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1
Bivar, Venus. „Manufacturing a Multifunctional Countryside“. French Politics, Culture & Society 36, Nr. 2 (01.06.2018): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2018.360203.
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Rural France was instrumental to the experience of les trente glorieuses. Not only did rural France fuel economic growth and urbanization through increases in agricultural efficiency, but it also served as an imaginary counterpoint to the hustle and bustle of a new mass consumer society. In the first two decades of the postwar period, a productivist logic of agricultural output dominated rural land use policy. By the 1970s, however, after experiencing problems of surplus, the state turned toward a multifunctional approach. Rural lands were used to create regional parks, environmental preserves, and vacation properties. As both a site of agricultural production and urban consumption, rural France was operationalized to further the economic growth that defined les trente glorieuses.
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MŠtolbová. „Support of the use of agricultural land in less-favoured areas of the CR“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 5 (20.02.2012): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5099-agricecon.
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Horizontal Rural Development Plan is one of the programme documents for taking advantage of the EAGGF – European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund. One of the measures are payments for farmers producing in less-favoured areas. The payments contribute to sustainable use of agricultural land, maintaining of land and support of sustainable agriculture in these areas. This contribution concerns the support for less favourable areas in the CR in 2004–2006 and analyses their impact on the use of land fund in confrontation with the proposed changes of the Regulation of the Commission on support for the development of countryside through European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development for next programme period 2007–2013.
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Coeterier, J. F. „Non-agricultural use of the countryside in the Netherlands: what is local opinion?“ Landscape and Urban Planning 29, Nr. 1 (Juni 1994): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(93)00148-i.
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4
Coppock, J. T., J. K. Bowers und P. Cheshire. „Agriculture, the Countryside and Land Use: An Economic Critique“. Geographical Journal 151, Nr. 2 (Juli 1985): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/633546.
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5
Winter, Michael. „Agriculture, the countryside and land use: an economic critique“. Journal of Rural Studies 1, Nr. 2 (Januar 1985): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(85)90072-5.
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6
Qing, Feng. „Addressing Organic Agricultural Development in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in China“. Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (Mai 2012): 3322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3322.
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Organic agricultural development is an adaptation strategy to climate change, is a concrete and promising option for new countryside construction or urban-rural integrated development and has additional potential as a mitigation strategy. Mitigation and adaptation based on organic agricultural development can build on well-established traditional Chinese peasant’s practice because organic agriculture is a sustainable livelihood strategy with thousands of years in use in China. The paper argues that subsidies for agricultural development may be justified by a mitigation or adaptation strategy. This paper therefore highlights some of the persistent challenges associated with sustainable organic agricultural development in China. We aim to explore how organic agricultural development can maintain sustainable rural development and thereby serve as mitigation and an adaptation option is a possible future transition towards a low-carbon economy
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Li, Hui Jing, und Guang Ji Tong. „The Establishment of Agricultural Engineering Information System for Farmer Cultivation“. Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.381.
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By means of information to improve the quality of farmers, it is not only an important part of constructing the modern agriculture, but also the basic premise and guarantee to cultivate the new occupation farmers and to construct new countryside. In this paper, we analysis the significance on agricultural information to promote the occupation farmers cultivation engineering, and we use SWOT analysis method, analysis the construction of current agricultural informations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threatens, putting forward the suggestion that make the agricultural information as the carrier, and develop the construction of occupation farmers, it is namely promoting agricultural information resources integrating and sharing, innovating rural grass-roots information service mode, constructing rural education information service platform which is regard knowledge push as construction of core and basing on cloud computing environment of agricultural information education system.
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Lazányi, János. „Greenhouse gas emissions and Europe 2020 strategy“. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, Nr. I (05.10.2010): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/i/8409.
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Common Agricultural Policy has identified three priority areas for action to protect and enhance rural heritage: (i) the preservation and development of natural farming and traditional agricultural landscapes; (ii) water management and sustainable use and (iii) dealing with climate change. Measures of Rural Development Plan in EU countries promote the development of agricultural practices for preserving the environment and safeguarding the countryside. This is achieved by targeting rural development and promoting environmental friendly, sustainable practices, like agri-environment schemes. Farmers are encouraged to continue playing a positive role in the maintenance of the countryside and the environment. Changes in total emission between 1990and 2007 do not show any correlation with the total GHG emission. GHG emission was reduced in Hungary, Slovakia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Estonia and Bulgaria, where GHG efficiency is low.
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Navrátil, Josef, Stanislav Martinát, Tomáš Krejčí, Kamil Pícha, Petr Klusáček, Jaroslav Škrabal und Robert Osman. „The fate of socialist agricultural premises: To agricultural ‘brownfields’ and back again?“ Moravian Geographical Reports 27, Nr. 4 (01.12.2019): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2019-0016.
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Abstract The variety of post-socialist agricultural transitions in four different rural regions located in South Bohemia (Czech Republic), with respect to the utilisation of the older premises, is subject to analysis in this article. A complete database was constructed, containing the identification of agricultural premises in 1989 and their use in 2004 and 2017. From 1989 to 2004, a number of agricultural brownfields emerged, and many sites had been utilised for non-agricultural purposes. After 2004, the acreage of agricultural brownfields was reduced and new land-use utilisation for housing and, especially other non-agricultural activities, significantly increased. The transition in the utilisation of pre-1989 agricultural premises is strongly influenced by the social and economic contexts in which particular sites are located. Proximity to an upper-level regional centre is of crucial importance for decisions with respect to how (and if) the site will be reused. The peripheral location of the site also affects the level and the selection of options for the ways in which particular pre-1989 agricultural premises are used. In the case studies reported here, the marginality of particular regions is increased by their location in the border regions of outer peripheries, where the probability of the presence of agricultural brownfields and the probability of long-term abandonment of agricultural premises is higher. For the traditional developed countryside, we found a typical low level of the share of long-term agricultural brownfields. After 2004, the re-use of pre-1989 agricultural brownfields for agriculture was ascertained, which is complemented by their use for housing.
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Fernandes, Bernardo Mançano. „Development Models for the Brazilian Countryside“. Latin American Perspectives 43, Nr. 2 (13.01.2016): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x15616117.
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Problems of land use and ownership result from the inequalities caused by the hegemonic form of capitalism, agribusiness. A possible alternative model has yet to be worked out, and there is a fundamental need to reflect on the struggle against the hegemony of capitalism and how to safeguard the interests of the peasantry. From this perspective, the agrarian question should be considered as a conflict between those favoring the interests of the peasantry and family farming and those favoring agribusiness. A paradigmatic debate about the roles of the Brazilian state, agribusiness, and the peasant movements in formulating public policy shows that the potential for the peasantry to grow food is threatened by the concentration of power, landownership, capital, technology, and wealth. Unless there is a change in the development model, the prospect is increasing inequality. The experiment with having two government ministries for agriculture is an important step in the shaping of policies to support family farming. Os problemas com uso e propriedade da terra são resultados das desigualdades causadas pelo modelo capitalista hegemônico denominado agronegócio. Um possível modelo alternativo está sendo gestado e há necessidade de refletir sobre a luta contra a hegemonia do capitalismo e como salvaguardar os interesses dos camponeses. A partir desta perspectiva, a questão agrária deve ser considerada como conflitualidade permanente entre os interesses dos camponeses ou agricultura familiar e os interesses do agronegócio. O debate paradigmático contribui para compreender o papel do Estado brasileiro, do agronegócio e dos movimentos camponeses na formulação de políticas públicas. Também mostra que as possibilidades de criação de um modelo de desenvolvimento do campesinato está ameaçado pela concentração de poder, propriedade da terra, capital, tecnologia e riqueza nas mãos do agronegócio. Se não houver uma mudança com a criação de um modelo de desenvolvimento voltado aos interesses da agricultura camponesa, a perspectiva é de aumento da desigualdade. A experiência de ter dois ministérios para a agricultura é condição fundamental na definição de políticas de apoio à agricultura camponesa e familiar.
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Marmul’, Larysa, und Iryna Romaniuk. „Improving the structure of the labor market of agricultural territories by developing agricultural green tourism enterprises“. University Economic Bulletin, Nr. 38 (03.07.2018): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2018-38-70-77.
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The subject of the research is the structure of the labor market of rural areas through the development of enterprises of rural green tourism. The purpose of the work is to identify problems and trends of employment of rural population and to substantiate the organization of alternative types of employment in rural areas through the development of rural green tourism enterprises. Methodological basis of the article became general scientific methods of cognition, generalization, method of comparative analysis, statistical and other methods of research. Results of work The labor market in the countryside is characterized by the curtailment of job offers through the holding of agrarian production, its modernization. There is an increase in labor productivity, the release of large masses of the rural population, a decrease in the levels of its income and life. This leads to the search for and justification of alternative types of employment in the countryside. One of them is the definition of rural green tourism and its enterprises. Moreover, the organization of small tourist enterprises and agro-villages in the village does not require significant investments and special professional training of workers. They are based on the use of material resources of farmers, personal peasant and households, as well as the traditions of hospitality and the rural way of life of Ukrainians. The field of application of results. The results of the study can be used by the state executive authorities in improving the structure of the labor market of rural areas. Conclusions With the purpose of developing the rural economy and expanding the labor market for rural residents, we proposed the development of rural green tourism enterprises. The organization of new types of economic activity in rural areas is intended to increase the incomes of rural population. With the active development of unique and competitive destinations for rural green tourism, for which rural areas are used as an advantage, rather than treated as a disadvantage, it is possible to reach a sufficiently high level of profitability. This will give impetus to the further development of the countryside and the emergence of adjacent or serving businesses.
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Şit, Mustafa. „Tarımsal Kredi Kullanımı Bölgesel Büyümeye Katkı Sağlar mı? Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Örneği“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, Nr. 9 (11.09.2019): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i9.1275-1282.2443.
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South-eastern Anatolia has the largest agricultural areas and the countryside living in this region are engaged in agriculture. Loans extended to agriculture by banks are considered to contribute to regional development as a support to the sector. In this paper, the relationship between the GDP of the South-eastern region and the loans extended by the banks to the agricultural sector in this region were investigated in the period of 1988-2017. Lee-Strazicich structural break test and Dolado-Lütkepohl and Bootstrapt causality test was applied to determine the causal relationship between the variables in the analysis. Unlike the others this paper contributes to the literature as it examines the effect of agricultural loans on the development of the region and different tests are used. As a result of the study, the breaking years of the series were determined and interpreted economically. In addition, bi-directional causality relationship between regional growth and agricultural loans was determined. It can be said that agricultural loans contributed to regional development in the South-eastern Anatolia region. It can be presented as a policy proposal that increasing the loans extended to the sector in the region. The effectiveness of agricultural loans can be increased by controlling the use of loans by supervision of on-site use of.
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MacLeod, Fraser. „Agricultural Vehicle Positioning and its Integration with a Large-Scale Land Information System“. Journal of Navigation 44, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346330000970x.
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Agriculture in the U.K. has, since the late 1940s, enjoyed government subsidy and insulation from free market forces. However, the post-war philosophy of ‘every acre counts’ no longer holds true in the face of surplus production and a growing public awareness of the countryside and environmental issues. Legislation relating to water pollution, public rights of way and price support mechanisms are all contributory factors to the radical changes which agriculture is undergoing at the present time. Investigations have shown a need within agriculture for the efficient use and handling of data relating to the land, and a need for new technology to exploit the inherent spatial variability of, for example, the soil. This paper will discuss the development of an agricultural vehicle positioning instrument and future research which will address the needs which have been identified.
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Maříková, P. „Countryside in the Czech Republic – determination, criteria, borders“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 6 (07.01.2008): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/978-agricecon.
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To determine the countryside, different criteria can be used from the simplest one − the population density – to more complex ones like the economic indicators or the combination of factors characterizing the particular types of municipalities or regions. Generally, it is possible to divide these indicators into subjective and objective ones and further to categorize them according to other properties. The objective of this article is to collect as much information as possible about the methods of defining the borders of rural areas used in the Czech Republic and to set these criteria into a system. We would like to evaluate the applicability of these criteria and to state the advantages and disadvantages of their use. The article also compares statistical data related to the selected features characterizing countryside.
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Eddy, I. Wayan Tagel. „The Impact of Green Revolution Movement towards Socio-Economic Life in the Countryside“. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture 3, Nr. 5 (30.09.2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v3i5.552.
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The green revolution became an icon in agricultural development in Indonesia in the early seventies to eighty. It was regarded as a savior for the agricultural sector, especially in developing countries characterized by low productivity, long plant duration, low growth, and minimal farmer's welfare. Without the green revolution, it was hard to imagine how agricultural production would have been able to feed the growing population. A prominent feature of the green revolution was the use of superior varieties included PB 5, PB 8, IR 36, IR 48, IR 54, substituted the local seeds i.e. Bengawan, Rajalele, Cianjur, Mentik that have transformed their traditional cultivation systems into the modern farming systems which marginalize a local wisdom. In terms of this has led to socio-economic changes in the rural level, especially to the functions of traditional farming tools unlike ani-ani, granaries, pestle, plow, replaced by slash, tractor and huller systems.
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Вашуров und Mikhail Vashurov. „Rural tourism as a factor of new social and economic formation development in countryside“. Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, Nr. 3 (14.12.2014): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6488.
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The article describes the main factors, that characterize the current status of Russian agriculture. The most obvious problems and negative trends of rural social and economic policy are distinguished on the basis of current statistics. We emphasizes the need for new mechanisms of effective use of the resource potential of rural areas, one of which may be a rural tourism. A comparative analysis of foreign and Russian agritouristic practice was carried out. The potential and key problem areas development of this type of tourism is demonstrated on the example of the research objects of rural tourism in Tatarstan. Guiding by the Republic of Tatarstan, which is one of the agricultural regions of the country, a study of a number of rural tourism objects were conducted, the results of which reveal the contents of the key factors, hindering the formation agritouristic activity and allocate the necessary conditions for the full and progressive development of this type of tourism in Russia. The final part of the article emphasizes the fact, that the agricultural development of the tourism sector, as one of the most practical tools to overcome the crisis in the rural economy, is possible only if the inclusion of rural tourism as an integral component of the state of social and economic policies for sustainable development of rural areas.
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Yuan, Chuanlai, Lingshuang Kong, Can Hu und Weilong Zhou. „Design and Experimental Research of Agricultural Low Power Singlephase Frequency Conversion Control System Based on SPWM“. Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 9, Nr. 1 (09.10.2015): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001509010490.
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In the countryside of China, the main power supply mode is 220V single-phase power, which affects the widely application of three-phase agricultural appliances. What’s more, it means a block to the development of modern agriculture. However, frequency converter technique research is focused on three-phase high power frequency conversion technology at present, and there are very few achievements on the agricultural low power single-phrase frequency conversion research. In this paper, considering the difficulty of widely application of agricultural low power three-phase AC motor because it is not easy to obtain the three-phase power supply, a three-phase AC frequency conversion system under the condition of agricultural 220V single-phase AC power is designed, which can achieve the stepless regulation of the voltage amplitude and guarantee the widely use of the three-phase AC motor under the condition of agricultural 220V singlephase AC power. The experimental results show that the system can output the controlled three-phase AC power when the input is 220V single-phase AC power. And the rational design of the system hardware also provides the technical support for the application of agricultural low power frequency conversion.
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Rudenko, L. H., und V. P. Nahirna. „COUNTRYSIDE IN THE AREA OF INFLUENCE OF THE KYIV METROPOLIS (STRENGTHENING OF AGRO-FOOD FUNCTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS)“. Ukrainian Geographical Journal, Nr. 3 (2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2021.03.012.
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The research examines the changes that have taken place in rural areas in the area of influence of the Kyiv metropolis. Based on a comparative analysis of agricultural development (under the command-administrative system of management and the current state of the industry in market conditions) revealed the peculiarities of the formation and trends of changes in the agri-food function of suburban rural areas. At one time, a suburban agro-industrial complex was formed around the city of Kyiv in order to meet the needs of the urban population in low-transport products - meat and dairy products, vegetables and fruits. As a result, the agri-food function of the suburban area has strengthened. Subsequently, under the influence of changes in the agricultural system, the intensification of exports, preference was given to high-intensity agriculture, the production of export-oriented crops ‒ cereals, sunflower, canola, soybeans, corn. Production of products for the needs of the metropolis (vegetables, cereals, potatoes, fruits and berries) has significantly decreased, the role of the agri-food function of suburban rural areas has decreased. As a result of the research the directions of strengthening of agro-food function in the conditions of social transformations are offered. The main ones are: application of new approaches to the food supply of the metropolis with an emphasis on strengthening the role of suburban rural areas; change in the structure and specialization of agriculture; a significant increase in the level of industrial processing of agricultural raw materials; improvement of the marketing sphere taking into account market conditions, consumer demands; restricting the activities of agricultural holdings, increasing the role of farms; transition from soil-depleting agriculture to conservation, rational use of land resources, introduction of energy-saving technologies.
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Kleszcz, Justyna. „A Transgressive Approach Towards Agritectural Space – The Idea of Agricultural-Urban Use Settlements“. Urban Development Issues 54, Nr. 2 (20.01.2018): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/udi-2017-0008.
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Abstract The article aims at presenting the phenomenon of transgression of the modern urban space through the formation of new spatial units defining the city in relation to its productive sphere. Due to the gradual departure from the notion of an enclosed city to one that is open and connected to the form of the surrounding countryside, the problem of defining a new notion of modern urban-rural space emerged. One of the first manifestations of this phenomenon is the emergence of new forms of housing that combine urban features with food production. Analysis of examples such as EVA-Laxmeer in Culemborg, Agromere in Almere, Cannery in Davis, Detroit and Philadelphia allowed for the verification of architectural and planning concepts related to urban values as a form of urban development of new agricultural forms. These phenomena can be understood both as a process of tearing the compact tissue of a city or, in the case of a less orthodox approach towards the built environment, as a process of network layering towards self-sufficiency of various structural, functional, energy-related and food production related characters within the unfavourable external conditions.
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Li, Xue Mei, Yan An Yang und Guang Ju Hao. „Analysis of Carbon Emission Structure of Agricultural Ecosystem - A Case Study of Rural Areas Surrounding Yuqiao Reservoir in Ji County of Tianjin, China“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (Oktober 2014): 1859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.1859.
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With the development of low carbon economy, there is increasing interest in integrating the idea of low carbon into rural life and agricultural ecosystem. Determination of the main carbon sources from agricultural ecological system is an important basic work to reduce carbon emissions and construct the low carbon new countryside. In this paper seven towns surrounding Yuqiao Reservoir as investigation objects were used to determine the main carbon sources. It has been found that land respiration is the main carbon emission sources of agriculture ecosystem through calculation and analysis. Carbon emissions produced by the land respiration account for 51.68% of the total emission, followed by carbon emissions generated by the rural life, which account for 42.37% of the total emission. Control of land planting structure and use of low carbon new energy are the main direction of rural carbon emission reduction in the future.
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Swindell, K., und A. B. Mamman. „Land expropriation and accumulation in the Sokoto periphery, Northwest Nigeria 1976–86“. Africa 60, Nr. 2 (April 1990): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160331.
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Opening ParagraphIn 1976, Sokoto became the capital of the newly created Sokoto State, one of nineteen comprising Federal Nigeria. This caliphal city and former colonial provincial town subsequently experienced an exponential growth of population from some 80,000 to around 200,000 by 1980. The city expanded physically into the surrounding countryside and new buildings and infrastructures absorbed large areas of farmland, and encircled several villages. This urban advance into the countryside was exacerbated by the fact that it took place within a densely populated area of annual upland cultivation, dissected by tracts of dry-season irrigated floodland. Not surprisingly, access and rights to farmland have become highly charged and sensitive issues. The peripheries and hinterlands of many Nigerian towns have become arenas of conflict and change, where state expropriation and private accumulation have dispossessed and impoverished rural people. The state has taken over land for institutional use or agricultural development projects, while urban and rural capital have accumulated land for speculative building on the edges of cities and for farming within the surrounding countryside. The increased numbers of landless and, more important, the land-poor constitute new kinds and degrees of rural poverty.
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Marmul, Larisa. „Principles and mechanisms of management and regulation of agricultural enterprises 'labor resources development“. University Economic Bulletin, Nr. 40 (01.03.2019): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-40-25-31.
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The subject of the research is the processes of formation and use of labor resources of agrarian enterprises, management of their development and improvement, regulation and support of employment of the population of rural territories. The purpose of the work is to identify the problem of the formation and use of labor resources of agrarian enterprises and to define the principles and substantiate the mechanisms of their improvement and development, state support and regulation with the involvement of the latest concepts of social responsibility, public-private partnership, social management. Methodological basis of the article became as general scientific, and special methods of scientific knowledge. Were used methods: dialectical, monographic, historical, system-structural analysis and synthesis, problem and program-target approaches. Results of work. The article deals with the problems and proposed principles and mechanisms of rational use of labor resources in agrarian enterprises, instruments of state regulation and support of employment of rural population. Of particular importance is the rationale for rational use of labor resources in agrarian enterprises as the main places of application of labor in the countryside. To this end, the article identifies the factors of employment of rural population in agribusiness, establishes the principles and mechanisms for managing it. The identified risks of the formation of labor resources and appropriate means of overcoming them. Measures of state regulation and support of labor resources of agrarian enterprises are developed. Particular attention is paid to the substantiation and development of employment programs, improvement and development of labor resources at the level of agrarian enterprises, rural territories, regions, countries. This provides a comprehensive program-targeted approach to solving this problem, taking into account the different vectors of global influences and involving modern concepts of sociologization of the market economy of the agrosphere - social responsibility, public-private partnership, social management, etc. The field of application of results. Conclusions and results of the article can be used in the educational-scientific process of the economic faculties of higher educational institutions. It is expedient to transfer them for practical use in the management of labor resources to agrarian enterprises, rural communities, relevant departments of rayon and regional state administrations. Conclusions. The functioning of agrarian enterprises as the most common rural businesses contributes to the full inclusion and effective functioning of market mechanisms that, objectively, through the free fluctuation of prices and earnings, balance the supply and demand for labor in the agrarian sector of the economy. It is also worth focusing on the coordination of employment activities with other areas of economic and social policy in the countryside on the basis of national and regional employment programs. This is one of the important principles that ensures the effectiveness of private and state measures in the field of agrarian labor throughout the country. The presented principles of management of labor resources and regulation of employment in the countryside should be supplemented, in our opinion, another not less important – the principle of advance. Its essence is to predict the development of processes in the market of agrarian labor, changes in its conditions and the definition of concrete decisions in the field of formation and use of labor resources of agrarian enterprises on this basis. This will ensure the best management of their development in the future. In developing the appropriate mechanisms one must rely on all the above principles in interaction, in other words, consider them as interdependent aggregate.
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Šimon, Martin, und Josef Bernard. „Rural Idyll Without Rural Sociology? Changing Features, Functions and Research of the Czech Countryside“. Eastern European Countryside 22, Nr. 1 (01.12.2016): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0003.
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AbstractThe development of the Czech countryside differs in many ways from trajectories typical for Eastern and Central European rural areas in the last 25 years. In our article, we discuss the nature of the ‘Czech exceptionalism’, with reference to three examples, namely population development, the dynamics of rural/agricultural labour markets and rural governance. Firstly, we describe the major driving forces behind rural development in Czechia over the past 25 years and how these forces are reflected in the academic discourse. Secondly, we argue that an important feature of rural regions in Czechia is their population growth combined with a rapid labour market transformation and a low social importance of agriculture. All these changes are interpreted as a shift towards multifunctionality of rural areas rather than as a general trend towards post-productivism; indeed, this is because large parts of rural areas remain economically based on industrial production. The ongoing transformations have been reflected only partially in an academic discourse. In conclusion, we argue that there is a need to re-examine the use of EEC as a concept framing the position of sociology in rural research.
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Jevtic, Marija, Branislava Belic und Danica Glavas–Trbic. „One Health Approach in Traditional Milk Production as a Part of Steps towards SDGs“. European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, Nr. 1 (01.02.2020): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n1p263.
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The production of milk and cheese assumes activities in the field of agricultural production, veterinary health, and the use of milk and dairy products has public health significance, and can be viewed through the "one health" concept. The aim of the paper is to underline public health and sustainability significance of interconnection among agriculture, veterinary and technology. Production of hard cheese with added value from milk produced in organic and self-sustaining systems research the risks, advantages and possibilities of traditional cheese production and focused on creating conditions for organic milk and hard cheese with added value production, with precisely defined conditions: isolating land plots, livestock farms and processing facilities from possible sources of pollution, water quality, harmonized development of plant and animal production and the capability of producers for organic agriculture with the obligation to constantly innovate knowledge. The new products ensure the employment and livelihood of people in the countryside, the economic prosperity of small family farms, link the activities in the field of veterinary health and agricultural production, contribute to the development of risk-management technology, healthy chooses and compatible with SDGs.
Keywords: One Health approach, Traditional Milk Production, sustainability, Healthy Choices, SDGs
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NUKESHEVA, A. ZH, und E. V. KUDRYASHOVA. „STATE SUPPORT FOR AGRIBUSINESS IN GERMANY: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECT“. Problems of AgriMarket 4 (15.12.2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2020-4-2708-9991.19.
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The purpose of the study is to determine the possibilities of using mechanisms for supporting agribusiness in foreign countries and to develop recommendations for their adaptation in domestic agriculture. The current socio-demographic situation in rural areas of Germany, Kazakhstan and other states, measures of public support are considered. In the EU and Germany, agricultural policy is aimed at intensive development of the industry: increasing the level of innovation in agricultural sector and food industry; maintaining high standards of environmental and animal protection; introduction of advanced scientific developments in the branches of agroindustrial production; supporting the activities of research institutes; increasing contribution to diversifying rural economic development. It was revealed that the aggregated budget of funding sources allows you to control its implementation at all levels from planning to final use. Public administration guarantees a stable income to farmers; an appropriate standard of living comparable to the wealth of other social groups in society; the prospects for the professional activity of entrepreneurs in the countryside; conditions and directions of training of agricultural personnel. Modern challenges, among which the aging of the population employed in agriculture in Europe and Germany, is currently the most important problem, therefore, starting in 2015, a new financial instrument to help young farmers under 40 was included into the main program of assistance to the EU agricultural sector. Analysis of employment indicators in rural areas of Kazakhstan and the experience of public support in Germany made it possible to formulate measures to support agricultural producers, which will change the approach to agricultural labor, its prestige.
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Nukesheva, A. ZH, und E. V. Kudryashova. „STATE SUPPORT FOR AGRIBUSINESS IN GERMANY: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECT“. Problems of AgriMarket, Nr. 4 (15.12.2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2020-4-2708-9991.19.
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The purpose of the study is to determine the possibilities of using mechanisms for supporting agribusiness in foreign countries and to develop recommendations for their adaptation in domestic agriculture. The current socio-demographic situation in rural areas of Germany, Kazakhstan and other states, measures of public support are considered. In the EU and Germany, agricultural policy is aimed at intensive development of the industry: increasing the level of innovation in agricultural sector and food industry; maintaining high standards of environmental and animal protection; introduction of advanced scientific developments in the branches of agro-industrial production; supporting the activities of research institutes; increasing contribution to diversifying rural economic development. It was revealed that the aggregated budget of funding sources allows you to control its implementation at all levels from planning to final use. Public administration guarantees a stable income to farmers; an appropriate standard of living comparable to the wealth of other social groups in society; the prospects for the professional activity of entrepreneurs in the countryside; conditions and directions of training of agricultural personnel. Modern challenges, among which the aging of the population employed in agriculture in Europe and Germany, is currently the most important problem, therefore, starting in 2015, a new financial instrument to help young farmers under 40 was included into the main program of assistance to the EU agricultural sector. Analysis of employment indicators in rural areas of Kazakhstan and the experience of public support in Germany made it possible to formulate measures to support agricultural producers, which will change the approach to agricultural labor, its prestige.
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Ramazanova, Sh Sh, N. K. Kuchukova, H. А. Shmarlouskaya, N. G. Varaksa, O. S. Abdulova und N. В. Abdrahmanova. „APPLICATION OF NEW METHODS AND FORMS OF FINANCIAL SECURITY FOR AIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION“. BULLETIN 2, Nr. 390 (15.04.2021): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.61.
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Kazakhstan, due to its inherent natural, climatic and geographical features, as well as specific conditions and traditional labor skills of the indigenous population, has long been considered one of the largest livestock countries. In Kazakhstan, almost half of the population lives in the countryside, but it is agriculture that has become the weakest sector, which requires a properly selected consistent approach to reform. In order to create conditions for the development of the innovative potential and innovative activity of the agricultural sector and the formation of a saturated market for products and services, it is necessary to determine the factors of the crisis state of agriculture and justify ways to overcome them, given the existing prerequisites and opportunities. There is always a lag of the actual results of agricultural production from the possibilities of obtaining them with the full and correct use of scientific and technical achievements. This is also true for the present. For example, the productive potential of plants and animals is realized at a level not exceeding 35-40% genetically determined. The possibilities of increasing soil fertility are used at the same level. Along with the development of scientific research, this requires increasing the innovative potential in all other areas, increasing the possibilities for a wider and more efficient use of the existing and expected in the future scientific and technological achievements.
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Wheeler, Rebecca, Matt Lobley, Michael Winter und Carol Morris. „“The good guys are doing it anyway”: The accommodation of environmental concern among English and Welsh farmers“. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2018): 664–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848618817487.
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Farmers today are increasingly facing pressure from policy and market forces to improve their environmental performance. Yet – despite widespread recognition of the negative externalities of agriculture on a national and global scale – many farmers would argue that, as “custodians of the countryside” they have always respected and cared for the local environment, and play a central role in creating and maintaining the countryside as we know it today. In this paper, we use evidence emerging from research with farmers across England and Wales to explore farmer accounts of environmental concern and action in the context of both traditional farming values and contemporary imperatives. We draw particularly on scholarly work around constructs of “good farming” to consider the extent to which environmental concern has been accommodated within a wide range of farming contexts across England and Wales. Our findings highlight an intrinsic sense of care towards the environment among farmers and reveal how environmental management has in many ways become an integral part of farming discourse; recognised as synergistic with personal and business goals concerning (i) personal respect for the environment and conservation; (ii) countryside custodianship; (iii) farm legacy and succession; (iv) “good” agricultural practice and compliance with regulation; and/or (v) financial profitability. We discuss some of the issues arising from our findings and offer our thoughts on implications for efforts to encourage farmers to carry out environmentally beneficial activities. Whilst expressions of environmental concern do not necessarily equate to effective action on the ground, recognising that many farmers believe environmental management to be part of good farming practice provides a more positive foundation for engaging with them on this topic than assuming they need to be cajoled into action.
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Slongo, Artur Gustavo, Deniel Desconzi Moraes, Lorenzzo Quevedo Mantovani und Mateus Schmitz Venturini. „Handling Qualities Analysis of an Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle for Agricultural Spraying“. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, Nr. 12 (21.11.2020): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5028/jatm.cab.1150.
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The use of unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs) for the most diverse aeronautic missions is a reality. Then, with the rise of precision agriculture (PA), the viability of the incorporation of this technology in the countryside on both big and small proprieties is under study. This work aims to analyze the handling qualities of an UAV with a mission of pest control chemical spraying. With this objective, aircraft data was used to analyze the eigenvalues of the aircraft modes. Then, the impact of mass and inertia variation during its mission was studied. Also, the longitudinal and latero-directional dynamics were evaluated based on the Cooper–Harper scale. The results found indicate that all aircraft modes are stable for both full hopper and empty hopper conditions. Moreover, the determined handling quality grades of the UAV in the Cooper–Harper scale indicate the need for some correction applied by the pilot during flight.
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Somma, Paola. „Rwanda’s Urbanization Policy:- A Critical Reading“. Open House International 40, Nr. 4 (01.12.2015): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2015-b0002.
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If ever Africa had disappeared, it has now reappeared on the maps of investors seeking for land and resources. The entire continent seems to have become attractive for international financial institutions, which intensify their recommendations to single national Governments in order for them to further remove obstacles and make Africa an “ever better place to do business”. Rwanda represents an emblematic example of the rapidity and size of transformations Africa is faced with, which touch every sector, from the land ownership model to the modes of land use, from the distribution of population, to the construction of infrastructure. It is a fertile country, with a good water supply and two crop seasons, and is almost entirely cultivated. The majority of the inhabitants work the land, and subside thanks to agriculture. Today, however, the Government's goal, synthetically expressed in the slogan that defines the future of Rwanda as Africa's Singapore (Vesperini, 2010), is the modernization of agriculture, and the reduction of its weight in favour of a service economy. The most visible effects of this approach are the expulsion from the countryside of a huge number of families which lose any type of sustainment, and the grouping of many small plots in large territorial extensions which are often given for long term use to multinational agribusiness corporations. The transformation of agriculture is accompanied by the redistribution of population, traditionally settled in scattered patterns across the whole country. The massive migration from the countryside is explicitly sought by Government, whose target is to reach, by 2020, a 35% urbanization rate up from today's 18%. The three issues, total and unconditional opening to foreign investment, population resettlement and transformation of the agricultural activities, which are the pillars of the development programs initiated by Government and international advisors, are producing dramatic changes on the physical and built environment, and affect the living conditions of the weakest groups (White, Borras, Hall, Scoones, Walford, 2012). The paper proposes a reflection on themes which have general relevance, but which also need to be locally grounded. Of particular importance are urbanization, the relationship between towns and countryside, and the relationship between social and economic structure and territorial planning. In 2012 the author took part as consultant to the drafting of the Urbanization sector strategic plan 2012-2017. The views expressed here are personal and do not in any way represent the Government or Institutions’ point of view.
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MEERBURG, B. G., H. KOREVAAR, D. K. HAUBENHOFER, M. BLOM-ZANDSTRA und H. VAN KEULEN. „The changing role of agriculture in Dutch society“. Journal of Agricultural Science 147, Nr. 5 (01.06.2009): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609990049.
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SUMMARYDutch agriculture has undergone significant changes in the past century, similar to many countries in the European Union. Due to economies of scale and in order to remain economically profitable, it became necessary for farmers to increase farm size, efficiency and external inputs, while minimizing labour use per hectare. The latter has resulted in fewer people working in the agricultural sector. Consequently, Dutch society gradually lost its connection to agricultural production. This divergence resulted in a poor image for the agricultural sector, because of environmental pollution, homogenization of the landscape, outbreaks of contagious animal diseases and reduced animal welfare. Although the general attitude towards agriculture seems to have improved slightly in recent years, there is still a long way to go in regaining this trust.In order to keep the Dutch countryside viable, farmers are considered indispensable. However, their methods of production should match the demands of society in terms of sustainability. This applies both to farming systems that are used in a monofunctional way (production only) and to multifunctional farming systems. For researchers involved in development of these farming systems, this requires new capabilities; contrary to the situation in the past, citizens and stakeholder groups now demand involvement in the design of farming systems. In the current paper, it is suggested that, besides traditional mainstream agriculture, other alternative farming systems should be developed and implemented. Hence, Dutch agricultural research should remain focused on the cutting edge of economy and society. Despite all efforts, not all of these newly developed systems will acquire a position within the agricultural spectrum. However, some of the successful ones may prove extremely valuable.
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Rieder, Peter. „Zukünftige agrarische Nutzungen im Berggebiet: Folgen für Tourismus, Forst- und Landwirtschaft | Future agrarian use of mountainous regions: consequences for tourism, forest and agrarian policies“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 154, Nr. 1 (01.01.2003): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2003.0017.
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In mountainous regions, 20th century developments in agriculture and in the economy as a whole have produced farming villages, on the one hand, and villages catering to tourists, on the other. The current new orientation of agricultural policy leads to the prediction that mountain farming will become less work-intensive, with fewer agricultural enterprises than today. Two implications can be drawn from this change of policy; (1)for mountain villages and (2) for land use in mountainous regions.(1) In mountain villages (especially outlaying ones or those dominated by farming) there is a real danger that, with the decline of farming and changes in society (for example,smaller families or regional economical processes, such as the loss of manufacturing enterprises) the size of a population will fall below the level necessary to sustain a functioning village community. A strategy to ensure the long-term survival of such villages should be sought in new regional economic solutions rather than in agrarian policy. (2) Land that ceases to yield a profit, ceases to be worked. This consequence, in combination with forest areas that are no longer tended, creates situations that can lead to natural disasters or a loss of biodiversity. One instrument to combat these tendencies is the development of countryside concepts. Such concepts need to be developed and supported by all groups of a village population.
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Pajewski, Tomasz. „Programy rolnośrodowiskowe jako forma wspierania ochrony środowiska na terenach wiejskich“. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, Nr. 107 (14.10.2014): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2014.107.26.
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With the entry into the European Union in 2004, Poland is obliged to observe the rules of the Common Agricultural Policy. One of the important areas of this policy is to preserve natural values of the countryside by supporting sustainable agriculture. Thanks to the financial support under the Rural Development Plan (2004–2007) and the Rural Development Programme (2007–2013), Polish farmers received the opportunity to use pro-environmental management methods. This study is devoted to characterizing the main tool to support environmental protection in rural areas of the RDP (2007–2013), namely agri-environmental program. Based on the survey, it was revealed that Poland was one of the countries that received the largest amount of funds for agri-environmental measures. It was also found out that the compensation due to changes in the intensity of production were the main impetus for pro-environmental action.
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Šveda, Martin, und Daniela Vigašová. „Land use changes in the hinterland of major Slovak cities“. Geografie 115, Nr. 4 (2010): 413–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2010115040413.
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The countryside around major Slovak cities is undergoing significant transformation. The construction of shopping centres, administrative buildings, logistical sites, residential areas and changes in the agricultural use of land are causing vast changes in land use (land cover). The objective of this paper is to examine changes in the spatial structure of land use in the hinterland of 11 Slovak cities, with more than 50 thousand inhabitants, during the period from 2000 to 2008. On the basis of a detailed comparison of data obtained from the Aggregated Areas of Land Types database (Úhrnné hodnoty druhov pozemkov) we analyzed changes in land use in 847 municipalities within the Functional Urban Regions of Bratislava, Košice, Prešov, Nitra, Žilina, Banská Bystrica, Trnava, Trenčín, Poprad and Prievidza. The results of the research confirmed significantly differentiated changes in land use. Whereas in the capital of Bratislava changes in land use are primarily caused by suburbanization, creating a relatively compact suburban zone, changes in land use were recorded only in selected sites in the rest of these major Slovak cities.
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Alves, M. F. A., S. N. Ribeiro, F. J. S. Melo, L. R. A. Alves und Z. C. Vieira. „Avaliação da qualidade do solo em agroecossistemas na zona rural de São Bentinho-PB“. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 10, Nr. 3 (29.12.2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v10i5.3596.
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<p>O crescimento da demanda por alimentos gera a expansão de áreas agrícolas ocasionando um aumento do desmatamento. Tais fatores contribuem para o crescimento da preocupação com a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrícolas, o qual passa por uma percepção do espaço rural como agente ativo na conservação e proteção dos recursos naturais. O conhecimento dos limites de exploração dos ecossistemas rurais é fator primordial para que se obtenham sistemas agrícolas mais sustentáveis. Diante do exposto o presente trabalho objetiva avaliar, através de uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, visitas em campo e utilização de índices de sustentabilidade, a qualidade do solo de dois agroecossistemas utilizados para o plantio de feijão e milho na zona rural de São Bentinho-PB; e finalmente, propor estratégias ou técnicas de manejo que venham tornar os agroecossistemas estudados mais sustentáveis. Conclui-se que a área de plantio de feijão apresentou um solo de melhor qualidade do que área de plantio de milho. A utilização dessa metodologia para avaliar a qualidade do solo mostrou-se simples e acessível, podendo direcionar as ações para uma agricultura mais sustentável, necessitando-se para isso, qualificação e treinamento dos agricultores. Finalmente, deve-se treinar esses pequenos produtores também na aplicação de técnicas sustentáveis de manejo do solo.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Evaluation of soil quality in agroecosystems in rural São Bentinho-PB</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The growth in demand for food generates the expansion of agricultural areas causing an increase in deforestation. Such factors contribute to the growing concern about the sustainability of agricultural systems, which involves a perception of the countryside as an active agent in the conservation and protection of natural resources. Knowledge of rural ecosystems operating limits is a key factor in order to obtain more sustainable agricultural systems. Given the above the present study aims to evaluate, through an extensive literature review, field visits and use of sustainability indexes, the quality of the two agro soil used for planting beans and corn in the countryside of São Bento-PB; and finally, propose strategies and management techniques that may make them more sustainable agro-ecosystems studied. In conclusion, the bean planting area presented a solo better quality than corn planting area. The use of this methodology for assessing soil quality proved to be simple and affordable, and can direct the actions for a more sustainable agriculture, requiring up to that, qualifications and training of farmers. Finally, one should train these small producers also in the implementation of sustainable techniques for soil management.</p>
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Sheail, John. „Sustaining the Countryside: A Welsh Post-War Perspective“. Rural History 7, Nr. 1 (April 1996): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000972.
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In October 1994, the Environment Secretary and Agriculture Minister announced their intention to publish, for the first time, a joint White Paper, setting out Government policy for the economic, social and environmental well-being of the English countryside. It stimulated a further flurry of interest in how such policy agenda are drawn up and implemented. Although ostensibly, ministers sought fresh policies under the banner of sustainable development, some commentators discerned an even greater concern as to the growing sense of deprivation felt by the 12 million voters who lived in the countryside. Although there had been much rural debate and research in the late 1970s and early ’80s, Cloke and Little have contended it laboured under two deficiencies. Not only was there minimal Government interest, but it did little more than highlight the inadequacies of a simple positivist approach. This time round, much greater use might be made of a political-economy perspective, that took fuller cognisance of the connections that prevailed between economic change, restructuring of society, and the role of the state.
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Mendenhall, Chase D., Analisa Shields-Estrada, Arjun J. Krishnaswami und Gretchen C. Daily. „Quantifying and sustaining biodiversity in tropical agricultural landscapes“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 51 (24.10.2016): 14544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604981113.
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Decision-makers increasingly seek scientific guidance on investing in nature, but biodiversity remains difficult to estimate across diverse landscapes. Here, we develop empirically based models for quantifying biodiversity across space. We focus on agricultural lands in the tropical forest biome, wherein lies the greatest potential to conserve or lose biodiversity. We explore two questions, drawing from empirical research oriented toward pioneering policies in Costa Rica. First, can remotely sensed tree cover serve as a reliable basis for improved estimation of biodiversity, from plots to regions? Second, how does tropical biodiversity change across the land-use gradient from native forest to deforested cropland and pasture? We report on understory plants, nonflying mammals, bats, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Using data from 67,737 observations of 908 species, we test how tree cover influences biodiversity across space. First, we find that fine-scale mapping of tree cover predicts biodiversity within a taxon-specific radius (of 30–70 m) about a point in the landscape. Second, nearly 50% of the tree cover in our study region is embedded in countryside forest elements, small (typically 0.05–100 ha) clusters or strips of trees on private property. Third, most species use multiple habitat types, including crop fields and pastures (to which 15% of species are restricted), although some taxa depend on forest (57% of species are restricted to forest elements). Our findings are supported by comparisons of 90 studies across Latin America. They provide a basis for a planning tool that guides investments in tropical forest biodiversity similar to those for securing ecosystem services.
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Sakun, Alina, und Tetiana Hakal. „GREEN TOURISM AS A PRIORITY OF THE DIVERSIFICATION OF THE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE“. Economic Analysis, Nr. 29(1) (2019): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2019.01.200.
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Ukraine is losing its competitiveness to agri-food due to inefficient use of the agricultural sector's resource potential. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of the national economy is to diversify territorial development, where green tourism is one of the priority areas The purpose of the article is to explore the problems of green tourism as a factor in the diversification of rural development. The article determines that the directions of activity within the limits of the exit from the specialized production in the conditions of rural areas are: processing of agricultural products, rural tourism, trade, consumer services, folk crafts and crafts. These activities are essentially related to agricultural production, contribute to the income of the peasants, improve the quality of life in the countryside. The diversification of the rural economy is accompanied by a synergistic effect. Synergetic effect of new types of production and manifests itself in 4 directions - synergy of sales, operational synergism, investment synergism, management synergism.
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Haupenthal, Soni Willian, Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas, Jair Antonio Cruz Siqueira und Luciene Kazue Tokura. „Evolution of photovoltaic energy system applied to water pumping for irrigation“. Latin American Journal of Energy Research 8, Nr. 1 (11.07.2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21712/lajer.2021.v8.n1.p22-35.
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The increase in the price of fossil fuels and the pollution resulting from their burning have encouraged the use of renewable energy to produce electricity, and their applications have increased in recent years mainly for use in irrigation. Photovoltaic projects have been implemented to analyze the feasibility of pumping water. Within this concept, the article aims to present a literature review, linking practical information with existing scientific knowledge, seeking to expand research on the topic and contribute with information on the use of renewable energy for pumping water for irrigation, emphasizing the rationalization water consumption. With the aim of reducing dependence on fossil fuels, seeking solutions to improve the quality of life in the countryside, generating income for agricultural producers with increased productivity. Thus, the efficiency in the use of photovoltaic pumping systems for irrigation was defined, according to the reference bank.
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Mackay, Michael, Tracy Nelson und Harvey C. Perkins. „Agritourism and the adaptive re-use of farm buildings in New Zealand“. Open Agriculture 4, Nr. 1 (10.09.2019): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0047.
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AbstractThis paper reports findings from a study of the adaptive re-purposing of farm buildings for a wide array of agritourism activities. The research is being conducted in New Zealand where the international visitor sector is thriving. In response, an increasing number of farmers are attempting to boost their farm incomes by adding tourism ventures to their business portfolios. In doing so, many of them are using and preserving rural cultural heritage, particularly old agricultural and other rural buildings, while also diversifying farm activity. This element of agritourism therefore has an important role in the protection and adaptive re-use of farm buildings, farm landscape change, and the creation of new value and values in the countryside. In the cases we have studied, this entrepreneurial activity is largely farmer-driven and undertaken with some, but limited, financial support from central and local government. In considering the policy implications of our work, we call for the provision of advisory services to facilitate and enable New Zealand farmers to create profitable and sustainable high-quality tourism services that simultaneously preserve farm buildings.
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Zanini, Flavio, Anna Klingemann, Rodolphe Schlaepfer und Benedikt R. Schmidt. „Landscape effects on anuran pond occupancy in an agricultural countryside: barrier-based buffers predict distributions better than circular buffers“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, Nr. 7 (Juli 2008): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-048.
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Species movement and occupancy of habitat patches are dependent on landscape permeability. Some land-use types (e.g., roads) may be barriers to animal movement. Analyses of the effect of landscape structure on patch occupancy usually use circular buffers around focal patches. The main assumption of this methodological approach is that species are affected by a particular landscape element equally in every direction from a given patch. This assumption is likely not to hold if animal movement is restricted by barriers because barriers reduce movement patterns and reshape the ideal circular buffer into a noncircular buffer. We developed a method to determine the effect of landscape variables on the distribution of two amphibian species that explicitly takes dispersal barriers into account. We extracted landscape variables within (i) circular buffers (CB) and (ii) barrier-based buffers (BBB). BBB were produced by reducing the boundaries of CB according to major impassable barriers. The BBB approach almost doubled the explained deviance of multiple regression models in comparison with the CB approach. Moreover, CB and BBB models included different predictor variables. We suggest that the BBB approach is more useful than the traditional CB analyses of species–habitat relationships because ecological barriers are explicitly taken into account.
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Vaishar, Antonín, und Milada Šťastná. „Bojkovice: Transformation of a peripheral micro-region at the Czech-Slovak border“. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 32, Nr. 32 (01.06.2016): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2016-0020.
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Abstract The paper analyses the problem of a rural region in the peripheral position. Bojkovice micro-region on the Czech (Moravian)-Slovak border has been chosen as a case study. Economic transformation of productive and non-productive branches, demographic development (depopulation and aging) and networking in the area were characterized by using statistical data and field research. Development, understood as improvement in quality of life and not in sense of quantitative growth, is highlighted with regard to the changing perception of the countryside. The question remains: how to use peripherality for prosperity? Peripheral countryside is known as “the right countryside” in comparison to suburbanized and globalized countryside in core regions. Based on the research, production embedded in local sources and traditions, ecological agriculture using the protection of landscape and soft tourism are proposed as solutions. Networking like the association of municipalities, LEADER local action group or White Carpathian Euroregion could be the instruments of micro-regional collaboration. The human and social factors seem to be more important than objective conditions. Long-term population stability is the main advantage. However, a lower level of formal education could be a problem. The character of social capital is considered as a decisive circumstance - whether it is passive social capital resistant to outer innovations or active social capital open for now ideas.
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Akimbekova, Ch U., G. U. Akimbekova, M. S. Yurkova und K. M. Meyrman. „RURALDEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN“. Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, Nr. 6 (22.06.2020): 1138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-6-1138-1149.
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The problems of developing social and labor sphere in rural areas, as well as forming necessary living conditions for the rural population are considered. The main organizational and legal aspects of regulating the socio-economic development in rural areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 1990-2020 are analyzed. The priorities of the state’s internal policy within the framework of special programs for the social development of the countryside and creating favorable conditions for the rural population are considered. Basing on the analysis, the main reasons for the outflow of the rural population to the cities are revealed: the lag of rural areas in comparison with urban ones in terms of cultural and living conditions, underdevelopment of social and engineering infrastructure in the countryside, low prestige of labor in agriculture due to low income, and unattractiveness of life in rural areas. This formulation of the issue, transferring the focus from the traditional agrarian problem of securing personnel to the territorial one, requires creating new approaches that would allow considering the countryside as an integral system of labor resource potential formation and reproduction. The need to create agro-towns by stimulating economically promising villages that are most favorable for living and to grow economic activity of labor resources is substantiated with the aim of preserving the way of rural life, expanding employment and attractiveness of labor in rural areas, as well as providing social and engineering infrastructure facilities with high-quality services. Measures are proposed to increase labor activity motivation of the rural population and the effective use of labor potential in agriculture on the basis of the socio-economic modernization of the rural economy, aimed at creating conditions for the growth of labor productivity in agriculture, the development of production and industrial relations, and ensuring productive employment in the countryside.
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SHEAIL, J., J. R. TREWEEK und J. O. MOUNTFORD. „The UK transition from nature preservation to ‘creative conservation’“. Environmental Conservation 24, Nr. 3 (September 1997): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892997000313.
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A half century has elapsed since the appointment of an official body, the Nature Conservancy, in 1949, and the beginnings of what might be described as the modern nature conservation movement in the UK. Whilst ecologists perceived the 'heritage of wild nature' to be largely the outcome of past land use, and that the nature reserves would have to be managed consciously if their wildlife interest were to be sustained, there was only the most rudimentary understanding of how this might be achieved. Drawing for the most part on projects affecting wetlands, the paper illustrates the early steps taken to bring greater scientific rigour to reserve management. Whilst the potential for habitat restoration was recognized, there was little opportunity for its practice in the intensively-farmed countryside until grant aid was made available for such purpose from the agricultural budget in the 1980s. Where nature conservation had begun to subsume nature preservation, some fifty years ago, notions of 'creative conservation' have similarly encouraged reassessment of the purpose and practice of wildlife-resource management. This time however the challenge is being met in both the wider countryside and the built environment.
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Sargeson, Sally. „Subduing “The Rural House-building Craze”: Attitudes Towards Housing Construction and Land Use Controls in Four Zhejiang Villages“. China Quarterly 172 (Dezember 2002): 927–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009443902000566.
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Why do villagers in China's most densely populated and productive agricultural regions use scarce farmland to construct housing? And why has the Chinese government, which has legislated to conserve arable land so as to ensure national food security, been unable to control housing construction in the countryside? Previous studies of the factors motivating the rural housing boom tend to explain this either as a reaction against insecure property rights in land and a speculative response to emergent market opportunities, or as a social mobility tactic. This paper presents interview and survey data from four villages in Zhejiang province that show that property rights in land do not affect villagers' housing construction and market incentives play only a minor role in propelling house-building. The social and demographic aspirations of families and the reconfiguration of rural households' economic activities are major stimuli of “the rural house-building craze.”
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Kocmánková-Menšíková, L. „The need of information and extension service for the countryside and its development (the opinions of local actors)“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 12 (18.12.2008): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/287-agricecon.
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The article starts with the theoretical definitions of various concepts (rural space, endogenous approach to the rural development, the actor operating in the particular locality for its development). Concerning the know-how of the rural/local actor, the information acquired also through extension service takes important position there. The methodological approach explains the use of sociological methods and techniques employed in research in two localities. This is continued by the analysis of the data gathered. The conclusions of the paper evaluate the knowledge from the group interviews and discuss the necessity of establishing an “institute” the task of which would be to provide and roof the extension service and the sufficient information level for the local, often rural actors. These actors then would use such information/extension service not only for a more efficient development of their localities, but also for a higher valorisation of their efforts in the “animation” of the rural localities.
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Da Silva Barbosa de Mello, Juçara, und Felipe Augusto Dos Santos Ribeiro. „Workers Who Produce Industrial Fabrics and Cultivate the Land: Textile Labor, Migrations and Connections between Rural and Factory Work“. Revista Latinoamericana de Trabajo y Trabajadores, Nr. 1 (08.11.2020): 165–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.48038/revlatt.n1.6.
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This article explores the experiences of migrant workers, many from rural areas, who settled in a major center of the textile industry in Brazil, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro and which housed to four factories. Articulating several historical sources, we seek to understand both the agricultural practices maintained by migrants from the countryside, and the incentives to work in the fields fostered by employers in the factories. In contrast to studies guided by notions of modernization which have crudely linked the manufacturing world to progress as opposed to the agricultural, this article examines how rural and factory labor coexisted in multiple combinations. We argue that the term “roçado operário” (factory worker’s farm), used in many studies, is not enough to describe a far more varied and complex social phenomenon. Therefore, we propose a new framework for understanding the various forms of land use by these workers.
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Muhi, Bela. „Rural tourism as a part of integral and sustainable development of villages in Vojvodina“. Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, Nr. 142 (2013): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1342135m.
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Vojvodina is a rural region, one of the most agricultural regions in Europe. Rural development, as an issue of regional policy, is a key instrument for restructuring the agricultural sector and making use of the villages potentially attractive to tourists. In times of increased urbanization and globalization, specific and authentic villages that truly reflect the spirit and tradition of the past are increasingly getting cultural, economic and touristic importance and attractiveness. Vojvodina has very good conditions for rural tourism development, mainly for its geographical location, diverse landscape (suitable for various forms of recreation), gastronomy, folklore and rich cultural heritage. Rural tourism in Vojvodina should contribute to the preservation of rural environment and cultural heritage, and also economically motivate local people to stay in the countryside. This type of tourism could significantly contribute to the protection of nature and provide resources for the existence and development of villages.
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Mareček, J. „Folk landscape architecture as a significant value of Czech landscape“. Horticultural Science 34, No. 1 (07.01.2008): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1846-hortsci.
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In the past the image of Czech countryside was created by agricultural and social activities of the rural population in a significant manner. These activities related to natural elements and to the creation of landscape in a wider sense can be described as folk landscape architecture. Its object is mainly the spatial arrangement and assortment composition of vegetation and its functionality in villages and in their landscape environment. This study defines these activities as time limited regional (local) customary practices of agricultural and cultural and social character, reflected especially in the spatial arrangement and assortment composition of vegetation elements. Vegetation and other natural elements are evaluated as functional singularities and as functional systems in relation to particular structures, type of village pattern and state of the surrounding landscape. Besides the methodical categorisation of evaluated objects principles for their use in different forms of land-use planning are defined. A significant result of this study is the definition of landscape architecture as a phenomenon of the rural population lifestyle in which not only the past but also the future of rural landscape is reflected.
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Kizimbayeva, A. B., und B. S. Saubetova. „Relevant issues of social and economic stability of rural areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan“. Problems of AgriMarket, Nr. 1 (15.03.2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-1-2708-9991.02.
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The article reveals theoretical and methodological aspects of assessing the sustainable development of rural areas in Kazakhstan. In the course of the analysis, the authors revealed that economically stable and socially developed rural areas will become the basis of stability, independence and food security of the country. Changes in the number of rural population, natural growth and migration growth in recent years have been analyzed. The main socio-economic indicators of development of the Kazakh countryside are presented. The authors state that the losses are mainly observed in the spheres of professional, scientific and technical activities. It is concluded that the problems of improving the level and quality of life in the countryside should not be solved by the old costly methods. The conditions and opportunities for the development of rural areas are diverse in the republic. In this regard, studies aimed at assessing the potential of rural settlements, as well as the effectiveness of the activities of State and local authorities in ensuring sustainable development of rural areas, become relevant. The generalization of literary sources and foreign experience showed the importance of the main directions of public support for rural residents, the implementation of which contributes to the efficient use of agricultural resources, modernization of production and development of innovative technologies, formation of conditions for the intensive development of small business and entrepreneurship in rural areas, the increase in the employment level of rural residents due to expanding the scope of non-agricultural activities and more fully involving rural labor resources in economic turnover, increasing their level of income.