Thematische Bibliographien / Affordable medicines

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Affordable medicines“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Affordable medicines"

Kuwonu, Franck. „Wanted: Affordable medicines for all“. Africa Renewal 30, Nr. 3 (13.03.2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/93d2f713-en.

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Bate, Roger, und Kimberly Hess. „Affordable Medicines Facility for malaria“. Lancet Infectious Diseases 9, Nr. 7 (Juli 2009): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70158-6.

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Huz, V. S. „The study of the awareness and participation of pharmacists in the “Affordable Medicines” government program“. Social Pharmacy in Health Care 9, Nr. 3 (17.11.2023): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/sphhcj.23.296.

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Aim. To study the awareness of pharmacists and their participation in the implementation of the “Affordable Medicines” government program when dispensing medicines for the treatment of arterial hypertension (AH); to determine directions for optimization of pharmaceutical care for dispensing medicines using electronic prescriptions (e-prescriptions) and improvement of training programs, thematic postgraduate cycles for pharmacists. Materials and methods. The objects of analysis were 291 questionnaires on information support for pharmacists regarding dispensing of medicines for patients with AH during the implementation of the “Affordable Medicines” program. The questionnaires were filled out by pharmacists from 8 regions of Ukraine, they were studying at specialization courses, thematic postgraduate cycles in the period from December 2021 to December 2022. Such methods as questionnaires, Google-forms, generalization, content analysis were used. Results. The analysis of the questionnaires showed that the largest percentage was pharmacists in the specialty “Organization and Management of Pharmacy”, who had more than 10 years of work experience. Among the surveyed pharmacists, 80 % work in pharmacies located in cities, which indicates an insufficient number of pharmacies and the implementation of the “Affordable Medicines” program in rural areas. According to the expert assessment, the following medicines are in the highest demand among hypertension patients using e-prescriptions: bisoprolol, enalapril, and clopidogrel, which are highly effective for the treatment of AH. It has been found that pharmacists consider it expedient to include new combined medicines and modern mono-preparations (perindopril, lisinopril, valsartan) in the Register; they are in demand among patients with AH at their own expense. It has been found that 96.3 % of pharmacists believe that it is necessary to receive more information support during the internship and thematic cycles on the pharmaceutical care for patients with AH according to evidence-based medicine, dispensing medicines according to e-prescriptions in the “Affordable Medicines” program in Ukraine. Conclusions. The results of the expert assessment of pharmacists indicate that dispensing of medicines by e-prescriptions for patients with AH in the “Affordable Medicines” program has significantly improved the economic availability of medicines for outpatient treatment. It has been determined that it is advisable to expand this program with combined medicines and mono-preparations, which are in demand among patients at their own expense. The expediency of postgraduate educational programs has been substantiated, and methodical support has been prepared for thematic cycles, trainings on pharmaceutical care and e-prescriptions for AH.

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Pearce, Alison, Kees van Gool, Philip Haywood und Marion Haas. „Delays in access to affordable medicines: putting policy into perspective“. Australian Health Review 36, Nr. 4 (2012): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11110.

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Background. To save costs, the Australian Government recently deferred approval of seven new medicines recommended by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) for up to 7 months. Objectives. The aim of this research is to examine the timelines of PBAC applications following approval by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), allowing the recent Cabinet delays to be considered in the context of the overall medicines approval process. Methods. All new chemical entities and products for new indications approved in 2004 by the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) were identified. Outcomes of PBAC meetings from 2004 to 2010 were then searched to identify if and when these products were reviewed by PBAC. Results. ADEC recommended 63 eligible products for registration in 2004. Of the 113 submissions made to PBAC for these products, 66 were successful. Only 43% of the products were submitted to PBAC within 2 years, with an average 17-month delay from TGA approval of a product to consideration by the PBAC. Conclusions. Cabinet decisions to defer listing of new medicines delays access to new treatments. This occurred in addition to other longer delays, earlier in the approval process for medicines, resulting in a significant impact on the overall timeliness of listing. What is known about the topic? There is evidence that the time from registration of new drugs on the TGA to their listing for subsidised availability is increasing. The government’s recent decision to delay the listing of seven new drugs for subsidisation raised concerns about the potential for additional delays to impact the accessibility of new, affordable medicines for patients. What does this paper add? This paper examines delays at various stages in the process of approval for pharmaceutical subsidies on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), putting the deferral of new medicine listings in the overall context of the approval process. It identifies the potential role of pharmaceutical companies and product sponsors in delaying access to new, affordable medicines early in the approval process. What are the implications for practitioners? Delays in the subsidisation of medicines, wherever they occur in the process, not only reduce patient access, but may also lead to pressure in other areas of the health care system to finance such medicines. This makes these results of particular interest to clinician managers, health care managers and policy makers.

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Tozan, Yesim, Albrecht Jahn und Olaf Müller. „Evaluation of the Affordable Medicines Facility—malaria“. Lancet 381, Nr. 9872 (März 2013): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60756-4.

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Ozawa, Sachiko, Raja Shankar, Christine Leopold und Samuel Orubu. „Access to medicines through health systems in low- and middle-income countries“. Health Policy and Planning 34, Supplement_3 (01.12.2019): iii1—iii3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz119.

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Abstract Nearly 2 billion people globally have no access to essential medicines. This means essential medicines are unavailable, unaffordable, inaccessible, unacceptable or of low quality for more than a quarter of the population worldwide. This supplement demonstrates the implications of poor medicine access and highlights recent innovations to improve access to essential medicines by presenting new research findings from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These studies answer key questions such as: Can performance-based financing improve availability of essential medicines? How affordable are cardiovascular treatments for children? Which countries’ legal frameworks promote universal access to medicines? How appropriately are people using medicines? Do poor-quality medicines impact equity? Answers to these questions are important as essential medicines are vital to the Sustainable Development Goals and are central to the goal of achieving Universal Health Coverage. Access to affordable, quality-assured essential medicines is crucial to reducing the financial burden of care, preventing greater pain and suffering, shortening the duration of illness, and averting needless disabilities and deaths worldwide. This supplement was organized by the Medicines in Health Systems Thematic Working Group of Health Systems Global, a membership organization dedicated to promoting health systems research and knowledge translation. The five studies in the supplement further our understanding by showcasing recent successes and challenges of improving access to quality-assured medicines through health systems in LMICs.

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Khanal, Saval, Lennert Veerman, Margaret Ewen, Lisa Nissen und Samantha Hollingworth. „Availability, Price, and Affordability of Essential Medicines to Manage Noncommunicable Diseases: A National Survey From Nepal“. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (Januar 2019): 004695801988757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019887572.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability, price, and affordability of essential noncommunicable disease (NCD) medicines in Nepal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Nepal in 2015 using World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) methodology. We collected data on the availability and price of 60 essential NCD medicines from medicine distribution outlets in both the public and private health care sectors in 6 regions. Essential NCD medicines were more available in the private sector (78%) than the public sector (60%). Furosemide tablets were the cheapest (NPR 0.6/10 tablets) and streptokinase injections were the most expensive (NPR 2200/vial) drugs. There was no significant difference ( P > .05) in availability and affordability of essential NCD medicines across the 6 survey areas. Treating selected NCD conditions with medicines was generally affordable, with 1 month of treatment costing no more than a day’s wage of the lowest paid unskilled government worker. The lower availability of NCD medicines in the public sector limits the effectiveness of the government’s policy of providing free health services at public facilities. Although NCD medicines were generally affordable, future health policy should aim to ensure improved equitable access to NCD medicines, particularly in public facilities.

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Zhu, Yulei, Ying Wang, Xiaoluan Sun und Xin Li. „Availability, Price and Affordability of Anticancer Medicines: Evidence from Two Cross-Sectional Surveys in the Jiangsu Province, China“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 19 (03.10.2019): 3728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193728.

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Objectives: With the increasing incidence of cancer, poor access to affordable anticancer medicines has been a serious public health problem in China. To help address this issue, we assessed the availability, price and affordability of pharmacotherapy for cancer in public hospitals in the Jiangsu Province, China. Methods: In 2012 and 2016, anticancer medicine availability and price information in the capital and five other cities was collected. A total of six cancer care hospitals, 26 tertiary general hospitals and 28 secondary general hospitals were sampled, using an adaptation of the World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology. Data was collected for the anticancer medicines in stock at the time of the surveys. Prices were expressed as inflation-adjusted median unit prices (MUPs). Medicine was affordable if the overall cost of all the prescribed anticancer medicines was less than 20% of the household’s capacity to pay. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the significance of differences in availability from 2012 to 2016 and the Wilcoxon rank test to estimate the significance of differences in MUPs. Multivariate logistic regression was computed to measure predictors of affordability. Results: From 2012 to 2016 there was a significant decrease in the mean availability of originator brands (OBs) (from 7.79% to 5.71%, p = 0.012) and lowest-priced generics (LPGs) (36.29% to 32.67%, p = 0.009). The mean availability of anticancer medicines in secondary general hospitals was significantly lower than the cancer care, as well as in tertiary general hospitals. The MUPs of OBs (difference: −21.29%, p < 0.01) and their LPGs (−22.63%, p < 0.01) decreased significantly from 2012 to 2016. The OBs (16.67%) of all the anticancer medicines were found to be less affordable than LPGs (34.62% for urban residents and 30.77% for rural residents); their affordability varied among the different income regions. From 2012 to 2016, the proportion of LPGs with low availability and low affordability dropped from 30.77% to 19.23% in urban areas and 34.62% to 26.92% in rural areas, respectively. Generic substitution and medicine covered by basic medical insurance are factors facilitating affordability. Conclusion: There were concerning decreases in the availability of anticancer medicines in 2016 from already low availability in 2012. Anticancer medicines were more affordable for the patients in high-income regions than the patients in low-income regions. Governments should consider using their bargaining power to reduce procurement prices and abolish taxes on anticancer medicines. Policy should focus on the special health insurance plan for low-income patients with cancer. The goal of drug policy should ensure that first-line generic drugs are available for cancer patients and preferentially prescribed.

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Chen, Zhe, Siyu Li, Imti Choonara, Kun Zou, Linan Zeng, Liang Huang, Zhi-Jun Jia et al. „Access to medicines for children in China“. BMJ Paediatrics Open 6, Nr. 1 (Dezember 2022): e001635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001635.

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Access to essential medicines for children is a big challenge, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. In China, the average availability of essential medicines for children is 1.6%–46.5%. The availability of generics was generally higher than original brands in public hospitals and the prices of generics were relatively lower and more reasonable (generics: availability, 27.3%–46.5%, prices, 0.52–4.28 times the international reference prices; original brands: 1.6%–33.0%, 2.59–11.38 times the international reference prices). In terms of affordability of medicines for children, generics were more affordable than original brands and tablets/capsules were more affordable than injections. Most commonly used anti-infective medicines (such as amoxicillin capsule, azithromycin tablet, cefuroxime tablet) and antipyretics (such as ibuprofen suspension) were relatively affordable. Six commonly used medicines in paediatrics, including amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, beclomethasone, cefazolin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cyclosporine were unaffordable. Since August 2011, China has successively issued several policies to ensure the accessibility of medicines for children, covering research and development, production, procurement and prices of medicines. The accessibility of medicines for children has been partially improved, but still needs continuous improvement.

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Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Bawa Singh, Sanjay Pattanshetty und Srikanth Reddy. „Access to medicines through global health diplomacy“. Health Promotion Perspectives 13, Nr. 1 (30.04.2023): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2023.05.

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The World Health Organisation (WHO) emphasizes that equitable access to safe and affordable medicines is vital to attaining the highest possible standard of health by all. Ensuring equitable access to medicines (ATM) is also a key narrative of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as SDG 3.8 specifies "access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all" as a central component of universal health coverage (UHC). The SDG 3.b emphasizes the need to develop medicines to address persistent treatment gaps. However, around 2 billion people globally have no access to essential medicines, particularly in lower- and middle-income countries. The states’ recognition of health as a human right obligates them to ensure access to timely, acceptable, affordable health care. While ATM is inherent in minimizing the treatment gaps, global health diplomacy (GHD) contributes to addressing these gaps and fulfilling the state’s embracement of health as a human right.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Affordable medicines"

Obuaku-Igwe, Chinwe Christopher. „The Nigerian healthcare system: A study of access to affordable essential medicines and healthcare“. University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4845.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The concepts of availability, affordability, accessibility and acceptability otherwise known as the 4As of ATM are key factors that influence access to essential medicines in any given health system. However, the exact scale and extent to which these 4As affect various populations in Nigeria remains unknown. This study investigates the Nigerian healthcare system with special focus on access to quality and affordable essential medicines in three Nigerian States; Abuja, Kaduna and Nassarawa, by drawing upon primary data, using qualitative and quantitative research methods.

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El-Dahiyat, Faris Abdelrahim. „A cost evaluation analysis to identify solutions for affordable medicines in Jordan : a comparative study with the UK“. Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/27794/.

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Background: Health is a core human right. The right of health care includes access to affordable medicines. Affordability of medicines by individual patients in low-income countries is a significant factor influencing access to care and treatment. However, drug prices in low income countries are found to be higher than those in high-income countries. Although the health care system in Jordan is quite advanced in comparison to neighbouring countries, the access to affordable medicines remains problematic. It was reported that almost 80% of the public in Jordan pay for their medications through out-of-pocket payments. High medicine prices are of a great concern to patients and their finances, which can result in poor compliance. Moreover, non-compliance can lead to reduced productivity and increased medical costs. In fact, several studies found that the high out of pocket-costs can be a significant obstacle to medical adherence with prescription medication regimens. Aims: The aim of this thesis is to research medicine prices and policies in Jordan, in order to recommend feasible solutions to make these affordable. To measure the affordability of medicines in Jordan and to assess the extent by which the cost of medicines is high, prices and factors affecting them were compared with the United Kingdom (UK), a high income developed country. Methods: A mixed-method approach was used in this thesis to research medicine prices and policies. The thesis reviewed the relevant literature, followed by reviewing the health care and pharmaceutical systems in both countries and their impact on medicine prices. Quantitative studies to measure the affordability of medicines in Jordan were conducted to assess the extent by which the cost of medicines is high in comparison to the UK and the factors that may affect medicine prices. This was followed by a qualitative study on how and why high unaffordable prices occur in Jordan. Finally, a quantitative survey exploring patients', pharmacists' and prescribing physicians' opinions towards measures that could be used to achieve greater clinical effectiveness and economic efficiency from drug prescribing was conducted. All the findings from the thesis were synthesised to form policy recommendations, designed to ensure affordable medicines for the Jordanian population. Results and discussion: Factors that influence prices of medicines over time were identified. These included; competition, marketing strategies, time in the market, regulations and pricing policy, change of clinical guidelines, epidemiology of disease, change in therapeutic use/value and exchange rate. Although the income per capita is much lower in Jordan (almost 7 fold less) than the one the UK, the studies conducted within this thesis demonstrated that medicine prices were significantly higher in Jordan compared to the UK. Generic medicines are three fold more expensive than the equivalent prices of the same drugs in the UK. However, the difference in prices for many drugs was significantly higher than the 3 fold difference. For example, the average price of pravastatin and amlodipine generics was more than eight fold higher than the UK price. Moreover, the average price of omeprazole, citalopram and fluoxetine generics were around 10 fold higher than the comparable UK price. Additionally, originator brand medicines prices were also found to be 1.5-fold more expensive in Jordan compared to the UK. Many originators were extremely higher than this average. For example, the Jordanian price of misoprostol originator tablets was around 19 times the comparable UK price. The price of ranitidine originator in Jordan was more than seven times the UK price and lansoprasole originator was around 6 times more than the price in the UK. The current pricing policy and its application are believed to be the root causes for the high prices of medicines in Jordan, as revealed by the qualitative interviews. The expected patients' saving by using generic medicines instead of originators in Jordan ranged from 32% up to 74%. The median saving in Jordan was -30.65% compared to - 71.43% in UK. The average savings were 32.68% and 43.54% in both Jordan and UK respectively. This increased to 54.96% in the UK when one outlier was removed. However, the saving calculated in both countries would have been higher if the lowest priced generic was used. An extra saving of 6.86% was identified in Jordan if the lowest priced generics were used for cardiovascular diseases (the calculated saving increased from 32.71% when using the average generic price compared to 39.57% when using the lowest priced generic). The findings also showed a positive attitude of all stakeholders (patients, pharmacists and prescribing physicians) towards generic medications and their willingness and acceptance of strategies that encourage generic utilisation in Jordan such as generic substitution, lnternational. Non-proprietary Name (INN) prescribing and Electronic Prescribing (EP). Such measures will help reduce the high expenditure on drugs in Jordan which accounts for around one-third of the national health care budget. Conclusion: A range of policy measures and changes are required to improve access to medicines in Jordan. Recommendations made included amendments to pharmaceutical policies, better enforcement of the current regulations, encouraging the use of generic medicines by introducing measures such as generic prescribing, generic substitution and public awareness education programs. These changes should result in more affordable medicines in Jordan.

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Lanthorn, Heather Elisabeth. „Achieving Access to Antimalarials: Views From Ghana on the Political-Economy of Adopting and Implementing the Affordable Medicines Facility-Malaria (AMFm)“. Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:25757887.

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My research examines the adoption and implementation processes involved in transferring a global health policy into national-level practice. More specifically, I consider how high-level stakeholders adopted and street-level, private-sector retailers implemented the Phase I pilot of the Affordable Medicines Facility- malaria (AMFm) between mid-2009 and end-2011. The AMFm — a large-scale program housed at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria — sought to improve access to high-quality malaria treatment through financing and delivery strategies using the public and private sectors. To date, the median implementation outcomes have been considered in the Independent Evaluation commissioned by the Global Fund but country-level processes and nuanced considerations of outcomes have gone unexplored. To better understand the AMFm pilot in Ghana, I collected both quantitative and qualitative data between August and December 2011. To consider adoption, I first use a grounded, qualitative approach to address: What explains the stands taken by national stakeholders towards and against participating in the AMFm’s Phase I? I generate explanatory categories about the different views — stands — key stakeholders in Ghana took about joining Phase I. Public health goals; indirect policy goals; and concerns about personal, organization, and national reputation help to explain the views of different high-level stakeholders. Second, I consider the actions taken by different stakeholders: To what extent can a multiple-streams approach to policy adoption help clarify Ghana’s decision to join in the AMFm’s pilot? I find the Multiple-Streams Approach cannot be used to explain adoption of the AMFm pilot in Ghana. However, a modified version accounting for the global and national levels simultaneously can explain this case. To consider implementation, I ask: Do retailers in Northern Region comply with Ghana’s the advertised AMFm Recommended Retail Price among for-profit, private-sector retailers? And, does non-compliance vary systematically with features of retailer structure or conduct? I find high compliance based on reported retail prices. I also find that neither measures of spatial competition nor having seen regulation enforced in the past explain the pattern of non-compliance. Rather, variation in the terminal supply price is highly associated with a retailer’s decision to charge at or above the RRP.

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Berry, Wendy. „Lived Experiences of the Individual Mandate of the Affordable Care Act“. ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5827.

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In 2014, the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) came into effect. More than 7 million Americans paid a tax penalty for not carrying insurance during the previous tax year. Millions of others were forced to purchase a health insurance plan to avoid that penalty. This study filled a gap in public health policy research by incorporating qualitative data to offer narratives along with statistical data that could help explain health outcomes to make successful policy changes in 2019. The purpose of this study was to research the use of market competitive theory by learning people's lived experiences and how they made the decision to participate in the ACA. The theoretical foundation was based on the social justice theory when mandating that citizen's purchase or pay. The method for this research was a qualitative interpretive phenomenological thematic approach with triangulation using the snowball effect and the hermeneutic circle method of analysis. The sample size included 6 volunteers who identified as either purchasing health insurance or paying the individual mandate penalty during a recorded interview. The findings answered the first research question by showing that the 6 participants found reason to carry health insurance based on their lived experiences and desire to maintain wellness overall. Findings for the second research question indicated that the individual mandate penalty did not increase the likelihood that the 6 participants would purchase healthcare insurance based on their lived experiences. This study supports the need for continued ACA qualitative research to identify more themes on how people make decisions regarding their health care that could provide positive social health policy change for the future.

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Terry-Lawrence, Nadine. „Affordable Care Act and Racial Inequity in Breast Cancer Survival Rates“. ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7762.

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African American women are more likely than White women to be diagnosed with breast cancer after the disease has progressed to advanced stages. Further, African American women experience higher breast cancer mortality rates than White women at all stages of cancer diagnosis. The purpose of this quantitative comparative study was to examine differences between implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and 5-year breast cancer survival rates among African American and White women. The independent variable was African American women and White women who were survivors of breast cancer after the ACA implementation; the dependent variables were breast cancer survival rates after ACA implementation. Data were gathered from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for the time period between 2010 and 2015. The theoretical foundation for this study was Penchansky and Thomas’s concept of healthcare access. This quantitative study followed a retrospective design using cohort data from the SEER program. Data were analyzed via independent samples t-test and chi-square test of association. Results indicated that White women had a higher 5-year survival rate than African American women; the association between race and survival was significant. White women survived also survived breast cancer for more months, on average, than African American women. Findings indicate that racial disparities in breast cancer survival have endured, post ACA. The primary social change implication is that more research is needed to improve the breast cancer survival rates of African American women. The ACA may be working to help reduce the racial disparities in breast cancer survival, but providing access to healthcare is not necessarily enough.

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Kereri, Dovison. „Relationship between Affordable Care Act and Emergency Department Visits“. Diss., NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_hs_stuetd/11.

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Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed and implemented to expand insurance coverage, reduce health care cost, and improve the quality of care. The purpose of this dissertation study was to investigate whether the ACA insurance expansion correlates with the number of visits made to emergency departments (EDs). The quasi-experimental design interrupted time series was utilized in the analysis. The ED visits were compared using MANOVA to determine the relationship between ED visits and ACA and canonical correlation analysis to assess the strength of the relationship and the extent to which independent variables could predict the dependent variable. The hypothesis was that the ACA will reduce the uninsured, increase the insured, and reduce the ED visits. The relationship between number of ED visits and the ACA will present whether the uninsured patients contributed significantly to the ED overcrowding. Analysis of secondary data from four EDs (H1, H2, H3, and H4) in the Chicago area showed that 484,742 visits were made, and 2,801 were excluded due to unknown payer type. Medicaid patients recorded the largest number of visits (181,226) while the uninsured patients recorded the least number of visits (56,572). The ED visits decreased by 6% from 2012 to 2013 (pre-ACA) and increased by 4% from 2013 to 2105 (post-ACA). The ACA implementation increased the people with insurance who visited the EDs by 11%. The results demonstrated a strong relationship between ACA and ED visits. The correlation of the variables (hospital and year) and ED visits demonstrated that the hospital could explain 97% of the Medicaid visits and 87% of uninsured while the year could predict 82.6% of the uninsured visits and 52.5% of Medicaid visits.

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Lin, Shih-Hao. „Development of a selective and energy-autonomous lactic acid monitoring system“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST048.

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Les tests sur le lieu de soins sont très prometteurs car ils permettent d'effectuer des mesures en temps réel et en continu à un prix abordable et s'adressent à un large éventail de personnes. Cependant, le défi que représente la surveillance continue pour gérer la santé de manière proactive tout en réduisant les dépenses de santé est considérable. Il s'agit principalement de garantir la fiabilité des éléments de reconnaissance et la viabilité à long terme des sources d'énergie, en particulier des batteries. Cette étude a établi un capteur de lactate non enzymatique pour les tests sur le lieu de soins, en utilisant une approche holistique qui comprend la modification de la morphologie de l'électrode, l'électrodéposition de matériaux conducteurs et de catalyseurs à l'échelle nanométrique, l'intégration d'un liquide ionique pour la sélectivité, l'optimisation de la technologie d'alimentation sans fil et l'incorporation de systèmes de gestion de l'énergie dans des dispositifs de détection électrochimique conçus par l'utilisateur lui-même. Les principaux résultats comprennent la sélectivité des catalyseurs non enzymatiques pour la détection et la proposition d'un dispositif de mesure personnalisé alimenté sans fil. Plus précisément, la modification de la géométrie du noyau du transformateur en ferrite a amélioré la puissance de sortie maximale du transducteur magnétoélectrique, qui a atteint 1,63 mW. Le circuit de gestion de l'énergie proposé fournit du courant continu avec un rendement élevé (0,74 mW) et permet une charge plus rapide pour la transmission d'énergie sans fil afin de soutenir nos dispositifs électrochimiques. Les dispositifs d'analyse électrochimique tels qu'ils ont été fabriqués ont démontré des capacités de mesure précises. L'utilisation de l'électrode poreuse imprimée a permis d'améliorer la reproductivité, la conductivité et la surface. L'électrodéposition de graphène et de nanoparticules de Ni(OH)₂, dont la taille et l'état chimique ont été soigneusement réglés, a augmenté la sensibilité du capteur. La plage de détection étendue des capteurs d'acide lactique optimisés s'avère avantageuse pour la détection du lactate, ce qui présente des avantages significatifs pour le diagnostic de diverses maladies. Un liquide ionique synthétisé sur mesure a facilité la détection sélective de l'acide lactique, en bloquant les molécules d'interférence et en permettant une détection "en une étape" avec une large gamme (1 mM à 60 mM) et une sensibilité élevée (1,374 μA/mM). En outre, la performance électrochimique du capteur non enzymatique avec liquide ionique a été étudiée en corrélant le coefficient de diffusion avec la Stokes-Einstein relationship. En conclusion, cette recherche offre des perspectives précieuses sur des systèmes de tests de soins au point d'intervention entièrement intégrés avec des applications pratiques, notamment les capteurs de lactate non enzymatiques avec des liquides ioniques et les transducteurs magnétoélectriques pour le transfert d'énergie sans fil. L'effort continu visant à améliorer les dispositifs de tests de soins au point d'intervention souligne l'importance de la recherche et de l'innovation soutenues pour faire progresser les soins aux patients et la gestion des maladies dans divers domaines, y compris la médecine clinique, la gestion du sport et la recherche sur le cancer
Point-of-care testing (POCT) holds great promise for providing real-time and continuous measurements at an affordable price, catering to a broad range of individuals. However, the challenge of continuous monitoring to proactively manage health while reducing healthcare expenses is substantial. These challenges primarily revolve around ensuring the reliability of recognition elements and the long-term sustainability of power sources, particularly batteries. This study established a non-enzymatic lactate sensor for point-of-care testing, employing a holistic approach that encompasses the modification of electrode morphology, electrodeposition of nanoscale conductive materials and catalysts, integration of ionic liquid for selectivity, optimization of wireless power supply technology, and the incorporation of power management systems into self-designed electrochemical detection devices. Key findings include conferring selectivity on non-enzymatic catalysts for detection and proposing a custom wirelessly supplied measurement device. Specifically, modifying the ferrite transformer core geometry improved the magnetoelectric transducer's maximum output power, reaching 1.63 mW. The proposed power management circuit supplied DC with high efficiency (0.74 mW) and enabled faster charging for wireless power transmission to support our electrochemical devices. The as-fabricated electrochemical analysis devices demonstrated precise measurement capabilities.Using the porous screening printed electrode showed increased reproductivity, conductivity, and surface area. The electrodeposition of graphene and Ni(OH)₂ nanoparticles, carefully regulated in size and chemical state, elevated the sensor's sensitivity. The extensive detection range of the optimized lactic acid sensors proves advantageous for detecting lactate, offering significant benefits in various disease diagnoses. A custom-synthesized ionic liquid facilitated selective detection of lactic acid, blocking interference molecules and enabling "1-step" detection with a wide range (1 mM to 60 mM) and high sensitivity (1.374 μA/mM). Additionally, the electrochemical performance of the non-enzymatic sensor with ionic liquid was investigated by correlating the diffusion coefficient with the Stokes-Einstein relationship. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into fully integrated POCT systems with practical applications, including the non-enzymatic lactate sensors with ionic liquids and magnetoelectric transducers for wireless power transfer. The ongoing effort to enhance POCT devices underscores the importance of sustained research and innovation in advancing patient care and disease management across various fields, including clinical medicine, sports management, and cancer research

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Fletcher, Rebecca Adkins. „There and Back Again: Applying Regional Health Disparities to Contextualize the Affordable Care Act“. Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/515.

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Oshegbo, Godwin. „Effects of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on Behavioral Health Access“. ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4978.

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About 50% of adults in the United States suffer from at least 1 mental health challenge in their lifetime. Annually, mental health and substance use disorders cost the United States about $800 billion, leaving individuals with unaffordable cost of care and the nation with diminished productivity and revenue. With the Essential Health Benefits and Medicaid expansion under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), healthcare resources were created to address gaps in behavioral healthcare. There is a need to understand how the healthcare law has influenced the availability of behavioral health services and access to needed care. This study explored the lived experiences of 10 behavioral health service recipients to identify the benefits and challenges of the PPACA on behavioral health services. Participants from Anne Arundel County, Maryland, were purposefully selected and interviewed face-to-face. Relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity were characteristics of the diffusion of innovation theory used for the exploration of this research. Based on the interpretive phenomenological approach, Nvivo 11 Pro was used for data coding, management, organization, and analysis. There was the shared belief among participants that the PPACA improved their access to adequate and affordable behavioral healthcare. Effective network of care and having health insurance seemed to have improved health outcomes. Findings from this study highlight issues of common interest to healthcare stakeholders while providing reasonable platforms for objectively addressing complex challenges, which tend to undermine the possibility of adopting policies that could yield positive dividends for all parties involved.

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Reese, William Benjamin. „Towards Affordable American Medicine: An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Healthcare Expenditures in Developed Nations and a Prescriptive Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Potential Policy Alternatives“. Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1366932593.

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Bücher zum Thema "Affordable medicines"

Augustine, Norman R., Guru Madhavan und Sharyl J. Nass, Hrsg. Making Medicines Affordable. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/24946.

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Gamharter, Katharina. Access to Affordable Medicines. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0545-0.

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Too much medicine: Standards for better and more affordable healthcare. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 2009.

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Seaman, John T. Mylan: 50 years of unconventional success : making quality medicine affordable and accessible. Canonsburg, Pa: Mylan in association with University Press of New England, 2011.

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Libraries and the Affordable Care Act: Helping the community understand health-care options. Chicago: ALA Editions, an imprint of the American Library Association, 2015.

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Gewirtz, Elaine Waldorf. The everything natural health for dogs book: The healthy, affordable way to ensure a long, happy life for your pet. Avon, Mass: Adams Media, 2009.

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Senate, United States Congress. A bill to contain health care costs and increase access to affordable health care, and for other purposes. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 1993.

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South Florida's access to affordable prescription drugs: Costs and benefits of alternative solutions : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, March 10, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Roundtable on Health Literacy und Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Hrsg. Facilitating state health exchange communication through the use of health literate practices: Workshop summary. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2012.

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Making Medicines Affordable. Anshan Publishing, 2005.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Affordable medicines"

Gamharter, Katharina. „Access to Affordable Medicines and the TRIPS Agreement“. In Access to Affordable Medicines, 3–108. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0545-0_2.

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Gamharter, Katharina. „Introduction“. In Access to Affordable Medicines, 1–2. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0545-0_1.

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Gamharter, Katharina. „Emergence of a New Approach: The Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health“. In Access to Affordable Medicines, 109–58. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0545-0_3.

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Gamharter, Katharina. „Developing Responses: Compulsory Licensing and Differential Pricing“. In Access to Affordable Medicines, 159–271. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0545-0_4.

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Gamharter, Katharina. „Summary of Conclusions“. In Access to Affordable Medicines, 273–80. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0545-0_5.

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Sundaram, Jae. „TRIPS Agreement and the future of access to affordable medicines“. In Pharmaceutical Patent Protection and World Trade Law, 223–34. New York: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge research in intellectual property: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315267692-13.

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Hoen, Ellen ‘t. „Protection of Clinical Test Data and Public Health: A Proposal to End the Stronghold of Data Exclusivity“. In Access to Medicines and Vaccines, 183–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83114-1_7.

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AbstractTest data demonstrating the efficacy, safety and quality of a medicine is required by drug regulatory agencies before a new treatment obtains marketing approval and can be made available to patients. Because test data can be costly and time-consuming to produce, certain countries have ‘data exclusivity’ regimes that restrict use of test data to the originator company for a period of time. Generic and biosimilar companies rely on originator test data to obtain marketing approval for generic products, so data exclusivity periods can delay entry of lower-cost treatments to the market. While data exclusivity is not required by the World Trade Organization, countries such as the United States and the European Union often push their stronger data exclusivity provisions on other countries through free trade agreements (FTAs). While a small number of countries have waivers to data exclusivity for cases of emergency or other public health need, most do not. This can hamper the timely and affordable availability of needed medicines. Waivers to data exclusivity should be included in legislation to protect public health, and other ways to protect test data against unfair commercial use should be explored.

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Correa, Carlos M. „Intellectual Property in the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Increasing the Barriers for the Access to Affordable Medicines“. In Mega-Regional Trade Agreements, 217–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56663-4_9.

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Connolly, Ceci. „Messaging, Medicine, and Obamacare“. In The Affordable Care Act as a National Experiment, 99–107. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8351-9_12.

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Hwang, Dennis, und Burton N. Melius. „The Affordable Care Act and the Future of Sleep Medicine“. In Narcolepsy, 417–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23739-8_31.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Affordable medicines"

Eden, TOB, E. Burns, P. Freccero und L. Renner. „G268(P) Are essential medicines available, reliable and affordable in low-middle income countries?“ In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 13–15 March 2018, SEC, Glasgow, Children First – Ethics, Morality and Advocacy in Childhood, The Journal of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-rcpch.261.

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Dane, A., A. Ramlal, M. Overgaag-van Hemert, P. Roos, C. Post, C. Uyl-de Groot und H. Van Der Kuy. „6ER-032 How can Dutch university hospitals contribute to affordable medicines and cost containment of total hospital drug expenditure: a Delphi study“. In 27th EAHP Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 22-23-24 March 2023. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2023-eahp.353.

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Noroc, Dorel. „Deficiencies of the value added tax system in the Republic of Moldova from the perspective of EU directives“. In The 3rd International Scientific Conference "Development through Research and Innovation". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/dri2022.19.

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Public revenues collected from the value added tax (hereinafter - VAT) ensure the financing of 47% of the total state budget expenditures in the Republic of Moldova, which demonstrates the main function of this type of indirect tax to contribute to the formation of budget financial resources. At the same time, VAT can be used by public decision-makers to stimulate or make the consumption of certain types of products more affordable, especially those of social importance (food, medicines, etc.). From the perspective of economic processes, it is essential to ensure the principle of VAT neutrality, which materializes in the economic value chain of goods and services through the right to deduct VAT amounts. This principle must ensure that companies operating under similar conditions must be subject to the payment of the same amount of VAT. The compliance with this principle should be analyzed in a comprehensive manner, on the entire value chain of production of goods and provision of services. A priori, we can mention that tax systems that are characterized by a host of exemptions and reduced quotas are more likely to create dysfunctions of the principle of neutrality and, respectively, of economic processes. The principle of neutrality is the basis of EU Directives, but also of the caselaw of the European Union in the field of VAT. This article proposes an analysis of the VAT system in the Republic of Moldova and the identification of elements that do not correspond to the principle of neutrality, creating impediments in the development of the national economy.

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Trejo, D., I. Obeid und J. Picone. „Affordable supercomputing using open source software“. In 2015 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spmb.2015.7405431.

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Oishi, Ashrafun Nushra, Meer Shadman Shafkat Tanjim, Minar Mahmud Palash, Sourav Barua, Md Rashel Sarkar und Shoyeb Ahammad Rafi. „Cyclic Task-Based Affordable Robot for Medicine-Intake Purpose of COVID-19 Patient“. In 2021 2nd International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrest51555.2021.9331070.

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Qingguo Zhou, Shuwei Bai, Chanjuan Li und Wei Zhang. „Affordable high-performance environment for education in undeveloped regions“. In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on IT in Medicine and Education (ITME). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itme.2008.4743999.

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Zhang, Y. T., Y. S. Yan und C. C. Y. Poon. „Some Perspectives on Affordable Healthcare Systems in China“. In 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4353757.

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Jain, Monika, Niranjan Kumar und Sujay Deb. „An affordable cuff-less blood pressure estimation solution“. In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7591922.

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Gavas, Rahul, Sangheeta Roy, Debatri Chatterjee, Soumya Ranjan Tripathy, Kingshuk Chakravarty, Aniruddha Sinha und Uttama Lahiri. „Affordable sensor based gaze tracking for realistic psychological assessment“. In 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8036932.

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Gayvoronskaya, T. V., A. A. Zub und F. S. Ayupova. „NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS BASED ON ORAL FLUID BIOMARKER ASSESSMENT: A REVIEW“. In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.159-163.

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Methods of quantitative determination of biomarkers in oral fluid allow to reveal early signs of chronic periodontitis development. It is of interest to further improve the known methods for more affordable and effective application in periodontal clinical practice.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Affordable medicines"

Hafner, Tamara, und David Popp. China and India as Suppliers of Affordable Medicines to Developing Countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Juli 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17249.

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