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Dissertationen zum Thema „Agricultural labour“
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1
Kurzweil, Marianne. „Interdependencies between agricultural and labour markets“. Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/999600532/04.
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2
Liu, Gerald. „Agricultural wage labour in fifteenth-century England“. Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3353/.
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This dissertation is researching the employment of different types of agricultural labourer in the ending phase of the middle ages. The purpose is to question the method of using casual wage evidence to interpret changes in the labourer’s income in the current study of late medieval economic history. My criticism of the traditional method is that, since casual wage evidence is composed of the price of finishing a piece of work, it is inappropriate to use that evidence to interpret incomes without the information of how many pieces of work done by the labourer. The said information is, indeed, mostly unavailable. My proposition to solve this problem is to use the salaries paid to the permanent farm worker, who was hired by year. The approach of this research is, firstly, to demonstrate the limitations of the traditional method and, secondly, to demonstrate that the salary paid to the permanent worker is a useful tool for understanding the changes in the labourer’s income. In particular, the discussion is separated into five chapters. At first, I intend to illustrate that casual wage evidence illustrates only one aspect of the fifteenth-century agricultural labour market and that from the same source material more information apart from wage data is available and allows us to examine other aspects of wage labour. With the information, I shall argue that job opportunities in the casual sector were limited by farming seasons; and that, except for a few villagers, casual employment only accounted for a minor part of the yearly income. It shall be illustrated that apart from casual labourers, the manorial demesne employed the other two types of labourers, who were potentially more important than casual labourers in terms of the cost and the labour input. Between the two, labour services were persistently employed, but their important were dwindling, whilst the permanent workers were the main labour force purposely maintained on the demesne. This finding proves that the employment of casual labour was relatively insignificant. It also illustrates that the permanent posts were a more secure source of income than casual hire. In this context, casual hire was paid higher daily wages, but its availability was limited; the permanent contract was poorly paid, but it guaranteed a secure livelihood across the year. This explains why, when job opportunities were relatively expanded in the casual sector during labour shortage, labourers would turn down permanent contracts for casual hire, in the hope for a better income. Following this context, we would expect to see that during our period, when depopulation was continued, the employer of permanent workers was forced to improve the job offer to match the potential income a labourer could earn in the casual sector. The trend in the value of the permanent labourer’s salary, therefore, should reflect the changes in the agricultural labourer’s income in general. An index of the permanent labourer’s salary will be presented to illustrate this rising trend.
3
Kurzweil, Marianne [Verfasser]. „Interdependencies between Agricultural and Labour Markets / Marianne Kurzweil“. Aachen : Shaker, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1161301208/34.
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4
Daba, Genet. „Rural labour force in Ethiopia“. Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123101.
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This study is based on males and females aged 10+ in the 1981/82
Rural Labour Force Survey. It analyzes the results of the usual and
current status approach which were used in the survey. The usual status
approach showed higher participation rates than the current status
approach for all age groups.
Unemployment and underemployment in rural Ethiopia are also
examined and it is found that underemployment as measured by hours
worked is more prominent than open unemployment. One reason for low
open unemployment is suspected to be the conventional definition of
unemployment which in most cases does not represent the rural situation
and secondly open unemployment appears to be truly rare in rural
Ethiopia.
The levels and patterns of male and female labour force
participation are discussed. Males at all ages have higher
participation rates than females. The gross years of active life of
males is high compared to that of females. Male participation is low in
the entry ages, rises to its maximum in the prime ages and again
decrease in the retirement ages. Female labour force participation
exhibits the central peak pattern.
The relationship between some demographic and social variables and
male and female participation are discussed. Marital status affects
male labour force participation, with married men having higher rates
while migration does not seem to affect male participation rates.
Demographic variables such as migration, marital status, and
relationship with head of household have significant effect on female
participation rates.
5
Roy, Sankar. „Land, Labour and Politics : a study of agricultural labourers in North Bengal“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/114.
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6
Roy, Tapan Kumar. „Determinants of employment, wages and income of agricultural labourers : a study of select villages in Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1499.
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7
Petersen, Emelda. „A theoretical framework for the labour relations between the farmer and farm workers during industrial strike actions“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2671.
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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The purpose of this study was to analyse the labour relations of the workers in the agricultural sector, with reference to the De Doors area in the Western Cape. Despite the political, social and economic changes to better the lives of the farm workers that have been implemented to rectify the inequalities of the past, the labour conditions on farms stayed unchanged. It is evident that there is a gap in the labour relations in the agricultural sector, due to the 2012/13 strike actions that took place. Qualitative research methodology was employed in the study; it provided the researcher with the opportunity to personally interact with the farm workers. It further allowed the researcher to gain a holistic understanding of the daily lives of the farm workers which would foster a better understanding of their daily struggles. Interviews were used as method of data collection. This methodology also enables the researcher to interpret and describe the actions of participants. Good labour relations play a vital role in any industry or organisation. Farm workers are generally classified as vulnerable and the most exploited group of the South African society. They often work irregular hours throughout the year in various weather settings. Regardless of the physical strain that their jobs entail, farm workers earn a low wage and are often deprived of the basic benefits that an employee should be entitled to. This was the reason the farm workers embarked on a strike in 2012/13. The researcher proposed recommendations to the Agricultural department on how to improve the labour relations on the farms in the De Doorns area by suggesting that more labour inspectors are being employed to oversee that legislation are implemented. Skills Development needs to be become compulsory for all farm workers as farming is becoming more technological. Skills Development unlocks talents and creative energy for the farm workers which have a positive impact on production.
8
Tocco, Barbara. „Agricultural employment and inter-sectoral labour mobility in selected EU Member States“. Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/56649/.
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In the last century, and especially with the development of European market integration, economies in Europe experienced a deep restructuring of their agricultural sector. The structural shift away from the primary sector activities, with the reallocation of labour across sectors, is an important engine of economic development. Nonetheless, the patterns and drivers of structural change in the New Member States (NMS) have differed in nature, speed and intensity from those of the EU-15. More importantly, the high incidence of farm employment and family workers in some of the NMS, despite low levels of agricultural training and labour productivity, suggests that farming, particularly in the least developed regions, might be the only viable solution for obtaining a minimum standard of living, especially for those who lack the human capital for 'better' employment opportunities. Against this background, the aim of this research is to investigate the driving forces behind agricultural labour adjustments and, thus, shed light on the facilitators of, and barriers to, labour mobility. The analysis focuses on the linkages between farm and non-farm sectors and explores the determinants of agricultural employment and inter-sectoral labour mobility in six selected Member States (MS): France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Using national and European micro-level data from labour force and agricultural business surveys, the econometric analysis employs various discrete choice modelling techniques on cross-section and panel data. The key message from this research is that skills mismatch, due to inadequate levels of education and vocational training, and labour market characteristics appear to be the most important impediments to the inter-sectoral and spatial mobility of labour. The mixed evidence in the results across MS reflects the heterogeneous organisational and production structures, implying different constraints or prospects for farm survival and hence different capacities to release and absorb labour. Hence, in order to ensure an efficient allocation of labour and a smooth transition across sectors, investments in human capital and the diversification of rural areas constitute crucial rural development policies. Nonetheless, a one-size-fits-all policy is not appropriate for the wide diversity of rural areas and labour markets across MS. Instead, more targeted and diverse measures should be implemented in order to meet particular needs.
9
Goodman, Bruce (Bruce Edward) Carleton University Dissertation Geography. „Gardening Guatemala: the influence of export vegetables on land and labour relations in the Mayan highlands“. Ottawa, 1992.
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10
Masindi, Mphedziseni Moses. „The impact of child labour in agricultural sectors in the Vhembe Region : issues and challenges“. Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1409.
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Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) --University of Limpopo, 2015This mini-dissertation deals with the impact of child labour in the Vhembe Region. Africa reportedly has the highest incidence of child labour in the world. Vhembe as a region and South Africa as a whole has the problem of child labour which is influenced by poverty. To respond to this problem, some scholars recommend an outright ban on child labour through legislation. Child labour refers to dangerous and exploitative work which is carried out at too early an age, involves long working hours, carried out in inadequate conditions, not sufficiently paid, involves excessive responsibility, and undermines the child’s dignity and self-esteem. The mini-dissertation has clearly defined the child labour and discusses the legislative framework, international law framework and the challenges of child labour in the Vhembe Region.
11
Ekine, Data Irene. „Labour input decisions on small subsistence farms in the Rivers State of Nigeria“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294895.
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12
Adisa, Bidemi Toyosi. „Income and child labor : evidence from agricultural households in Ethiopia“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60831.
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Child labour is closely associated with poverty. However, the direction of causality is an empirical question. There is need to control for potential endogeneity in order to be able to adequately estimate the factors that determine child labour. This study proposed a model of an agricultural household to explain the factors that affect the household's decision to involve their children in child labour and the type of influence each factor has on the household. These factors include household resources, child characteristics, community characteristics, school availability, etc. The data was analysed using both Tobit and Logit models. The Tobit model was used to find the relationship between the factors and duration of child work while the Logit model was used for the participation of the child in farm work. The outcome of the analysis showed that among agricultural households in Ethiopia, child labour is a normal good increasing with income. However, the impact on the male child was different from that of the female child, suggesting that gender bias with respect to child labour might exist in Ethiopia. The male child is made to participate more in farm work than the female child, though the females responded more to household land holding (size). This can be attributed to the need for the household decision maker to substitute household chores performed by the female child for farm work. The substitution effect of increase in income on household decision on child farm work is higher than the income effect, irrespective of the gender of the child, although the effect was significant for the male child but not significant for the female child. Also, school availability is a very important factor for both the male and the female child. The impact of household size in this analysis suggests the presence of division of labour, and the significance of the mother's education on the female child's response suggests that the effect of cultural belief system changes with the mother's education.Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted
13
Masindi, M. M. „The impact of child labour in agricultural sectors in the Vhembe Region : issues and challenges“. Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1449.
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This mini-dissertation deals with the impact of child labour in the Vhembe
Region. Africa reportedly has the highest incidence of child labour in the world.
Vhembe as a region and South Africa as a whole has the problem of child
labour which is influenced by poverty. To respond to this problem, some
scholars recommend an outright ban on child labour through legislation. Child
labour refers to dangerous and exploitative work which is carried out at too
early an age, involves long working hours, carried out in inadequate
conditions, not sufficiently paid, involves excessive responsibility, and
undermines the child’s dignity and self-esteem. The mini-dissertation has clearly
defined the child labour and discusses the legislative framework, international
law framework and the challenges of child labour in the Vhembe Region.
14
Mazower, Benjamin Louis. „Agriculture, farm labour and the state in the Natal Midlands, 1940-1960“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14317.
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Bibliography: leaves 204-212.This thesis analyses agrarian development in the Natal Midlands during the 1940s and 1950s. Based predominantly on archival and primary sources, it seeks to provide some empirical evidence in an area where such information is sorely lacking. The first chapter briefly analyses the national agricultural economy in the 1940s before turning to the Natal Midlands. The importance of urban factors in fuelling the post-war boom is examined, as is the way in which different groups of farmers reacted to these developments. The second chapter discusses the position of farm workers. The system of labour tenancy is considered and stress is laid on the various tensions within the system which became prominent at this time. The use of the courts and the police in helping farmers control their workers, informal methods of control and labourers' resistance are also examined. The next chapter discusses the severe farm labour shortage and shows how it emerged from the tensions within labour tenancy and the increasing urban opportunities seized by farm workers. Attention is also paid to the farm labour policies of the pre-apartheid state and these are compared with the policies demanded by organised agriculture. The final chapter examines these processes during the 1950s. The effect of the slowdown in agricultural growth is discussed as is the limited success of the apartheid state's farm labour policies. It is suggested that the key to understanding the state's lack of success lies in differentiating between different categories of farmers. The agricultural crisis in the late 1950s and its effects are also analysed. Finally, it is suggested that the key determinants of agrarian development are accumulation and struggle rather than state policies.
15
Mackenzie, Fiona. „Land and labour women and men in agricultural change, Murang'a district, Kenya, 1880-1984“. Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5278.
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16
Selolwane, Onalenna Doo. „Labour allocation and household incomes strategies in Western Ngamiland, Botswana : implications for agricultural development“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316147.
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17
Sinha, Saurabh. „Implications of agricultural commercialisation for land and labour institutions on the Rajasthan Canal Project“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285368.
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18
Kakrabah, John B. „Facilitating access to financial services towards rural self employment : what role for the agricultural trade union in Ghana?“ Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250736.
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19
Schneider, Andreas. „Assessing the impact of the May 1992 CAP reform on the farm labour supply“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271030.
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20
Pandya, Kiran. „Agrarian structure, new technology and labour absorption in Indian agriculture : an empirical investigation of Gujarat“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336068.
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21
Eljack, Ahmed M. „The supply and price of agricultural labour in relation to the development of the Sudan Gezira Scheme“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375350.
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22
Hjalmarson, Kirsten Elise. „Race, labour, and the postmodern plantation : Jamaican migrant farmworkers in Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58347.
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This ethnographic thesis project critically examines the experiences of Jamaican migrant farmworkers employed in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia via the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP). First introduced in 1966, the SAWP is the oldest and longest-standing labour migration regime in Canada and the principal agricultural stream of the federal Temporary Foreign Worker Program. Drawing upon the salient work of numerous activists and scholars who have contended that the SAWP facilitates a form of transnational indentureship by bonding migrant workers to their employers, I argue that the SAWP farm site constitutes a peculiar and totalizing institution that capitalizes on the unfreedom of black labour. I apply critical race theory to situate workers’ experiences of surveillance, immobilization, and hyper-exploitation in addition to their characterization of farm life as “prison life” within a postslavery context. I conclude that only by acknowledging the role of racism and its relationship to the border can we ever hope to truly achieve justice for migrant farmworkers in Canada.Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan)
Graduate
23
Bee, Anna. „Regional change and non-traditional agricultural exports : Land, labour and gender in the Norte Chico“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529792.
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24
Flynn, Andrew. „Rural working class interests in party policy-making in post-war England“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324173.
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25
Nye, Caroline. „Forgotten farm workers : contemporary farm labour and sustainability in the South West of England“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33119.
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The mass decline in agricultural labour in Britain since the industrial revolution has, ultimately, led to it becoming a significant ‘blind spot’ in the agricultural research agenda. Data regarding those who actively work at the ‘frontline’ of agriculture, and how they interrelate with other agents in their network to achieve multiple national and global agendas, is minimal. This thesis contributes and develops a comprehensive body of knowledge concerning the composition of labour on farms in the South West of England, as well as identifying and exploring contemporary relationships between farm labour contributors, the community; and the land, through the examination of the lived experience of different contributors to agricultural labour. These changes are considered under the lens of agriculture’s ever-encroaching challenges of productivity, labour skills shortages and sustainable intensification. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, incorporating a postal survey of 1251 farms, as well as 45 semi-structured interviews with farm labour contributors via a case study approach. Quantitative data provides a useful picture of those contributing to labour on farms in the South West of England, and brings attention to associated labour issues experienced by farmers. Qualitative data fleshes out these results with the guidance of Actor Network Theory. The concept of the lifescape is utilised to achieve this most pictorially while principles from the Human Capability Framework are applied to weaknesses in network chains that were revealed during the research process. Results reveal how new worker profiles have arisen from the increasingly flexible labour market, with contractors exposed as playing a progressively more crucial role to the survival of the industry. Due to an impending labour crisis, rapid technological development, and disparities in knowledge between farmers and other labour contributors, relationships of independence and interdependence between the various cohorts were discovered. Multiple actors within the lifescape of the farm labour contributor mean that clear distinctions cannot be made between farm, land, nature and community, with no single element more important than the other in the playing out of behaviours. Similarly, that same array of actors is seen to contribute significantly to the capacities, opportunities and freedoms available to farm labour contributors, and where a match between the two fails, substantial issues can be seen to arise. The research makes a valuable contribution to rural sociology through understanding the lifescape of the farm worker from the ground up. Overall, it addresses the importance of incorporating farm workers and contributors into the agricultural and more specifically, the sustainable intensification research agenda, particularly emphasising the importance of agricultural research and policy-making parameters being inclusive of all individuals who actively contribute to the land, rather than exclusive.
26
Kirwan, Susanne. „Best uses of labour for animal welfare and productuvity in extensive sheep farming systems in Britain“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=136665.
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In relation to hill sheep, the perception is that they live to a high welfare standard with minimal labour input per ewe, and that there is little reason for concern. This perception has however not been confirmed by science to date, chiefly due to a lack of research interest into the hill sheep sector. Meanwhile, extensive sheep farming faces increasing economic pressures, with low returns and falling government subsidy that may compromise animal welfare. Labour has been shown to be a key input factor for both productivity and welfare in extensive production systems. Despite this, little research has been done to try and optimise the labour input for productivity and welfare. This study is a first attempt to link labour input, productivity and welfare in extensive sheep systems through empirical observation and computer modelling. The fieldwork was undertaken from 2007 to 2009 on three research farms and three commercial farms. Labour use was analysed within a number of defined tasks. Linear programming (LP) modelling was then used to explore eight different scenarios with regard to sheep welfare, labour and productivity, and the potential impacts of specific management changes. Data analysis and model results showed hill sheep live to a high welfare standard according to the low incidence of welfare problems with low risks to productivity, confirming public expectations. Farmers, are however, aware their attention to an individual sheep’s welfare brings poor returns in terms of flock productivity. With this in mind, there is some scope for welfare-beneficial or –neutral reductions in labour, particularly if within-farm movement, e.g. between grazing areas, can be reduced. However, larger reductions of labour, even within legal guidelines, could seriously endanger the welfare of individual sheep, though without great risks to productivity at flock or farm level. Thus considerable savings in labour might, in some circumstances, reduce costs and hence improve profitability.
27
Paz, Ramirez Adriana Gabriela. „Embodying and resisting labour apartheid : racism and Mexican farm workers in Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45530.
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Contrary to government official discourses that present the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP) as a ‘human and just’ labour migration model, in this paper, the SAWP is presented as a migrant labour regime that functions as labour apartheid system of discipline and control, which is in place to satisfy the needs of capitalist development in the Canadian agricultural industry. By identifying the parallels and similarities of the differential treatment of Black migrant workers under South African apartheid with the differential treatment to which migrant farm workers are subjected under the SAWP, I explore how coercive migrant labour regimes of work function today in the context of heightened neoliberal hegemony and state multiculturalism. Through empirical evidences and theoretical claims, I identify main constitutive elements and forms of governance that cause workers to living and experiencing apartheid conditions; I explain how these forms of governance actually work on the ground, and how are they embodied, lived and contested by migrant farm workers participating in the program. I also delve in workers’ politics and their expressions of resistance and contestation to such system as they speak directly to the ways they experience apartheid conditions and the particular forms of how racism is inflicted over them. The SAWP presents an interesting opportunity to closely examine the ways in which colonialism works, how it is manifested today through labour and immigration schemes, and how these regimes are contested and challenged through migrant farm workers’ political subjectivities. In this respect, this paper paves the way for future movement-related research study of seasonal agricultural workers, which can generate collective insight and knowledge to support the organizing efforts of the precarious migrant workers in Canada.
28
Evans, Alison Margaret. „Agricultural development and the smallholder labour market in eastern Uganda : results from a two village study“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323023.
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Sheild, Johansson Clara Miranda. „"To work is to transform the land" : agricultural labour, personhood and landscape in an Andean ayllu“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/846/.
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This thesis analyses the central role of agricultural labour in the construction of personhood, landscape and work in an Andean ayllu. It is an ethnographic study based on fieldwork in a small subsistence farming village in the highlands of Bolivia. In employing a practice‐led approach and emphasising everyday labour, ambiguity and the realities of history and political power play, rather than the ayllu’s ‘core characteristics’ of complementarity and communality, the thesis moves away from the structuralist approaches which have dominated this field of study. In this setting, agricultural activity, llank’ay, (to transform the land), fills and shapes the days and seasons throughout the year. Llank’ay goes beyond economistic definitions of ‘work’ to include leisure, politics and everyday practice: it is bound up with myths of cosmogony, notions of value, the power of the land and a basic belief in what it is to be a human. The thesis examines the importance of llank’ay through several prisms: the tasks of the agricultural year and how these are crucial to the development of personhood; the mediating role of llank’ay in claims to land and inter‐village relationships of reciprocity; the effects of Protestant conversion and the role of llank’ay in sustaining an animate landscape; the intersection of llank’ay with other forms of work; migration and the outcomes of discontinuing llank’ay. I conclude that in this ayllu the practice of agricultural activity transforms people and land, creates belonging and communality and shapes the local concept of what labour is. It in turn creates the structures and limits within which people and land can be transformed.
30
Leiprecht, Ingrid. „Sectoral adjustment in the Polish labour market 1992-1995 a microeconometric analysis with special reference to agricultural employment /“. München : Ifo Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/46781926.html.
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Larkin, Sherrie N. „Workin' on the contract : St Lucian farmworkers in Ontario, a study of international labour migration /“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/NQ42747.pdf.
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Kwan, Fung. „An analysis of surplus agricultural labour and its contribution to rural industrialization : a case study of China“. Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408704.
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Kjeldahl, Rasmus. „Direct income payments to farmers : uses, implications and an empirical investigation of labour supply response in a sample of Danish farm households“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283728.
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Nasser, Yousef. „Labour markets and rural household economics : the case of hill country Palestine (1890-1990) with special reference to the Israeli occupation period“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259711.
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Takei, Keiko. „The production of skills for the agricultural sector in Tanzania : the alignment of technical, vocational education and training with the demand for workforce skills and knowledge for rice production“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/60644/.
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The general objective of this study is to identify skills required by employers relevant to the agricultural sector especially in cash crop rice farming and to explore how to increase the contribution of new entrants to the labour market leading to increased production, socio-economic development and the reduction of income-poverty in Tanzania. Productivity gains in the agriculture sector have been modest and have had a limited effect on economic growth in Tanzania. Although the country has considerable agricultural potential, making the most of this depends on the availability of a labour force that has the skills to support a shift to greater productivity. This study profiles, analyses and examines the reality of skills provision and the emerging opportunities to find out how skills development and employability should be improved. The research questions focus on (i) identifying the existing skills gaps between employers' needs and employees' capabilities; (ii) identifying the skills which TVET programs impart to enhance performance in the agriculture subsector; and (iii) identifying the skills required by employers and analysing the employability of TVET graduates entering work in the agricultural sector, especially for paddy production. The study concludes by outlining policy implications for improving TVET programs for workforce development. Among the key research findings was the identification of the high degree of irrelevance of most TVET courses for the targeted labour market as overall 89 % of employers claim that the skills possessed by graduates were not applicable to their intended jobs. Moreover, there is a gap in perception between employers and employees about the value of their training. Serious concerns need to be addressed. This can be done by creating an effective system of knowledge dissemination and training building on the current cascade training system involving both the TVET institutions and the visitation of extension workers in the field responsible for enhancing the transfer of modern farming practices. Findings also indicate that very few TVET graduates who enter the agriculture sector have actually studied agriculture, and only seven percent out of the entire TVET graduating cohort have studied the agricultural track. These research findings, drawn largely from a case study analysis as well as analysis of secondary sources, were formed during my professional experience working in the TVET sub-sector in Tanzania. The findings lead to the conclusion that the nature and structure of the curriculum as well as the teaching methodology mean the skills of the TVET graduates are inadequate to meet the demand from the labour market, especially in the paddy production sector. In addition, the study findings lead to a number of critical policy options to reduce skills gaps by refining the curriculum and pedagogy to ensure it is more demand driven and by ensuring that a mechanism is created linking supply and demand. Critical policy options include the need for a clearer and more systemic occupational analysis of the skills needed in paddy production -- such as the analysis provided in the Developing A Curriculum (DACUM) approach in order to ensure that the TVET curriculum is in alignment with the demanded occupational skills. To enhance the scientific and technological foundation of TVET, a strong focus will be required on high-order literacy and numeracy skills. The study also suggests that to establish a “knock-on effect”, youth who obtain skills from TVET institutions also need to be provided with appropriate leadership training during their TVET programs in preparation for disseminating knowledge and skills to other farmers in the field and leading change in agricultural practice. The training system needs to be more closely linked with employers and work places where knowledge and skill can be utilised.
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Liang, Meng. „Seasonal labour migration of Chinese agricultural workers to Kawata village : migrant realities, negotiations, and a collaborative power network“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709010.
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Murray, Andrew. „Restructuring paternalism : the changing nature of labour control on wine farms in Koelenhof“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14284.
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Includes bibliographies.The central hypotheses advanced in the dissertation are: 1. Wine farmers in the Western Cape have, since the 1970s; been increasingly changing the form of labour control on their farms from co-ercive to co-optive techniques. 2. The Rural Foundation has played a key role in promoting and facilitating these changes to co-optive methods of labour control. 3. The changes to co-optive forms of labour control have resulted in corresponding changes in the form of paternalism that has characterised the relations of production in the Western Cape for the past three centuries. 4. Whilst the change to co-optive managerial techniques has improved working and living conditions for farmworkers, it has not necessarily reduced the dependency of farmworkers on the farmers, nor empowered workers. 5. Farmworkers have themselves internalised the ideology of 'enlightened' paternalism, with this ideology being fundamental in structuring their work-place behaviour. Trade unionists need to recognise this, and strategise accordingly. The empirical data that is used both to verify the fore-mentioned theoretical statements, and to provide information used in the construction of these statements, was gathered by means of interviews. Interviews were conducted with nine farmers/farm managers and 25 farmworkers from wine farms in Koelenhof, two members of both the Rural Foundation and the Food and Allied Workers Union and an organiser for the National Council of Trade Union's National Union of Wine, Spirit and Allied Workers. This empirical information is integrated into a conceptual method that draws from both the structuralist and social historian perspectives in agrarian social theory. In this sense, the discussion in both abstract and theoretical, and descriptive. Furthermore, the discussion is, at times, prescriptive, arguing that trade unions should adopt particular tactics in their attempts to defend and advance the interests of farmworkers in South Africa.
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Turhan, Ethemcan. „The political ecology of state-led climate change adaptation: A study of labour-intensive agriculture from Turkey“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285043.
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Hay un amplio reconocimiento sobre el hecho de que los cambios ambientales
globales actuales no pueden ser entendidos, analizados y respondidos sin reconocer el
rol de la globalización neoliberal en su misma perpetuación y exacerbación. El feedback
y la superposición entre estos dos principales cambios globales llevan a dobles
exposiciones, donde las vulnerabilidades se hacen irremisiblemente visibles y la
intervención adaptativa para salvaguardar intereses políticos y económicos se convierte
en imperativa. Los resultados de la investigación sobre este campo sugieren que las
asimetrías de poder, los intereses particulares y diversos valores presentes en las
políticas de adaptación al cambio climático y el desarrollo nacional son decisivas en la
elección de unos u otros caminos de adaptación. Estos caminos, cargados también de
valores morales, pueden limitar las políticas nacionales a soluciones técnicas y de
gestión, al minusvalorar las medidas políticas de redistribución social y por lo tanto ocluir
el debate político sobre imaginarios futuros alternativos.
Basándose en tres estudios empíricos sobre la agricultura de trabajo intensivo en
Turquía, esta tesis explora cómo las intervenciones adaptativas dirigidas por el Estado
configuran las vulnerabilidades, y a la vez fracasan en su intento de reducirlas, al no
obstaculizar la continuidad de la acumulación de capital. Con esta finalidad, esta tesis
utiliza las herramientas de la ecología política para analizar un grupo de población
relativamente poco estudiado pero clave para la agricultura de trabajo intensivo: los
trabajadores agrícolas de migración estacional. En consecuencia, esta tesis identifica
cómo la política de adaptación al cambio climático en la agricultura turca, mediante su
visión del sector agrícola como una unidad homogénea, facilita el desplazamiento de los
costes socio-ecológicos. Indudablemente, esta situación se origina en una excesiva
simplificación de las desequilibradas relaciones de poder en el sector agrícola de trabajo
intensivo, así como en un compromiso con el desarrollismo. Los resultados de los dos
periodos de trabajo de campo en el sur de Turquía confirman que las intervenciones
adaptativas en la agricultura turca se esfuerzan en producir sujetos adaptables y
resilientes, que son considerados responsables de lidiar con sus propias
vulnerabilidades. Además, los valores y las visiones del mundo de los grupos de interés
implicados en las políticas de adaptación, descifrados mediante metodología Q,
confirman esta prevalencia de la idea de resiliencia como ajuste versus adaptación como
transformación. Argumento que un particular entendimiento de la adaptación como una
intervención destinada a salvaguardar el “proyecto de desarrollo”, definido como un
proyecto político y económico que prioriza los mercados y los extiende como un medio
de crecimiento económico y de modernidad, recorre la esfera de la política de
adaptación al cambio climático en Turquía. Los tres estudios empíricos, en este sentido,
muestran la necesidad de repensar las relaciones entre adaptación y desarrollo
mediante paradigmas alternativos, más radicales y transformadores, que la adaptación
puede proveer si la condición humana ha de ser mejorada de forma equitativa.There is a widespread recognition that global environmental changes today cannot be understood, analyzed and responded without an acknowledgement of the role of neoliberal globalization in perpetuating and exacerbating these changes. The simultaneous overlap and feedback between these two main global changes lead to double exposures where vulnerabilities inescapably become visible and adaptive intervention to safeguard political and economic interests become imperative. The evidence from this research suggests that power asymmetries, vested interests and diverse values present in climate change adaptation and national development policy are decisive on the type of preferred adaptation pathways. Such value-laden pathways might lock-in the national policy to technomanagerial solutions by undervaluing redistributive social policy measures and therefore closing the political debate on alternative future imaginaries. Based on three distinct empirical studies on labour-intensive agriculture in Turkey, this thesis explores how state-led adaptive interventions construct, attempt and fail to reduce vulnerabilities with not hampering the continuity of capital accumulation. In doing so, it utilizes political ecology’s toolbox to study a relatively understudied population key to labour-intensive agriculture: migrant seasonal agricultural workers. Consequently, this thesis identifies that climate change adaptation policy in Turkish agriculture facilitates socioecological cost shifting through its vision of the agricultural sector as a homogeneous unit. This, arguably, stems from an oversimplification of the uneven power relations within the labour-intensive agricultural sector as well as a commitment to developmentalism. Findings from two periods of fieldwork in southern Turkey further confirm that adaptive interventions in Turkish agriculture strive to produce self-adaptable, resilient subjects who are rendered responsible to deal with their own vulnerabilities. Values and worldviews of adaptation policy stakeholders deciphered through Qmethodology confirm this prevalence of resilience-as-adjustment over adaptation-as-transformation. I argue that a particular understanding of adaptation as an intervention to safeguard ‘the development project’, broadly defined as a political and economic project that prioritizes markets and extends them as the means of economic growth and modernity haunts the climate change adaptation policy domain in Turkey. All three empirical studies, in this regard, point at the need to re-think adaptation-development relations through more radical and transformative, alternative paradigms that adaptation might provide if human condition is to be improved equitably.
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Kheswa, Nomzamo Sybil. „Changes and continuities in the labour process on commercial farms in post-Apartheid South Africa : studies from Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011978.
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This thesis examines the agricultural labour process on commercial farms in post-apartheid South Africa with a particular focus on systems of labour control on these farms. Considerable literature exists about the labour process in capitalist society but the capitalist labour process does not exist in any pure form. Rather, different labour processes exist and the specific form they take depends on spatial and temporal conditions. Additionally, labour processes are often economic sector-specific. Because of variation in capitalist labour processes, differences in systems of labour control (or labour control regimes) also arise. Historically, up until the end of apartheid in 1994, the labour control regime on commercial farms in South Africa was marked by a paternalistic despotism of a racialised kind. This in part reflected the fact that commercial farms were simultaneously sites of both economic production and social reproduction and, further, they were very privatised agrarian spaces largely unregulated (specifically with regard to labour) by the state. Since the end of apartheid, commercial farms have been subjected to multiple pressures. Notably, the South African state has strongly intervened in labour relations on commercial farms, and commercial farms have been subjected to ongoing neo-liberal restructuring. This has led to the prospects of changes in the prevailing labour control system on commercial farms. In this context, the thesis pursues the following key objective: to understand changes and continuities in the labour process on commercial farms – and particularly labour control systems – subsequent to the end of apartheid in South Africa. It does so with reference to four farms in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces.
40
Grove, Mariette. „Judging alcohol use in the workplace: should labour arbitrators and judges reconcile the employer's duties differently in the agricultural sector?“ Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4505.
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Malaeb, Bilal. „Coping with rural risk : assets, labour allocation, migration, and community networks“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/coping-with-rural-risk-assets-labour-allocation-migration-and-community-networks(31147d2b-92a2-4590-a6f5-8f27c29fe645).html.
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Given the importance of agricultural income for rural households, erratic weather conditions pose an austere threat to these households' livelihoods. This thesis explores ways through which households in agrarian economies smooth their consumption, engage in community networks, and readjust their labour allocation in response to shocks. In a setting of inherent risk, absence of institutional insurance, and labour market inefficiencies, poor households are often left to their own devices to cope with risk. The aim of this study is to examine the different risk-coping strategies adopted by households in rural India, assess their effectiveness, and derive implications for public policy. The results suggest that, in an environment characterised by agro-climatic risk, households are able to self-insure and smooth their consumption in the face of income shocks. Their coping mechanisms, however, may reduce their resilience to future shocks. In fact, small landholders tend to rely more heavily on their productive asset stock, while medium landholders find it optimal to preserve and accumulate their productive assets when exposed to exogenous income shocks. Households also change their labour allocation and reduce their self-employment in agriculture. Furthermore, households in rural areas can migrate to urban areas or engage in societal risk-sharing arrangements to mitigate the risk. The results of this thesis suggest that being part of a community network discourages individuals' migration and increases the likelihood of undertaking riskier activities. The findings also confirm the importance of portfolio adjustments and the diversification of household assets in buffering consumption. These conclusions form the basis of several policy implications, the most important of which is providing formal insurance schemes to encourage the accumulation of assets, technology, and skills.
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Urzi, Domenica. „Migrant workers, temporary labour and employment in Southern Europe : a case study on migrants working in the agricultural informal economy of Sicily“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28737/.
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This thesis explores the migratory experience mainly of Tunisian and Romanian workers in the agricultural informal economy of Sicily (Italy), based on observation and 30 semi-structured interviews. Starting from the reasons behind the decision to migrate and the expectations towards their migratory experience, this thesis argues that family’s needs are central motivational factors for the majority of the people who were part of my study and that the migratory experience tends to transform conventional gendering and parenting roles. The thesis also investigates the strategies used by Tunisian and Romanian migrants to enter the Italian territory and to be recruited in the agricultural sector. My data suggested that social capital (or the lack of it) and social networks are essential resources to enter the Italian territory and its labour market and to remain active within it. Furthermore, the thesis claims that the interaction between the widespread informal employment in Southern Europe and discriminating forms of citizenship creates a paradoxical situation where newly European Romanian workers have more opportunity to negotiate with employers within the informal economy, whereas non-European people must seek contractual work within the formal labour market to justify their immigration status, making them more vulnerable to exploitation by deceitful employers. For this reason an imaginary continuum line has been developed in the last two chapters of the thesis to highlight how discriminatory citizenship status interacts with the informal labour economy of the agricultural sector of Sicily, exacerbating unequal power relations and labour exploitation. By stretching the concept of the ‘camp’ developed by Agamben (1998), the informal economy will be considered as a dimension where people’s rights are severely undermined. The thesis nonetheless asserts that recognition of human dignity and human rights offer a form of utopian critique that might be considered positive as it stands outside the limitations of national forms of citizenship and points to more inclusive ideas of global citizenship.
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Roberts, Tamaryn Jean. „Farm wages and working conditions in the Albany District, 1957-2008“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002712.
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Agriculture is a major employer of labour in South Africa with about 8.8% of the total labour force directly involved in agricultural production (StatsSA, 2007a). Farm wages and working conditions in the Albany district were researched in 1957 by Roberts (1958) and 1977 by Antrobus (1984). Research in 2008, involving face-to-face interviews of a sample survey of 40 Albany farmers, was undertaken to update the situation facing farm labourers and allowed for comparisons with the work previously done. Farm workers were governed by common law until 1994 when the government intervened with legislation. The introduction of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (1997) for farm workers, amended in 2002 to include minimum wage legislation, and the Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA) of 1997 impacted the supply and demand of farm workers. Other impacts have been due to the Albany district experiencing an increase in the establishment of Private Game Reserves and game-tourism with a simultaneous decline in conventional farming. It was concluded from the survey conducted that minimum wage legislation decreased the demand for regular and increased the demand for casual labour, which incur lower costs including transaction costs, than their regular counterparts. The ESTA of 1997 contributed to a decreased number of farm residents, which had spin-off affects on the supply of labour. Farmers experienced a simultaneous price-cost squeeze, which furthermore decreased the demand for labour. Studying the working and living conditions showed that farm workers had limited access to educational and recreational facilities which negatively impacted the supply of labour.
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Kingombe, Christian Kitenge Moembo. „An enquiry into the causes and nature of the transmission mechanisms between labour-based rural roads, sustainable growth, and agricultural trade in Zambia's Eastern Province“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539274.
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Feuerbacher, Arndt. „Economy-wide Modelling of Seasonal Labour and Natural Resource Policies“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19825.
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Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich methodischen und empirischen Forschungsfragen mit Bezug auf saisonale Arbeitsmärkte und Politiken zur nachhaltigen Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen. Hierfür wird ein gesamtwirtschaftlicher Modellierungsansatz angewendet, für den das im südöstlichen Himalaya gelegene Königreich Bhutan als empirische Fallstudie dient. Das methodische Forschungsziel der Arbeit ist, die Relevanz der Darstellung von saisonalen Arbeitsmärkten innerhalb von allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen (sog. CGE Modelle) zu ergründen. Dies stellt eine Neuheit in der Literatur dar. Die Arbeit zeigt auf, dass Modelle ohne saisonale Arbeitsmärkte systematisch Ergebnisse, wie Angebotsreaktionen und Wohlstandseffekte, verzerren. Die Saisonalität von Arbeit hat eine hohe Relevanz für gesamtwirtschaftliche Analysen im Kontext landwirtschaftlich geprägter Volkswirtschaften, insbesondere für Untersuchungen des Strukturwandels und agrarpolitischer Interventionen. Empirisch wird die wechselseitige Abhängigkeit von Politiken zum nachhaltigen Management natürlicher Ressourcen mit Zielen des Umweltschutzes und der ländlichen Entwicklung untersucht. Basierend auf unterschiedlichen Modellierungsansätzen, konzentrieren sich drei Studien auf agrar- und forstpolitische Szenarien in Bhutan. Es wird gezeigt, dass Bhutans Ziel, seinen landwirtschaftlichen Sektor auf 100% ökologische Landwirtschaft umzustellen, zu substantiellen Wohlfahrtsverlusten und negativen Folgen für die Ernährungssicherung führen würde. Die Analyse verschiedener forstpolitischer Szenarien demonstriert, dass eine höhere Forstnutzung in Bhutan im Sinne der gesamtwirtschaftlichen und ländlichen Entwicklung nachhaltig möglich ist. Die Arbeit weist auf verschiedene zukünftige Forschungsfelder hin, wie zum Beispiel die Integration von Ökosystemdienstleistungen, was als eine der wesentlichen Einschränkungen bei der modellgestützten Analyse von Politiken zur Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen identifiziert wurde.Using an economy-wide modelling approach, this dissertation investigates methodological and empirical research questions related to seasonal labour markets and natural resource policies. The Kingdom of Bhutan, located in the south-eastern Himalayas, serves as a case study. The methodological research objective of this thesis is to gain an understanding of the relevance of seasonal labour markets in the context of economy-wide modelling. The depiction of seasonal labour markets at national scale using a seasonal social accounting matrix (SAM) and computable general equilibrium (CGE) model presents a novel development within the literature. It is demonstrated, that the absence of seasonal labour markets leads to systematic bias of model results. The consequences are distorted supply responses and biased welfare effects, underlining the pivotal implications of seasonality for economy-wide analysis in the context of agrarian economies, particularly for scenario analysis involving structural changes and agricultural policy interventions. The empirical research objective addresses the interdependence of natural resource policies with objectives of environmental conservation and rural development. Employing modelling techniques, three studies focus on specific agricultural and forest policy scenarios in Bhutan. Simulating Bhutan’s ambitious policy objective to convert to 100% organic agriculture demonstrates substantial welfare losses and adverse impacts on food security, causing trade-offs with objectives of rural development and food self-sufficiency. Analysing forest policy reforms shows that increased forest utilization contributes to economic development, particularly in rural areas, without jeopardizing the country’s forest conservation agenda. The dissertation points at numerous areas of future research, as for example the incorporation of ecosystem services, which is identified as one key limitation of economy-wide analysis of natural resource policies.
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Chirara, Malon Tinotenda. „Perceived undersupply of local labour in the presence of unemployment: a case of selected Sundays River Valley citrus farms, 2013“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020367.
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While skilled labour shortages are common in many countries, including South Africa, mainly due to a skills mismatch, the undersupply of unskilled labour was less expected, especially in developing countries with high unemployment. The thesis utilises data on perceived worker undersupply on selected citrus farms in the Sundays River Valley (SRV), located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, collected in 2013, to analyse why unemployed residents, surprisingly, do not fill up vacancies on farms. In contrast to other labour markets, farm employment is not restricted by educational levels and as workers reported, with little training the various job tasks and skills required are easy and quick to grasp. At a time the government is trying to find ways of reducing unemployment, and the SRV Municipality (2012:29) reported approximately 42% unemployment, the question arises as to why the relatively low educated residents do not take advantage of the employment opportunities on farms. According to local workers and unemployed residents, the farm job was unattractive largely because of a combination of two factors: perceived relatively low salaries partly caused by the availability of migrant seasonal workers accepting lower remuneration and poor non-wage working conditions. The survey also found that farmers preferred migrant workers because they were more productive compared to their local counterparts who were, reportedly, characterised by high absenteeism and laziness, caused mainly by a reliance on social grants and alcohol abuse. Other reasons given for the unattractiveness of the farm job included the seasonal nature of farm employment, which left workers with no source of income in the offseason, the redundancy associated with farm tasks, perceived poor treatment of workers and lack of information on UIF and Provident funds to farm workers. To address problems associated with the dislike of farm work, seasonality of on-farm employment and the reportedly relatively low income, farm managers, the local municipality and the Labour Department could possibly be involved in creating more communal agricultural projects and help provide local community members to venture into supporting alternative careers within the Hospitality, Ecotourism and Conservation Industries through training programmes. Farm managers may need to consider improving their working relationship with workers in communication and when assigning tasks. Farmers and the local municipality could also consider investing in training programmes for the unemployed residents to equip them with technical skills that can improve their chances of finding jobs.
47
Weitz, Nikki. „The Farmstead: Building, Labor and Identity in Agricultural Ohio“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin155361391274056.
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Sougane, Arouna. „L'émigration au Mali : impacts sur les ménages d'origine et insertion des migrants de retour“. Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090008/document.
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Cette thèse analyse les effets de la migration sur le comportement des membres des ménages d'origine à un moment où les drames de l'immigration clandestine continuent de faire la une de l'actualité mondiale. Alors que la plupart des travaux s'intéresse uniquement aux effets des migrations internationales, notre étude, appliquée au Mali, élargit l'analyse aux migrations internes qui sont de forte intensité dans ce pays. Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons les données de deux enquêtes originales d'envergure nationale. Le travail est organisé en quatre chapitres. Plus descriptif, le premier chapitre dresse un panorama des deux types de migration, présente les caractéristiques des migrants et évalue les montants des transferts et leur contribution aux conditions de vie des ménages récipiendaires. Les chapitres suivants mobilisent des techniques micro-économiques qui notamment permettent d'estimer les effets de la migration tout en contrôlant des problèmes d'endogénéité. Le chapitre II examine les effets des deux types de migration sur la scolarisation des enfants des ménages d'origine, notamment leur réussite scolaire. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous évaluons l'impact des migrations sur la productivité agricole. Nous testons l'hypothèse d'apparition d'un comportement opportuniste du fait de l'existence d'un contrat implicite entre les migrants et leurs exploitations d'origine. L'insertion sur le marché du travail des migrants de retour est abordée dans le chapitre IV. De façon générale, cette thèse met en évidence l'impact négatif des migrations, notamment sur le comportement des membres des ménages d'origine. Non seulement, elles font apparaître un comportement opportuniste marqué par un moindre effort de leur part tant à l'école (pour les enfants) que dans les activités agricoles. Enfin, l'expérience migratoire n'influence pas significativement les chances d'insertion sur le marché du travailThis thesis analyses the effects of migration on the behaviors of household of origins members, when newspapers' headlines focus on tragedies related to illegal immigration. Our thesis, applied to Mali, is an in-depth analysis of external and internal migrations both very important in this country, whereas most of the studies only focus on the impact of international migration. We use data from two national large-scale surveys which were fully conducted under our control. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a descriptive analysis of the two types of migration and highlights the characteristics of migrants. It also evaluates the transfer amounts and their contribution to the living conditions of recipient households. The next chapters resort to micro-econometric techniques which allow us to estimate the effects of migration by controlling for endogeneity problems. The second chapter examines the effects of the two types of migration on schooling of children from households of origins, namely their schooling success. In the third chapter, we evaluate the impact of migrations on agricultural production. We test the hypothesis of an opportunistic behavior because of the existence of an implicit contract between migrants and members of the household of origin. Insertion of return migrants in the labour market is investigated in the fourth chapter. The thesis shows negative impacts of internal and foreign migrations, especially, on the behavior of original household members. Migrations reveal an opportunistic behavior marked by least effort at school (from children's side) and from agricultural workers. In addition, migration experience does not have significant influence on the insertion in the labour market
49
Simpson, Donna. „Salads, sweat and status : migrant workers in UK horticulture“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7601/.
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Drawing on workplace ethnography at a farm in the East of England and interviews with former participants on the UK's temporary foreign worker programme, the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme, this thesis contributes to understanding of the everyday work and living experiences of migrant workers in UK horticulture. In particular, it assesses the influence of supermarket-driven supply chains and of immigration status on these experiences. This thus reveals a labour process which is strongly shaped by structural factors, yet workers' agency is also shown to play an important part. The analysis is organised around working and living spaces. It first explores the living spaces of the camp in which migrant workers were required to reside as a result of the conditions attached to the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme. Such conditions, it is argued, give rise to both social and physical enclosure and thus to employers' control of migrant workers. Secondly, the thesis focuses on everyday work spaces, illustrating how migrants' work efforts are influenced by two features of production operating in UK food supply chains: just in time and total quality control. The role of surveillance and technology are shown to be important in habituating migrants' bodies and their work efforts. The analysis of spaces of work also reveals how the piece rate form of payment and uncertainty over rates of pay are used to gain workers' consent and intensification of work effort. Moreover, it contributes to understanding of the bodily effects of that effort. The thesis further explores leisure and consumption spaces away from the camp. These can be sites of stigma, racism and exclusion and simultaneously reveal the working of a transnational social field. The analysis of these spaces provides evidence of how immigration status and nationality can shape both migrants' own identities and how others perceive them.
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Ozbek, Aysegul. „New Actors Of New Poverty: The "“. Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608389/index.pdf.
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This study aims to analyze the socio-economic characteristics, living and working conditions, educational profiles and the future expectations of the child workers, who have been living in tents for many years and working as agricultural workers at Karagöç
er and Kapikö
y areas of Tuzla Municipality (KarataS District) of Adana Province since the early 90s after having been forced to vacate their villages in Sirnak. Thesis tries to expose the poverty, deprivation and social exclusion experienced by families and children presently living in tents in Karagö
ç
er and Kapikö
y. It is also aimed at exposing the ways in which these people are deprived of their social and political rights as citizens. The main research question of the study is the motives behind the child labour observed in Karagö
ç
er and Kapikö
y. The study has found that the phenomenon of child labour in this area is the direct consequence of poverty, deprivation, social exclusion and denial of citizenship rights that these families had to face as a result of forced migration early in the 90s. Therefore, the study underlines, in conceptual terms, how their unfavourable circumstances lead to deep child poverty and consequently child labour and thesis also tries to bring attention to the children&
#8217
s situation by referring to their families&
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poverty, deprivation, social exclusion and lack of citizenship rights. In this respect, the theory section of the thesis focuses on the relation of child labour and child poverty within the conceptualization of new poverty, internal displacement (forced migration), social exclusion and citizenship rights. One of the main argument of this thesis is that children from Sirnak who work in fields in Tuzla constitutes a different category of child labour. Even though they are paid child workers working in the agricultural sector and they live like migrant seasonal agricultural workers, they are not, since they are settled in the region for a long time. Another important argument of the study is that families of these children after the evacuation of their village did not migrate to urban areas like most of the internally displaced people did but moved to rural areas. In this sense, they are also in disadvantaged condition compared to other internally displaced people since they can not benefit from many social services, which is easy to reach in urban settings. Therefore, this study makes clear that the children and their families examined in this study are the part of the worst form of poverty in Turkey.