Zeitschriftenartikel: „Aerial roots“

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Jolly, Margaret. „Aerial roots“. Women's Studies International Forum 21, Nr. 6 (November 1998): 663–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5395(98)00079-x.

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Perez, Craig Santos. „From "aerial Roots"“. Iowa Review 40, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2010): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6906.

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Perez, Craig Santos. „Ginen "aerial Roots"“. Iowa Review 40, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2010): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6907.

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Abasolo, W. P., M. Yoshida, H. Yamamoto und T. Okuyama. „Stress Generation In Aerial Roots Of Ficus Elastica (Moraceae)“. IAWA Journal 30, Nr. 2 (2009): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000216.

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Release strain measurements were conducted on the aerial roots of Ficus elastica Roxb. to understand stress generation in roots. Regardless of whether the roots are small roots that are directly attached to the ground (Type I), small roots that have merged with other roots without reaching the ground (Type II), or large roots that are directly attached to the ground (Type III), all gave negative strain values indicating that they were under tensile stress prior to measurements. Such strains were inversely affected by the strain gauge distance from the root attachment (either to the ground or to other roots) and by the root diameter. Tensile stresses emanated from the gelatinous fibers found near the pith of the roots.

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Wilder, George J. „Comparative morphology and anatomy of absorbing roots and anchoring roots in three species of Cyclanthaceae (Monocotyledoneae)“. Canadian Journal of Botany 70, Nr. 1 (01.01.1992): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-006.

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Asplundia sp., Evodianthus funifer, and Thoracocarpus bissectus are root-climbing lianas that each have absorbing roots and anchoring roots. On stems appressed to the trunks of host trees, both types of roots arise mainly from internodes, generally emerging from those halves of stem surfaces facing the trunks (Asplundia sp., E. funifer), and may form nonreplacement roots and replacement roots. Aerial portions of absorbing roots differ from anchoring roots according to direction of growth, abundance of nonreplacement roots, diameter 1 cm distal to base, length, abundance, and color (T. bissectus). In all species the anchoring roots (with or without replacement roots) are interpretable as determinate because on long specimens their distal portions appear anatomically narrowed and reduced. In contrast, aerial parts of absorbing roots are indeterminate. The determinate aspects of anchoring roots and the general restriction (on stems appressed to tree trunks) of roots to trunk-facing stem surfaces are advantageous as means for conserving biomass. Key words: roots, root morphology, root dimorphism, Cyclanthaceae.

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Inoue, Tomomi, Ayato Kohzu und Ayako Shimono. „Tracking the route of atmospheric nitrogen to diazotrophs colonizing buried mangrove roots“. Tree Physiology 39, Nr. 11 (01.11.2019): 1896–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz088.

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Abstract Nitrogen-fixing activity has been observed in the rhizosphere of mangrove ecosystems, suggesting a close mangrove–diazotroph relationship. In regularly flooded soil, however, the pathway by which atmospheric nitrogen reaches the diazotrophs in the rhizosphere is unknown. This study provides evidence that mangrove aerial roots serve as pathways that supply nitrogen gas to the diazotrophs colonizing buried roots. A plastic chamber was attached on the exposed part of a Rhizophora stylosa Griff prop root, and 15N2 tracer gas was injected into it. The entire root, including the below-ground part, was collected for analysis of 15N labelling and nitrogenase activity. We detected 15N labelling in buried root materials 2 h after gas injection. Compared with the δ15N contents in root material from an untreated tree, the increment was >10‰ in lateral roots. The nitrogenase activity measured on the other R. stylosa roots was highest in lateral roots, matching well with the results of 15N labelling. Our results indicate that atmospheric nitrogen is taken into aerial mangrove roots through lenticels, diffuses into the buried root system and is fixed by diazotrophs. The unusual appearance of mangrove aerial roots, which has intrigued researchers for many years, could be a key to the high productivity of mangrove ecosystems.

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Reddell, Paul, Michael S. Hopkins und Andrew W. Graham. „Functional association between apogeotropic aerial roots, mycorrhizas and paper-barked stems in a lowland tropical rainforest in North Queensland“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, Nr. 6 (November 1996): 763–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010014.

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ABSTRACTThe root and trunk characteristics of species in a complex, lowland, evergreen, tropical rainforest at a seasonally inundated, coastal site on siliceous sands were examined. Roots in the soil were predominantly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi although ectomycorrhizas were found on four species which contributed almost 25% of total basal area. Surface root mats were not a characteristic of the study site. In contrast, the ability to produce apogeotropic (upwardly growing) aerial roots which grew on and within the bark on trunks and branches was a consistent feature of the dominant species of trees in this forest. Eleven species representing eight families and constituting more than 85% of the basal area at the site produced these roots. Most trunks with DBH greater than 20 cm supported apogeotropic aerial roots produced by a range of species including themselves. Apogeotropic roots were most frequently found on the basal 0.5 m of trunks; however, they did occur up to 5 m above the forest floor. Apogeotropic aerial roots originated both from epicormic buds under the bark and from soil, and they were frequently colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi. There was a strong association between the ability to support these upwardly growing roots and the occurrence of laminated papery and flaky bark. We postulate that production of apogeotropic roots may provide a mechanism for nutrient uptake and root respiration during periods of inundation, for intercepting nutrients in stemflow and/or for extracting nutrients from bark.

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Mundkinajeddu, Deepak, Laxman P. Sawant, Rojison Koshy, Praneetha Akunuri, Vineet Kumar Singh, Anand Mayachari, Maged H. M. Sharaf, Murali Balasubramanian und Amit Agarwal. „Development and Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Flavonoid Glycosides in Withania somnifera Aerial Parts“. ISRN Analytical Chemistry 2014 (10.03.2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/351547.

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Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) commonly known as ashwagandha, is an important plant in Ayurveda and is believed to increase longevity and vitality. The root is considered to be the medicinally important part of the plant as per classical texts and accordingly is the subject of most Pharmacopeial monographs. The aerial parts, being less expensive, are sometimes mixed with roots to prepare “standardized” extracts of W. somnifera, and in cases with false declaration of plant part used as roots on the certificate of analysis. The present study described a new, simple, accurate, and precise HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of flavonoid glycosides as unique constituents of the aerial parts, being absent in roots of the plant. The RSD for intra- and interday analyses was less than 2.5% and the recovery was 90–108%. The method was used to analyze samples of roots and aerial parts of the plant collected from India and Egypt. The samples of commercially available extracts of W. somnifera were also analyzed and many samples were found to contain flavonoid glycosides indicating a possible undeclared use of aerial parts in the extracts derived from roots in commercial practice.

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SU, J. J., Y. J. CHEN und Y. C. CHANG. „A study of a pilot-scale biogas bio-filter system for utilization on pig farms“. Journal of Agricultural Science 152, Nr. 2 (17.01.2013): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612001086.

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SUMMARYCombustion of biogas containing hydrogen sulphide (H2S) yields highly corrosive sulphur oxides, thereby limiting the use of biogas for heat and power generation. The current study developed and tested a pilot-scale biogas bio-filter system (BBS) to replace conventional water scrubbing systems at a commercial pig farm in Miaoli County, Taiwan. A 62·8-litre pilot-scale BBS, packed with dried aerial roots from the common tree fern (Sphaeropteris lepifera) and a mixture of dried aerial roots and plastic rings as bio-carriers and inoculated with sulphur oxidizing bacteria, was installed at a commercial pig farm. H2S concentration was 5600 mg/m3 and the biogas flow rate was 4 litres/min. The pilot-scale BBS could remove 26·9 g H2S/m3/h using a bio-filter that operated at a 7% (v/v) O2 level continuously for >200 days. It was found that most H2S was oxidized to elemental sulphur (S0) and accumulated on the surface of the dried aerial roots (0·084 g S0/g aerial root) in the BBS. The dried aerial roots and plastic Raschig ring mixture was more efficent at sulphur dioxide removal than the dried aerial roots on their own. The pH and sulphate (SO42−) concentrations of water dropping from the BBS were 1·6 ± 1·0 and 28 680 ± 8253 mg/l, respectively. However, sulphur is the dominant product of sulphur oxidizers at the 7% O2 level. Periodical flushing of the bio-filter with the effluent from the wastewater treatment system on the farm can maintain high efficiency of H2S removal.

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Lamb, Thomas G., David W. Tonkyn und Daniel A. Kluepfel. „Movement of Pseudomonas aureofaciens from the rhizosphere to aerial plant tissue“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, Nr. 11 (01.11.1996): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-143.

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Following inoculation onto seeds, the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aureofaciens Ps3732RNL11 (L11), which contains the constituitively expressed lacZ and lacY genes from Escherichia coli, was recovered from the interior of aerial tissues of all 16 monocot and dicot plants tested, and the exterior of aerial surfaces of 15. In more detailed studies with corn, wheat, and broccoli, both Ps3732RNL11 and its nonengineered parent strain PS3732RN (RN) rapidly established large populations on all root systems and smaller densities within the aerial tissues, all of which persisted at stable levels throughout 12- to 23-day test periods. There were no differences in the behavior of L11 and RN on any of the three plant species. L11 invaded the aeriel tissues of corn in at least two distinct ways. First, it moved into the interior of leaves following inoculation of guttation drops, suggesting that the bacteria may contaminate the developing shoot prior to its emergence from the soil and then invade through natural openings. However, when this route was blocked by inoculating the roots after shoot emergence in either soil or hydroponic systems, the bacteria still invaded the aerial tissues within 24 h, suggesting direct vascular transport from the roots. Such bacterial movement is an important consideration in future field releases of both native and genetically modified rhizobacteria.Key words: rhizosphere, genetically engineered microorganism, Pseudomonas aureofaciens.

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Menezes, Nanuza L. de. „Rhizophores in Rhizophora mangle L: an alternative interpretation of so-called ''aerial roots''“. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 78, Nr. 2 (Juni 2006): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652006000200003.

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Rhizophora mangle L., one of the most common mangrove species, has an aerial structure system that gives it stability in permanently swampy soils. In fact, these structures, known as "aerial roots" or "stilt roots", have proven to be peculiar branches with positive geotropism, which form a large number of roots when in contact with swampy soils. These organs have a sympodial branching system, wide pith, slightly thickened cortex, collateral vascular bundles, polyarch stele and endarch protoxylem, as in the stem, and a periderm produced by a phellogen at the apex similar to a root cap. They also have the same type of trichosclereid that occurs in the stem, with negative geotropism, unlike true Rhizophora roots, which do not form trichosclereids at all. On the other hand, these branches do not form leaves and in this respect they are similar to roots. These peculiar branches are rhizophores or special root-bearing branches, analogous to those found in Lepidodendrales and other Carboniferous tree ferns that grew in swampy soils.

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Patiño, Sandra, Gregory S. Gilbert, Gerhard Zotz und Melvin T. Tyree. „Growth and survival of aerial roots of hemiepiphytes in a lower montane tropical moist forest in Panama“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 15, Nr. 5 (September 1999): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467499001078.

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Hemiepiphytic plants grow for part of their life as true epiphytes, then become terrestrial through the production of aerial roots that grow from the canopy to the ground. Long-term measurement of growth, dieback and mortality of aerial roots of hemiepiphytic plants in a lower montane moist tropical forest in western Panama was used to elucidate life-history strategies of hemiepiphytes from two families. The fates of 156 aerial roots of five species of Clusiaceae and Araceae were followed for 10 mo. Some roots were cut to experimentally study the effect of injury on resprouting and survival. Aerial roots of Araceae grew more than twice as fast as those of Clusiaceae but had a much greater mortality rate. Roots of both families grew much faster during the wet than dry season. Even for the fastest growing roots, growth and survival models suggest that only 18% of Araceae roots were likely to survive long enough to reach the ground from a branch 10 m high, whereas 87% of roots of Clusiaceae were likely to do so. This suggests that only those Araceae hemiepiphytes that produce a large number of aerial roots or are located close to the ground are likely to reach the soil.

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Sindhu, Rakesh, und Sandeep Arora. „Anti-inflammatory potential of different extracts isolated from the roots of Ficus lacor buch. Hum and Murraya koenigii L. spreng“. Archives of Biological Sciences 66, Nr. 3 (2014): 1261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1403261s.

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The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of Murraya koenigii root extracts petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform (MKPE, MKEA and MKCF, respectively) and Ficus lacor aerial root extracts petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol (FLPE , FLET, FLCF and FLET, respectively) at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) using animal models of acute inflammation (carrageenan-, histamine- and serotonin-induced inflammation). The results of the Murraya koenigii roots chloroform extract caused 66.4% inhibition and the ethanol extract of Ficus lacor aerial roots caused 68.3% inhibition at the dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. At a higher dose of 100 mg/kg b.w., MKPE and MKCF showed 55.10% and 70.10% inhibition, respectively. FLPE and FLET showed 74.50% and 75.40% inhibition, respectively, in the carrageenan-induced inflammation model. In histamine-induced inflammation, the MKCF showed 60% inhibition, and 67.01% and 68.02% inhibition with the petroleum ether and ethanol extracts, respectively, in Ficus lacor aerial roots at the dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. At a higher dose (100 mg/kg b.w.), MKCF showed 64% inhibition. FLPE and FLET showed 70.13%and 74.01% inhibition, respectively; 62.15% and 66.10% inhibition was observed with the petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of Ficus lacor aerial roots at 50 mg/kg b.w. At higher dose (100 mg/kg b.w.), FLPE and FLET showed 69.10% and 68.72% inhibition in serotonin-induced inflammation.

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Chiang, Yi-Ming, und Yueh-Hsiung Kuo. „Novel Triterpenoids from the Aerial Roots ofFicusmicrocarpa“. Journal of Organic Chemistry 67, Nr. 22 (November 2002): 7656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo020262e.

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Cecchini, Nicolás M., Suruchi Roychoudhry, DeQuantarius J. Speed, Kevin Steffes, Arjun Tambe, Kristin Zodrow, Katerina Konstantinoff et al. „Underground Azelaic Acid–Conferred Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis“. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0185-r.

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Local interactions between individual plant organs and diverse microorganisms can lead to whole plant immunity via the mobilization of defense signals. One such signal is the plastid lipid-derived oxylipin azelaic acid (AZA). Arabidopsis lacking AZI1 or EARLI1, related lipid transfer family proteins, exhibit reduced AZA transport among leaves and cannot mount systemic immunity. AZA has been detected in roots as well as leaves. Therefore, the present study addresses the effects on plants of AZA application to roots. AZA but not the structurally related suberic acid inhibits root growth when directly in contact with roots. Treatment of roots with AZA also induces resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in aerial tissues. These effects of AZA on root growth and disease resistance depend, at least partially, on AZI1 and EARLI1. AZI1 in roots localizes to plastids, similar to its known location in leaves. Interestingly, kinases previously shown to modify AZI1 in vitro, MPK3 and MPK6, are also needed for AZA-induced root-growth inhibition and aboveground immunity. Finally, deuterium-labeled AZA applied to the roots does not move to aerial tissues. Thus, AZA application to roots triggers systemic immunity through an AZI1/EARLI1/MPK3/MPK6-dependent pathway and AZA effects may involve one or more additional mobile signals.

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Graper, David, und Will Healy. „ALSTROEMERIA CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING“. HortScience 25, Nr. 9 (September 1990): 1079f—1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1079f.

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Non flowering Alstroemeria `Regina' plants were divided into aerial components: stems and apical and basal leaves or underground components: rhizome, storage roots, stele and fibrous roots. Samples were collected from distal and proximal ends of the rhizome to allow comparisons between structures of different ages. Ethanol soluble sugars were extracted and measured using HPLC. Starch was degraded to glucose using amyloglucosidase and measured.There were no age differences in the starch, total soluble sugar (TSUGAR) or total soluble carbohydrates (TCHO) in the rhizome or aerial portions of the plant. There was a preferential partitioning of starch, sucrose, TSUGAR and TCHO to underground plant parts. The storage roots were the primary sink for the stored carbohydrates. Stems contained large concentration of glucose while fructose was found in storage roots and old stems. Sucrose was found primarily in old steles and storage roots. Starch was partitioned almost exclusively into the storage roots with no difference due to age of the storage root. Up to 42% of the TCHO in the old storage roots was composed of a carbohydrate which co-chromatogramed with melezitose using HPLC.

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Simão, Daniela G., und Vera L. Scatena. „Morphological aspects of the propagation in Heliconia velloziana L. Emygd. (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae)“. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 46, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132003000100011.

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Morphology of seed and vegetative propagation was studied toHeliconia velloziana L. Emygd. (Heliconiaceae), a rhizomatous herb with a large aerial part. Seeds took about four months to germinate, probably due to the undifferentiated embryo and hard endocarp. Seedlings had two first foliar structures as scale leaves and the primary root developed, but the adventitious roots were more conspicuous. Vegetative propagation by rhizomes was faster than the sexual one. The roots developed after one month, while young shoots started developing after four to six weeks; young aerial shoots presented a variable number of cataphylls and two protophylls.

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Shukla, Puspendra Kumar, Manish Kumar, Ankita Misra, Bhanu Kumar, Ruchi Dwivedi und Sharad Srivastava. „PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CRINUM LATIFOLIUM L.“ International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, Nr. 11 (01.11.2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i11.22968.

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Objective: Pharmacognostical study along with the development of a quantitative HPTLC method for Crinum latifolium and evaluation of its traditional claims.Methods: Quantification of three marker compounds oleanolic acid, linoleic acid, and lupeol was done through HPTLC. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by six different models, namely total phenolic and total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing power, antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. In vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase inhibition assay based on starch iodine and DNS method.Results: The content of oleanolic acid, linoleic acid, and lupeol were found to be higher in aerial parts like 0.015%, 0.048%, and 0.028% respectively, while in root extract 0.006%, 0.027% and 0.025% respectively on a dry weight basis. Free radical scavenging activity was done by DPPH assay, showing the IC50 value of 410±1.105 µg/ml in roots and 441.95±1.788 in aerial parts. In vitro antidiabetic potential of both the parts were assessed by starch iodine color assay and DNS method of alpha-amylase inhibition model. In 3,5 DNS assay, IC50 of extract from aerial parts was 282.21±2.151µg/ml whereas in root extract it was 193.33±2.45µg/ml. Iodine-starch assay of C. latifolium (aerial part) shown the IC50 value of 340.81±0.49 µg/ml and C. latifolium (root) of 74.64±1.28 µg/ml.Conclusion: The results indicate that the aerial parts of the plant possess more antidiabetic potential in comparison to the root. Thus, the aerial part can be used to get better results as a drug and roots can be used as an alternative.

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Stanojković-Sebić, Aleksandra, Radmila Pivić, Zoran Dinić, Renata Iličić, Dragana Latković und Dragana Jošić. „Effect of Indigenous Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. Strains on Yield and Main Chemical Growth Parameters of Radicchio“. Contemporary Agriculture 67, Nr. 1 (01.03.2018): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2018-0003.

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Summary Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. belong to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria which are able to colonize the plants roots and stimulate growth. In this study, the effect of two indigenous plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strains Pseudomonas sp. Q4 and Bacillus sp. Q10 and their mixture (mix Q4+Q10) on content of the main chemical growth parameters (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) and the yield of dry biomass of radicchio (Cichorium spp. var. rossa di treviso) aerial parts and root, was investigated. The study was carried out with stagnosol type of soil in pot experiments under semi-controlled conditions in the Institute of Soil Science (Belgrade), in the period from July to October in 2013. Phosphorus was determined by spectrophotometer, potassium - by flame emission photometry and total nitrogen and carbon - using elemental CNS analyzer, while calcium and magnesium were determined by AAS. The data on yield of both aerial parts and root dry biomass of radicchio showed that its treatment with Q4 and Q10 strains, as well as with their mixture, caused noticeably increase in this parameter in relation to the control, whereby the strain Q4 was more effective for aerial parts, while mix Q4+Q10 - for roots. The obtained data on the studied chemical parameters of radicchio root and aerial parts were in total accordance with their yield. Concluding, studied strains have a potential in promoting the biomass yield and main chemical growth parameters of both aerial parts and root of radicchio.

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BERNSTEIN, NIRIT, SHLOMO SELA, RIKY PINTO und MARINA IOFFE. „Evidence for Internalization of Escherichia coli into the Aerial Parts of Maize via the Root System†“. Journal of Food Protection 70, Nr. 2 (01.02.2007): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.471.

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Escherichia coli introduced into the hydroponic growing medium of maize plants was detected 48 h later in the shoot. Decapitation of root tips or severing of the plant root system at the root-shoot junction enhanced bacterial internalization. The density of the bacteria in shoots of plants with damaged roots or removed root systems was 27.8 and 23.9 times higher than that in plants with intact roots, respectively. The concentration of viable cells in the hydroponic solution decreased over time from 9.3 × 106 CFU/ml at the time of inoculation to 8.5 × 101 CFU/ml 4 days thereafter. The number of E. coli cells associated with the roots also decreased with time, but a significant decline appeared only at 4 days postinoculation. At the time of sampling for E. coli presence in the shoot, 102 CFU/ml was present in the nutrient solution and 8 × 103 CFU/g was associated with the roots. The present study is the first to demonstrate internalization of E. coli via the root in a monocotyledonous plant.

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Raghavan, V., und C. J. Goh. „The Quiescent Center in Aerial Roots of Orchids“. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 122, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1995): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996318.

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Chiang, Yi-Ming, und Yueh-Hsiung Kuo. „New Peroxy Triterpenes from the Aerial Roots ofFicusmicrocarpa“. Journal of Natural Products 64, Nr. 4 (April 2001): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0004808.

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Teyeb, Hassen, Olfa Houta, Hanen Najjaa, Ali Lamari, Mohamed Neffati, Wahiba Douki und Mohamed Fadhel Najjar. „Biological and Chemical Study of Astragalus gombiformis“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 67, Nr. 7-8 (01.08.2012): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2012-7-803.

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Extracts of aerial parts and roots of wild Astragalus gombiformis Pomel were tested for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities and contents of phenolic compounds. Antibacterial activity was tested by the paper disk agar diffusion method and determination of the minimal inhibitor concentration. Among the tested extracts, three extracts (methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) from aerial parts and two extracts (water, methanol) from roots exhibited diameters of inhibition zone equal or above 12 mm (at 150 μg/ disk) and minimal inhibitor concentrations ranging between 233 and 1250 μg/ml. Spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses showed that contents of both total polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activity were higher in the methanolic extract of aerial parts as compared to roots. No insecticidal activity of the extracts of the aerial parts was found against Culex pipiens.

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Gevrenova, Reneta, Gokhan Zengin, Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan, Evren Yıldıztugay, Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova, Carene Picot-Allain, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Muhammad Imran und Stefano Dall’Acqua. „UHPLC-MS Characterization and Biological Insights of Different Solvent Extracts of Two Achillea Species (A. aleppica and A. santolinoides) from Turkey“. Antioxidants 10, Nr. 8 (24.07.2021): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081180.

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In the current study, Achillea santolinoides and Achillea aleppica aeral parts and root were extracted with ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Detailed phytochemical profiles were obtained using UHPLC-MS, yielding the identification of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, phenolic acid glycosides and sugar esters, acylquinic acids, O-glycosyl flavones and flavonols, and flavonoid aglycons, among others. The antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts were assayed with in vitro tests. The phenolic content of the water extracts was significantly higher as compared to the ethyl acetate and methanol ones. A. aleppica aerial parts methanol extract possessed highest flavonoid content (49.18 mg rutin equivalent/g). Antioxidant properties assessment revealed that the methanol extract of A. santolinoides roots actively scavenged DPPH (54.11 mg TE/g) and ABTS radicals (112.53 mg TE/g) and possessed highest reducing potential (183.55 and 129.92 mg TE/g, for CUPRAC and FRAP, respectively). The ethyl acetate extracts of aerial parts and roots of both species showed highest inhibition against BuCHE (6.07–6.76 mg GALAE/g). The ethyl acetate extract of A. santolinoides aerial part showed highest inhibition against tyrosinase (73.00 mg KAE/g). These results showed that the tested Achillea species might represent novel phytotherapeutic avenues for the management of Alzheimer’s disease and epidermal hyperpigmentation conditions, which are both associated with oxidative stress. This paper could shed light into future potential industrial applications using the tested Achillea species.

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Maggio, Antonella, Maurizio Bruno, Carmen Formisano, Daniela Rigano und Felice Senatore. „Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Three Species of Apiaceae Growing Wild in Sicily: Bonannia graeca, Eryngium maritimum and Opopanax chironium“. Natural Product Communications 8, Nr. 6 (Juni 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800640.

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In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oils from aerial parts of Bonannia graeca (L.) Halácsy and Opopanax chironium (L.) Kock, and from aerial parts and roots of Eryngium maritimum L. was evaluated by GC and GC-MS. α-Pinene (15.2%) and β-pinene were recognized as the main constituents of B. graeca, whereas the aerial parts of O. chironium contained mainly the diterpene cembrene and the coumarin angelicin. In both aerial parts and roots of E. maritimum germacrene D (10.4% and 15.9%, respectively) and 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (8.3% and 6.7%) were the most abundant components.

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Filartiga, Arinawa Liz, Ricardo Vieira und André Mantovani. „Aerial root hydraulic conductivity increases with plant size for the aroid vine Rhodospatha oblongata (Araceae)“. Journal of Plant Hydraulics 4 (26.05.2018): e006. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/jph.2017.e006.

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Rhodospatha oblongata (Araceae) is an aroid vine which reaches maturity at trees canopies. The beginning of R. oblongata’s ascension towards the canopy occurs when one of the branches reaches the stem of a host, being able to reach eight to ten meters in height. Throughout this ascendant path R. oblongata develops two types of aerial roots: the anchor roots, which is shorter and adhered to the host, never reaching the soil; and the feeder roots, which is long, also adheres to the host but connects the vine to the forest soil. Both roots are here compared in morpho-physiological aspects related to the efficiency of axial hydraulic conductivity. Two hypotheses are tested: i) both roots present distinct xylem hydraulic conductivity; ii) hydraulic conductivity of both roots vary with plant size. The characterization of the roots was based on crescent R. oblongata individuals divided in five size classes. Thirty specimens of each anchor and feeder roots were analyzed along plant size increase. Both roots gradually increase in number and external diameter while the R. oblongata vertically ascends to reach plant canopies. The stele of both roots increase in diameter, in order to accommodate xylem vessels that became larger. The increase in these morpho-anatomical parameters has a positive influence on the xylem hydraulic conductivity, that also increases along the ascendant way of R. oblongata. Comparative measurements show that in general anchor roots present smaller morpho-anatomical structures and lower hydraulic conductivity in comparison to feeder roots. Xylem diameter distribution is unimodal for anchor roots, but bimodal for feeder ones. While all feeder roots present a great concentration of vessels around 60 mm of diameter, the second peak occurs at xylem diameter values that increase with plant size. These modifications optimize the root water transport while the vegetative body of R. oblongata increases in size, connecting its leaves at canopies to the soil water with elevated hydraulic efficiency

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Davamani, V., E. Parameswari, S. Arulmani, P. Doraisamy, J. S. Kennedy und M. Maheswari. „Evaluation of localization of lead and nickel in plant cells of Amaranthus sp. and Brassica sp. absorbed from mine spoil waste“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, Nr. 3 (01.09.2016): 1611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.1009.

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A detailed survey was undertaken in the sewage water contaminated areas of Coimbatore to select the natural hyper accumulators to rehabilitate the contaminated mine spoils. From this experiment the Pb and Ni accumulators, Amaranthus sp. and Brassica sp. were selected for further studies towards remediating the metal contaminated mine spoils. Microtomy of root, stem and leaf of Amaranthus sp. and Brassica sp. showed that the colour development in the plant species is evidence for accumulation of metals in different parts of plants and also tolerance mechanism employed by plant species under metal stress condition. The accumulation of heavy metals from soil to plant did not follow any particular pattern and varied with respect to metals, species and plant parts. However, the maximum Pb localization took place in root portion than in aerial parts. But the Ni accumulation was almost equal or higher in aerial parts (leaf and stem) compared to roots. This study revealed that the Amaranthus sp and Brassica sp stored lead and nickel in roots, leaves and stems. The roots showed more localization of metals followed by leaves and stems.

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Li, Nelson, Pei-Chun Tu, Kuo-Chin Lo und Yu-Sen Chang. „The Induction of Adventitious Roots Regeneration before Transplanting Rootless Ficus elastica Heritage Tree“. Forests 11, Nr. 10 (30.09.2020): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101057.

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Heritage trees carry both botanical and historical value for a city’s resilience and sustainability and hence are precious and unique. Their transplant is costly and very rare due to tremendous cost and 100% survival requirement by law. Rootless transplant is even more detrimental to the heritage tree due to removal of roots infected by brown root rot (BRR) before transplanting. This study examined the adventitious roots (AR) induction ability of the Ficus elastica Roxb. heritage tree infected with BRR. The experimental design considered three factors: root diameter (RD), wounding method (WM), and auxin solution on aerial roots under fractional factorial experiment in completely randomized design (CRD). There were four RD groups: RDI (RD < 2 cm), RDII (2 ≤ RD ≤ 4.3 cm), RDIII (4.3 < RD ≤ 22), and RDIV (RD > 22); three WMs: cutting off (CF), girdling (GD), and rectangular shape peeling (RP) of aerial roots; and three auxin solutions: 2000 mg·L−1 IBA(Indole-3-butyric acid) (2B), 2000 mg·L−1 IBA + 2000 mg·L−1 NAA(1-Naphthaleneacetic acid) (2NB), and 4000 mg·L−1 IBA (4B) plus water as control (C). The number of rooting wounds, number of roots, and the mean length of the three longest adventitious roots in each wound were recorded to evaluate the AR rooting performance. Twenty four treatment combinations including 328 wounds were tested. The results showed that rooting ability was significantly correlated with RD and WM. Smaller RDs had better rooting and declined with increased RDs. CF had the best rooting followed by GD and then RP. Auxin solution did not significantly affect the rooting ability. It may be due to the abundant endogenous auxin in the heritage tree, which mitigated the effect of exogenous auxin for AR induction. We conclude that cutting off small-diameter aerial roots is the best approach to induce ARs from rootless F. elastica heritage trees to enhance transplantation success.

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Schmeda-Hirschmann, Guillermo, Miguel Jordan, André Gerth, Emilio Hormazabal, Alejandro A. Tapia und Dirk Wilken. „Secondary Metabolite Content in Fabiana imbricata Plants and in vitro Cultures“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 59, Nr. 1-2 (01.02.2004): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-1-211.

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A rapid in vitro propagation system leading to the formation of shoots, calli, roots, cell suspensions and plantlets was developed for the Andean medicinal plant Fabiana imbricata (Solanaceae). Massive propagation of shoots and roots was achieved by the temporary immersion system (TIS), morphogenesis and maintenance of cell suspensions by standard in vitro culture techniques. Oleanolic acid (OA), rutin, chlorogenic acid (CA) and scopoletin content in aerial parts of wild growing Fabiana imbricata plants as well as in plantlets regenerated in vitro, callus cultures, cell suspensions and biomass, obtained by the TIS system was assessed by HPLC.On a dry weight basis, the OA content in the aerial parts of the plant ranged between 2.26 and 3.47% while in vitro plantlets, callus and root cultures presented values ranging from not detected up to 0.14%. The rutin content of the samples presented a similar trend with maxima between 0.99 and 3.35% for the aerial parts of the plants to 0.02 to 0.20% for plantlets, 0.12% for cell suspensions and 0.28% for callus. Rutin was not detected in the roots grown by the TIS principle. The CA and scopoletin content in the aerial parts of F. imbricata ranged between 0.22-1.15 and < 0.01-0.55%, respectively. In the plantlets, the concentration of CA was 0.29 to 1.48% with scopoletin in the range 0.09 to 0.64% while in the callus sample, the CA and scopoletin content were 0.46 and 0.66%, respectively. A very different result was found in roots grown by TIS, where both OA and rutin were not detected and its main secondary metabolite, scopoletin was found between a range of 0.99 and 1.41% with CA between of 0.11 and 0.42%.

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Embi, Abraham A. „FACILE IN VITRO GLASS SLIDE LIGHT MICROSCOPY METHOD USING TETRACYCLINE TO VISUALIZE A REPETITIVE PATTERN IN AERIAL PLANT ROOT TIPS FILAMENTOUS NETWORK“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, Nr. 12 (02.01.2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2699.

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The main purpose of this manuscript is to introduce a facile light microscopy methodology to visualize plant roots filaments. In a previous manuscript in vitro experiments on freshly plucked human hair roots documented the commonly used antibiotic Tetracycline (TE) deleterious effect on soft tissue, severe enough to allow for visualization of an underlying filamentous skeleton. In this manuscript, TE was also evaluated in a similar fashion of in vitro experiments, this time aerial plant roots were immersed in liquid Tetracycline. Images and video recordings are presented where plant aerial root tissue cells appeared to interact with Tetracycline, thus allowing for exposure of an underlying filamentous network. These filaments were documented undergoing biosorption of Tetracycline, thus indicating a probable cellulose base. It is emphasized that a literature search showed similar, albeit visually different displays of roots filaments obtained by using a Scanning Electron Microscopy. The method herein introduced could be an adjunct to existing established methodology in root function research. Two salient advantages are identified, firstly that the essential minimal material and equipment is limited to a light microscope, glass slides, chosen biological material, water and powder Tetracycline. Secondly, the speed in obtaining results would offer researchers a preliminary or perhaps a final correct conclusion.

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Karakaya, Songul, Mehmet Koca, Serdar Yılmaz, Kadir Yıldırım, Nur Pınar, Betül Demirci, Marian Brestic und Oksana Sytar. „Molecular Docking Studies of Coumarins Isolated from Extracts and Essential Oils of Zosima absinthifolia Link as Potential Inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Disease“. Molecules 24, Nr. 4 (17.02.2019): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040722.

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Coumarins and essential oils are the major components of the Apiaceae family and the Zosima genus. The present study reports anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of extracts and essential oils from aerial parts, roots, flowers, fruits and coumarins—bergapten (1); imperatorin (2), pimpinellin (3) and umbelliferone (4)—isolated of the roots from Zosima absinthifolia. The investigation by light and scanning electron microscopy of the structures of secretory canals found different chemical compositions in the various types of secretory canals which present in the aerial parts, fruits and flowers. The canals, present in the aerial parts, are characterized by terpene hydrocarbons, while the secretory canals of roots, flowers and fruits include esters. Novel data of a comparative study on essential oils constituents of aerial parts, roots, flowers and fruits of Z. absinthfolia has been presented. The roots and fruits extract showed a high content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity. The GC-FID and GC-MS analysis revealed that the main components of the aerial parts, roots, flowers and fruits extracts were octanol (8.8%), octyl octanoate (7.6%), octyl acetate (7.3%); trans-pinocarvyl acetate (26.7%), β-pinene (8.9%); octyl acetate (19.9%), trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol (4.6%); octyl acetate (81.6%), and (Z)-4-octenyl acetate (5.1%). The dichloromethane fraction of fruit and flower essential oil was characterized by the highest phenolics level and antioxidant activity. The dichloromethane fraction of fruit had the best inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase enzyme (82.27 ± 1.97%) which was higher then acetylcholinesterase inhibition (61.09 ± 4.46%) of umbelliferone. This study shows that the flowers and fruit of Z. absinthifolia can be a new potential resource of natural antioxidant and anticholinesterase compounds.

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Low, AB, und BB Lamont. „Aerial and Belowground Phytomass of Banksia Scrub-Heath at Eneabba, South-Western Australia“. Australian Journal of Botany 38, Nr. 4 (1990): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900351.

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Three Banksia spp. accounted for 80% of the aerial biomass of scrub-heath on deep sand. Reproductive structures contributed relatively more than leaves or stems to biomass of a non-sprouting Banksia, which also retained most of its dead leaves, than to the two resprouting species. Sclerophyllous hemicryptophytes accounted for only 1% of the aerial biomass. Litter contributed 19% of above-ground dead plus live phytomass and was poorly decomposed. The overall root f shoot ratio, to a depth of 2.5 m, was a high 2.35. Rootstocks, laterals and proteoid roots made major contributions to below-ground phytomass even though they were confined to the uppermost 15 cm of soil. Despite an exponential decline in root mass with depth, the gradient was less than in related ecosystems due to the abundance of well developed tap roots and vertical laterals (sinkers) to a depth of at least 5 m.

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Chiang, Yi-Ming, Jang-Yang Chang, Ching-Chuan Kuo, Chi-Yen Chang und Yueh-Hsiung Kuo. „Cytotoxic triterpenes from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa“. Phytochemistry 66, Nr. 4 (Februar 2005): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.12.026.

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Sahakitpichan, Poolsak, Nitirat Chimnoi, Wassapol Thamniyom, Somsak Ruchirawat und Tripetch Kanchanapoom. „Aromatic rutinosides from the aerial roots of Pandanus tectorius“. Phytochemistry Letters 37 (Juni 2020): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2020.04.008.

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Dietz, Birgit, und Rudolf Bauer. „The Constituents of Echinacea atrorubens Roots and Aerial Parts“. Pharmaceutical Biology 39, Nr. 1 (Januar 2001): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/phbi.39.1.11.5945.

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Ouyang, M. A., und Y. H. Kuo. „Water-soluble constituents from aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa“. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 8, Nr. 7 (01.10.2006): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020500208576.

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Valant-Vetschera, Karin. „in roots and aerial parts of some Achillea species“. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 13, Nr. 2 (Mai 1985): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(85)90069-9.

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Ouyang, Ming-An, Pei-Qing Chen und Si-Bing Wang. „Water-soluble phenylpropanoid constituents from aerial roots ofFicus microcarpa“. Natural Product Research 21, Nr. 9 (20.07.2007): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410500462611.

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Chiang, Y. M., und Y. H. Kuo. „Taraxastane-Type Triterpenes from the Aerial Roots ofFicus microcarpa“. Journal of Natural Products 63, Nr. 7 (Juli 2000): 898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np990630i.

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Wiemann, Dirk. „Layer after layer: Aerial roots and routes of translation“. Thesis Eleven 162, Nr. 1 (29.01.2021): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513621990772.

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When the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in South London were opened to the general public in the 1840s, they were presented as a ‘world text’: a collection of flora from all over the world, with the spectacular tropical (read: colonial) specimens taking centre stage as indexes of Britain’s imperial supremacy. However, the one exotic plant species that preoccupied the British cultural imagination more than any other remained conspicuously absent from the collection: the banyan tree, whose non-transferability left a significant gap in the ‘text’ of the garden, thereby effectively puncturing the illusion of comprehensive global command that underpins the biopolitical designs of what Richard Grove has aptly dubbed ‘green imperialism’. This article demonstrates how, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the banyan tree became an object of fascination and admiration for British scientists, painters, writers and photographers precisely because of its obstinate non-availability to colonial control and visual or even conceptual representability.

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HORA, RAJNEESH, KEITH WARRINER, BARRY J. SHELP und MANSEL W. GRIFFITHS. „Internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 following Biological and Mechanical Disruption of Growing Spinach Plants“. Journal of Food Protection 68, Nr. 12 (01.12.2005): 2506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.12.2506.

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The internalization and persistence of a bioluminescent Escherichia coli O157:H7 Ph1 was investigated in growing spinach plants that had been either biologically or mechanically damaged. In control (undamaged) plants cultivated in soil microcosms inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 Ph1, the bacterium was recovered from surface-sterilized root tissue but not from leaves. Mechanical disruption of the seminal root and root hairs of the plants did not result in the internalization of the pathogen into the aerial leaf tissue. When imprints of the root tissue were made on plates of tryptic soy agar plus ampicillin, no colonies of E. coli O157:H7 were observed around damaged tissue. The roots of growing plants were exposed to the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, in the presence of E. coli O157:H7. Although this treatment caused knot formation on the roots, it did not enhance the internalization of the bacterium into the plant vascular system. Coinoculation of intact leaves with E. coli O157:H7 and the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 resulted in localized necrosis, but the persistence of the human pathogen was not affected. The mechanical disruption of roots does not result in the internalization of E. coli O157:H7 into the aerial tissue of spinach, and there does not appear to be any effect of P. syringae in terms of enhancing the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in spinach leaves.

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Conterato, Ionara Fatima, Maria Teresa Schifino-Wittmann, Divanilde Guerra und Miguel Dall'Agnol. „Amphicarpy in Trifolium argentinense: morphological characterisation, seed production, reproductive behaviour and life strategy“. Australian Journal of Botany 61, Nr. 2 (2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12321.

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Trifolium argentinense Speg. is an amphicarpic species that occurs naturally in native pastures of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Amphicarpy is a rare mode of reproduction in which aerial and subterranean seeds are produced by the same individual. In the present paper, we compare morphology, anther number, pollen viability, seed production and mode of reproduction of T. argentinense flowers, and comment on the life strategy of the species. Plants grown from aerial seeds and from the regrowth of storage roots of aerial plants had longer stolons and a larger plant diameter than did those grown from subterranean plants. Plants grown from seeds were also taller than plants grown from storage roots. More resources were allocated to subterranean reproduction in plants of subterranean origin than in those of aerial origin. Aerial flowers produced more seeds, presented more anthers and produced more pollen grains than did the subterranean ones. T. argentinense is a versatile species, self- and cross-pollinated, consistent with the values of high polymorphism information content. T. argentinense adopts the ‘pessimistic strategy’ (early allocation of energy to large subterranean propagules), common in amphicarpic species when growing in disturbed habitats, such as the native pastures of Rio Grande do Sul, where intense grazing and trampling, as well as long seasonal dry spells, may periodically destroy the aerial plants, thus assuring survival by germination of subterranean seeds and regrowth of storage roots.

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Marčetić, Mirjana, Silvana Petrović, Marina Milenković und Marjan Niketić. „Composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the extracts of Eryngium palmatum Pančić and Vis. (Apiaceae)“. Open Life Sciences 9, Nr. 2 (01.02.2014): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0247-0.

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AbstractThe chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Eryngium palmatum, an endemic plant species from the Balkan Peninsula, were investigated. The flavonoids apigenin (9.5±0.3 mg g−1) and apigenin 7-O-glucoside (2.4±0.1 mg g−1) were determined in a methanol extract of aerial parts using HPLC analysis. The methanol extract of roots contained catechin (5.0±0.1 mg g−1), epicatechin (2.9±0.1 mg g−1), chlorogenic acid (1.6±0.0 mg g−1), gallic acid (0.9±0.0 mg g−1) and rosmarinic acid (0.9±0.2 mg g−1). GC-FID and GCMS analysis of a chloroform extract of aerial parts showed that the main volatile constituents were falcarinol, linoleic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl linoleate (comprising 32.6%; 24.4%; 19.9; 13.2% of the volatile fraction, respectively), while octanoic acid, tetradecanol and dodecanol dominated in the chloroform extract of the roots (34.9%; 25.8%; 22.2% of the volatile fraction, respectively). Investigation of antimicrobial activity by broth microdilution showed that the methanol and chloroform extracts of aerial parts and roots exerted a significant effect (MIC 3.5–15.6 μg mL−1) against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The methanol extracts of aerial parts or roots exerted moderate ferric reducing antioxidant power, DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.

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Silva, André Luís Lopes da, Yohana de Oliveira, Roberson Dibax, Jefferson da Luz Costa, Gessiel Newton Scheidt, Marilia Pereira Machado, Edson Perez Guerra, Gilvano Ebling Brondani und Sergio Augusto Oliveira Alves. „Hydroponics growth of Eucalyptus saligna Sm. on salt-stress mediated by sodium chloride“. Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 3, Nr. 4 (17.11.2012): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v3n4.lopessilva.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth of two clones of Eucalyptus saligna on salt-stress mediated by NaCl in hydroponics. Micropropagated plants of the clones p0 and p1 were acclimatizated and cultivated in hydroponics at 0 and 300 mM NaCl levels. The total length, volume, number, fresh mass and dry mass of the roots, the height, fresh and dry mass of the aerial part and the fresh and dry mass of the complete plant were evaluated to the 14 days of hydroponic culture with NaCl. There were significant differences among the clones. The clone p0 was superior to the clone p1 in relation to volume of the roots, root number, root fresh mass and total fresh mass of the root. Regards the effect of the salinity on the plants, significant reduction was observed in the height of the aerial part, fresh mass of the aerial part and the total fresh mass. Even so, the interaction between the clones and the concentrations of NaCl was significant for the total fresh mass. In the period of 14 days of hydroponic culture on 300 mM NaCl was possible to discriminate these two clones in relation to the tolerance and susceptibility to the salt stress. The clone p0 presented higher growth and larger tolerance to the salinity than clone p1.

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Conterato, Ionara Fátima, Maria Teresa Schifino-Wittmann, Diego Bitencourt David und Jorge Dubal Martins. „Reproductive strategies and dimorphic seeds germination in Trifolium argentinense Speg., an amphicarpic species“. Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha 25, Nr. 3 (23.11.2019): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36812/pag.201925366-79.

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Native from Rio Grande do Sul natural pastures, Trifolium argentinense Speg. has sexual reproduction through aerial and subterranean seeds (amphicarpy) and vegetative reproduction by regrowth from storage roots. In this study the seeds produced at the soil-surface flowers, the depth effect and scarification on the aerial and subterranean seeds germination and the storage roots produced by plants derived from the two types of seeds were evaluated. The aerial (0.10 cm) and soil-surface (0.11 cm) seeds were similar in size, but smaller than the subterranean seeds (0.14 cm), with no significant variation in the production of the three types of seeds. Aerial and subterranean seeds scarified at and sowed 2.5 cm deep germinated better than the scarified and non-scarified seeds sowed on the soil-surface and at 7.0 cm, evincing a depth effect on seed germination. Although amphicarpic, T. argentinense first invests in the production of the storage roots making sure the cloning of specific genotypes and allowing the plants to persist vegetatively year after year without the need for regeneration by seeds in unfavorable environments for sexual reproduction, such as in Rio Grande do Sul natural pastures, where hard grazing and trampling can destroy the aerial part of the plants.

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Elazab, Abdelhalim, Gemma Molero, Maria Dolores Serret und José Luis Araus. „Root traits and δ13C and δ18O of durum wheat under different water regimes“. Functional Plant Biology 39, Nr. 5 (2012): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11237.

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Plant growth, root characteristics and the stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) composition were studied in durum wheat. Four recombinant inbred lines with good agronomic adaptation were grown under well watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions until mid-grain filling in lysimeters. Gas exchange was measured in the flag leaf just before harvest and then the aerial dry matter (Aerial DM), root weight density (RWD) and root length density (RLD) and the specific root length (SRL) were evaluated and the δ13C and δ18O of the roots, the flag leaf blade and the spike were analysed. Water stress decreased stomatal conductance, plant accumulated transpiration and Aerial DM, whereas δ13C and δ18O increased. Genotypic differences were found for all gas-exchange and root traits and isotope signatures. Aerial DM was positively correlated with RLD, regardless of the water regime, whereas it was negatively correlated with δ13C and δ18O, but only under WW conditions. Moreover, RWD and RLD were negatively related to both δ13C and δ18O under the WW regime, but no clear pattern existed under WS. Our study supports the use of δ13C and δ18O as proxies for selecting root traits associated with higher growth in the absence of water stress.

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Ola, Anne, Arnault R. G. Gauthier, Yanmei Xiong und Catherine E. Lovelock. „The roots of blue carbon: responses of mangrove stilt roots to variation in soil bulk density“. Biology Letters 15, Nr. 4 (April 2019): 20180866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0866.

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Mangroves harbour large soil organic carbon (C) pools. These C stocks are attributed to the production and slow decomposition of the below-ground biomass. Novel in-growth containers were used to assess the effect of soil bulk density (BD: 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g cm −3 ) on morphological, anatomical and chemical traits of the below-ground fraction of aerial roots of the mangrove Rhizophora stylosa . Dense soils increased total root biomass and primary root diameter, while the primary root length decreased. Furthermore, high soil BD reduced aerenchyma lacunae and led to the formation of structural features such as fibrous strands. These morphological and anatomical changes were not reflected in tissue chemistry, with lignin levels averaging 17.0 ± 0.6%, although roots grown in high BD had higher nitrogen levels. This likely affects decomposition rates. Thus, variation in soil BD has major implications for C sequestration in Rhizophora- dominated mangroves.

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Jemia, Mariem Ben, Carmen Formisano, Svetlana Bancheva, Maurizio Bruno und Felice Senatore. „Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Centaurea formanekii and C. orphanidea ssp. thessala, Growing Wild in Greece“. Natural Product Communications 7, Nr. 8 (August 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700830.

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The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Centaurea formanekii Halacsy and the aerial parts, capitula and roots of C. orphanidea Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss. ssp. thessala (Hausskn.) Dostál from Greece were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed. The main components in C. formanekii were hexadecanoic acid (13.6%), δ-elemene (9.1%), and spathulenol (6.9%). The main components in C. orphanidea ssp. thessala were γ-elemene (26.1%) and caryophyllene oxide (13.2%) in the aerial parts, hexadecanoic acid (33.5%) and heptacosane (6.3%) in the capitula, and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (22.0%) and α-chamigrene (14.0%) in the roots. The chemotaxonomic significance with respect to other previously studied species of the same sections (Phalolepis and Achrolopus, respectively) is discussed.

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Albérico Alvarenga, Ângelo, Murillo De Albuquerque Regina, J. C. Fráguas, A. Lima da Silva und Nilton N. J. Chalfun. „Aluminum effect on nutrition and development of grapevine rootstocks (Vitis spp.)“. OENO One 38, Nr. 2 (30.06.2004): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2004.38.2.920.

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The proposal work was to detect the growth capacity and absorption of minerals on grape rootstocks in acid soils with high contents of Al. The rootstocks tested were: ‘IAC 572’, ‘1045 P’, ‘RR 101-14’, ‘Kober 5BB’ and ‘Gravesac’, at 0 %, 13,5 %, 27 %, 40,5 % and 54 % aluminum (Al) saturation levels. Plants height, roots length, leaves, stems and total dry weight; roots, stems and leaves nutrients content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) and Al were evaluated.Development characteristic differences were observed only in rootstocks. ‘IAC 572’ showed the highest roots, stems and leaves development, followed by ‘Gravesac’ and ‘RR 101-14’. Rootstocks were different in soil Al and nutrient content, and some interactions occurred between both factors. ‘IAC 572’ had the highest: growth, Ca, Mg and Zn roots concentration and N, K in aerial part. ‘Kober 5BB’ had the smallest growth but accumulated more: N, Fe and S in roots, and Al, Cu and Fe in aerial part. ‘Gravesac’ had the highest concentration of N, P, K, S and B in aerial part.Increasing Al soil contents reduced: Ca and S in roots, Ca in the stems and leaves; but increased: Cu and Zn contents in roots and Zn and Mn contents in the stems and leaves. ‘IAC 572’ and ‘Gravesac’, retained more Al in roots when Al contents increased in the soil.

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Ormancey, Mélanie, Aurélie Le Ru, Carine Duboé, Hailing Jin, Patrice Thuleau, Serge Plaza und Jean-Philippe Combier. „Internalization of miPEP165a into Arabidopsis Roots Depends on both Passive Diffusion and Endocytosis-Associated Processes“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, Nr. 7 (25.03.2020): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072266.

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MiPEPs are short natural peptides encoded by microRNAs in plants. Exogenous application of miPEPs increases the expression of their corresponding miRNA and, consequently, induces consistent phenotypical changes. Therefore, miPEPs carry huge potential in agronomy as gene regulators that do not require genome manipulation. However, to this end, it is necessary to know their mode of action, including where they act and how they enter the plants. Here, after analyzing the effect of Arabidopsis thaliana miPEP165a on root and aerial part development, we followed the internalization of fluorescent-labelled miPEP165a into roots and compared its uptake into endocytosis-altered mutants to that observed in wild-type plants treated or not with endocytosis inhibitors. The results show that entry of miPEP165a involves both a passive diffusion at the root apex and endocytosis-associated internalization in the differentiation and mature zones. Moreover, miPEP165a is unable to enter the central cylinder and does not migrate from the roots to the aerial part of the plant, suggesting that miPEPs have no systemic effect.

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