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Ethridge, Glacia, Angel Riddick Dowden und Michael Brooks. „The Impact of Disability and Type of Crime on Employment Outcomes of African American and Latino Offenders“. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 48, Nr. 4 (01.12.2017): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.48.4.46.
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Individuals with criminal histories who struggle to gain employment may choose to turn to illegal activity or seek state and federal program assistance to support themselves and their families. African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos with disabilities and criminal histories experience barriers (i.e., disability, criminal history, and race/ethnicity) that often prevent them from obtaining or maintaining competitive integrated employment. The purpose of this article was to examine the extant literature pertinent to disability and criminal history as employment obstacles among African American and Hispanic/Latino ex-offenders. As the foundation, the article categorizes employment outcomes for these target population by disability and criminal history, discusses how state vocational rehabilitation agencies can develop a criminal history service delivery model to improve employment outcomes, presents implications for improving employment outcomes, and explores future research.
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Sneed, Rodlescia. „The Health and Well-Being of African-American Older Adults With a History of Incarceration“. Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (01.12.2020): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1633.
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Abstract African-Americans are overrepresented in the criminal justice system. Longer prison stays and release programs for older prisoners may result in an increased number of community-dwelling older adults with a history of incarceration. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in research on health-related outcomes for currently incarcerated older adults; however, there has been little inquiry into outcomes for formerly incarcerated African-American older adults following community re-entry. In this study, we used secondary data from the Health and Retirement Study to describe employment, economic, and health-related outcomes in this population. Twelve percent of the 2238 African-Americans in our sample had been previously incarcerated. Those who had been previously incarcerated had higher rates of lung disease, arthritis, back problems, mobility problems, and mental health issues than their counterparts. They also had higher rates of hospitalization and lower use of dental health services. Further, while they did not experience lower employment rates than those with no criminal history, those who had been incarcerated had more physically demanding jobs and reported greater economic strain. Given the disproportionate incarceration rates among African-Americans, the aging of the prison population, and the increase in community re-entry for older prisoners, research that explores factors that impact the health and well-being of formerly incarcerated individuals has broad impact. Future work should focus on addressing the needs of this vulnerable population of African-American older adults.
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Felker-Kantor, Max. „“A Pledge Is Not Self-Enforcing”:“. Pacific Historical Review 82, Nr. 1 (November 2012): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2013.82.1.63.
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This article explores African American and Mexican American struggles for equal employment in Los Angeles after 1965. It argues that activists and workers used the mechanisms set up by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to attack the barriers that restricted blacks and Mexican Americans to poor job prospects. It shows that implementation of fair employment law was part of a dialectic between policymakers and regulatory officials, on one hand, and grass-roots individuals and civil rights organizations, on the other. The bureaucratic mechanisms created by Title VII shaped who would benefit from the implementation of the law. Moreover, blacks and Mexican Americans mixed ethnic power and civil rights frameworks to make the bureaucratic system more capacious and race-conscious, which challenged the intentions of the original legislation.
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Wilson, Steven H. „Brownover “Other White”: Mexican Americans' Legal Arguments and Litigation Strategy in School Desegregation Lawsuits“. Law and History Review 21, Nr. 1 (2003): 145–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595071.
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The landmark 1954 decisionBrown v. Board of Educationhas shaped trial lawyers' approaches to litigating civil rights claims and law professors' approaches to teaching the law's powers and limitations. The court-ordered desegregation of the nation's schools, moreover, inspired subsequent lawsuits by African Americans aimed variously at ending racial distinctions in housing, employment, and voting rights. Litigation to enforce theBrowndecision and similar mandates brought slow but steady progress and inspired members of various other minorities to appropriate the rhetoric, organizing methods, and legal strategy of the African American civil rights struggle.
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Katz, Michael B., Mark J. Stern und Jamie J. Fader. „The Mexican Immigration Debate“. Social Science History 31, Nr. 2 (2007): 157–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013717.
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This article uses census microdata to address key issues in the Mexican immigration debate. First, we find striking parallels in the experiences of older and newer immigrant groups with substantial progress among second- and subsequent-generation immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Mexican Americans. Second, we contradict a view of immigrant history that contends that early–twentieth–century immigrants from southern and eastern Europe found well–paying jobs in manufacturing that facilitated their ascent into the middle class. Both first and second generations remained predominantly working class until after World War II. Third, the erosion of the institutions that advanced earlier immigrant generations is harming the prospects of Mexican Americans. Fourth, the mobility experience of earlier immigrants and of Mexicans and Mexican Americans differed by gender, with a gender gap opening among Mexican Americans as women pioneered the path to white–collar and professional work. Fifth, public–sector and publicly funded employment has proved crucial to upward mobility, especially among women. The reliance on public employment, as contrasted to entrepreneurship, has been one factor setting the Mexican and African American experience apart from the economic history of most southern and eastern European groups as well as from the experiences of some other immigrant groups today.
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de Sánchez, Sieglinde Lim. „Crafting a Delta Chinese Community: Education and Acculturation in Twentieth-Century Southern Baptist Mission Schools“. History of Education Quarterly 43, Nr. 1 (2003): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2003.tb00115.x.
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During Reconstruction between one-fourth and one-third of the southern African-American work force emigrated to northern and southern urban areas. This phenomenon confirmed the fears of Delta cotton planters about the transition from slave to wage labor. Following a labor convention in Memphis, Tennessee, during the summer of 1869, one proposed alternative to the emerging employment crisis was to introduce Chinese immigrant labor, following the example of countries in the Caribbean and Latin America during the mid nineteenth century. Cotton plantation owners initially hoped that Chinese “coolie” workers would help replace the loss of African-American slave labor and that competition between the two groups would compel former slaves to resume their submissive status on plantations. This experiment proved an unmitigated failure. African Americans sought independence from white supervision and authority. And, Chinese immigrant workers proved to be more expensive and less dependable than African-American slave labor. More importantly, due to low wages and severe exploitation by planters, Chinese immigrants quickly lost interest in agricultural work.
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CAMPBELL, JAMES. „AFRICAN AMERICANS AND PAROLE IN DEPRESSION-ERA NEW YORK“. Historical Journal 54, Nr. 4 (07.11.2011): 1065–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x11000392.
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ABSTRACTIn the first half of the twentieth century, parole in the Deep South of the United States was part of a nexus of penal mechanisms providing white employers with a pliant black labour force. By contrast, in New York, which was at the forefront of innovations in parole policy, there was a surprising interracial consensus among white parole administrators and politicians, civil rights activists, and black prisoners themselves that the African American community was integral to parole administration and success. This article explores why different constituencies supported this consensus through debates on parole in the black press and via the desperate, and invariably futile, letters that prisoners wrote to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). These sources also indicate that, for black prisoners in New York, African American influence over the parole system was routinely constrained by widespread black poverty, racial segregation, and discrimination in employment.
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Broussard, Albert S. „Still Searching: A Black Family’s Quest for Equality and Recognition during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era“. Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 22, Nr. 1 (Januar 2023): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781422000536.
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AbstractHistorians have correctly interpreted the Gilded Age and Progressive Era as periods in which African Americans faced unpreceded violence, a significant decline in franchise, and the loss of many civil rights. These years however, were far more complex when viewed from the vantage point of African American families who attempted to empower themselves through education, securing employment in white-collar occupations, such as teaching, and working to advance themselves through race betterment groups, including women’s clubs and civil rights organizations. Yet some middle-class Black families like the Stewarts not only rejected white society’s widely held belief of Blacks as racially inferior and incapable of progress. They also embraced migration as a constructive strategy to advance their individual careers and to elevate the race. In an era when the majority of Black workers had minimal literacy and worked unskilled menial jobs, T. McCants Stewart and his children each graduated from college or professional school, worked in white-collar or professional jobs, and paved the way for the next generation. Yet each also understood that migration outside of the Jim Crow South, including to Africa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the territory of Hawaii, held the key to their success. Thus, the Stewarts constructed a new vision of freedom and opportunity and believed that even despite the repressive conditions imposed upon Blacks during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era that there was room for growth and an opportunity to advance their careers. Migration, therefore, should be reconsidered as a viable strategy that some Black families adopted to find their place in American society.
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Bobo, Lawrence D. „Somewhere between Jim Crow & Post-Racialism: Reflections on the Racial Divide in America Today“. Daedalus 140, Nr. 2 (April 2011): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00091.
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In 1965, when Dædalus published two issues on “The Negro American,” civil rights in the United States had experienced a series of triumphs and setbacks. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 extended basic citizenship rights to African Americans, and there was hope for further positive change. Yet 1965 also saw violent confrontations in Selma, Alabama, and the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles that were fueled by racial tensions. Against this backdrop of progress and retreat, the contributors to the Dædalus volumes of the mid-1960s considered how socioeconomic factors affected the prosperity, well-being, and social standing of African Americans. Guest editor Lawrence D. Bobo suggests that today we inhabit a similarly unsettled place: situated somewhere between the overt discrimination of Jim Crow and the aspiration of full racial equality. In his introduction, Bobo paints a broad picture of the racial terrain in America today before turning the volume over to the contributors, who take up particular questions ranging from education and family support, to racial identity and politics, to employment and immigration.
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O'Brien, Lauren. „¡Venceremos! Harambee!: A Black & Puerto Rican Union?“ New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 4, Nr. 1 (02.02.2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v4i1.106.
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In November of 1969, 2,700 members of Newark’s African American and Puerto Rican community assembled at the Black and Puerto Rican Political Convention to mobilize and strategize a plan to gain socio-political power. Unified through their discrimination in housing, employment, and police brutality, Newark’s communities of color resolved that the election of the city’s first Black mayor would provide a solution to many of their problems. Accordingly, the election of Kenneth Gibson validated the communities’ unified efforts and symbolized one of the most successful multiracial coalitions in Newark’s history. Although a monumental milestone, not all Newarkers remembered the convention as a symbol of hope and unity amongst Newark’s marginalized. For many Puerto Ricans, Gibson’s victory was the impetus for a major rift between Puerto Ricans and African Americans. While the history of the Black and Puerto Rican coalition is quite rich, it is largely unexamined within dominant narratives about the 1967 Newark Rebellion. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to excavate the details of the Black and Puerto Rican coalition in order to weave together a more complete, multiracial narrative about the Newark Rebellion that both includes and necessitates the legacy of Puerto Ricans within the long history of Newark community activism.
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Roediger, David. „What if Labor Were Not White and Male? Recentering Working-Class History and Reconstructing Debate on the Unions and Race“. International Labor and Working-Class History 51 (April 1997): 72–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790000199x.
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During World War Two Alexander Saxton, the great historian of race and class, was a young activist working in the railroad industry. In a lengthy article for theDaily Workerhe caught the complexity of racial discrimination among railway unions. The brotherhoods which organized railroad labor inculded several unions which had historically established the worst records of attempting to enforce what one commentator called the “Nordic closed shop” in their crafts. By the time Saxton wrote, however, the railwayunions had joined in campaigns against the poll tax and against lynching. What they avoided was agitation against “alleged” racism in their own workplaces. When the Fair Employment Practices Committee canceled hearings inquiring into discrimination in railroad employment, the unions rejoiced. Their newspaper observed that in any case such hearings would be illegitimate if African Americans joined in the deliberations. “Thereshould be on the Committee,” according to Labor, “no representative of any race or special interest.” Saxton added, “Apparently white men belongto no race.”
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Banks, Nina. „Retrospectives: Sadie T.M. Alexander: Black Women and a “Taste of Freedom in the Economic World”“. Journal of Economic Perspectives 36, Nr. 4 (01.11.2022): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.4.205.
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The employment history of African American women is notable because of their higher labor force participation rates compared to other women in the US. This essay discusses Sadie T.M. Alexander’s analysis of Black women and work based on her 1930s speeches and writings. Alexander assessed Black women workers’ contribution to Black American living standards and national output. A proponent of women’s gainful employment and economic independence, Alexander’s views on the benefits of industrial employment for women and family life stood in stark contrast to White social welfare reformers who discouraged maternal employment in favor of households with male breadwinners. Alexander criticized the unequal treatment of Black and White women under protective labor law, particularly with respect to domestic servants’ exclusion from New Deal minimum wage and maximum hour protections. The legacy of discriminatory policies continues to affect the economic status of African American women today through racial disparities in social welfare provisions and worker benefits.
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Straus, Emily E. „Unequal Pieces of a Shrinking Pie: The Struggle between African Americans and Latinos over Education, Employment, and Empowerment in Compton, California“. History of Education Quarterly 49, Nr. 4 (November 2009): 507–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2009.00227.x.
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Just days after the start of the 1994-1995 school year, almost a quarter of the student body at McKinley Elementary School in Compton, California did not show up for class. Latino organizers had asked parents to keep their children out of school to protest what they perceived as school administrators' inadequate response to Latino educational needs. Parents of approximately one hundred of the school's 431 students heeded the call. Although one out of four was only slighdy above the daily absentee rate for a normal school day, the nature of these absences forced district administrators to take notice. The rhetoric that Latino activists used when describing the management of Compton's public schools served as the most disquieting aspect of the walkout. “The Compton Unified School District is like Mississippi,” asserted John Ortega, the lead counsel for the Union of Parents and Students of Compton United, the association that organized the attendance strikes. “In Mississippi, they didn't want to educate blacks in the ‘50s, and in the ‘90s, Compton doesn't want to educate Latinos.”
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Chen, Anthony S., Robert W. Mickey und Robert P. Van Houweling. „Explaining the Contemporary Alignment of Race and Party: Evidence from California's 1946 Ballot Initiative on Fair Employment“. Studies in American Political Development 22, Nr. 2 (2008): 204–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x08000084.
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Why do most African Americans and other racial liberals vote Democratic, whereas most racial conservatives—largely whites—vote Republican? To what extent is this alignment of race and party attributable to the strategic choice of GOP elites to take the party in a racially conservative direction during the mid-1960s? This paper exploits a little-known ballot initiative in postwar California to shed light on the question. Proposition 11, as it was known, would have outlawed discrimination in employment if it had passed. Instead, it failed by more than a two-to-one margin. Drawing on archival and statistical evidence, including the ecological analysis of precinct-level election returns, we find that Republican voters were much more likely than Democratic voters to oppose Proposition 11, despite Republican Governor Earl Warren's well-known support for fair employment practices (FEP) legislation. We conclude that many Republican voters tended strongly toward racial conservatism well before Republican elites decided to pursue racially conservative policies in the mid-1960s. We suggest that the emergence of the contemporary alignment of race and party may have been less contingent on elite strategy and more structurally determined than the conventional wisdom allows.
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Schneider, Firedrich. „Estimation of Informal Economy: Figures for Developed and Underdeveloped Countries Around the World“. Revista de Economía Mundial, Nr. 60 (04.04.2022): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/rem.v0i60.5631.
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This paper estimates the size of the value added of the informal economy for 157 countries over 1991 to 2017 with the help of the MIMIC-method. The results show that OECD countries have by far the smallest informal economies, with sizes below 20 percent of official GDP. Moreover, informal economies are larger in Latin American and sub-Saharan African countries, averaging almost 38 and 39 percent of GDP, respectively. The average informal-economy size over all 157 countries and over 1991–2017 is 30.9 percent. The average decline in informal-economy size from 1991 to 2017 is a remarkable 6.8 percentage points. In addition, results of the size and development of undeclared or informal employment all over the world are shown. Except for Eastern Europe and Central Asia and Southern Africa, informal employment is above 50% of total employment and even over 88% in Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, some policy measures to reduce the informal economy and conclusions are given.
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Schneider, Firedrich. „Estimation of Informal Economy: Figures for Developed and Underdeveloped Countries Around the World“. Revista de Economía Mundial, Nr. 60 (04.04.2022): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/rem.v0i60.5631.
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This paper estimates the size of the value added of the informal economy for 157 countries over 1991 to 2017 with the help of the MIMIC-method. The results show that OECD countries have by far the smallest informal economies, with sizes below 20 percent of official GDP. Moreover, informal economies are larger in Latin American and sub-Saharan African countries, averaging almost 38 and 39 percent of GDP, respectively. The average informal-economy size over all 157 countries and over 1991–2017 is 30.9 percent. The average decline in informal-economy size from 1991 to 2017 is a remarkable 6.8 percentage points. In addition, results of the size and development of undeclared or informal employment all over the world are shown. Except for Eastern Europe and Central Asia and Southern Africa, informal employment is above 50% of total employment and even over 88% in Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, some policy measures to reduce the informal economy and conclusions are given.
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Murray, John E., und Werner Troesken. „The African-American Labor Supply after Reconstruction: Added Worker Effects in Urban Families“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 44, Nr. 2 (August 2013): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00536.
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Econometric analysis of a hitherto unused 1896 survey of African-American families in American cities, mostly located in the South, reveals the classic added worker effect: Longer intervals of husbands' unemployment—not counting work missed on account of illness—led to a greater share of wives taking paid employment outside the home. The analysis also shows that household structure and composition, as well as the health of husbands, influenced the decision of wives to enter the labor force. The data and analysis provide some of first econometric evidence about the labor-force decisions of urban-dwelling blacks in late nineteenth-century America.
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Seneadza, Nana Ayegua Hagan, Awewura Kwara, Michael Lauzardo, Cindy Prins, Zhi Zhou, Marie Nancy Séraphin, Nicole Ennis, Jamie P. Morano, Babette Brumback und Robert L. Cook. „Assessing risk factors for latent and active tuberculosis among persons living with HIV in Florida: A comparison of self-reports and medical records“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 8 (04.08.2022): e0271917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271917.
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Purpose This study examined factors associated with TB among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Florida and the agreement between self-reported and medically documented history of tuberculosis (TB) in assessing the risk factors. Methods Self-reported and medically documented data of 655 PLWH in Florida were analyzed. Data on sociodemographic factors such as age, race/ethnicity, place of birth, current marital status, education, employment, homelessness in the past year and ‘ever been jailed’ and behavioural factors such as excessive alcohol use, marijuana, injection drug use (IDU), substance and current cigarette use were obtained. Health status information such as health insurance status, adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART), most recent CD4 count, HIV viral load and comorbid conditions were also obtained. The associations between these selected factors with self-reported TB and medically documented TB diagnosis were compared using Chi-square and logistic regression analyses. Additionally, the agreement between self-reports and medical records was assessed. Results TB prevalence according to self-reports and medical records was 16.6% and 7.5% respectively. Being age ≥55 years, African American and homeless in the past 12 months were statistically significantly associated with self-reported TB, while being African American homeless in the past 12 months and not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were statistically significantly associated with medically documented TB. African Americans compared to Whites had odds ratios of 3.04 and 4.89 for self-reported and medically documented TB, respectively. There was moderate agreement between self-reported and medically documented TB (Kappa = 0.41). Conclusions TB prevalence was higher based on self-reports than medical records. There was moderate agreement between the two data sources, showing the importance of self-reports. Establishing the true prevalence of TB and associated risk factors in PLWH for developing policies may therefore require the use of self-reports and confirmation by screening tests, clinical signs and/or microbiologic data.
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Cohen, Eric, und Gerald J. Stahler. „Life histories of crack-using African-American homeless men: salient themes“. Contemporary Drug Problems 25, Nr. 2 (Juni 1998): 373–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145099802500206.
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In-depth life history interviews with 31 African-American male crack-cocaine users in Philadelphia were conducted as part of a demonstration project on homeless substance-abuse programs. Topics analyzed include the informants’ extensive experience of early life disruptions, childhood trauma and interpersonal violence; the importance of street gang life and violence while growing up; the transitory and unstable nature of the men's employment histories; the development of their careers of drug use and dealing; the involvement of drinking and drugs in the transition to homelessness; and their view of treatment as a resource for a respite from the streets.
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Weinman, Maxine L., Ruth S. Buzi und Peggy B. Smith. „Ethnicity as a Factor in Reproductive Health Care Utilization Among Males Attending Family Planning Clinics“. American Journal of Men's Health 5, Nr. 3 (26.08.2010): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988310373944.
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Health care utilization of reproductive health care services among males is an emerging issue. This study examined ethnicity as a factor in reproductive health care utilization among 1,606 African American and Hispanic young males attending family planning clinics. Seventy percent were African American and 30% were Hispanic. Across groups, the most received service was treatment for a sexually transmitted infection (STI). African American males were more likely than Hispanic males to have health insurance, report a prior visit to a family planning/STI clinic, and have a history of an STI. Hispanic males had higher rates of employment. The most common source of referral for family planning services for both groups was either a current girlfriend or female friend. Hispanic males were more likely to use family as a referral source than African American males. Differences were also noted in regard to interest in health topics with African American males most interested in STI prevention and getting a job and Hispanic males in services related to working-out/eating well, controlling anger, feeling depressed, and getting along with family. Young males’ perceptions of what they consider to be important health care needs should be assessed carefully in order to maintain their interest in returning to the clinics.
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Mahaffey, Carlos C., Danelle Stevens-Watkins und Carl Leukefeld. „Life After: Examining the Relationship Between Sociobehavioral Factors and Mental Health Among African American Ex-Offenders“. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, Nr. 12 (02.01.2018): 3873–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17750327.
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Mental health problems are 3 times higher among prisoners than the general population. After release, reentry barriers and other factors can exacerbate mental problems. This study of 250 African American ex-offenders examines the relationship between sociobehavioral factors and mental health. Independent variables included self-reported health, alcohol use, employment, and history of mental problems before prison. Covariates included the number of immediate family with mental problems and the number of serious conflicts with family members or friends. Analyses revealed that men who had serious conflicts, used alcohol more often, reported less than excellent health, and not employed were more likely to report being troubled by mental problems. Family mental health history was not statistically significant. The current study adds to the literature by identifying selected factors associated with the mental health of African American male, ex-offenders. Findings from this study can inform interventions to address mental health issues and reduce recidivism.
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Xu, Mia Ann, Jasmin Choi, Ariadna Capasso und Ralph DiClemente. „Association of Trauma History with Current Psychosocial Health Outcomes of Young African American Women“. Youth 4, Nr. 1 (03.03.2024): 316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/youth4010022.
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African American women have a higher likelihood of experiencing lifetime trauma compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Trauma exposure may be associated with higher substance misuse and greater adverse sexual and mental health outcomes. This study expands upon previous empirical findings to characterize the effect of trauma history on substance use, sexual health, and mental health among young African American women. This study included 560 African American women aged 18–24 years in Atlanta, Georgia. Trauma history was defined as having ever experienced a traumatic event based on the Traumatic Events Screening Inventory (TESI). Relative to women not reporting a trauma history and controlling for age, education, and employment, women who experienced trauma were over 2.5 and 2.3 times, respectively, more likely to report alcohol misuse and marijuana misuse. They were 3.0 times more likely to experience peer normative pressure for substance use. Women who experienced trauma were 2.1 times more likely to have multiple sex partners, 2.9 times more likely to have peer norms for risky sex, 1.8 times more likely to perceive barriers to using condoms with sex partners, 2.1 times more likely to report lower communication frequency about sex, 2.0 times more likely to report lower self-efficacy for refusing sex, and 1.9 times more likely to report less relationship control. Women with a trauma history were also 5.0 times more likely to have experienced intimate partner violence, 2.1 times more likely to report high depression symptomatology, 4.0 times more likely to report high overall stress, 3.2 times more likely to have worse coping skills, and 1.8 times more likely to have poor emotional regulation. Findings suggest that trauma history may increase myriad adverse psychosocial health outcomes. Screening for trauma history may help inform the provision of services. Intensified TESI screenings may help identify a history of trauma and assist in identifying adverse health outcomes.
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Fultz, Michael. „The Displacement of Black Educators Post-Brown: An Overview and Analysis“. History of Education Quarterly 44, Nr. 1 (2004): 11–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2004.tb00144.x.
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In 1951 three brief commentaries in the Journal of Negro Education drew public attention to the potentially tenuous job security of African-American educators in the South, Black professionals whose employment status was being called into question as southern educational institutions faced the prospect of desegregation. The specific incident which occasioned these commentaries was a December 1950 vote by the Board of Trustees of the University of Louisville to close the segregated, all-Black Louisville Municipal College, which it had administered since that college was founded in 1931, and to integrate the two institutions' student bodies. Fourteen African-American faculty and staff at Louisville Municipal College were informed that, despite tenure or contract status, they would be given two months' severance pay and summarily dismissed. With United States Supreme Court legal precedents from the 1938 Gaines case through the 1950 Sweatt and McLauren decisions already dramatically affecting the policy context of southern higher education, and with what would become known as the “Brown Decision” looming on the horizon, what might be the consequences for all Black educators throughout the South—if the high court overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision as National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) lawyers urged?
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Kossoudji, Sherrie A., und Laura J. Dresser. „Working Class Rosies: Women Industrial Workers during World War II“. Journal of Economic History 52, Nr. 2 (Juni 1992): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700010846.
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After joining the industrial workforce during World War II, women disappeared from industrial employment with postwar reconversion. This article uses data from Ford Motor Company employee records to describe female industrial workers, their work histories before Ford, and their exit patterns from Ford. We draw a more complete picture of these industrial workers and discuss the differences between those who chose to leave Ford and those who left involuntarily. Contrary to popular myth it was housewives, along with African-American and older women, those with the fewest outside opportunities, who were more likely to be laid-off.
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Burton, Cassandra, Aisha Cozad und Katherine Bridges. „WHAT PANDEMIC RECOVERY WILL LOOK LIKE FOR OLDER, MULTICULTURAL WORKERS“. Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (01.11.2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1016.
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Abstract AARP has a long history of being an advocate for marginalized and vulnerable adults. AARP staff will discuss policy needs and what the post pandemic workplaces needs to ensure that older LGBTQ people can thrive in the workplace with dignity and respect. The 2021 AARP’s Vital Voices research will be used to showcase the economic impact the pandemic has had on older adults, African American communities, Hispanic/Latino communities, Asian Pacific Islander communities and LGBTQ communities. AARP staff will discuss strategies and tactics needed to ensure that opportunities for economic recovery for older adults. The survey gathers information to gauge opinions on a range of topics as well as breaking and current issues. Among other issues, it explores concerns about racism and experience with age discrimination and employment experience among older adults.
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Gorovoy, Suzanne, und Michael Grandner. „0610 Mouth Taping, Nighttime Exercises, Acupuncture and More: Who Seeks out Solutions to Stop Snoring?“ SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (20.04.2024): A260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0610.
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Abstract Introduction Snoring affects roughly 90 million Americans. Although snoring may indicate a serious health condition such as obstructive sleep apnea, most people attempt to manage snoring using alternative over-the-counter strategies. The present study examined the use patterns of alternative strategies across sociodemographic factors. Methods Data were obtained from households in the USA, UK, and Australia that had attempted to stop snoring using alternative strategies (N=4,346). Variables of interest included age, sex, race/ethnicity, country, employment, urban environment, and prior diagnosis of sleep apnea, chronic pain, depression, or anxiety. Results Older age was generally associated with using extra pillows, humidifier, cutting alcohol, nasal strips/stents, nasal sprays, saline rinses, and sewing a tennis ball into a shirt. Males were more likely to use honey/lemon, change sleeping position, Vaseline on the nose, snoring exercises, tennis ball, and nighttime exercise, and less likely to use extra pillows. Hispanics/Latinos were more likely to use honey/lemon, anti-snore pillows, snoring exercises, mouth taping, saline rinses, nighttime exercise and cutting alcohol; Blacks/African-Americans were less likely to use nasal strips/stents or sprays and more likely to use nighttime exercise; Asians were more likely to use mouth taping; Native/Indigenous groups were more likely to change sleeping position, use snoring exercises, and increase water intake at night. Australians were more likely to use extra pillows, hot showers, and nighttime showers and exercise. People from the UK were less likely to use humidifiers, nasal strips/stents, nighttime showers, or hot showers. Urban individuals were more likely to use acupuncture, Vaseline, snoring exercises, mouthguards, and mouth taping. Rural individuals were less likely to employ nearly all of the approaches. Employed individuals and those with a history of sleep apnea, chronic pain, depression, and/or anxiety were more likely to employ nearly all of the strategies. Conclusion Alternative strategies for managing snoring varied across demographic groups. Males, older adults, and those with a history of chronic pain, obstructive sleep apnea, depression, and/or anxiety were more likely to utilize a wider array of strategies. Future work should explore whether people who use specific alternative strategies are more likely to have an undiagnosed condition such as obstructive sleep apnea. Support (if any) Rhinomed Ltd; #R01DA051321
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Harris, Kelly M., Taniya Varughese, Anna Bauer, Seth Howdeshell, Cecelia Calhoun, Regina Abel und Allison A. King. „The Relationship between Mental Health, Educational Attainment, Employment Outcomes, and Pain in Sickle Cell Disease“. Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13.11.2019): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-129874.
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Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic condition in the world and disproportionately affects African Americans in families with lower household incomes. SCD is characterized by a variety of complications including episodes of severe pain, chronic anemia, and end-organ damage. Morbidity from SCD begins in infancy and increases in frequency and severity with age. Complications during childhood and adolescence, both critical learning periods for youth, substantially impact educational attainment and life outcomes. SCD-related hospitalizations are associated with social determinants of health, such as socioeconomic status (SES), depression, health literacy, and educational outcomes. In youth with SCD, family and neighborhood SES are predictors of pain level, pain frequency, and overall quality of life. In addition to the physiological impacts of SCD, individuals with SCD experience emotional and stress related effects of the disease that may impact daily quality of life and frequency and severity of pain. Studies have found that hospital admission frequency has limited or no impact on academic outcomes in youth with SCD. Few studies have explicitly examined the relationship between SCD-related pain and educational, socioeconomic, and mental health outcomes. This is a cross-sectional study of patient survey data from a single site in the Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Science Consortium (SCDIC). The primary objective was to identify a relationship between educational attainment, employment status, mental health, and the frequency, severity, or length of pain crises for individuals with SCD. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the impact of patients' educational attainment, employment status, annual household income (low = less than $25,000, high = $75,001 and above), and self-reported depression on the frequency, length, and severity of SCD-related pain. Our central hypothesis was that individuals with a history of depression, lower educational attainment, periods of unemployment, and lower incomes experience more frequent, more severe, and longer pain crises. A total of 307 participants were included. The mean age was 27.4 years (range 15 to 45), 58.3% were female, and 99% were African American. Sixty-two percent had Hgb SS, the most severe form of SCD. About half of all patients (50.5%) reported they take pain medication every day for SCD and majority were on some form of disease modification (64.2% on hydroxyurea (HU), 20.2% on chronic blood transfusion). Slightly less than half (48.9%) reported their highest level of education as a high school diploma or lower. Most were unemployed (15.3%), students (22.8%), or disabled (21.5%), and 59.2% reported an average annual household income less than $25,000. Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant associations between employment status as unemployed or disabled and frequency of pain (p < .001), employment status as unemployed or disabled and severity of pain (p < .001), and employment status as disabled and length of pain > 4 days. Relationships between depression and frequency and severity of pain were statistically significant at the p < .001 level, and between depression and length of pain > 1 week at the p < .01 level. Multivariate analysis revealed positive statistically significant relationships between depression and high pain frequency (p < .001), employment status as disabled and severe pain (p < .01), depression and severe pain (p < .01), and employment status as disabled and length of pain >4 days (p < .05), Table 1. Educational attainment did not demonstrate statistically significant relationships with pain outcomes. No variables demonstrated statistically significant relationships with length of pain > 1 week and length of pain > 2 weeks. The only significant association with pain outcomes was that HU users were less likely to take daily opioids. Individuals with SCD who are disabled or have a history of depression are more likely to report more severe and frequent pain. No relationship emerged between educational attainment and pain outcomes. As the results are limited to the cross-sectional design, we cannot make statements of causality. For now, we know that people with SCD and these risk factors need further study for interventions. We plan to further assess study participants across all eight SCDIC sites in the next phase of this work. Disclosures King: Bioline: Consultancy; Amphivena Therapeutics: Research Funding; Incyte: Consultancy; Cell Works: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Magenta Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novimmune: Research Funding; RiverVest: Consultancy; Tioma Therapeutics (formerly Vasculox, Inc.):: Consultancy; WUGEN: Equity Ownership.
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Thomas, Alvin, Jennifer Clare Wirth, Julie Poehlmann-Tynan und David J. Pate. „“When She Says Daddy”: Black Fathers’ Recidivism following Reentry from Jail“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 6 (16.03.2022): 3518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063518.
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We report on the findings of a mixed methods longitudinal study of 84 African American fathers of young children who were enrolled into the study during the father’s jail stay. Participants were assessed using interviews, self-report measures, and administrative records on frequency of father–child contact, father–caregiver relationship quality, family support, paternal pre-incarceration employment, fathers’ plans to live with the child upon reentry, history of substance abuse, and new convictions one year following release from jail. Qualitative analysis revealed three primary identities of fathers during incarceration: father as nurturer, father as protector, and father as provider. Qualitative analysis of interview data detailed the ways in which the context of incarceration and the presence of the criminal justice system interacts with these identities to impact family structure, parent–child visits, plans for release, and motivation for desistance. Quantitative analysis indicated heterogeneity among fathers, with links between parent–child contact and desistance conditional on fathers’ plans for coresidence with children as well as family support and relationship quality. Taken together, the findings highlight the strengths of African American fathers and their families despite the risks associated with incarceration, including the importance of family support and children as motivation for desistance. The results have implications for how the justice system weighs the bidirectional influences of fathers and families.
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Bartlett-Prescott, Jennifer D., Lisa M. Klesges und Stephen B. Kritchevsky. „Health Promotion Referrals in an Urban Clinic: Removing Financial Barriers Influences Physician but Not Patient Behavior“. American Journal of Health Promotion 19, Nr. 5 (Mai 2005): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-19.5.376.
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Purpose. This study describes the prevalence and characteristics of physician health promotion referrals and patient adherence to referrals in a community-based primary care clinic and associated wellness facility. The role of reimbursement for attendance to the wellness facility was specifically examined. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. The Church Health Center of Memphis, Tennessee: a low-income urban clinic and its affiliated wellness center. Subjects. Patients were primarily African-American, lower-income, urban residents of Shelby County, Tennessee. Measures. All study data came from existing medical clinic and wellness facility records of utilization, patient history, and diagnoses. Results. Of 6321 clinic patients, 16.7% (n = 1069) received a provider health promotion referral. Logistic regression analyses identified that physician referral was related to patient factors of access to free wellness-facility membership, employment status, receiving a behavior-related diagnosis, and being African-American and female. Of patients receiving a referral, 17.2% (n = 184) adhered to this advice and visited the wellness facility. New patients were more likely to adhere to a referral than established patients. Conclusion. Demographic, financial, and patient characteristics influenced whether health behavior change referrals were made by primary care physicians in a community clinic. Removing financial barriers did not influence patient adherence, but new patients were more likely to follow the recommendation than those previously seen at the clinic.
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Agrawal, Pooja, Tzuan A. Chen, Lorna H. McNeill, Chiara Acquati, Shahnjayla K. Connors, Vijay Nitturi, Angelica S. Robinson, Isabel Martinez Leal und Lorraine R. Reitzel. „Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Screening Adherence among Church-Going African American Women“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 16 (11.08.2021): 8494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168494.
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Relative to White women, African American/Black women are at an increased risk of breast cancer mortality. Early detection of breast cancer through mammography screening can mitigate mortality risks; however, screening rates are not ideal. Consequently, there is a need to better understand factors associated with adherence to breast cancer screening guidelines to inform interventions to increase mammography use, particularly for groups at elevated mortality risk. This study used the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use to examine factors associated with adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network breast cancer screening guidelines amongst 919 African American, church-going women from Houston, Texas. Logistic regression analyses measured associations between breast cancer screening adherence over the preceding 12 months (adherent or non-adherent) and predisposing (i.e., age, education, and partner status), enabling (i.e., health insurance status, annual household income, employment status, patient-provider communication, and social support), and need (i.e., personal diagnosis of cancer, family history of cancer, and risk perception) factors, separately and conjointly. Older age (predisposing: OR = 1.015 (1.007–1.023)), having health insurance and ideal patient–provider communication (enabling: OR = 2.388 (1.597–3.570) and OR = 1.485 (1.080–2.041)), and having a personal diagnosis of cancer (need: OR = 2.244 (1.058–4.758)) were each associated with greater odds of screening adherence. Only having health insurance and ideal patient-provider communication remained significantly associated with screening adherence in a conjoint model; cancer survivorship did not moderate associations between predisposing/enabling factors and screening adherence. Overall, results suggest that interventions which are designed to improve mammography screening rates amongst African American women might focus on broadening health insurance coverage and working to improve patient–provider communication. Implications for multi-level intervention approaches, including the role of churches in their dissemination, are proposed.
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Sumarsono, Irwan, Perwi Darmajanti, Chatarini Septi Ngudi Lestari, Urip Zaenal Fanani, Ina Ika Pratita, Suprihatien Suprihatien, Parastuti Parastuti, Raden Roro Dyah Woroharsi Parnaningroem, Nise Samudra Sasanti und Yovinza Bethvine Sopaheluwakan. „Racial and Gender Discrimination Reflected in Theodore Melfi’s Hidden Figures“. World Journal of English Language 13, Nr. 5 (17.03.2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n5p67.
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The United States of America has a long history of discrimination based on race and gender. People were divided according to their race, religion, and skin tone. Both black males and their white partners discriminated against African American women. The application of Jim Crow Laws worsened their situation. Both individual and institutional discrimination had to be endured by them. Uncovering the racial and gender inequality faced by African American women is one of the themes explored in Theodore Melfi's Hidden Figure. The study's goals were to look at the fight for equality as a response to the prejudice towards people of color and women that three important female characters in Theodore Melfi's movie Hidden Figures experienced. A book by Margot Lee Shetterly served as the inspiration for the movie. The writers employed sociological, historical, and descriptive analytic methods to analyze this research. Through conducting library research, data was acquired. The main information was taken directly from the film, while the supporting information was gathered from books, magazines, and other sources related to English literature. The collected data were organized and evaluated before being used in the article. This research made it clear to the writers that the movie expressed opposition to discrimination against African American women. The three female protagonists of the movie experienced a variety of sorts of prejudice from their society, both at home and at work. The protagonists struggled with having to create their identities to be accepted by their society, especially by their coworkers at their place of employment who treat them equally and without any discrimination. They eventually won the right to be treated equally and were freed from various types of bias after considerable struggle and self-justification.
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Hardesty, Jared Ross. „Disappearing from Abolitionism's Heartland: The Legacy of Slavery and Emancipation in Boston“. International Review of Social History 65, S28 (19.02.2020): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859020000176.
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AbstractThis article examines why Boston's slave and free black population consisted of more than 1,500 people in 1750, but by 1790 Boston was home to only 766 people of African descent. This disappearing act, where the town's black population declined by at least fifty per cent between 1763 and 1790, can only be explained by exploring slavery, abolition, and their legacies in Boston. Slaves were vital to the town's economy, filling skilled positions and providing labor for numerous industries. Using the skills acquired to challenge their enslavement, Afro-Bostonians found freedom during the American revolutionary era. Nevertheless, as New England's rural economy collapsed, young white men and women from all over the region flooded Boston looking for work, driving down wages, and competing with black people for menial employment. Forced out of the labor market, many former slaves and their descendants left the region entirely. Others joined the Continental or British armies and never returned home. Moreover, many slave owners, knowing that slavery was coming to an end in Massachusetts, sold their bondsmen and women to other colonies in the Americas where slavery was still legal and profitable. Thus, the long-term legacy of abolition for black Bostonians was that Boston's original enslaved population largely disappeared, while the city became a hub of abolitionism by the 1830s. Boston's abolitionist community – many the descendants of slaveholders – did not have to live with their forefathers’ sins. Instead, they crafted a narrative of a free Boston, making it an attractive destination for runaway slaves from across the Atlantic world.
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Dunning, Claire. „New Careers for the Poor: Human Services and the Post-Industrial City“. Journal of Urban History 44, Nr. 4 (26.08.2017): 669–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217726975.
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In the 1960s, a new and popular theory of “new careers” proposed to address urban poverty and deindustrialization by growing the human services sector and hiring so-called nonprofessional workers to aid the delivery of those services. This strategy gained traction in social scientific, philanthropic, and bureaucratic circles and shaped Great Society legislation, which allocated federal grants to create entry-level jobs and professionalizing career ladders in the fields of health, education, and welfare. The implementation of this strategy had consequences for the human service organizations that received federal funds, as well as for the people hired into the new positions. Instead of building ladders to professional employment, efforts produced dead-end positions that left the predominantly African American women hired as aides in poverty. Even as the new careers experiment helped usher in a post-industrial economy, it reinforced the stratification of the labor market along lines of race, gender, and credentials.
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Beebe-Dimmer, Jennifer Lynn, Terrance Lynn Albrecht, Julie J. Ruterbusch, Tara Baird, Theresa A. Hastert, Felicity W. K. Harper, Kendra L. Schwartz, Michael S. Simon und Ann G. Schwartz. „The Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors (ROCS) study: A focus on outcomes after cancer in a racially diverse patient population.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, Nr. 7_suppl (01.03.2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.7_suppl.177.
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177 Background: Although we continue to make progress in reducing the incidence and mortality for most cancers in the United States, African Americans (AA) continue to experience higher cancer incidence rates and have worse survival than other populations. The causes of these poorer outcomes, from higher mortality to poorer quality of life, in AA cancer survivors are not well understood. The Detroit ROCS study was initiated to improve our understanding of the experience of AAs living with cancer. Methods: 1,000 AA and non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients with primary lung, female breast, prostate or colorectal cancer diagnosed on or after January 1, 2013, and/or treated at the Karmanos Cancer Institute in Detroit, MI were recruited to participate in a cohort study with planned follow-up for 4 years. At baseline, participants completed a web-based survey to gather information about their medical history, family history of cancer, treatment and medication use, behavioral risk factors and self-assessed quality of life. Statistical analyses were performed to examine racial differences in the distribution of patient characteristics including comorbid conditions, stage at diagnosis, first course treatment and reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Results: The majority of patients were AA (60%) and female (61%), with a median age at diagnosis of 60 years. AAs were older, more likely to report use of cigarettes and alcohol and report a greater number of comorbidities compared with NHW patients; they were less educated and less likely to be employed full time or married (all p-values < 0.001). AA patients reported poorer overall HRQOL compared with NHW patients (p-value < 0.001). Controlling for marital status and employment attenuated the observed racial differences in mean HRQOL scores across all measured domains. Conclusions: We observed significantly lower self-reported HRQOL among AA cancer survivors compared with NHW, which could be partially explained by differences in specific socioeconomic factors but interestingly, not the presence of multiple comorbidities. Future research efforts will evaluate the relative contribution of social and financial support to HRQOL in AAs.
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Lofstrom, Magnus, und Timothy Bates. „African Americans’ pursuit of self-employment“. Small Business Economics 40, Nr. 1 (01.07.2011): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9347-2.
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Khodyakov, Dmitry, Mienah Zulfacar Sharif, Felica Jones, S. Megan Heller, Esmeralda Pulido, Kenneth B. Wells und Elizabeth Bromley. „Whole Person Care in Underresourced Communities: Stakeholder Priorities at Long-Term Follow-Up in Community Partners in Care“. Ethnicity & Disease 28, Supp (06.09.2018): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.s2.371.
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Objective: Depressed individuals may require help from different agencies to address health and social needs, but how such coordination occurs in under-resourced communities is poorly understood. This study sought to identify priorities of Latino and African American depressed clients, explore whether service providers understand client priorities, and describe how providers address them.Methods: Between October 2014 and February 2015, we interviewed 104 clients stratified by depression history and 50 representatives of different programs in health and social community agencies who participated in Community Partners in Care, a cluster-randomized trial of coalition-building approaches to delivering depression quality improvement programs. Clients were queried about their most pressing needs; program representatives identified their clients’ needs and explained how they addressed them.Results: Physical and mental health were clients’ top priorities, followed by housing, caring for and building relationships with others, and employment. While persistently depressed clients prioritized mental health, those with improved depression prioritized relationships with others. Program representatives identified housing, employment, mental health, and improving relationships with others as clients’ top priorities. Needs assessment, client-centered services, and linkages to other agencies were main strategies used to address client needs.Conclusion: Depressed clients have multiple health and social needs, and program representatives in under-resourced communities understand the complexity of clients’ needs. Agencies rely on needs assessment and referrals to meet their clients’ needs, which enhances the importance of agency partnership in “whole person” initiatives. Our results illustrate agency capacity to adopt integrated care models that will address clients’ multiple needs through multi-sector collaboration and describe potential strategies to help reach the goal of whole person care.Ethn Dis. 2018;(Suppl 2): 371- 380; doi:10.18865/ed.28.S2.371.
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Pratt, Kathleen P., Devi Gunasekera, Pooja Vir, Robert Peters, Siyuan Tan, Glenn Pierce, Cara Olsen, Saulius Butenas und Kenneth G. Mann. „Neutralizing and Non-Neutralizing Anti-FVIII Antibodies in Black and White Hemophilia A Subjects: A Natural History Profile“. Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13.11.2019): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124743.
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The most common complication in hemophilia A (HA) treatment, affecting 25-30% of severe HA patients, is the development of alloimmune inhibitors that foreclose the ability of infused factor VIII (FVIII) to participate in coagulation. Inhibitors confer significant pathology on affected individuals and present major complexities in their management. Inhibitors are more common in African American patients, and it has been hypothesized that this is a consequence of haplotype (H)-treatment product mismatch. F8 gene haplotypes H1-H5 are defined by combinations of nonsynonymous SNPs encoding FVIII sequence variants D1241E, M2238V and R484H. F8 haplotypes H2-H5 are more prevalent in individuals with black African ancestry, while >90% of the white population has the H1 haplotype. This study used a validated Luminex-based assay to determine total anti-FVIII antibody titers in plasma from 395 HA (189 black, 206 white) and 23 non-HA control subjects, measuring their binding to recombinant full-length H1 and H2 and B-domain-deleted (BDD) H1/H2, H3 and H4 FVIII proteins. Inhibitor titers were determined using a chromogenic Bethesda assay with the Nijmegen modification. Linear B-cell epitopes recognized by antibodies in human plasma samples were characterized using commercial peptide microarrays with imprinted 15-mer peptides spanning the FVIII A1, A2, C1 and C2 domains, with binding interactions detected using fluorescent-labeled anti-human IgG antibodies. Neither total nor inhibitory antibody titers correlated with F8 haplotype. FVIII peptides with the D1241E and M3348V polymorphisms showed low antibody reactivity, indicating they do not comprise linear B-cell epitopes. Similarly, antibodies from subjects with H3 and H5 haplotypes, who were necessarily infused with FVIII products having a different haplotype than that of their endogenous, (dysfunctional) F8 sequence, did not show haplotype-correlated differential binding to the three BDD-FVIII or full-length FVIII proteins, indicating the polymorphic M2238V or D1241E sites do not correspond to immunodominant, conformational B-cell epitopes. Interestingly, the BDD-FVIII proteins were significantly more reactive with antibodies in plasma than were two commercial full-length recombinant FVIII products. Overall, results of this study indicated that low-titer FVIII-reactive antibodies are readily detected in most HA subjects and in a majority of healthy non-HA controls. The observed stronger immunoreactivity of BDD-FVIII suggests that B-domain removal exposes novel B-cell epitopes, perhaps through conformational rearrangements of FVIII domains. Disclosures Pratt: Bloodworks NW: Patents & Royalties: inventor on patents related to FVIII immunogenicity; Grifols, Inc: Research Funding. Peters:Sanofi: Employment. Mann:Haematologic Technologies: Other: Owner; Stago: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Shire: Consultancy; Baxalta: Consultancy.
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Forsberg Jr., Clyde. „Esotericism and the “Coded Word” in Mormonism“. International Journal for the Study of New Religions 2, Nr. 1 (14.08.2011): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v2i1.29.
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In the history of American popular religion, the Latter-day Saints, or Mormons, have undergone a series of paradigmatic shifts in order to join the Christian mainstream, abandoning such controversial core doctrines and institutions as polygamy and the political kingdom of God. Mormon historians have played an important role in this metamorphosis, employing a version (if not perversion) of the Church-Sect Dichotomy to change the past in order to control the future, arguing, in effect, that founder Joseph Smith Jr’s erstwhile magical beliefs and practices gave way to a more “mature” and bible-based self-understanding which is then said to best describe the religion that he founded in 1830. However, an “esoteric approach” as Faivre and Hanegraaff understand the term has much to offer the study of Mormonism as an old, new religion and the basis for a more even methodological playing field and new interpretation of Mormonism as equally magical (Masonic) and biblical (Evangelical) despite appearances. This article will focus on early Mormonism’s fascination with and employment of ciphers, or “the coded word,” essential to such foundation texts as the Book of Mormon and “Book of Abraham,” as well as the somewhat contradictory, albeit colonial understanding of African character and destiny in these two hermetic works of divine inspiration and social commentary in the Latter-day Saint canonical tradition.
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Ford, Andria L., Melanie E. Fields, Kristin P. Guilliams, Dustin K. Ragan, Chen Yasheng, Georges Guillaume, Joshua S. Shimony et al. „Increased Volume and Distinct Pattern of Silent Cerebral Infarcts in Healthy, Young Adults with Sickle Cell Trait“. Blood 130, Suppl_1 (07.12.2017): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v130.suppl_1.757.757.
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Abstract Background: Sickle cell trait (SCT) is common, affecting 7-8% of African Americans. Previously thought to be of little clinical consequence except under conditions of severe hypoxic/metabolic stress, recent studies have shown that SCT is independently associated with chronic vascular diseases including kidney disease, coronary artery disease, overt stroke, and pulmonary embolism. It has been postulated that SCT underlies the increased prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in African-Americans after adjusting for excess risk factors. Prospective imaging studies evaluating the natural history of cerebral ischemia in SCT are lacking; thus, the true disease burden is unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that individuals with SCT are at increased risk of silent cerebral infarctions (SCI) compared to healthy young adults, but with a lower risk of SCIs compared to young adults with sickle cell anemia (SCA). We further evaluated and compared the patterns of SCIs within SCT and SCA. Methods: Three cohorts were prospectively recruited from a tertiary care referral center for pediatric and adult SCA: (1) young adults with SCA, (2) healthy, young adults with SCT, and (3) healthy, age- and race-matched, controls. Control and SCT subjects were excluded for history of hypertension, diabetes, anemia, dyslipidemia, chronic medical or neurological illness, or severe trauma; individuals with SCA were excluded if on chronic transfusion therapy or history of overt stroke, vasculopathy, or chronic neurological illness. Brain MRI T1 and FLAIR maps were evaluated for the presence of two lesion types (defined in Wardlaw et al, Lancet Neurol, 2013): (a) FLAIR lesions were defined as FLAIR hyperintensity > 3mm in diameter; (b) SCIs were defined as FLAIR lesions with the additional requirement of CSF-like hypointensity on T1. Thus, SCIs represented a subset of all FLAIR lesions. FLAIR lesions were outlined by a vascular neurologist using MIPAV (Medical Image Processing, Analysis and Visualization, https://mipav.cit.nih.gov/) from which individual lesion volumes were calculated. Baseline characteristics, prevalence of SCIs, and volume of FLAIR lesions in SCT were compared to controls and SCA (Fishers Exact for categorical variables; Mann-Whitney U for continuous variables). To evaluate the distribution of SCIs in SCT relative to healthy controls and SCA, three lesion density maps were created. Lesions drawn on FLAIR 5mm slice thickness were stretched in the z-direction to 10mm for display of SCI pattern on few slices. Results: Control, SCT, and SCA adults were similar with respect to baseline characteristics, except SCA subjects were younger and fewer female than SCT (Table). Ten (45%) of the SCA subjects were on hydroxyurea. We acquired LDL, glucose, and blood pressure to ensure that SCT participants did not have higher risk of SCIs compared to controls due to ongoing comorbidities (Table). Imaging Outcomes: We found greater FLAIR lesion volumes in SCT than controls (292 vs. 90 mm3, p=0.02) and a trend towards greater prevalence of SCIs -- 5 of 11 (45%) in SCT compared to 1 of 11 (9%) in controls (p=0.15). FLAIR lesion volumes and SCI prevalence were higher in SCA compared to SCT (p=0.01 and p=0.02, respectively). Lesion density maps (Figure) were created to evaluate SCI patterns in SCT and SCA. In the SCA cohort, lesion density was highest within the internal borderzone (where cerebral blood flow is at a nadir), while this region was relatively unaffected in SCT. In contrast, a distinct pattern of small cortical/subcortical strokes distributed in a stochastic pattern (not following any particular vascular territory) were found in both SCT and SCA. Conclusions: We found greater FLAIR lesion volumes and a trend towards a greater prevalence of SCIs in healthy individuals with SCT. We postulate that SCIs found in SCT may represent an etiologic subtype of SCIs found in SCA, representing microembolic events or a microvasculopathy, in contrast to the etiology of internal borderzone infarction which likely represents a heightened ischemic vulnerability within low CBF regions in the setting of chronic, severe anemia. Larger studies are necessary to determine if SCT carries a heightened risk of silent cerebral ischemia, which would impact society at large given the high prevalence of SCT and the known effects of SCIs on cognitive disability. Figure Figure. Disclosures Fields: Proclara Biosciences: Equity Ownership. Hulbert: Pfizer: Other: Spouse employment at Pfizer.
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Logan, John R., Richard D. Alba und Brian J. Stults. „Enclaves and Entrepreneurs: Assessing the Payoff for Immigrants and Minorities“. International Migration Review 37, Nr. 2 (Juni 2003): 344–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00141.x.
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Self-employment and work in sectors with high concentrations of owners and workers of the same ethnicity have been identified as potential routes of economic success for immigrants. This study uses 1990 census data to assess the effects of self-employment, ethnic employment, and their interaction on the odds of being at work, on number of hours worked, and on earnings of individual members of several representative groups. These groups include Cubans in Miami; African Americans, Puerto Ricans, Koreans, Chinese and Dominicans in New York; and African Americans, Koreans, Chinese, Mexicans and Salvadorans in Los Angeles. Work in ethnic sectors of the economy has no consistent effects, although work in their niche in the public sector offers greater rewards than any other type of employment for African Americans and Puerto Ricans. Findings are mixed for self-employment, and its estimated effect on earnings depends on model specification. We conclude that the self-employed work longer hours but in many cases at lower hourly rates. The effects of self-employment are the same in ethnic sectors as in the mainstream economy.
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Herring, Cedric. „Is Job Discrimination Dead?“ Contexts 1, Nr. 2 (Mai 2002): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2002.1.2.13.
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Political and legal debate in recent years has focused on whether discrimination in favor of African Americans is justified. What receives less attention is that employment discrimination against African Americans, though illegal, is still alive and well in America.
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Field, Joshua J., Borna Mehrad, Marie Burdick, Kaushik Shahir, Debora Nischik, Pippa Simpson, Robert Strieter und C. Edward Rose. „Higher Levels of Circulating Fibrocytes Are Associated with Lower Oxygen Saturation in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease“. Blood 124, Nr. 21 (06.12.2014): 2710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.2710.2710.
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Abstract Background: In patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), tissue injury due to vaso-occlusion can result in fibrosis and organ dysfunction. Fibrocytes are circulating bone marrow-derived cells that can home to damaged organs, differentiate into fibroblasts and myofibroblasts and contribute to scarring. Fibrocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in several animal models, including a mouse model of SCD. A preliminary study of patients with SCD suggests that the concentration of circulating fibrocytes is increased compared to controls. To build upon these findings, we tested the hypothesis that in adults with SCD higher levels of fibrocytes are associated with measures of lung disease. Methods: In a prospective cohort study of steady state adults with SCD, peripheral blood fibrocytes were measured and subjects underwent a pulmonary assessment that included pulmonary function tests, resting pulse oximetry, a 6-minute walk test, 2-D echocardiography, and high-resolution chest CT. A control group of healthy, African Americans also provided fibrocyte measurements and had pulmonary function testing. Fibrocytes were identified as collagen-1+ CD45+ cells using quantitative flow cytometry. For statistical analyses, fibrocyte values were log-transformed. Continuous and dichotomous variables were tested with Pearson’s correlation and Mann-Whitney U, respectively. Results: The cohort was comprised of 47 adults with SCD and 19 healthy African American controls. Sixty percent of the SCD subjects were HbSS or HbS-β-thalassemia0. Mean age (SD) of SCD cases was 35 years (±11) and 70% were female. Twenty-seven percent of SCD cases had asthma and 41% had a significant smoking history. Sixty-four percent of SCD cases had ground glass opacities on CT of the lung, 34% had bronchiectasis and 20% had evidence of pulmonary fibrosis. Compared to controls, patients with SCD had lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p<0.001), forced vital capacity (p<0.001), and pre- and post-bronchodilator 25-75% forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75%) (p=0.006). Fibrocyte levels also trended higher in patients with SCD compared to controls (median 1.2 x 106 vs. 8.5 x 105, p=0.07). Within patients with SCD, most fibrocytes expressed the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and smaller subsets expressed CCR2 or CCR7. Increased levels of fibrocytes in patients with SCD were associated with lower oxygen saturation (p=0.01) and higher reticulocyte counts (p=0.01). Lower oxygen saturation and higher reticulocyte counts were also associated with each other, independent of fibrocytes (p=0.007). Fibrocytes expressing CXCR4, a chemokine that mediates homing to the lungs, were associated with lower post-bronchodilator FEF25-75% (p=0.04). There was no association between fibrocyte levels and other measures of pulmonary function testing, degree of fibrosis on high-resolution CT, or abnormalities on 2-D echocardiogram or 6-minute walk. Conclusion: In adults with SCD, higher fibrocyte levels were associated with lower resting oxygen saturation and FEF25-75%, a measure of lung obstruction. Significant lung pathology was observed in a high percentage of SCD patients. The associations between fibrocyte levels, hypoxia and a measure of pulmonary dysfunction suggest that fibrocytes contribute to this lung disease. Higher reticulocyte counts in patients with increased fibrocytes may be due to the association of both reticulocyte count and fibrocyte level with hypoxia. Ongoing longitudinal studies may better define the relationship between fibrocytes and evolving lung disease. If additional evidence is found in these longitudinal studies, fibrocytes could be a therapeutic target to prevent chronic pulmonary disease in adults with SCD. Disclosures Field: NKTT: Consultancy, Research Funding. Strieter:Novartis: Employment.
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Ervin, Emma, Barbara Poppe, Amanda Onwuka, Hannah Keedy, Stephen Metraux, Leslie Jones, Megan Sandel und Kelly Kelleher. „Characteristics Associated with Homeless Pregnant Women in Columbus, Ohio“. Maternal and Child Health Journal 26, Nr. 2 (06.10.2021): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03227-y.
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Abstract Introduction The effects of homelessness on pregnant women are substantial. We aim to identify key characteristics of a group of women identified as homeless and pregnant in order to understand their history of housing, family composition, health, and demographics as a first step for future intervention. Methods We present cross-sectional survey data on a sample of 100 women reporting homelessness and pregnancy in the prior year in Columbus, Ohio, identified through social service and housing not for profit agencies. Our analysis uses data collected from a survey of health behaviors, housing, employment status, and demographics. Continuous measures are described with means and standard deviations, and categorical variables are described with percentages. Results The majority (81%) of the women identified as African American. Over 95% of the women were single, and 74 women reported a prior pregnancy. Almost half of the women reported being behind on rent at least one time in the last 6 months, and 43% indicated that they had lived in more than three places in the last year. Approximately 34% of the sample reported cigarette use during pregnancy, while 12% and 30% reported alcohol and illicit drug use, respectively. Discussion Women who were pregnant and experiencing homelessness in our study reported a multitude of complex and severe problems ranging from high rates of substance use, longstanding housing insecurity and financial stress. Programs hoping to successfully support women will need to address a variety of service needs while recognizing the resilience of many women.
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Jensen, Leif. „Employment Hardship and Rural Minorities: Theory, Research, and Policy“. Review of Black Political Economy 22, Nr. 4 (Juni 1994): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02689983.
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Rural racial and ethnic minorities are among the poorest of all Americans. This article situates their plight both theoretically and empirically in the context of employment hardship. Defined by access to employment and job quality, employment hardship is more prevalent among nonmetropolitan African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans than it is among either their central city counterparts or non-Hispanic whites. The strengths and limitations of both individual-level frameworks (e.g., human capital) and macro-level theories (e.g., uneven development) in explaining the economic double jeopardy faced by rural minorities are discussed. Policy recommendations designed to ameliorate employment hardship are presented.
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Shotwell, Trent. „Book Review: History of African Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots“. Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, Nr. 4 (25.10.2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.4.7164.
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History of African Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots by Thomas J. Davis chronicles the remarkable past of African Americans from the earliest arrival of their ancestors to the election of President Barack Obama. This work was produced to recognize every triumph and tragedy that separates African Americans as a group from others in America. By distinguishing the rich and unique history of African Americans, History of African Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots provides an account of inspiration, courage, and progress. Each chapter details a significant piece of African American history, and the book includes numerous concise portraits of prominent African Americans and their contributions to progressing social life in the United States.
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Teel, S. C. „Beyond Victimization: African Americans“. OAH Magazine of History 10, Nr. 1 (01.09.1995): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/10.1.17.
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Ong, Paul M., und Janette R. Lawrence. „Race and Employment Dislocation in California's Aerospace Industry“. Review of Black Political Economy 23, Nr. 3 (März 1995): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02689993.
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This article finds that African American and Latino workers have borne a disproportionate share of employment costs associated with defense cuts in California's aerospace industry. The data for this analysis come from administrative files, which contain demographic and employment-related information for everyone who collects unemployment-insurance benefits. The analysis shows that African Americans suffered higher displacement rates, longer unemployment spells, and poorer outcomes in new jobs than whites. Latinos were disadvantaged in several ways, but not consistently in all categories. Asian Americans, on the other hand, generally fared better than whites. These results show that economic dislocation, in the form of defense cuts, reinforces racial inequality in the labor market.
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Wilson, Jackie Napolean. „African Americans In Early Photography“. Historian 57, Nr. 4 (01.06.1995): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1995.tb01362.x.
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Cutler, Jody B., Richard J. Powell, Jock Reynolds, Juanita M. Holland und Adrienne L. Childs. „African Americans and American Art History“. Art Journal 59, Nr. 1 (2000): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/778087.
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Sande, Christopher M., Amanda B. Payne, Christine L. Kempton, Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson und Anjali Sharathkumar. „Epidemiology of Inhibitors in Persons with Severe Hemophilia a in the United States: Analyses of a National Database“. Blood 132, Supplement 1 (29.11.2018): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-109978.
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Abstract Background: Development of inhibitory alloantibodies, commonly known as "inhibitors," against exogenously infused factor VIII (FVIII) is the most significant complication of hemophilia therapy. The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology of inhibitors in persons with severe hemophilia A (PWHA) in the United States using a national database, the Community Counts Registry for Bleeding Disorders Surveillance. Methods: The Community Counts Registry collects detailed medical information on patients with bleeding disorders who receive treatment within the US Hemophilia Treatment Center Network (USHTCN). Patients with severe hemophilia A with (PWHA-I) and without an inhibitor (PWHA-NI) enrolled in the registry between 12/1/2013 and 7/9/2018 were included in this cross-sectional exploratory analysis. PWHA designated as having an unknown history of inhibitor were excluded. Data elements included basic demographics (age, sex/gender, race, ethnicity, employment, insurance status), clinical characteristics (age of diagnosis, treatment characteristics), inhibitor characteristics (age at detection, inhibitor-specific treatments, titers, status), and outcome data (bleeding events, joint disease and procedures, intracranial hemorrhage, ED visits, hospitalizations, chronic pain, opioid use, and days missed from school/work). Data were categorized with reported frequencies, and comparisons between PWHA-I and PWHA-NI were made using Chi-square tests. Results: Of 4375 patients with severe hemophilia A, 1142 (26.1%) had a reported history of inhibitor. Among the cohort were 13 (0.30%) female and 7 (0.16%) transgender patients. PWHA-I and PWHA-NI were similarly distributed among sex/gender categories. PWHA-I were more frequently Hispanic, Latino/a, or Spanish origin or black or African American and less frequently white. Nearly all patients were insured, although PWHA-I more frequently utilized public insurance as opposed to commercial insurance as primary insurance, which may align with the lower rate of employment among PWHA-I (Table 1). PWHA-I more frequently reported a history of intracranial hemorrhage. Notably, no association was identified between inhibitor history and history of joint bleed, history of invasive joint procedure, or limitations of activity level at the time of assessment. During the 12 months prior to assessment, a lower percentage of PWHA-I reported hemophilia-related chronic pain, but those PWHA-I with chronic pain reported opioid use at a modestly increased rate. PWHA-I were more frequently seen in the emergency department and hospitalized than PWHA-NI during the 12 months prior to reporting, and PWHA-I reported more days missed from work or school (Table 1). Within the PWHA-I cohort, 45.7% of patients had inhibitors detected prior to age 2 years. The majority (64.8%) of PWHA-I had a history of immune tolerance induction and 56.3% reported using routine doses of FVIII concentrates to treat bleeding events. Bypassing agents and increased FVIII concentrates were each used for ~20% of PWHA-I (Table 2). Conclusions: This study provides an estimate of the burden of inhibitors in persons with severe hemophilia A in the US, representing approximately 52.9% of all severe hemophilia A patients treated in the USHTCN (CDC, unpublished data). History of an inhibitor reduced patient productivity and increased ED and hospital utilization. Future efforts will focus on a longitudinal analysis of this cohort to better understand the natural history and outcome of inhibitors and their impact on patient quality of life and health care utilization. Acknowledgments: This study was performed with the advice of the Community Counts Inhibitor Interest Group and was supported by funds from an ASH HONORS Award for Mr. Sande. Disclosures Payne: Shire: Other: treatment product donation; Genentech: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer: Other: treatment product donation; Bioverativ: Other: treatment product donation; Novo Nordisk: Other: treatment product donation. Kempton:Novo Nordisk: Research Funding; Genetech, Inc: Honoraria, Research Funding; Shire: Honoraria; Bayer AG: Honoraria; Spark Therapeutics: Honoraria; Grifols: Honoraria; Catalyst Biosciences: Honoraria. Manco-Johnson:CSL Behring: Honoraria; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria; Biogentek: Honoraria; Bayer AG: Honoraria, Research Funding; Baxalta, now part of Shire: Honoraria. Sharathkumar:CSL Behring: Honoraria; Shire: Honoraria; Bayer: Honoraria.