Um die anderen Arten von Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema anzuzeigen, folgen Sie diesem Link: Agricultural labour.
Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Agricultural labour“
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit Top-50 Zeitschriftenartikel für die Forschung zum Thema "Agricultural labour" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Sehen Sie die Zeitschriftenartikel für verschiedene Spezialgebieten durch und erstellen Sie Ihre Bibliographie auf korrekte Weise.
1
Buchta, S. „Labour market and agricultural population“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 11 (24.02.2012): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5244-agricecon.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article analyses situation on the labour market in 1999–2003, with particular focus on the agricultural population, and explains the pressure that forces agricultural employers to reduce their full-time staff and rely more on the seasonal and short-term employment arrangements. In the recent past, the segment of rotating workers (who take up short-term seasonal jobs between periods of unemployment), has taken on quite a significant dimension. The article also analyses territorial aggregations with high incidence of agricultural unemployment. It points at the regular, seasonal and increased layouts of agricultural workers who end up in the register of unemployed. It identifies the social risk connected with the seasonal type of work arrangements in agriculture from the viewpoint of the labour and social protection and increased social marginalisation of this social group.
2
Gołaś, Zbigniew. „Przemiany i uwarunkowania wydajności pracy w rolnictwie Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005-2016“. Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 106, Nr. 1 (27.06.2019): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2019.106.1.2.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The main aim of the work was to present the changes observed in the labour productivity in EU agriculture in years 2005-2016. The author proposed also the methodical decomposition of the labor productivity ratio in agriculture. Seven factors (ratios) have been taken into account in three models of labor productivity decomposition. These factors are: inputs productivity, land productivity, value added index, production taxation, production subsidies, equipment employed in agricultural land and the level of agricultural production intensity. The use of the deterministic method allowed to analyse the changes in labour productivity from the perspectives both in the EU agriculture (EU-28) and in the Polish agriculture. Performed studies seems to prove that in the years 2005-2016 the labor productivity measured by gross value added increased in case of EU-28 by average 2.13% and in the case of EU-15 only by 0.98%. At the same time, higher increase was observed in the case of EU-13 which equal to 3.45%. It may suggest that can be observe the ongoing process of the labor productivity convergence in EU agriculture. In the light of deterministic analysis, it was possible to specify the main factors contributing to the increase in labor productivity in agriculture in the EU-28 and in Poland, which are the increase in production intensity and the increase in agricultural land/labour relation. However, it should be also noted that the favorable direction of changes in labour productivity was weakened by the decreasing efficiency of production measured by the inputs productivity and the share of value added in revenues.
3
Shelkovnikov, S., und I. Kuznetsova. „DEMAND AND SUPPLY IMBALANCE IN THE AGRICULTURAL LABOUR MARKET IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION“. Transbaikal State University Journal 27, Nr. 9 (2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-9-129-136.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Since in the current conditions the dominant trends in agriculture are automation and robotization, in the near future, human-controlled equipment will be almost completely automated and most of the competencies required in production will lose their relevance, since the use of digital technologies can replace not only routine manual labor, but also a significant number of mental labour of workers. During this period, the formation of unique competencies inherent only to a person acquires special relevance. Therefore, in our opinion, the need for the formation of knowledge and skills of a higher level comes to the fore. The use of digitalized systems and algorithms in agricultural production leads to a significant increase in labor productivity and, as a result, to a significant release of labor resources. At the same time, the demand for workers with a certain set of knowledge and skills is increasing. The article discusses the main changes taking place in the agricultural labour market in the context of digitalization. Key points: – the use of digital algorithms significantly affects the growth of labour productivity; – the growing demand for workers with digital competencies leads to a lagging supply in the agricultural labour market; – the influence of non-price factors of supply and demand leads to an imbalance in the agricultural labour market The object of the study is the agricultural labour market in the conditions of digitalization. The subject of the study is the supply and demand imbalance in the labour market. The purpose of the study is to identify and systematize the factors that have a non-price impact on the state of the agricultural labour market. Research methodology reveals the principle of objectivity and comprehensiveness; taking into account the continuous development of elements Research methods are presented by statistical, analytical, abstract-logical, graphical and other used methods
4
Rembisz, WÅ‚odzimierz, und Agata Sielska. „Relationship between labour productivity and its remuneration. The case of agriculture“. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 2, Nr. 2 (12.01.2016): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v2i2.453.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article aims at presenting the fundamental relationship between remuneration and productivity of labor factor. This relationship is explored analytically and empirically. It is investigated at the level of the agricultural sector, derived from the microeconomic level, i.e. an agricultural producer. Based on an optimal solution of the income maximisation problem, we derive the determinants of remuneration of the labour factor, i.e. income in agriculture. We explore analytically the improvement of labour productivity. We also take into consideration the issue of the importance of subsidies which can be refered to as the second potential source of agricultural producer's income. The empirical evidence is based on the FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) data for 2004-2012 for Member States that joined the European Union in 2004. We examine the statistical relationship between the indicators of developments in the productivity of the labour factor, income and the level of subsidies in selected countries.Keywords: objective function of an agricultural producer, productivity of the labour factor, remuneration of the labour factor;
5
Heppi, Dri, Yunisvita Yunisvita und Siti Rohima. „Comparison of Labour Absorption Based on Employment Status in the Regencies/Cities of South Sumatra Province“. Oblik i finansi, Nr. 1(103) (2024): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2024-1(103)-137-146.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The labour force is one of the factors of economic growth. At the same time, the discrepancy between the labour supply and the demand for it creates unemployment in the country. This study aims to analyze the difference in labour absorption in the labour status group of agricultural free workers and non-agricultural free workers using the variables that are more dominant in influencing labour absorption in the regencies/cities of South Sumatra Province. The sample was selected based on a multi-stage sample design with a probability method based on the cluster sampling method so that 172 people were obtained consisting of 62 free workers in agriculture and 110 free workers in non-agriculture in the regencies/cities of South Sumatra Province. The analysis technique uses the Chi-Square test and Multiple Regression Analysis based on the F-test and t-test. The independent variables in this study are working hours, marital status, gender, education level and employee's age. The results of the analysis show that there is a difference between the absorption of agricultural and non-agricultural free labour. Simultaneously, the variables of working hours, marital status, gender, education level and age affect the absorption of free agricultural and non-agricultural labour. Partially, only the education level variable has no significant effect on the absorption of free agricultural labour. This is because labour in agriculture is less qualified, and workers without a high level of education can be engaged for their performance. In general, in Indonesia the absorption of agricultural free labour is higher than the absorption of non-agricultural free labour. The most dominant variable affecting the absorption of agricultural free labour is gender, while for non-agricultural free labour is marital status.
6
Mehar, Dr P. G., Laxmikant Misal, Sumit Donadkar, Akash Sukhadeve, Shubham Tonge, Sanket Gotmare und Devendra Kolhatkar. „A Review on Design of Multi–purpose Cutting Machine for Agricultural Uses“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 2 (28.02.2022): 1468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40545.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract: India is an agricultural country. In which 65% people are farmers. As, the population of india is increased, the demand of food is also increasing. In these circumstances, we need a fast cutting process instead of traditional cutting methods. In the past, agricultural activities were carried out with manual force. But today in most of our country there is a shortage of manpower; therefore labor is not available when required. So the labour cost for cutting of sugarcanes seed, groundnut and straw cutting only skilled labours are required. To minimize the labour cost and to get work done in minimum, time at cheap cost this machine is designed. It is simple in construction. It does not need skilled labour Keywords: Sugarcane Seed Cutting, Groundnut Stripper, Straw Cutting.
7
Trpeski, Predrag, und Marijana Cvetanoska. „The Impact of the Main Determinants and Changes in Agricultural Labour Productivity in Macedonia“. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, Nr. 10 (30.04.2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n10p119.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The aim of this paper is to analyze changes and impacts on the level of labour productivity in the agricultural sector in Macedonia in the period from 2006 to 2017. Labour productivity is an important determinant for establishing the competitiveness of a particular sector or overall economy and helps in creating the necessary conditions for economic development. Agricultural sector in many countries represents the basis for growth in gross domestic product. Agriculture plays a key role in development of the national economy in Macedonia as a third largest sector after services and industry. Therefore, in order to increase the agricultural labour productivity, it is necessary to increase agricultural production, i.e., the part of gross domestic product created by the agriculture sector. In this direction, the paper also analyzes the relationship between agricultural labour productivity and gross domestic product and employment in agriculture. Synthesis and analysis, induction and deduction, descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis are used for the purpose of the paper. The results show that changes in gross domestic product in agricultural sector in Macedonia have a greater impact on agricultural labour productivity for the analyzed period compared to the impact of changes in the number of employees in the agriculture sector where the relationship is weak to moderate. Research results also showed that there is a positive and strong quantitative relationship between agricultural labour productivity growth rate and GDP growth rate in Macedonian economy. Agricultural GDP is the determinant which has to be influenced through intensification of agricultural production in order to increase the agricultural productivity.
8
Spěšná, D., P. Pospěch, F. Nohel, J. Drlík und M. Delín. „Aging of the agricultural workforce in relation to the agricultural labour market“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 9 (24.09.2009): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/20/2009-agricecon.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The development of age structure of Czech agricultural workforce has been continuously predominantly negative since 1989 and it constitutes a serious problem in terms of reproduction of agricultural workforce. The present paper abstains from analyzing the demographic, economic and socio-political influences on this process and tries to identify the specific factors inherent in the agricultural labour market. It considers opportunities for improving the age structure of agricultural workforce provided by the labour market system, particularly in relation to the supply of workforce, demand for it, unemployment and wage levels. An abductive approach, based on a secondary analysis of quantitative data and the authors’ own empirical survey, identifies a set of hypotheses about the relationship between agricultural labour market and the age structure of agricultural workforce.
9
Tudor, Valentina Constanta, Toma Adrian Dinu, Marius Vladu, Dragoș Smedescu, Ionela Mituko Vlad, Eduard Alexandru Dumitru, Cristina Maria Sterie und Carmen Luiza Costuleanu. „Labour Implications on Agricultural Production in Romania“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 14 (13.07.2022): 8549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148549.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Throughout this paper, the theoretical concepts from the above areas were combined with the analysis and interpretation of statistical data from the same areas of interest, resulting in a detailed analysis of how the agricultural labour force influences the yields of the five most important crops in the Romanian agricultural sector, namely, wheat, maize, sunflower, rapeseed and soybean. The analysis was carried out within the eight NUTS-listed development regions. A bibliometric analysis of the importance of the academic environment for agricultural labour force research was previously carried out using VOSviewer software. The content of this document aims to determine the impact that the agricultural labour force has on the productivity of the five main crops cultivated in Romania over large areas during the period 2015–2019, where, although the population employed in agriculture has decreased, the yields of these crops have increased due to the technological development process started in agriculture. As of 2019, only 9% of the total Romanian population is represented by the population employed in agriculture and 39.41% and 61.37% of the total area of the country are represented by arable/agricultural area, respectively.
10
Jaroszewska, Joanna, und Włodzimierz Rembisz. „SOURCES OF THE DYNAMICS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES BASED ON ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS FOR AGRICULTURE (EAA)“. Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, Nr. 2 (07.05.2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8118.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate sources of dynamics of labour productivity factor performance based on the analytical approach adopted. The dynamics of gross value added and employment in agriculture were shaped to the dynamics of labor productivity changes. Derived analytical approach to the sources of dynamics of changes in labour productivity has been illustrated empirically. The empirical analysis was based on EU ROSTAT data. Economic Accounts for Agriculture and Statistics of Agricultural Labor Inputs. The positive impact of both sources of labor productivity growth and gross value added a tendency towards greater stability for the EU -15 countries has been demonstrated, the neutral nature of direct payments for changes in labor productivity was found.
11
Wang, Dianshuang. „Manufacturing and agricultural pollution, private mitigation and wage inequality in the presence of pollution externalities“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 2 (27.02.2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2018-agricecon.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The paper incorporates manufacturing and agricultural pollution into a three-sector general equilibrium model with pollution externalities both on agricultural production and labour health. Manufacturing generates pollution that affects agricultural production and health, while agriculture employs the pollutant as a factor for production that only affects health. Under the framework, this paper investigates the impacts of environmental protection policies and a rise in the self-mitigation cost of skilled and unskilled labour on wage inequality. A larger environmental tax expands wage gap if partial elasticity of substitution between labour and dirty input in the urban unskilled sector is small enough. More restrictive agricultural pollutants control narrows down the wage gap. The impact of an increase in the self-mitigation cost of skilled labour on wage inequality is ambiguous, depending on the factors substitution in agriculture and the elasticity of manufacturing pollution on agricultural production, while a larger self-mitigation cost of unskilled labour brings down the wage gap.
12
Vasylchak, Svitlana, Tetiana Shterma, Serhiy Soloviy, Olga Vivcharuk und Ievgen Kondel. „Ukrainian agricultural labour potential management modelling in the context of European integration“. Scientific Horizons 26, Nr. 12 (26.10.2023): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor12.2023.146.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Research related to the labour potential in agriculture is relevant as the agricultural sector is one of the key sectors of the economy of Ukraine, and the integration of the country into the EU opens up new opportunities and requires the appropriate adaptation of management approaches to achieve competitiveness and sustainable development in the field of agricultural activity. The study aims to analyse, develop, and improve already existing strategic approaches to the management of the labour potential of Ukraine in agriculture, addressing the processes of integration into the European Union. Analytical, statistical, functional, system analysis, deduction, synthesis, and comparison methods were used in the study. The state of labour potential in agriculture was analysed, assessing the qualitative and quantitative composition of employees, their skills and education. The influence of European integration on the agricultural sector, in particular its requirements and opportunities for development, was studied, and a model of management and development of labour potential for the effective functioning of agrarian business was developed. The application of the strategy at the agricultural enterprise AgroGeneration was modelled. Working conditions and social protection of workers were studied, prioritizing the formation and development of personnel potential in the agricultural sector. The study determined that the management of labour potential in agriculture involves the use of a comprehensive strategy that would include industry specifics, European standards, innovative approaches, and best practices of other countries. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of specific practical recommendations and strategies for management bodies, agricultural enterprises, as well as agricultural workers to optimize the use of labour potential
13
Chen, Zhe, Apurbo Sarkar, Md Shakhawat Hossain, Xiaojing Li und Xianli Xia. „Household Labour Migration and Farmers’ Access to Productive Agricultural Services: A Case Study from Chinese Provinces“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 10 (09.10.2021): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100976.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Household labour migration experiences may have a staggering impact within developing countries, especially in dynamic societies like China, where labour migration is obvious. The present study’s objective is to investigate whether household labour migration contributes to the probability of farmers’ access to productive agricultural services. The study’s empirical setup is comprised of household survey data of 541 farmers in Shaanxi, Henan, and Sichuan provinces. The study proposes a counterfactual model to evaluate the average processing effect of an urban migrant with the help of the endogenous transformation of the Probit model. The results show that labour migration for work directly affects farmers’ access to productive agricultural services and indirectly affects farmers’ access to productive agricultural services through three channels: labour input, land transfers, and planting structure adjustments. The study further confirms that labour migration for work has a significant heterogeneity in the probability of obtaining productive agricultural services for farmers with or without non-agricultural income. Simultaneously, the labour migration area for work has significant heterogeneity in the probability of farmer households’ access to productive agricultural services. The government should extend support towards productive agriculture services. Agricultural demonstration services and on-hand training of migrant labour should be highlighted.
14
Bassett, Thomas J. „Breaking up the bottlenecks in food-crop and cotton cultivation in northern Côte d'Ivoire“. Africa 58, Nr. 2 (April 1988): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160659.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
IntroductionIt is widely recognised that seasonal labour bottlenecks present major obstacles to peasant farmers seeking to expand agricultural output in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence from Nigeria and Sierra Leone, for example, reveals that labour shortages and limited income to hire off-farm labour have historically constrained rural producers from intensifying and enlarging their agricultural operations (Norman et al., 1979: 42–7; Watts, 1983: 202–3; Richards, 1985: 96). Many attempts by colonial and contemporary African States to promote food crop and export crop production failed, in part, because of peasant resistance to the threat of subsistence insecurity associated with labour conflicts in the agricultural calendar. Richards's (1986) study of the failure of a series of labour-intensive wet rice cultivation projects in central Sierra Leone illustrates the degree to which peasant agricultural practices represent adjustments to labour-supply problems. Given the pervasiveness and importance of seasonal labour constraints in African agricultural systems, it is surprising that ‘few studies have provided insights into the adjustment in labor use resulting from the introduction of cash crops and new technologies’ (Eicher and Baker, 1982: 99).
15
Sheikh, Khalid Hameed, und Zafar Iqbal. „Determinants of the Declining Share of Agricultural Labour Force to Total Labour Force in Pakistan“. Pakistan Development Review 27, Nr. 4II (01.12.1988): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i4iipp.561-565.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The agricultural labour force in Pakistan has been increasing rapidly due to population growth as well as a declining mortality rate. However, the share of the agricultural labour force to total labour force has been decreasing. The objective of this paper is to search for the factors responsible for this decline. The period covered is from 1959•60 to 1986-87. The development process is characterised as one which brings about a fundamental change in the structure of an economy. In this process, labour is shifted from low productivity areas, such as agriculture, to high productivity areas, such as the manufacturing, construction and transport sectors. The share of value added of agriculture in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has declined from 46 percent in 1959- 60 to 25 percent in 1986-87. Hence, the key determinant of declining share of agricultural labour force to total labour force (RA LF) appears to be some measure of economic development.
16
Pant, Krishna P. „Effects of Labour Migration on Poverty and Agricultural Growth in Nepal“. Journal of Agriculture and Environment 14 (01.12.2013): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v14i0.19789.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Increasing labour shortage in agriculture sector and contribution of remittance on poverty reduction has raised the importance of studies on employment, poverty and agricultural growth nexus. The study explores the effects of foreign employment on poverty and agricultural growth. The study using time series secondary data for 19 years fitted econometric models at sectoral level to establish the effects of migration on poverty and agricultural production. It also compares agricultural output elasticity of foreign employment and assesses the role of foreign employment on the relationships between growth, poverty and agricultural development. The results show that migration decreases poverty and at the same time decreases agriculture production. But, the decrease in agriculture gross domestic product per unit of labour migrated is smaller than the per capita remittance. The study does not dwell on the social and cultural effects of the labour migration. The results will be useful for decision makers to devise sound policies on migration, poverty and agricultural development.
17
Nohel, František, Daniela Spěšná und Pavel Pospěch. „Regional markets with agricultural workforce based on Labour offices' data“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, Nr. 4 (2011): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040177.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The changes in Czech agriculture over the past twenty years have had their impact on the agricultural labour market, too. The regional differentiation of the chances of applicants on the labour market as well as the agricultural enterprises’ chances of hiring employees fitting their requirements, are, among others, influenced by the specific conditions of agricultural production. The aim of this paper pertains to two basic problem areas: first, the differentiation of respective regions based on the number of agricultural applicants and job vacancies, and second, the identification of disequilibrium on the agricultural labour market. The latter is based on a theoretical framework defined by approaches in economy dealing with labour market equilibrium. Due to the unavailability of economic data (including wages, economic performance, etc.) on the regional level, authors develop their own methodological approach, based on the number of applicants per job vacancy. A database of applicants and vacancies available from the Labour Offices is used as a source for the analysis and interpretation of data, enabling us to study the agricultural labour market not only sector-wise but also region-wise.
18
Babu, K. Suresh, und Dr K. Balanaga Gurunathan. „Causes for Agricultural labour Migration in Tamil Nadu“. International Journal of Scientific Research 2, Nr. 4 (01.06.2012): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2013/3.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
19
Bozsik, Norbert, und Róbert Magda. „Efficiency of agricultural production in Hungary“. Contemporary Research on Organization Management and Administration 6, Nr. 1 (30.06.2018): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33605/croma-012018-003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Purpose – The object of the article is to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural production in Hungary and in Hungarian regions. Furthermore, our purpose is to point out the effectiveness of Hungarian agriculture compared to the average of the EU. Based on results we evaluate the regional differences from the aspect of agricultural productivity and Hungary’s lag behind the average level of EU member states. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology of the paper is based on partial productivity methods. Comparing the main economic indicators of agricultural industry (output, gross value added and enterpreneurial income) to the annual working unit (AWU) and land unit (hectare) we analysed how efficiently labour and land is used in production. Conclusions are drawn from the results of the analysis. Findings – The paper shows the main charasteristics of Hungarian agriculture. Based on measuring efficiency of agricultural production, we highlight the extent to which the efficiency of Hungarian agricultural production remains below the EU average. The article also presents how effective the production factors (labour and land) are in the agricultural production of the regions of Hungary. Research limitations/implications – In the paper, we applied partial efficiency methods to evaluate the productivity of agricultural production. There are several directions of further investigations to measure the efficiency of agriculture (e.g. multi-factor productivity methods). Beside the methods, the research can be extended for any other direction (e.g. any other NUTS level etc.). Practical implications - Based on the results we outline recommendations for more effective use of production factors. The proposals are concerning how to increase the efficiency of the workforce in agriculture and to the find the optimal land utilization considering the environmental sustainability. Originality/Value – The paper provides comprehensive view on Hungarian agriculture situation with special emphasis on the regions. It presents original results of efficiency of the Hungarian agricultural production by regions and draws proper conclusions for practice. Keywords: agricultural production, efficiency, labour market, land market. Research type: research paper. JEL classification: J43 – Agricultural labour market Q10 – Agriculture general Q15 – Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
20
Nag, Nitin Kumar, und Arun Solanki. „Employment Pattern of Landless Labour in Baraut Block of Baghpat District (U.P.)“. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 1 (10.01.2022): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1101.002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This research has accomplished an enlightenment on “Employment Pattern of Landless Labour in baraut block of Baghpat district (UP)” by conducting a survey on selected study area based on family size, education status, employment pattern and employment generation. This survey screened out that the majority of landless labours in study area are not aware with the maximum government schemes. They are unupdated and following the same old pattern in their employment and family too. They are not trying to upgrade themselves and taking advantages of government schemes in agricultural sector’s employment. They are more attracted towards non-agricultural employment sectors comparing to agricultural sector jobs because it is easily available on lower pay scale. As they are not upgrading themselves which resulted improper or irregular employment in their basic sectors. Findings showed that those landless labours need to be aware with the upgraded government schemes made for agricultural labours as much as possible by which they will get able to find more ideas of employment in the sector of agriculture. By taking these steps they would be able to take advantages by upgrading their lives and improving agricultural sectors in our country too.
21
Barua, Dr Kakali. „AGRICULTURAL LABOUR AND RURAL LABOUR RELATIONS IN WEST BENGAL .“ International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 6, Nr. 7 (30.07.2021): 2105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2021.v06i07.006.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
22
Commander, Simon, und Aly Abdullah Hadhoud. „From Labour Surplus to Labour Scarcity? The Agricultural Labour Market in Egypt“. Development Policy Review 4, Nr. 2 (Juni 1986): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1986.tb00379.x.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
23
Arikewuyo, Kareem Abidemi, Lateef Adewale Yunusa, Babatunde O. Oke und Babatunde Adekunle Okuneye. „Do Labour and Political Will Affect Agricultural Output?“ Economic Analysis 54, Nr. 2 (30.12.2021): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.28934/ea.21.54.2.pp104-117.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Agriculture has been at the forefront in employment creation and revenue generation in Africa until there was a shift from the sector to the non-farm or service industry which threatens the economic sustenance despite the growing population of youth in the region. The neglect of the agricultural sector resulted from labour migration and lack of political will in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which has severe implications on agricultural output. This study, however, investigated the nexus among labour, political will and agricultural production in SSA from 1998 – 2018 using the dynamic System – GMM estimation technique. The study found employment in the agricultural sector, agricultural raw material, exchange rate, political will, and agricultural material and exchange rate interaction significantly influenced agricultural output in SSA. Therefore, it is recommended that for SSA future to be sustained, the governments should discourage labour migration from the agricultural sector through government supports to boost employment and poverty reduction.
24
Centre for Rural Legal Studies. „New agricultural labour relations legislation“. Review of African Political Economy 21, Nr. 61 (September 1994): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249408704073.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
25
Lu, Cheng. „China's agricultural labour force transfer“. GeoJournal 21, Nr. 1-2 (Mai 1990): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00645310.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
26
Hurst, Peter. „Health and Child Labor in Agriculture“. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28, Nr. 2_suppl2 (Juni 2007): S364—S371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265070282s216.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Background Seventy percent of child laborers—more than 150 million girls and boys under 18—are agricultural workers. They are harshly exploited, toiling in poor to appalling conditions, performing dangerous jobs with little or no pay, and are deprived of an education. Because children's bodies and minds are still growing and developing, exposure to workplace hazards and risks can be more devastating and long-lasting for them. The line between what is acceptable work and what is not is easily crossed. However, not all work that children undertake in agriculture is bad for them. Age-appropriate, lower-risk tasks that do not interfere with schooling and leisure time are not at issue here. Objectives The goal of this paper is to examine the links between health and child labor in agriculture. It aims to explain why the International Labour Organization's goal of eliminating all of the worst forms of child labor by 2016 will only be possible if more work is done in agriculture. Methods Review of the relevant literature and data on the hazards of child labor and the reasons why agricultural child labor is particularly difficult to tackle. Results Children who work in agriculture are exposed to a large number of health hazards, and yet the problem is particularly difficult to tackle because of the large numbers involved, the young age at which children start to work, the hazardous nature of the work, lack of regulation, invisibility of child laborers, denial of education, the effects of poverty, and ingrained attitudes and perceptions about the roles of children in rural areas. Conclusions Policies for preventing and reducing agricultural child labor should mainstream and integrate child labor issues at the national and international levels with increasing emphasis on poverty alleviation and expanding and improving institutional mechanisms for education, law enforcement, health, and so forth. Cooperation between the International Labour Organization and international agricultural organizations is needed to ensure that child labor in agriculture is a thing of the past.
27
Mkpado, Mmaduabuchukwu, und Ndidiamaka Sandra Mkpado. „Comparative analysis of employment trend in African agriculture relative to other regions: a gender perspective“. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, Nr. 3 (13.07.2020): 359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-01-2019-0018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
PurposeLucrative employment in agriculture is fundamental to poverty alleviation in Africa. The paper examined employment along gender, impact of materials and proportion of female employment in African agriculture.Design/methodology/approachTime series econometrics was employed in the framework of production function analysis involving 36 years of data.FindingsResults show that world labour in agriculture decreased from 49.77 to 40.04% but increased from 12.43 to 16.94% in Africa. World female employment in agriculture ranged from 40.56 to 42.81% and from 40.40 to 43.02% in developing economies, but decreased from 40.39 to 36.08% in developed economies. Total agricultural labour in Africa was negatively and significantly related to agricultural gross production index number (APIN).Research limitations/implicationsInteraction of cattle stock and females employed in agriculture was positive and significant at pooled African values. Interaction of irrigation facilities and female labour was positive and significant in West Africa. Interaction of cattle stock and total labour in Southern Africa had negative relationship with APIN. Interaction of total labour and irrigation had negative relationship with APIN in Africa. Insufficient agricultural facilities in terms of cattle stock and irrigation infrastructure for the populace exist. It recommends increased investments to expand irrigated lands and livestock.Practical implicationsAfrican governments need to use good political will to effect the needed transformation in agriculture. It is possible for agriculture to offer lucrative employment to both males and females in less developed world as in developed economies.Originality/valueThe paper noted very limited agricultural facilities in terms of cattle stock and irrigation facilities for the populace engaged in agriculture. It recommends investments to expand irrigated lands and livestock.
28
Run, Yuan, Yangshunzi Sun und Dianshuang Wang. „Rural Development Policy, Agricultural Producer Services and Wage Disparities in the Context of Developing Economies“. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 21, Nr. 2 (19.01.2024): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2024/v21i2773.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
In developing countries, due to the predominance of marginal and small farmers leads to agriculture practices on small and fragmented plots of land where access and usage to modern farm equipment and implements is hampered. Agricultural producer service sector that acts as an intermediate sector facilitates this process. We build three-sector general equilibrium models to delineate this process: parts of manufacturing goods are utilized by the service sector, the outputs of which are intermediate inputs that could substitute labor in agriculture. We explore the impact of labour market distortion mitigation and input subsidies on rural development policies on pay disparity using this framework. Growing subsidies result in widening wage inequality. Reduction of labor market distortion will raise wage rate of skilled labor, and its impact on wage rate of unskilled labor is ambiguous, depending on elasticity between skilled and unskilled labor. In order for the agricultural development policy to fall short of its broad objectives and may impact on agricultural output.
29
Etowa, Egbe Bassey, und Olugbenga Wilson Adejo. „Occupational choice and agricultural labour efficiency in Nigeria: Impact of ICTs“. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, Nr. 1-2 (30.06.2017): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/1-2/14.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Increased labour efficiency is imperative in the developing world and particularly in Nigerian Agriculture which should be in its leaping phase. The interaction between labour efficiency and ICTs is inevitable in the realisation of the nation’s agribusiness potentials. Following a vivid descriptive statistics on main occupations and access to ICTs among the Nigerian populace, this study assessed effects of ICTs on the probability that a working aged Nigerian chose agricultural occupation over non-agricultural occupations. In doing so, the study analysed the effects of access to ICTs on agricultural labour efficiency in Nigeria. Data used for the analysis were drawn from the Nigerian General Household Survey-Panel held in 2010-2011 period. Analytical framework for the study include: Logistic Regression and Multiple Regression Models. Results show that access to mobile phones, using the internet to obtain information, and using the internet to send or receive mails were significant factors of the probability that a Nigerian chose agriculture or its related activities as a main occupation. Again, access to personal computers, use of the internet for e-banking, e-learning and for reading e-newspapers had significant impact on agricultural labour efficiency in Nigeria. The study recommends that labour policies should find a place for the role of ICTs, particularly the internet.
JEL. Code: Q12
30
Ursu, Ana, Maria Cristina Sterie und Ionut Laurentiu Petre. „The Contribution of the Agricultural Labour Force in Romania to the Sector’s Economic Performance“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 24 (09.12.2023): 16700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416700.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This study aims to assess the quantitative and, above all, the qualitative potential of the agricultural labour force in Romania. In the first part of this paper, analyses will be carried out on the agricultural labour force to identify the potential of countries that attach particular importance to the subject studied and the inter-relationships between them, where agriculture is a major employer. In the second part of the paper, an empirical analysis of labour force statistics will be carried out to assess its potential, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Finally, we want to determine the influence of certain population characteristics on the qualitative potential of the labour force. The bibliometric analysis provides a historical, contextual and evolutionary perspective on previous research and problematic factors in the field, linking the “agricultural labour force” to other issues such as climate change, economic growth, sustainability, education and income. It provides a comprehensive framework and links between the various elements influencing the agricultural sector, strengthening the understanding of the interconnections between labour force and other key variables in the sector.
31
Petrick, Martin, und Patrick Zier. „Common Agricultural Policy effects on dynamic labour use in agriculture“. Food Policy 37, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2012): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.07.004.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
32
Chand Asiwal, Ramesh, Deepa Kumari Kumawat und R. C. Sharma. „Study of Micro-Evidences for Agricultural Labour Market Functioning in Agriculturally Developed Chomu Tehsil of Jaipur“. Current Agriculture Research Journal 6, Nr. 3 (25.12.2018): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.6.3.23.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The present study intended to investigate the performance of agricultural labour market in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. A cluster of three villages (Jaitpura, Kanpura and Khushalpura) from Chomu tehsil of Jaipur district was randomly selected for the study. The sixty respondents were selected on a random basis from the particular cluster of villages. The pre-tested schedules were used for collection of primary data from the selected agricultural labour households during 2010-11. The collected data were processed and analyzed by using various statistical and mathematical tools. The frequency of labour credit interlocking was much more prominent as compared to labour-land interlocking except in one village (Khushalpura), more than half of the labour had borrowed money from their employers. There was no definite rate of interest on the loaned money from the employers. However, the employers recovered very high unspoken rate of interest in terms of a number of little owing jobs. The labour-land interlocking was, however, yet another form of wage labour since all the inputs were being provided by the landowners. It was varied in between 14-18 percent. However, the average wage/day earned in this system was higher (Rs. 175-190) than the average wage rate in the casual labour system. Family size, family income, socioeconomic status of the family and age had a significant effect on the probability of an agricultural labour household entering into interlocked arrangements.
33
Movahedi, Reza, Heshmatollah Saadi und Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani. „Creating Linkages between the Labour Market and Agricultural Higher Education in Iran“. Industry and Higher Education 25, Nr. 4 (August 2011): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2011.0052.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Employment of agriculture graduates in Iran is a major problem that needs to be addressed. There are three main issues: lack of robust strategies for linking agricultural higher education and the labour market, the lack of relevance of agricultural curricula to the real needs of the labour market, and diminishing levels of government services for the recruitment of graduates. The aim of the research reported in this paper was to identify effective strategies and mechanisms for establishing and maintaining partnerships between academia and the labour market, with a view to improving the employment prospects of agriculture graduates. The study used both quantitative and qualitative data and focused on agriculture graduates and faculty members of the Bu-Ali-Sina University in Iran and employers in different sectors of agriculture. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that six key mechanisms – managerial, support, information provision, research, collaboration and spatial (infrastructure facilities) – could help to link the university more effectively with the labour market.
34
Ferens, Ewa. „LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAGES AND LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN AGRICULTURAL AND MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN POLAND“. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 16, Nr. 4 (30.12.2017): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2017.16.4.42.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This paper investigates the long-term relationship between labour productivity and real wages in agricultural and manufacturing sector in Poland in the years 1991–2016. In order to establish the long-run dynamics, autoregressive distributed lag framework (ARDL) is applied. Long run causality running from labour productivity to wages in both sectors is confirmed. The yearly speed of adjustment following change in labour productivity is smaller in agricultural than in manufacturing sector and amounts 24 and 37% respectively. Increase of 1% in labour productivity leads to 0.4% higher wages in agriculture, and to 0.64% higher wages in manufacture.
35
Domşodi, Dana. „Labour Relations and Labour Structures in Mediterranean Capitalism. Caporalato and Romanian Migration in the Southern Italian Agriculture“. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 64, Nr. 1 (01.06.2019): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2019-0006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract In this paper I will examine the structural and social features of the gang-mastered labour system (caporalato) as it appears in the agricultural production process in Italy. I will discuss the functions of this type of labour regime through an analysis of the role (Romanian) migrant labour plays in the Italian agriculture process and its need for the (informal) labour market mediation in agriculture. My aim is to critically map the function of caporalato within a production circuit that starts with the low price imposed on agricultural goods, and ends up at the top of the production process, namely with the food empires and corporate retail and distribution chains. The economic constraint for an ever cheaper labourforce, and its social context, will guide our critique of caporalato
36
Kaya, İbrahim Çağan, und Sema Gün. „Kuzey Amerika ve Türkiye’de Tarımsal İş Hukuku“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, Nr. 8 (21.08.2018): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i8.1058-1065.1966.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The concept of labour has come about with the economic activities of some persons or legal entities. The production of a good or service is carried out in accordance with the mutual business relationship. Along with the proletariat, which emerged in particular with the industrial revolution, legal rules have been required for the rights and obligations of workers and employers. This legal business relationship, which is mainly industrial, has doubts about its validity in the agricultural sector. Since the agricultural sector is based on a household labour force, a structure based on business contracts for procurement of goods and services from outside is quite rare. The lack of institutionalization in the agriculture sector, the absence of the agricultural proletariat, the intensification of self-employed households, and the lack of work contracts for seasonal workers have led agricultural employment law to remain a subsidiary of labour law only in developing countries like Turkey. In North America, especially the US and Canada, the agricultural labour law is a special legal entity within the legal system. The United States and Canada are governed by a federal system of governance, with each state having its own legal regulations as well as specific regulations. The aim of the study is to present work on agricultural labour law in the United States and Canada from North American countries and to compare it with agricultural labour law studies in Turkey. In this context, the legal regulations on agricultural wages, seasonal and migrant workers, child labour, social security and occupational health are examined in the United States and Canada and compared with Turkey's existing legislation.
37
FORCLAZ, AMALIA RIBI. „A New Target for International Social Reform: The International Labour Organization and Working and Living Conditions in Agriculture in the Inter-War Years“. Contemporary European History 20, Nr. 3 (08.07.2011): 307–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777311000336.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractThe economic, political and social imperative of reforming working conditions in agriculture, improving rural living standards and promoting rural development emerged as an international issue in the inter-war years. Despite a growing interest in the history of international organisations, historical research has hitherto made little reference to co-operative efforts and standard-setting in agriculture before the Second World War. This article seeks to fill the gap by examining the process whereby the International Labour Organization (ILO) learned about the specificities of the agricultural sector. It illustrates the ILO's early interest in rural workers and agricultural issues, which it addressed through special committees. Hampered by the challenging diversity of agricultural work and the perceived lack of national organisations and legislation, it was not until the late 1930s that the ILO carried out proper surveys on social issues in agriculture. Set up in the late 1930s, the history of the ILO's Permanent Agricultural Committees illustrates the results of a learning process which eventually positioned the ILO as a focal point of technical expertise, and enabled it to embrace an ever widening and interdisciplinary vision of agricultural labour and labour relations.
38
Surender. „Agricultural Labour Status and Problems in India: An Analytical Study“. RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, Nr. 7 (15.07.2022): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i07.012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The concept of “agricultural labourer” refers to all those engaged in different agricultural activities like preparation of the soil, ploughing operations, sowing, planting, weeding, harvesting etc. Agricultural labourers made up a significant portion of the workforce. They are generally landless and rely on wage labour in agriculture to survive. Problem like droughts, uncertain monsoons and seasonal periodical nature of agriculture, agricultural labourers often face the problems of unemployment and underemployment, eventually getting trapped by poverty. The scientific agricultural implements, high yielding variety seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, increased irrigational potential would not have shown the desired progress without the assistance of agricultural labourers. Unfortunately, the agricultural labourers are deprived of their legitimate share in the returns. Further, the rural labourers engaged in household enterprises have also been affected as the new industrial products and displaces them from their traditional activities. Female rural labour has also been affected in as much as their wages are lower than those of the male labourer. Rural labour poverty- stricken as they are compelled to take loan from money-lenders and big farmers for meeting their domestic needs. In the wake of their inability to repay the loan amount, rural labour is reduced to miserable status of “bonded labour”- serving as servitors in the houses of landlord - cum - moneylenders. It is also important to note that rural labour often migrate from one place to other in search of employment. It indicates uncertainty of employment at a particular place and at a particular point of time. Majority of the rural population belonging to the categories of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other depressed sections of the society. The problems of these sections are multifarious and peculiar in nature. The women who have been looked down upon for long have also been facing the problems in leaving their lives as agricultural labourers. These labourers are at bottom of society still now.
39
Alexander, Rymanov. „Differential land rent and agricultural taxation“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 9 (11.09.2017): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/127/2016-agricecon.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The paper addresses the influence of various types of taxes on changes in differential (Ricardian) land rent, and the economic performance of agricultural producers. Labour and capital taxes lead to higher prices for agricultural products, causing a decrease in consumer demand and lower income for agricultural producers (mostly utilizing marginal land). A polynomial single-product model has been used to demonstrate that reducing the tax burden on agricultural producers – specifically taxes on labour and capital – will result in increases in differential land rents on the average and relatively better plots, and/or the emergence of the rent on the marginal land. Thus, substituting labour and capital taxes for land/property taxes reduces the overall tax burden of agricultural producers on marginal lands.
40
ROBLES-ORTIZ, CLAUDIO. „Mechanisation in the Periphery: The Experience of Chilean Agriculture, c. 1850–90“. Rural History 29, Nr. 2 (10.09.2018): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793318000067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract:This article examines mechanisation during the period of export-led growth in Chilean agriculture, c. 1850–90. According to conventional wisdom, since labour was cheap, landowners did not modernise their haciendas. The introduction of machinery was late and superficial; the large estate remained backward and inefficient. This view is flawed by lack of quantitative evidence and a narrow approach. Using imports and stocks data, and case material from the National Agricultural Society's bulletin, the article presents an alternative interpretation. The development of the market for agricultural equipment involved a fruitful exchange of technical expertise between the foreign importing companies and local landowners and experts. Mechanisation solved labour supply bottlenecks, and developed primarily on harvest tasks, above all the threshing of wheat. The scale and pattern of mechanisation were consistent with the development of this process in other countries’ older agricultures. The area mechanically harvested was much larger than previously estimated. Mechanisation was a significant transformation in the agricultural sector.
41
Igweze-Ekwunife, Athanasius Ebube und Okpala Chidiogo Jane. „Impact of Government Expenditure on Agricultural Output in Nigeria“. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, Nr. 12 (2022): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.61227.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Agriculture is a very important sector in the Nigerian economy as it is the country’s major source of food. That notwithstanding, the support given to agriculture in terms of allocation has not been encouraging when comparing it to other sectors like mining, manufacturing, and oil. This study examines the impact of government expenditure on agriculture on agricultural output in Nigeria within the period 1986 to 2019. The specific objectives are to critically examine the impact of agricultural recurrent and capital expenditure, commercial bank credit on agriculture and agricultural labour on agricultural output using annual time series data sourced from World Development Indicator (WDI) and Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin 2019. The variables used for the study are agricultural output, recurrent expenditure on agriculture, capital expenditure on agriculture, commercial bank credit to agriculture, foreign direct investment, domestic savings, and agricultural labour. The ordinary least square method is adopted to test for empirical evidence. The regression result shows that capital expenditure on agriculture, domestic savings, foreign direct investment, and commercial bank credit to agriculture have positive and statistically significant impact on agricultural output. The study recommends the need for execution of capital and infrastructural projects, mobilization of domestic savings through financial institutions and application of mechanized farm tools in order to increase agricultural output.
42
Rujescu, Ciprian Ioan, und Andrea Feher. „Is agricultural production correlated with labour force? Case study on Romania“. Acta Carolus Robertus 12, Különszám (2022): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33032/acr.3370.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The aim of the article is to analyse the correlations between the volume of labour in agriculture and the value of some indicators of agricultural production. The volume of the labour force in Romania, between 2007 and until now, can be represented by a chronological series with a decreasing trend. The value of agricultural production, show an inverse trend, more precisely, the period in which the volume of labour was high corresponds to a period with a low value of agricultural productions, and vice versa. The paper contains discussions of possible interactions between these data series, analysed from a statistical point of view. Discussions on the possible causes underlying the relationships between the studied indicators can also be found.
43
Grochowska, Renata, und Aldona Skarżyńska. „Variability of hired labour wages and farmers’ own labour remuneration across EU countries“. Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 66, Nr. 10 (29.10.2021): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4109.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The consistent downward trend in the number of farmers and their family members working on farms, observed for many years, forces farmers to use hired labour, which significantly affects issues related to the payment for labour in EU agriculture. The aim of the study discussed in the article is to assess the differences in the level of hired labour on farms in EU countries and the remuneration of farmers and their family members, which is provided for by the income of the farm. In order to achieve this goal, it was necessary to determine the amount of time of hired work on farms and the remuneration per hour of hired work. The article also examines the effect the Common Agricultural Policy subsidies supporting the farms’ operating activity have on farmers’ remuneration. The subject of the study focused on commercial farms keeping FADN agricultural accounting in 28 EU countries. Standard results of the FADN EU were used in the analysis. The average results of two periods which included the years 2015– 2017 and 2018–2019 were assessed. Horizontal and vertical analyses were used to compare the parameters characterising farms in individual countries in both periods of the study. The conducted research indicates a growing demand for hired labour on farms in the EU, which increases the share of the cost of hired workers in the total costs of a farm. Therefore, it is advisable to continue public support in the framework of the agricultural policy, which contributes to the generation of farm income at an acceptable level. As the study shows, the hourly wages of hired workers in most EU countries exceeded the per hour, unsubsidised income resulting from a farmer’s own labour, and such a situation – from the farmers’ point of view – undermines the economic viability of continuing agricultural production.
44
Eche-Enriquez, Mauricio David, und Ramiro José Vivas-Vivas. „Farming, Education and Migration“. Migraciones. Publicación del Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones, Nr. 54 (08.06.2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/mig.i54y2022.008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This paper aims at analysing and presenting the findings regarding migration aspirations of agricultural High school students in northern rural Ecuador. Using a quantitative approach, it analyses 366 surveys from agricultural high schools’ students in three agricultural cantons located in different geographic regions: Coast, Highlands and Amazon. The migration drivers are low prices of agricultural produce, low wages and lack of technical support to agriculture. A big share does not intend to work in the agricultural sector in the Highlands and Coast; contrarily to the Amazon region. More than half of the respondents has aspirations to migrate to study in urban centres, and search for better economic and labour opportunities. Aspiration to migrate has a negative correlation with agriculture profitability. It is positive with parents’ land ownership, which is determined by the lack of interest to study agriculture at university that increases the scarcity of rural labour force and young successors to take up agriculture.
45
Nica, Maria. „Study on Labour Force in Romanian Agriculture“. International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 7, Nr. 2 (April 2018): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2018040104.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This article describes how in the current context, there are many opinions in Romania which lead to the claim that there is no longer a labour force in agriculture, especially the seasonal labour force. In the present article, it is desirable to analyse the dynamics of the agricultural labour force in recent years as well as to determine the current level, but also its productivity. Thus, with the data collected from the national, European and international databases on the total population, indicators such as the active population, the employed population, the share in the total labour force, as well as the unemployed and the unemployment rate were analysed. In order to determine labour productivity, total agricultural production is analysed along with the indicators presented above. At the end of the study, the author also analyses the earnings of the population working in agriculture, trying to determine how this indicator influences the workforce in this sector of the national economy.
46
van Schendel, Willem. „What Is Agrarian Labour? Contrasting Indigo Production in Colonial India and Indonesia“. International Review of Social History 60, Nr. 1 (10.02.2015): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractIn scholarly writings, the term “agrarian labour” is used variously. It can refer to a very specific set of productive activities – the cultivation of crops and animal husbandry – but it can also have the much broader connotation of rural or non-urban labour. These different uses can be confusing, especially in comparative research. This paper starts from the French comparative agriculture school and its conceptualization of three nested scales of analysis – the “cropping system”, the “activity system”, and the “agrarian system”. It tests these ideas in a comparison of labour employed in the production of indigo dye in two colonial systems (British India and the Dutch East Indies). The article concludes that this approach helps counteract monocausal explanations of labour relations in terms of agro-environmental determinants, the force of colonial capitalism, or local work cultures. It also promotes agriculture-sensitive readings of social transformations by comparing social orders that comprise both agricultural and non-agricultural labour relations.
47
Naveed, Iqbal, und Sial Maqbool Hussain. „Semi-parametric analysis of agricultural production under dichotomy of inputs“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 8 (30.08.2018): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/327/2016-agricecon.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Inputs used in agriculture play asymmetric roles during the production process. Growth inputs, i.e. water, nutrients, seed and soil environment, become a part of the biological growth of plants, whereas facilitating inputs, i.e. labour, capital and pesticides, help regulate the functions of growth inputs from outside of the plants. This insight about the asymmetric role of agricultural inputs has been incorporated into agricultural economics on the basis of agronomic principles of crop production. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of facilitating inputs on the technical efficiency of growth inputs. This analysis has been carried out semi-parametrically by employing the double bootstrap procedure on farm household level data from Pakistan. The results indicate that pesticides, capital and family labour scale up the technical efficiency of the growth inputs, whereas hired labour significantly scales down this efficiency. We recommend the creation of alternative employment opportunities for the rural labour force, provision of effective agricultural extension services to farm families, a minimisation of trade barriers to the import agricultural machinery and an enhancement of the extent of farm mechanisation.
48
Issahaku, Haruna, Ishaque Mahama und Reginald Addy–Morton. „Agricultural labour productivity and credit constraints: implications for consumption in rural Ghana“. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, Nr. 2 (09.04.2020): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2019-0124.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess the impact of credit constraints on agricultural labour productivity as well as the impact of credit constraints and agricultural labour productivity on rural households' consumption in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the Ghana Living Standard Survey round six (GLSS 6) as the main source of data, which happens to be one of the most comprehensive household datasets in Ghana. Quantitative estimation techniques (namely: Endogenous Switching Regression and Two Stage Least Squares) are used to address possible endogeneity and selection into credit markets.FindingsFirst, large households are prone to credit constraints while age (experience) and compliance with extension advice reduce credit constraints. Second, the determinants of agricultural labour productivity for both constrained and unconstrained households are age, sex, farm equipment, herbicide and farm size. Third, household size, education and livestock rearing influence agricultural labour productivity of constrained households. Fourth, credit constraints, irrespective of how they are measured, impede agricultural labour productivity while access to credit fosters labour productivity. Lastly, credit constraints robustly reduce consumption while agricultural labour productivity strongly enhances rural households' consumption.Originality/valueThe first contribution is that, unlike most previous studies, we do not focus on the widely used measure of productivity – output per unit land, but on agriculture labour productivity in particular. Secondly, unlike most previous studies which examine the effect of credit constraints either on productivity alone or consumption alone, our study examines the impact of credit constraints on both. Thirdly, unlike the existing literature which uses one or two measures of credit constraints, we use a wide range of measures of credit constraints – seven different measures of credit constraints. Lastly, our empirical strategy solves at least two critical econometric problems – sample selection bias and endogeneity.
49
Wanjiru, Quinn. „THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE TODAY“. Journal of Gender Related Studies 2, Nr. 1 (21.12.2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.739.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This article assesses the role of women in agriculture today. Agriculture is an important engine of growth and poverty reduction. However, the sector is underperforming in many countries in part because women, who are often a crucial resource in agriculture and the rural economy, face limitations that reduce their productivity. This article draws on the available empirical evidence to study in which areas and to what degree women participate in agriculture. Aggregate data shows that women comprise about 43 percent of the agricultural labour force globally and in developing countries. But this figure masks considerable variation across regions and within countries according to age and social class. Time use surveys, which are more comprehensive but typically not nationally representative, add further insight into the substantial heterogeneity among countries and within countries in women’s contribution to agriculture. They show that female time-use in agriculture varies also by crop, production cycle, age and ethnic group. A few time-use surveys have data by activity and these show that in general weeding and harvesting were predominantly female activities. Overall, the labour burden of rural women exceeds that of men, and includes a higher proportion of unpaid household responsibilities related to preparing food and collecting fuel and water. The contribution of women to agricultural and food production is significant but it is impossible to verify empirically the share produced by women. Women’s participation in rural labour markets varies considerably across regions, but invariably women are over represented in unpaid, seasonal and part-time work, and the available evidence suggests that women are often paid less than men, for the same work. The analysis show that women play a crucial role in all farm-related activities from land preparation to marketing. They contribute a higher proportion of labor in agricultural sector than men. Available data on rural and agricultural feminization shows that this is not a general trend but mainly a sub-Saharan Africa phenomenon, as well as observed in some sectors such as unskilled labour in the fruit, vegetable and cut-flower export sector. This paper re-affirms that women make essential contributions to agriculture and rural enterprises across the developing world. But there is much diversity in women’s roles and over-generalization undermines policy relevance and planning. The context is important and policies must be based on sound data and gender analysis.
50
Idris, Miftahu. „Understanding Agricultural Productivity Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analysis of the Nigerian Economy“. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, Nr. 67 (15.07.2020): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijefr.67.147.158.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
In recent times, agricultural sector has returned to the forefront of development issues in Nigeria given its contribution to employment creation, sustainable food supply and provision of raw materials to other sectors of the economy. In lieu of that, this study examines the impact of agriculture on the economic growth in Nigeria using annual time series data covering the sample period of 1981 to 2018. To analyse the data collected, Autoregression Distributed Lag (ARDL) model through the bounds testing framework is employed to measure the presence of cointegrating relations between real GDP, agricultural productivity, labour force, and agricultural export. Results show the presence of both short-run and long-run relationship among the variables, and that agriculture has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. These findings inform the Nigerian government on the need to expedite labour force (human capital) and agricultural export (non-oil) development with the view to achieving sustainable growth and development. In addition, developing skills and competencies of labour force through capacity building in the agricultural sector will encourage research and development thereby increase the export size, hence essential for long-term growth.