the treatment technologies. The degradation capacity of these conventional treatment technologies is limited, especially regarding heavy metals, nutrients, and xenobiotics, steering the researchers to bioremediation using microalgae (Phycoremediation). Bioremediation can be defined as use of microalgae for removal or biotransformation of pollutants and CO2 from wastewater with concomitant biomass production. However, the usage of wastewaters for the bulk cultivation of microalgae is advantageous for reducing carbon, nutrients cost, minimizing the consumption of freshwater, nitrogen, phosphorus recovery, and removal of other pollutants from wastewater and producing sufficient biomass for value addition for either biofuels or other value-added compounds. Several types of microalgae like Chlorella and Dunaliella have proved their applicability in the treatment of wastewaters. The bottlenecks concerning the microalgal wastewater bioremediation need to be identified and elucidated to proceed in bioremediation using microalgae. This objective of this paper is to provide an insight about the treatment of different wastewaters using microalgae and microalgal potential in the treatment of wastewaters containing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, with the specialized cultivation systems. This review also summarizes the end use applications of microalgal biomass which makes the bioremediation aspect more environmentally sustainable. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Sarikaya, Hasan Z., und Veysel Eroglu. „Wastewater Reuse Potential in Turkey: Legal and Technical Aspects“. Water Science and Technology 27, Nr. 9 (01.05.1993): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0187.
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Treated wastewater is one of the potential water resources in especially arid and semi arid regions. Overall, Turkey is not poor in terms of water sources. However, due to distribution of water in time and in space water shortage is felt. Wastewater reuse potential is especially high during summer months for agricultural and recreational purposes. In coastal areas of Turkey treated wastewaters from the coastal settlements are reused to irrigate the green areas and parks. Surplus effluents are discharged into the sea by use of marine outfall pipes. Extended aeration type of activated sludge processes followed by chlorination is the most common form of the treatment. Agricultural reuse is encouraged in inland rural regions. Simple wastewater treatment methods such as stabilization ponds are popular in rural areas. Water quality standards regulating irrigational wastewater reuse are recently set in Turkey. Guidelines given by World Health Organization (WHO) are generally adopted except the limits for the intestinal nematodes and the residual chlorine. Irrigational reuse standards as well as the degree of the treatment have to be revised based on the local experiences. Assurance of a given effluent quality is one of the major problems in management of the wastewater reuse in rural areas. Local examples are presented to illustrate this point.
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Dremicheva, E. S. „Use of Agricultural Waste for Wastewater Treatment of Industrial Enterprises“. Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, Nr. 4 (03.04.2019): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-4-16-19.
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The possibility of using agricultural waste – beet chips – in an alternative direction: wastewater treatment from petroleum products and heavy metals. The results of studies on the assessment of oil capacity, sorption capacity for iron(III) ions, as well as the thermal effect when disposing of beet chips thermally are given. The object of the study was beet chips – a by-product of sugar beet processing by Buinsky Sugar Plant LLC. The experiments were carried out in accordance with GOST. Oil capacity was determined by the gravimetric method. The concentration of iron(III) ions was measured by the photocolorimetric method. It is shown that the use of beet chips for wastewater treatment of industrial enterprises due to seasonality restrictions will be possible in the composition of sorption blends.
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Gómez Aguilar, Dora Luz, Juan Pablo Rodríguez Miranda, María Xóchitl Astudillo Miller, Rayma Ireri Maldonado Astudillo und Javier Andrés Esteban Muñoz. „Removal of Zn(II) in Synthetic Wastewater Using Agricultural Wastes“. Metals 10, Nr. 11 (03.11.2020): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10111465.
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In the present investigation, results obtained from the process of the biosorption of Zn(II) in synthetic wastewaters are presented, using three agricultural wastes (coffee pulp, banana pseudo-stem, and corncob). Firstly, the percentage of lignin and cellulose for each material was determined. Then, using the free software XLSTAT, the waste with the highest removal for this metal was selected and, after this, the optimum pH, kinetics, adsorption isotherm, and point of zero charge (pHpzc) were found. Finally, a comparison with other lignocellulosic materials derived from banana, corn, and coffee crops was carried out. According to the results obtained, coffee pulp was the material that showed a high removal compared to the other two (63.58%), for which the optimum pH was 5.0 units. The kinetic model, which was adjusted to the process of biosorption, was the pseudo second order of Ho and McKay, which in turn presented an isotherm of Langmuir’s linearized model where the maximum adsorption capacity with that waste was 13.53 mg × g−1, obtained with a particle size of 180 µm, contact time of 90 min at 100 RPM, temperature of 25 °C, and pHpzc 3.95 units. Lastly, the authors state that this type of agricultural waste can be used as a green technology in the treatment of wastewater, particularly in the removal of the aforementioned pollutant, in order to fulfill goals 3.9 and 6.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda; to the level of challenge of the research, the authors propose for the future to carry out the implementation of this type of waste, without chemical modification, in the treatment of wastewater for the removal of the mentioned pollutant in a pilot study with different wastewaters and industries.
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Chua, Siong-Chin, Pau Loke Show, Fai-Kait Chong und Yeek-Chia Ho. „Lentil waste as novel natural coagulant for agricultural wastewater treatment“. Water Science and Technology 82, Nr. 9 (27.08.2020): 1833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.409.
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Abstract Increasing agricultural irrigation to counteract a soil moisture deficit has resulted in the production of hazardous agricultural wastewater with high turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). An innovative, sustainable, and effective solution is needed to overcome the pollution and water scarcity issues caused by the agricultural anthropogenic processes. This research focused on a sustainable solution that utilized a waste (broken lentil) as natural coagulant for turbidity and COD removal in agricultural wastewater treatment. The efficiency of the lentil extract (LE), grafted lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) and aluminium sulphate (alum) coagulants was optimized through the response surface methodology. Three-level Box–Behnken design was used to statistically visualize the complex interactions of pH, concentration of coagulants and settling time. LE achieved a significant 99.55% and 79.87% removal of turbidity and COD at pH 4, 88.46 mg/L of LE and 6.9 minutes of settling time, whereas LE-g-DMC achieved 99.83% and 80.32% removal of turbidity and COD at pH 6.7, 63.08 mg/L of LE-g-DMC and 5 minutes of settling time. As compared to alum, LE-g-DMC required approximately 30% less concentration. Moreover, LE and LE-g-DMC also required 75% and 65% less settling time as compared to the alum. Both LE and LE-g-DMC produced flocs with excellent settling ability (5.77 mg/L and 4.48 mL/g) and produced a significant less volume of sludge (10.60 mL/L and 8.23 mL/L) as compared with the alum. The economic analysis and assessments have proven the feasibility of both lentil-based coagulants in agricultural wastewater treatment.
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Özsoy, G., F. B. Dilek und F. D. Sanin. „An investigation of agricultural use potential of wastewater sludges in Turkey – case of heavy metals“. Water Science and Technology 54, Nr. 5 (01.09.2006): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.558.
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Landfilling is one of the most common methods that are used in the final disposal of sludge world wide, as well as in Turkey. However, increasing sludge quantities and limited landfilling areas make this method difficult to apply. The use of sludge in agriculture presents a possible alternative for disposal. However, it also poses some risks to be evaluated. In this respect, it is important to identify the heavy metal content of sewage sludges because of its adverse health effects. This study aims to determine the heavy metal contents of sludges and wastewaters from three different wastewater treatment plants in Turkey. The selection of plants was carried out according to the different treatment technologies applied to wastewater and sludge in those plants. Heavy metal analysis of sludges and wastewaters was conducted using a microwave assisted digestion procedure. After sampling and analysis, the results show that all the related metal concentrations are below the values that are set in the Soil Pollution Control Regulation of Turkey. However, in two of the three plants, Zn and Ni concentration should be tracked carefully.
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Craggs, R. L. „Wastewater treatment by algal turf scrubbing“. Water Science and Technology 44, Nr. 11-12 (01.12.2001): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0862.
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Algal turf scrubbing (ATS) is a novel wetland technology that has been designed and engineered to promote natural wastewater treatment processes. Algal turf scrubbing improves water quality by passing a shallow stream of wastewater over the surface of a gently sloped floway. The floway is colonised by a natural heterogeneous assemblage of periphyton consisting of cyanobacteria, filamentous algae and epiphytic diatoms together with aerobic bacteria and fungi. Algal photosynthesis provides oxygen for aerobic breakdown of wastewater by heterotrophic bacteria. Pollutants are extracted from the wastewater by several processes including assimilation, adsorption, filtration and precipitation. The algal turf is harvested periodically to remove the accumulated periphyton biomass and associated pollutants from the system. This paper will present results from a demonstration ATS facility in Patterson, California which was used to polish secondarily treated wastewater. The design and operational factors that influence the treatment performance of ATS systems is discussed. Results indicate the potential of the ATS for nutrient removal from secondarily treated wastewater and agricultural drainage waters.
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Habbari, K., A. Tifnouti, G. Bitton und A. Mandil. „Helminthic infections associated with the use of raw wastewater for agricultural purposes in Beni Mellal, Morocco“. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 5, Nr. 5 (15.10.1999): 912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1999.5.5.912.
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We aimed to determine the possible risks associated with raw wastewater use for agricultural purposes, particularly the transmission of helminthic infections among children. In a randomly-selected sample of 1343 children, 740 of them were from five regions using raw wastewater for agriculture, while 603 were from four control regions that do not use such water. The prevalence of helminthic infection was found to be significantly higher among children in regions using wastewater, compared to control regions. Behavioural characteristics and public water supply were found to be associated with higher infection rates. Adequate treatment of wastewater as well as public health education are highly recommended
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Mehta, Nidhi, Kinjal J. Shah, Yu-I. Lin, Yongjun Sun und Shu-Yuan Pan. „Advances in Circular Bioeconomy Technologies: From Agricultural Wastewater to Value-Added Resources“. Environments 8, Nr. 3 (01.03.2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8030020.
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This review systematically outlines the recent advances in the application of circular bioeconomy technologies for converting agricultural wastewater to value-added resources. The properties and applications of the value-added products from agricultural wastewater are first summarized. Various types of agricultural wastewater, such as piggery wastewater and digestate from anaerobic digestion, are focused on. Next, different types of circular technologies for recovery of humic substances (e.g., humin, humic acids and fulvic acids) and nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) from agricultural wastewater are reviewed and discussed. Advanced technologies, such as chemical precipitation, membrane separation and electrokinetic separation, are evaluated. The environmental benefits of the circular technologies compared to conventional wastewater treatment processes are also addressed. Lastly, the perspectives and prospects of the circular technologies for agricultural wastewater are provided.
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Kern, Jürgen, und Christine Idler. „Treatment of domestic and agricultural wastewater by reed bed systems“. Ecological Engineering 12, Nr. 1-2 (Januar 1999): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8574(98)00051-2.
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Joy, Douglas, Claude Weil, Anna Crolla und Shelly Bonte-Gelok. „New technologies for on-site domestic and agricultural wastewater treatment“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, S1 (2001): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-28-s1-115.
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Sales, Flávia Rhuana Pereira, Reynaldo Borges Galvão Serra, Gesivaldo Jesus Alves de Figueirêdo, Paulo Henrique Almeida da Hora und Antonio Cícero de Sousa. „Wastewater treatment using adsorption process in column for agricultural purposes“. Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 14, Nr. 1 (21.01.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2178.
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Water is essential for life, important for the ecosystem and it is in great demand due to its scarcity. This study explored the reuse of the wastewater of the Water Treatment Plant in Gramame for agricultural purposes. A qualitative and quantitative investigation of the effluent was carried out through the characterization of its physical and chemical parameters, comparing the results to what is allowed by the current legislation, CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. After this process, the activated charcoal of coco-da-baia mesocarp, adsorbent material, was prepared and tested in a filter system in a column with a continuous flow and ascendant entrance, in which the kinetic effect was evaluated. This technique was evaluated by correlating the reduced values in the adsorption material, respecting the initial effluent concentration, obtaining a reduction of 50% in the hardness, 87.5% in chloride and 66.6% in acidity. These results verified the adequacy of the technique in potential hydrogenation (pH) and abrupt reduction of color and turbidity. This treatment is suggested to qualify the effluent for use in agricultural, safe for humans and the environment. The adsorbent substrate efficiency was verified by correlating it with the Thomas isothermal model.
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BİNGÜL, Züleyha, und Aysun ALTIKAT. „Usability for Agricultural Irrigation of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents“. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 7, Nr. 4 (27.11.2017): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21597/jist.2017.199.
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Shuval, H. I., B. Fattal und P. Yekutiel. „State of the Art Review: An Epidemiological Approach to the Health Effects of Wastewater Reuse“. Water Science and Technology 18, Nr. 9 (01.09.1986): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0087.
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The reuse of wastewaters for agricultural irrigation can be a means of reducing the pollution of surface waters including those in coastal areas used for bathing. The wastewater stream of a community carries within it the complete spectrum of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths which are endemic in the community. These pathogens can survive sufficiently long in the soil or on crops to infect, at least in theory, persons coming in direct contact. Thus, it is important to establish a sound epidemiological basis for health regulations related to the reuse of wastewater in agriculture. This paper presents the theoretical epidemiological considerations that should serve as the basis for a predictive model of the potential risks associated with wastewater irrigation. Empirical data from credible, quantifiable epidemiological studies have here been reviewed to validate the theoretical model. For developing countries, the authors have concluded that the ranking of pathogens as to the degree of risk associated with wastewater irrigation is as follows: high risk - helminths, medium risk - bacteria and protozoa and low risk - viruses.In order to effectively reduce the concentration of these pathogens wastewater treatment is recommended as the most effective control strategy.
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Behrends, L., L. Houke, E. Bailey, P. Jansen und D. Brown. „Reciprocating constructed wetlands for treating industrial, municipal and agricultural wastewater“. Water Science and Technology 44, Nr. 11-12 (01.12.2001): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0858.
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Scientists at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are continuing to develop and refine an innovative wastewater treatment system referred to as reciprocating subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. Reciprocation relates to patented improvements in the design and operation of paired subsurface-flow constructed wetlands, such that contiguous cells are filled and drained on a frequent and recurrent basis. This operating technique turns the entire wetland system into a fixed-film biological reactor, in which it is possible to control redox potential in alternating aerobic and anaerobic zones. Reciprocating systems enable manipulation of wastewater treatment functions by controlling such parameters as hydraulic retention time, frequency of reciprocation, reciprocation cycle time, depth of reciprocation, and size and composition of substrate. These improved wetland technologies have been used for treating municipal/domestic wastewater, high strength animal wastewater, and mixed wastewater streams containing acids, recalcitrant compounds, solvents, antifreeze compounds, heavy metals, explosives, and fertilizer nutrients. Results from selected treatability studies and field demonstrations will be summarized with respect to conceptual design and treatment efficacy.
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Singh, Shubhi, Akanksha Sharma und Rishabha Malviya. „Industrial Wastewater: Health Concern and Treatment Strategies“. Open Biology Journal 9, Nr. 1 (02.02.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874196702109010001.
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Water is a basic need for the functioning of all life forms that exist on earth. However, current water resources are being polluted by anthropogenic sources, which include social unit, as well as agricultural and industrial waste. People all over the world have concerns about the impact of effluent pollution on the atmosphere, which is increasing day by day. It is hard to purify wastewater before it flows into water reservoirs. Hence, the treatment of wastewater remains an essential need before it is allowed to enter natural water streams. Wastewater treatment is relatively a modern practice. This review will particularly discuss the ways of heavy metal ion removal from wastewater. The ultimate purpose of wastewater management is to improve the health of human and environmental aspects.
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Zhai, Jun, Chuan Qin, Hai Wen Xiao, Qiang He und Jie Liu. „Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Mainland China: Two Decades of Experience“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2977.
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Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been applied for wastewater treatment since 1987 in Mainland China. There were about 150 public owned CWs operated to treat different types of wastewater, including urban domestic wastewater, rural sewage, effluent from secondary treatment, industrial wastewater, urban and agricultural runoff. About 44% of the CWs are designed for urban and rural sewage treatment. Hybrid CW takes a majority role for wastewater treatment in China. There are 24 full-scale hybrid CWs among the surveyed 59 systems in this paper. The most frequently used filtration media for vegetated beds are gravel and cobble. Phragmites australis is the dominate plant used in CWs in north China, while cyperus alternifolius and Typha latifolia are commonly applied in south China. The statistical average removal efficiencies of CWs for industrial wastewater treatment are the highest in terms of COD and BOD5, followed by the efficiencies of treating urban domestic wastewater, rural sewage, effluent from secondary treatment, urban and agricultural runoff in a decline order with a revise trend of the designed hydraulic loading rates.
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Zorpas, Antonis A., und Vassilis J. Inglezakis. „Intergraded Applied Methodology for the Treatment of Heavy Polluted Waste Waters from Olive Oil Industries“. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/537814.
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The annual olive oil production in Cyprus is in the range of 2700–3100 t y−1, resulting in the generation of significant amount of waste. The cocomposting of the olive oil solid residue (OOSR) and the treated wastewaters (with Fenton) from the olive oil production process with the application of reed beds has been studied as an integrated method for the treatment of wastewater containing high organic and toxic pollutants under warm climate conditions. The experimental results indicated that the olive mill wastewater (OMW) is detoxified at the end of the Fenton process. Specifically, COD is reduced up to 65% (minimum 54.32%) by the application of Fenton and another 10–28% by the application of red beds as a third stage. The final cocomposted material of OOSR with the treated olive mile wastewater (TOMW) presents optimum characteristics and is suitable for agricultural purpose.
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Muryanto, S., und A. P. Bayuseno. „Wastewater Treatment for a Sustainable Future: Overview of Phosphorus Recovery“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (Oktober 2011): 2043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.2043.
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Intensified agriculture in response to the growing population has led to excessive nutrient discharges to natural waters causing environmental problems in the form of eutrophication and its associated risks. Treatment options for this adverse effect include removal and recovery of soluble phosphorus by chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallisation. Chemical precipitation is the most common method due to its simplicity, but the chemical requirements can be prohibitive and the removed phosphorus is less reusable. Biological uptake requires less chemicals but the process is complex and prone to seasonal variations. Phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater by struvite crystallisation is an attractive option since the crystallisation process converts phosphorus into struvite crystals, i.e. phosphate minerals which have proved to be good fertilizer, hence potentially reduces fertilizer production and the subsequent greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, struvite crystallisation helps prevent scaling of wastewater treatment facilities. A number of struvite crystallisation projects utilising primarily agricultural wastewater is already operational at industrial scale.
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Sadiq, Ummal Aisha Farhana Mohd, Meow En Yow und Siti Suhana Jamaian. „The Extended Monod Model for Microalgae Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Different Wastewaters“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 4.30 (30.11.2018): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22120.
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Water pollution is a serious issue which always being concerned by public. Microalgae for wastewater treatment is an effective way to solve the problem due to its eco-friendly and apparently low cost. This research aims to investigate the efficiency of the mathematical model to estimate the microalgae growth and nutrient uptake by microalgae in wastewaters. The extended Monod model is applied in the Verhulst model to describe the microalgae growth and nutrient uptake by microalgae whereas microalgae Botryococcus sp. is the species of microalgae used in this research. The microalgae Botryococcus sp. growth and nutrient uptake in domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater are estimated and the results reveal that the extended Monod model is suitable for the estimation of microalgae growth and nutrient uptake by microalgae. In addition, microalgae Botryococcus sp. is promising for treating domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater.
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Cacci�, Simone M., Marzia De Giacomo, Francesca A. Aulicino und Edoardo Pozio. „Giardia Cysts in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Italy“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, Nr. 6 (Juni 2003): 3393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3393-3398.2003.
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ABSTRACT Reductions in annual rainfall in some regions and increased human consumption have caused a shortage of water resources at the global level. The recycling of treated wastewaters has been suggested for certain domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities. The importance of microbiological and parasitological criteria for recycled water has been repeatedly emphasized. Among water-borne pathogens, protozoa of the genera Giardia and Cryptosporidium are known to be highly resistant to water treatment procedures and to cause outbreaks through contaminated raw or treated water. We conducted an investigation in four wastewater treatment plants in Italy by sampling wastewater at each stage of the treatment process over the course of 1 year. The presence of the parasites was assessed by immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. While Cryptosporidium oocysts were rarely observed, Giardia cysts were detected in all samples throughout the year, with peaks observed in autumn and winter. The overall removal efficiency of cysts in the treatment plants ranged from 87.0 to 98.4%. The removal efficiency in the number of cysts was significantly higher when the secondary treatment consisted of active oxidation with O2 and sedimentation instead of activated sludge and sedimentation (94.5% versus 72.1 to 88.0%; P = 0.05, analysis of variance). To characterize the cysts at the molecular level, the β-giardin gene was PCR amplified, and the products were sequenced or analyzed by restriction. Cysts were typed as assemblage A or B, both of which are human pathogens, stressing the potential risk associated with the reuse of wastewater.
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Machineni, Lakshmi. „Review on biological wastewater treatment and resources recovery: attached and suspended growth systems“. Water Science and Technology 80, Nr. 11 (01.12.2019): 2013–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.034.
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Abstract The treatment of wastewater for reuse is a potential solution to meet ever increasing urban, industrial, agricultural, and environmental demands across the world, where clean water availability is scarce. There are several traditional wastewater treatment processes that offer varying degrees of effectiveness in addition to presenting environmental, economic, and social disadvantages. Development of promising and inexpensive technologies to provide the reusable water in needful amounts using wastewaters as a cheap source of key nutrients and organic matter is required. Wastewater treatment by biological methods is becoming more important in the light of recovering value-added plant nutrients, heavy metals, biosolids, and bioenergy resources. Different types of solid contaminants in effluents can be removed simultaneously by pure cultures or mixed microbial consortia. Based on the structural organization of microbial biomass, biological treatment systems are classified into two types: dispersed growth system and attached growth system. Biological treatment methods associated with fixed-film growth have been recognized as highly effective and more energy efficient than suspended growth systems. This review discusses the recent breakthroughs in advanced biological wastewater treatment using both the systems, and also focuses on key energetic resources recovery driven by biological technologies.