Dissertationen zum Thema „Adverse effects of light pollution“

This diploma thesis deals with obtrusive light and its measurement, especially with the help of luminance analyzers. In particular, the necessary theoretical basis for the design of a measuring methodology for obtrusive light or veil brightness of the sky is laid here. This mainly includes the division of obtrusive light and its manifestations, a description of the effects of obtrusive light on the environment, selected organisms and the human body. Also described herein are the biological mechanisms of the human body that are affected by light as such. Attention is also paid to streetlights, its classification and methods of reducing obtrusive light, as well as methods of measuring brightness and brightness analyzers. Last but not least, the night sky is also measured using the LumiDISP luminance analyzer and subsequent data are evaluated using the proposed method.

VII - CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Este estudo desenvolveu-se devido facto de tanto quanto nos é dado a conhecer não terem sido determinados cutoff points de diferenciação entre fumadores e não fumadores em Portugal. Segundo vários autores é importante que estes valores sejam determinados em cada país devido às suas particularidades de prevalência do tabagismo e exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco. Foram também estudadas as variáveis que estão associadas e que influenciam os níveis do COex, da COHb, da cotinina plasmática e da cotinina urinária. De forma a cumprir os objectivos definidos, utilizou-se uma amostra de 102 indivíduos (53 fumadores e 49 não fumadores), tendo sido o tipo de amostragem não probabilística de conveniência. A dimensão da amostra e o tipo de amostragem são duas das limitações do estudo, uma vez que esta amostra não é representativa da população fumadora e não fumadora portuguesa, o que impede de generalizar os resultados nela obtidos à totalidade da população. Outra limitação identificada é o facto de não se terem encontrado estudos nacionais de características semelhantes a esta investigação, o que faz com que não seja possível comparar os resultados obtidos com estudos que tivessem utilizado amostras idênticas. Por essa razão a discussão de resultados foi efectuada considerando estudos internacionais cujas suas amostras para além de serem de maior dimensão os seus indivíduos possuem características particulares (prevalência do tabagismo e exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco) que dificultam a comparação dos resultados. Nos estudos internacionais muitas vezes não são estudadas as variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, o que leva mais uma vez à impossibilidade de relacionar correctamente os nossos resultados com outros obtidos por diferentes autores. Devido ao interesse dos resultados obtidos, seria importante que este estudo, tivesse continuidade, mas com algumas modificações que foram impossíveis de realizar no contexto em que se desenvolveu esta investigação. De forma a generalizar os resultados seria ideal utilizar uma amostra representativa da população fumadora e não fumadora nacional, o que permitiria ficar a conhecer mais fidedignamente os cutoff points de diferenciação entre fumadores e não fumadores em Portugal. Esta informação seria de grande utilidade para caracterizar correctamente os hábitos tabágicos dos indivíduos, permitindo reconhecer em que casos é necessário intervir para cessar os hábitos tabágicos e ainda nas consultas de cessação tabágica para um apropriado follow-up dos sujeitos. Outro aspecto em que esta investigação poderia ser complementada, diz respeito às variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, isto porque de acordo com a análise de regressão linear multivariada, através do modelo proposto, uma grande percentagem da variabilidade dos marcadores biológicos de tabagismo ficou por explicar, assim sendo seria importante estudar também outras variáveis, e construir outro modelo que explicasse de forma ainda mais expressiva a variabilidade dos biomarcadores. Sugerem-se como outras variáveis a ser estudas aquelas que estão relacionadas com as características inalatórias de cada indivíduo (número, frequência, profundidade, duração e percentagem de cigarros consumido e desperdiçado). Também a exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco deveria ser melhor caracterizada, acrescentando às variáveis analisadas neste estudo, outras que caracterizassem de forma mais precisa o tipo de exposição a que os indivíduos podem estar sujeitos no seu dia a dia (domiciliária, laboral e ambiental). Idealmente deveriam conhecer-se o número de cigarros que são fumados na proximidade dos indivíduos, assim como saber quais as características dos espaços fechados sobretudo no que respeita às condições de ventilação. É importante que surjam trabalhos a nível nacional relacionados com os marcadores de tabagismo, porque o tabagismo representa um problema de saúde pública sobre o qual é necessário intervir. É importante caracterizar correctamente os biomarcadores de tabagismo de forma a determinar a real prevalência do tabagismo e avaliar medidas preventivas e políticas de saúde pública. Actualmente decorridos 3 anos da aprovação da Lei 32/2007 em que foram aprovadas as normas de protecção dos cidadãos da exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco, a avaliação dos marcadores biológicos pode desempenhar um papel preponderante para caracterizar o impacto da implicação da Lei, uma vez que estes reflectem a exposição activa e passiva ao fumo do tabaco.

Objectives : To investigate the impacts of traffic related air pollution (TRAP) on children’s respiratory health, and to investigate the policies and regulations implemented in other countries and the suggestions from the World Health Organization (WHO) to tackle this problem. Methods and Results: Using relevant keywords, 122 articles were acquired from PubMed and 15 were from MEDLINE via EBSCO host respectively. The articles were published between 1980 to 2013; all of which had examined the impacts of TRAP on children’s respiratory health. After assessing inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 articles were finally included in this systematic review. Differences in demographic characteristics were studied and compared to determine the association between TRAP exposure and respiratory health impacts on children aged between 1 and 18. Four cross-section surveys and five cohort studies were selected in this review. The association between TRAP exposure and differences in children’s respiratory impacts were demonstrated in all studies. Multiple outcome measures were used to examine changes of children’s respiratory health such as the decline in lung function, incidences of asthma and inflammatory responses. There were 4 out of 9 articles suggesting the decline in lung function was related to TRAP exposure; 5 out of 9 articles showed the relationships between incidences of asthma and inflammatory responses and TRAP exposure and 2 articles mentioned other respiratory symptoms; notably, wheezing and sneezing, runny and stuffed nose. This review finally summarized the results of selected articles stressing that children who lived close to roadway within a 500 meter radius from home, with an early exposure to air pollution in the first year of age and a frequent exposure to heavy road traffic and outdoor air pollutants would experience greater impacts on respiratory health. Conclusion: The positive association between the impacts on children’s respiratory health and TRAP exposure has been determined through this systematic review. Stricter emission control strategies and updated guidelines are required to regulate traffic emission and improve air quality in order to reduce harm and provide a better living environment for our next generations.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health

Objective. Most biomarker studies of maternal smoking have been based on a single blood or urinary cotinine value, which is inadequate in capturing maternal tobacco exposure over the entire pregnancy. This thesis used maternal hair biomarkers to investigate the association between maternal active and passive smoking, and birthweight for gestational age (BW for GA).
Methods. Subjects were 444 term controls drawn from 5,337 participants of a multi-centre nested case-control study of preterm birth in Montreal. Maternal hair, collected after delivery, was measured for average nicotine and cotinine concentration across the pregnancy, assuming hair growth of 1 cm/month. The BW for GA z-score used Canadian population-based standards. Multiple linear regression was used to assess effects on the z-score, after controlling for potential confounders.
Results. In regression models for maternal active smoking analysis, the addition of hair nicotine to models containing either self-report or hair cotinine or both self-report and cotinine explained significantly more variance in the BW for GA z-score (p=0.009, p=0.017, and p=0.033, respectively). In maternal passive smoking analysis, no significant effect of ETS on BW for GA was found using hair biomarkers.
Conclusion. These results indicate that hair biomarkers are sensitive tools capable of predicting reductions in birthweight for maternal active smoking. The stronger results obtained for nicotine are reflective of the fact that hair nicotine is a better measure of maternal smoking, but it could also suggest that nicotine plays an aetiologic role in affecting foetal growth.

Background Air pollution exposure has been shown to have adverse effects on several health outcomes, and numerous studies have reported associations with cardiovascular morbidity, respiratory disease, and mortality. Over the last decade, an increasing number of studies have investigated possible associations with pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery. High levels of vehicle exhaust in residential neighborhoods have been associated with respiratory effects, including childhood asthma, and preterm birth is also associated with childhood asthma. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate possible associations between air pollution exposure and pregnancy outcomes – primarily preterm delivery but also small for gestational age (SGA) and pre-eclampsia – in a large Swedish population (Papers I–III). The second aim was to study any association between exposure to high levels of vehicle exhaust during pregnancy and infancy and prescribed asthma medication in childhood (Paper IV). Methods The study cohorts were constructed by matching other individual data to the Swedish Medical Birth Register. In the first two studies, air pollution data from monitoring stations were used, and in the third and fourth studies traffic intensity and dispersion model data were used.Preterm delivery was defined as giving birth before 37 weeks of gestation. SGA was defined as having a birth weight below the 10th percentile for a given duration of gestation. Pre-eclampsia was defined as having any of the ICD-10 diagnosis codes O11 (pre-existing hypertension with pre-eclampsia), O13 (gestational hypertension without significant proteinuria), O14 (gestational hypertension with significant proteinuria), or O15 (eclampsia). Childhood asthma medication was defined as having been prescribed asthma medication between the ages of five and six years. Results We observed an association between ozone exposure during the first trimester and preterm delivery. First trimester ozone exposure was also associated with pre-eclampsia. The modeled concentration of nitrogen oxides at the home address was associated with pre-eclampsia, but critical time windows were not possible to investigate due to high correlations between time windows. We did not observe any association between air pollution exposure and SGA. High levels of vehicle exhaust at the home address, estimated by nitrogen oxides and traffic intensity, were associated with a lower risk of asthma medication. Conclusion Air pollution exposure during pregnancy was associated with preterm delivery and pre-eclampsia. We did not observe any association between air pollution levels and intrauterine growth measured as SGA. No harmful effect of air pollution exposure during pregnancy or infancy on the risk of being prescribed asthma medication between five and six years of age was observed.

The X-band EPR spectrometry system was modified to allow for the in situ monitoring of free radical changes in attached, intact plant leaves, which were caused by stress factors such as exposure to excessive photon flux density, ozone or sulphur dioxide. This was done through use of the dewar insert of the variable temperature accessory as a guide, the construction of 'T' shaped cellulose acetate holders to which leaves could be attached with adhesive tape, and modification of the gas flow system used for controlled temperature studies. Kinetic studies of free radical formation were possible with leaves which had minimal underlying Fe⁺⁺ and Mn⁺⁺ signals. In leaves with large underlying signals a Varian software program was used to subtract overlapping signals from each other, thereby revealing the free-radical signal changes which occurred under different light regimes and stress conditions. Preliminary investigation disclosed the formation of a new signal upon prolonged exposure to far-red light and the effect of oxygen depletion upon photosynthetic Signals I and II. Leaves subject to high photon flux density reveal an unreported free-radical signal, which decays upon exposure to microwave radiation; and concomitant damage to Photosystems I and II. Upon elimination of this signal leaves return to the undamaged state or reveal permanent damage to either photo-system, depending upon the degree of damage. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to low levels of ozone (up to 80ppb) for periods of 8 hours show no changes in free-radical signal formation. At intermediate levels of ozone (80-250ppb) a new free-radical signal was formed within 3 hours of fumigation, Signal II was decreased and Signal I decayed. These changes were reversible if fumigation was terminated. At fumigation levels exceeding 250ppb a different new irreversible free-radical signal was formed in darkness within 1.5 hours of fumigation. Radish, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to high levels of sulphur dioxide (10-500ppm) reveal the formation of Signal I upon irradiation with broad-band white or 650nm light, thereby indicating an interruption of normal electron flow from PSII to PSI. Damage to the oxygen-evolving complex and reaction centre of PSII is also revealed through changes in Signal II and the Mn⁺⁺ signal. These changes in the normal EPR signals are dose-dependent. Leaves subject to low levels of sulphur dioxide (600-2000ppb) reveal the disappearance of Signal I after 3 hours of fumigation and the formation of a new free-radical signal with parameters similar to the sulphur trioxide free-radical signal. These latter changes are partially reversible upon termination of fumigation. After prolonged exposure to either ozone or sulphur dioxid a free-radical signal with parameters similar to the superoxid anion free-radical signal is formed in plant leaves.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

Wound assessment using a smartphone image has recently emerged as a novel way to provide actionable feedback to patients and caregivers. Wound segmentation is an important step in image-based wound assessment, after which the wound area can be analyzed. Semantic segmentation algorithms for wounds assume favorable lighting conditions. However, smartphone wound imaging in natural environments can encounter adverse lighting that can cause several errors during semantic segmentation of wound images, which in turn affects the wound analysis. In this work, we study and characterize the effects of adverse lighting on the accuracy of semantic segmentation of wound images. Our findings inform a deep learning-based approach to mitigate the adverse effects. We make three main contributions in this work. First, we create the first large-scale Illumination Varying Dataset (IVDS) of 55440 images of a wound moulage captured under systematically varying illumination conditions and with different camera types and settings. Second, we characterize the effects of changing light intensity on U-Net’s wound semantic segmentation accuracy and show the luminance of images to be highly correlated with the wound segmentation performance. Especially, we show low-light conditions to deteriorate segmentation performance highly. Third, we improve the wound Dice scores of U-Net for low-light images to up to four times the baseline values using a deep learning mitigation method based on the Retinex theory. Our method works well in typical illumination levels observed in homes/clinics as well for a wide gamut of lighting like very dark conditions (20 Lux), medium-intensity lighting (750 - 1500 Lux), and even very bright lighting (6000 Lux).

Many environmental parameters, both physical and anthropogenic, can influence nest site selection. One of the most basic requirements for a suitable nesting habitat is a dark beach. With the increases in coastal development, the beaches of Broward County, Florida are becoming more polluted by artificial light, making dark beaches a rarity. On urban beaches in Boca Raton, Florida, it was found that turtles nested directly in front of tall structures, such as high-rise condominiums and clusters of Australian pine trees (Casuarina equisetifolia), that blocked the sky glow from the city providing darker sections of the beach more suitable to nesting females (Salmon et al., 1995). The goal of this project was to compare the previous four years (2002-2005) of nesting with the heights of the buildings and the sky brightness, in historically high nesting zones of Broward County (Mattison, 2004). Nesting distributions were plotted using GIS (Global Information Systems), and the beach was subdivided into smaller sections according to the buildings in each section. The number of nests in front of a building, in front of a gap between the buildings, and in residential zones were compared. The average nesting density (nests/10m) over all four years, as well as the individual yearly densities were analyzed. Ecological light pollution (sky brightness) was measured in nine different directions and angles. The brightest direction for all three locations was when the meter was pointed directly at the structures and the gaps between them at an elevation of 40° (Building and Gap 40°). There was no evidence of higher light intensities from sky glow above the buildings at an angle of 65o (Building and Gap 65°). There was a difference in sky brightness among the three zones, with the tall buildings and gaps being consistently brighter than the residential zones. Contrary to expectations, the gaps were not brighter than the buildings, and there was no significant relationship between sky brightness and nesting densities (Spearman rank correlation). There was also no relationship between the nesting densities and the heights of the buildings (Spearman rank correlation). There was also no association among nesting density, sky brightness, and height (Kendall’s coefficient concordance). These results are contradictory to the theory that suggests females nest more in front of buildings where the sky brightness is blocked (Salmon et al., 1995). This may be due to the fact the buildings and residences were not incompliance with lighting ordinances, causing very high light levels, or it could be caused by the close spacing of the buildings, which resulted in similar light intensities in front of buildings and gaps. These results could provide valuable insight into appropriate management of light pollution and conservation efforts for sea turtles nesting in Broward County.

Recent evidence strongly suggests that aluminum toxicity is important in determining the structural and functional characteristics of freshwater communities affected by acid precipitation. To determine the effect dissolved aluminum has on lotic invertebrates previously unexposed to anthropogenic acidification, experiments were carried out in a second-order headwater stream 50 km east of Vancouver, British Columbia during August 1982. In three separate experiments, HC1 and/or A1C1₃ were added to Mayfly Creek during daylight hours, increasing acidity from pH 6.9 - 7.0 to pH 5.8 - 6.0 and total aluminum from < 0.1 mg/L to > 1.0 mg/L. Biological response was monitored by sampling invertebrate drift with 86 Mm nets. Relative to an unmanipulated, upstream control site, drift density doubled in response to added H⁺ alone (pH 5.9). When Al₃⁺ was added (pH 5.9) drift density increased fourfold. Following 48 h continuous dosing with HC1 (pH 5.9) there was an even greater response to added Al₃⁺. Ephemeroptera were able to detect dissolved aluminum and responded almost immediately (within 45 min). Similarly, Trichoptera and Chironomidae detected increased H⁺ concentrations and responded immediately. Response to augmented Al₃⁺ by Trichoptera, Hydracarina, and Chironomidae was delayed 6 h. However, pre-exposing animals to 48 h HC1 resulted in enhanced aluminum sensitivity for Chironomidae and for Simulium and Plecoptera, which had not responded within 10 h to H⁺ or Al₃⁺ alone. It is proposed that rapid increases in drift density are due to behavioral escape responses, while delayed responses are probably associated with physiological impairment. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that during early stages of morphological development Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae are more sensitive to increased Al₃⁺ and H⁺ concentrations than during later developmental stages. In laboratory experiments using artificial stream channels, Chironomidae larvae and Ephemeroptera nymphs were exposed to CI⁻ and H⁺ concentrations, equal to those during field experiments. Results showed that drift behavior in these animals is not stimulated by mildly elevated chloride concentrations. These studies demonstrate that increased dissolved aluminum concentrations intensify biological response to acidification, and confirm acid sensitivity patterns for Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae reported by others. The observed acid insensitivity of Plecoptera, simuliids, and Trichoptera also conforms to previously described patterns. Experimentally manipulating this community produced results closely resembling those obtained in similar studies for areas currently affected by acid precipitation. The major difference in results between studies is that invertebrate communities previously unexposed to acidification contain more species sensitive to mild acidification. These latter animals are particularly sensitive to the presence of elevated dissolved aluminum concentrations.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate

The presence of artificial light at night (ALAN) is one of many contributing factors to global change today. The spectral range of ALAN can also alter the potential effects of light pollution in certain contexts which creates an exceptionally complex cascade of impacts. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the interactions of various environmental factors including ALAN on biological variables, locomotor activity and corticosterone concentration, of two species of rodent. This was accomplished by manipulating the environmental factors; environmental enrichment, temperature and lighting in captivity. A pilot field study was also conducted in order to test the future feasibility of incorporating information garnered from the laboratory study into larger scale real world experiments. The two species were collected from the field and was subsequently subjected to various light cycles, during which locomotor activity was monitored and urinary corticosterone stress hormone was assessed. Results showed that Micaelamys namaquensis, a nocturnal species, reacted favourably to the addition of enrichment by increasing activity levels whereas Rhabdomys dilectus, a diurnal species decreased activity levels while improving the strength of entrainment. Both M. namaquensis and R. dilectus decreased activity during a light cycle which simulated natural dawn and dusk patterns of light. The two species reacted differently when a 24hr ambient temperature cycle was introduced, with M. namaquensis increasing its locomotor activity and R. dilectus decreasing overall activity. M. namaquensis decreased its average activity in response to ALAN and did not show any difference in reaction towards different types of light at night. R. dilectus on the other hand increased its activity under ALAN but also showed no preference between different spectra of light at night. While corticosterone concentrations were monitored during all the environmental factor experiments, fluctuations in hormone concentrations were noted, however found to be statistically non-significant. Thus, only speculations could be made regarding the impacts of the various environmental factors on the stress physiology of M. namaquensis and R. dilectus. These results highlight the importance of considering species specific outcomes even under virtually identical circumstances. Understanding the impacts of environmental factors is crucial in order to extrapolate laboratory-based findings into real world experiments. This work can be used to further understand the impacts of different environmental factors on the circadian systems of nocturnal and diurnal rodent species as well as the potential implication of ALAN under various environmental conditions. In future, this can be combined into a large-scale field experiment in order to monitor the impacts of light pollution using the methodology elucidated during the pilot study. The results of this study show that the impacts of ALAN can be incredibly diverse and specific to the species in which they are examined.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Zoology and Entomology
MSc
Unrestricted

An analysis of air quality data from British Columbia has identified the Lower Mainland and surrounding rural areas as one of the regions in Canada where the Canadian Maximum Acceptable Air Quality Objective of 0.082 ppm ozone for one hour is frequently exceeded. Ozone at this level has the potential for affecting crops in the Fraser Valley. Field experiments were undertaken to attempt to evaluate the effect of randomly fluctuating levels of ozone on the yield of two cultivars each of Brassica oleracea L. (broccoli), Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bean), Pisum sativum L. (pea), Daucus carota L. (carrot) in 1985 and on one cultivar each of Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) and Pisum sativum L. (pea) in 1986, using a zonal air pollution system. As there is no current consensus regarding the most appropriate numerical expression of pollutant exposure to use in vegetation response studies, a comparison of various exposure terms was also undertaken. Ozone was added in various proportions to ambient levels between 0700 and 2100 hours (PDT) throughout the growing season. Three levels of ozone addition were used in 1985 and 12 in 1986. In 1985, treatments were assigned to three blocks over which ozone was released. Each block was supplied with different total amounts of supplementary ozone, a fourth block serving as an ambient air control. In 1986, ozone treatments were randomly assigned to four sub-plots on each of the three blocks over which ozone was released, with each block receiving the same total amount of supplementary ozone. Different treatments were achieved by each sub-plot being subject to different rates of release and degrees of mixing. For both years the ozone concentration distributions achieved over the season were approximately log-normal. Additional analysis of the air quality data from the ambient air plot found other types of skewed distributions such as the three parameter Weibull, three parameter gamma and Johnsons SB (four parameter log-normal) provided better descriptions of the data. The distribution providing the best fit depended on the concentration averaging time, the daily time span over which the ozone concentrations are analyzed and the selection criterion used. In 1985, field observations indicated that there were numerous plot to plot differences for disease and soil factors, which were confounded with the ozone treatments applied. Without true replication of the treatments, differentiation between the effects due to ozone and those from abiotic and biotic causes was not possible, and hence no clear conclusions concerning ozone response could be drawn. In 1986, without the confounding of ozone and plot location, significant linear reductions in yield were found for pea and pod fresh weight using the number of days on which the concentration exceeded 25 ppb, during the vegetative growing period (D25²). A significant linear reduction in fresh potato tuber weight was found using the geometric mean of all geometric mean ozone concentrations computed between 1200 and 1259-h for the season (GH12) as the exposure statistic. A significant multiple linear regression was found for pea fresh weight using the D25¹, statistic together with the number of occurrences in which the concentration exceeded 25 ppb for two, three and four consecutive hours (2C25, 3C25 and 4C25 respectively) in an episode; and for pod fresh weight using D25, 2C25 and 3C25 as independent variates. From the results presented it seems clear that ozone at the concentrations dispensed here would have a significant negative impact on crops grown in the Fraser Valley. Based on the 1986 experiment the best case estimate indicates that yield reductions of 28% could be expected for peas and potatoes at 37 ppb ozone (expressed as the season-long 7-h mean, M7). The exposure statistics used in the present study in comparison with the season-long 7 and 12 hour means provided good fits with the data. They are easily calculated from ambient air quality data and present attractive alternatives to those exposure statistics currently in use, for assessing the potential impact of ozone on crops in the Fraser Valley and for use in the setting of air quality standards.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de níveis altos de poluição ambiental do ar na superfície ocular de controladores de tráfego e taxistas da cidade de São Paulo, incluindo avaliação de sinais e sintomas, da osmolaridade lacrimal e da quantidade de células caliciformes obtidas na citologia de impressão conjunctival. Verificar a correlação destes achados entre si e com os níveis de dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2), e de material particulado menor que 2,5 ?m (PM2,5) a que foram expostos. Métodos: Taxistas e controladores de tráfego de São Paulo, Brasil participaram do estudo. Foram mensuradas as médias individuais de 24 horas de exposição ao NO2 e ao PM2,5 em quatro diferentes ocasiões. Na primeira e terceira visitas, os indivíduos foram submetidos ao questionário Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), avaliação na lâmpada de fenda, estimação do tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL), teste de Schirmer e tingimento com corantes vitais da córnea e conjuntiva. Na segunda e quartas visitas, amostras de lágrima foram coletadas do olho direito para análise da osmolaridade, enquanto amostras de citologias de impressão conjuntivais foram coletadas do olho esquerdo. Para estimar os efeitos dos poluentes (PM2,5 e NO2) nos desfechos ao longo do período do estudo adotamos equações de estimativas generalizadas considerando efeitos fixos para medidas repetidas. Correlações entre os níveis de NO2 ou PM2,5, os achados clínicos, o valor da osmolaridade lacrimal e a quantidade de células caliciformes foram investigadas. Resultados: Setenta e um taxistas e controladores de tráfego, entre 31 e 65 anos de idade, foram incluídos no estudo. Os níveis de exposição à poluição do ar permaneceram muito elevados, como notado pelos níveis médios de PM2,5 de 40 ?g/m3 e pelos níveis médios de NO2 constantemente acima de 100 ?g/m3 durante todo o estudo. Poucos sintomas foram relatados no questionário OSDI com pontuação (média ± desvio padrão) de 9,18 ± 6,81 e 8,27 ± 11,92 na primeira e terceira visita, respectivamente. O TRFL foi reduzido com valores médios de 5 segundos, enquanto o teste de Schirmer apresentou valores médios acima de 10 mm com ampla variabilidade. O tingimento com corante vital fluoresceína foi menor do que quatro em todos os olhos, exceto por um (0,7%) indivíduo com pontuação de 5. A pontuação do corante vital lissamina verde foi normal em 124 (87,3%) olhos na primeira visita e em 120 (84,5%) olhos na terceira visita. Os resultados do análise da osmolaridade lacrimal na segunda e quarta visitas foram dentro dos limites da normalidade com médias ± desvio padrão de 298,56 ± 23,19 e 303,73 ± 23,52 mOsmol/Kg, respectivamente. No que se refere a densidade de células caliciformes, os valores médios ± desvio padrão foram 464,42 ± 256,66 e 407,82 ± 269,18 xx células/mm2 na conjuntiva bulbar e 735,52 ± 295,87 e 707,92 ± 272,51 células/mm2 na conjuntiva tarsal, na segunda e quarta visita, respectivamente. Uma significativa e negativa correlação foi encontrada entre PM2,5 e osmolaridade lacrimal (p<0.05). Um aumento de 10 ?m/m3 nos níveis de PM2,5 foi associado a uma diminuição de 10,9 mOsmol/Kg na osmolaridade lacrimal. Também houve uma correlação negativa, embora não estatisticamente significativa, entre NO2 e osmolaridade lacrimal. Nenhuma correlação foi encontrada entre a contagem de células caliciformes conjuntivais e os níveis de NO2 ou PM2,5 assim como nenhuma correlação foi encontrada entre o questionário OSDI ou os achados clínicos e a exposição à poluição do ar. Conclusão: Exposição à altos níveis de poluição do ar diminui a osmolaridade do filme lacrimal e influencia a estabilidade do filme lacrimal embora não seja acompanhada de sintomais e outros sinais clínicos em indivíduos sem doenças oculares. Alterações no filme lacrimal associado com modificações na densidade de células caliciformes podem fazer parte de uma resposta adaptativa da superfície ocular a exposição à poluição do ar
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of high levels of environmental air pollution on ocular surface of taxi drivers and traffic controllers of São Paulo, including the assessment of signs and symptoms, tear osmolarity assays, and goblet cells count from conjunctival impression cytology. To verify whether there is correlation between such findings as well as with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 ?m (PM2.5) levels to which they were exposed. Methods: Taxi drivers and traffic controllers from São Paulo, Brazil were enrolled into the study. Mean individual levels of 24-hours exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 ?m (PM2.5) were assessed on 4 different occasions. On the first and third visits, subjects were submitted to clinical evaluations including the administration of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, slit-lamp examination, estimation of tear breakup time (BUT), the Schirmer test, and vital staining of the cornea and conjunctiva. On the second and fourth visits, tear samples were collected from right eye for osmolarity assays, while conjunctival impression cytology was collected from left eye. To estimate the effect of the air pollutants (NO2 and PM2.5) on the endpoints throughout the study generalized estimating equations were adopted. Correlations between NO2 or PM2.5 levels, clinical findings, tear osmolarity and goblet cells density were investigated. Results: Seventy-one taxi drivers and traffic controllers, aged from 31 to 65, were enrolled in the study. Air pollution exposure levels remained very high, as noted by the mean PM2.5 levels of 40 ?m/m3 and the mean NO2 levels constantly above of 100 ?m/m3 during the period of study. Few symptoms were reported in the OSDI questionnaire with score (mean ± standard deviation) of 9.18 ± 6.81 e 8.27 ± 11.92 at the first and third visit, respectively. BUT was low with mean values of 5 seconds, while Schirmer test showed mean values above 10 mm with wide variability. The corneal vital staining score with fluorescein was inferior to 4 in all but one eye (0.7%) with a score of 5. The conjunctival vital staining score with lissamine green was considered normal in 124 eyes (87.3%) in the first visit and in 120 eyes (84.5%) in the third visit. The results of the osmolarity assay at the second and fourth visits were within normal limits with mean ± standard deviation of 298.56 ± 23.19 and 303.72 ± 23.52 mOsmol/kg, respectively. Regarding goblet cells density, the mean ± standard deviation values were 464.42 ± 256.66 and 407.82 ± 269.18 cells/mm2 on bulbar conjunctiva and 735.52 ± 295.87 and 707.92 ± 272.51 cells/mm2 on the tarsal conjunctiva, at the second and fourth visit, respectively. A significant and negative correlation was found between PM2.5 and tear film osmolarity (p<0.05). xxiii An increase of 10 ?m/m3 in PM2.5 levels was associated with 10.9 mOsmol/Kg decrease in tear osmolarity. There also was a negative correlation, though not statistically significant, between NO2 and tear osmolarity No correlation was found between conjunctival goblet cells count and NO2 or PM2.5 levels as well as no correlation was found between OSDI questionnaire or clinical findings and air pollution exposure. Conclusion: Exposure to high levels of air pollution reduces tear film osmolarity and influences tear film stability, although it is not associated with symptoms and other clinical signs in individual without ocular disease. Alterations on tear film osmolarity combined to goblet cells density modification may be part of an adaptive ocular surface response to air pollution exposure

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de exposição ambiental sobre a superfície ocular, por meio da análise histológica da superfície ocular e da avaliação de parâmetros clínicos. Métodos: Etapa 1: Foram selecionados 29 voluntários, em duas localidades diferentes: São Paulo (n=13) e Divinolândia (n=16). Foram avaliadas medidas individuais de exposição ao dióxido de Nitrogênio (NO2) atmosférico e a citologia de impressão de conjuntiva tarsal inferior. Avaliou-se a exposição individual ao NO2 por 7 dias consecutivos, usando um sistema de medida passivo. Foram coletados espécimes de citologia de impressão de conjuntiva tarsal inferior. Foram realizados comparações entre o número de células caliciformes e os níveis de NO2 entre os dois grupos e individualmente. Etapa 2: Foram avaliados 55 voluntários, residentes em São Paulo. Foram medidos os níveis de exposição individual ao NO2, e foi realizada uma avaliação subjetiva de sintomas oculares (OSDI e freqüência de sintomas de desconforto ocular); teste de Schirmer I, biomicroscopia, coloração com fluoresceína e rosa bengala, e medida do TRFL, que foram comparados posteriormente por meio de análise estatística. Resultados: Etapa 1: Os níveis de exposição individual ao NO2 em São Paulo(média=32,47 ± 9,83 g/m3) foram 68% mais altos do que em Divinolândia (média =19,33± 5,24 g/m3); (p = 0,005), e houve uma correlação entre o número de células caliciformes e os níveis de NO2 (=0,566, p=0,001), tendo sido observado um padrão dose-resposta relativo à exposição. Etapa 2: Houve associação entre os níveis de NO2 e os escores do OSDI (p<0,05), a freqüência de irritação ocular (p<0,05), e os valores do TRFL (p<0,05, = -0,316). Conclusões: Houve uma associação significativa entre exposição à poluição atmosférica e a hiperplasia de células caliciformes conjuntivais, sintomas de desconforto ocular e maior instabilidade do filme lacrimal. Observou-se uma repercussão tanto clínica quanto histológica da exposição a níveis mais elevados de NO2, o que sugere que essas medidas podem ser usadas como biomarcadores dos efeitos adversos da poluição atmosférica sobre a superfície ocular
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of ambient air pollution on the ocular surface, combining determinations of individual exposure with clinical and histological parameters. Methods: Stage 1: A total of 29 volunteers from two locations - São Paulo (n=13) and Divinolândia (n=16) were selected. We assessed mean individual levels of NO2 exposure for 7 days, using a passive sampler. Impression cytology samples were obtained from inferior tarsal conjunctiva. Goblet cell counts and NO2 exposure level were compared between the two groups, and between individual values. Stage 2: A total of 55 volunteers, who lived in São Paulo, were selected. The mean individual levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure were assessed, as in Stage 1. All subjects answered the Ocular Symptom Disease Index (OSDI) and a symptoms inventory. Subsequently, subjects underwent Schirmer I test, biomicroscopy, vital staining and tear break-up time (TBUT) assessment. OSDI scores, symptoms frequency and clinical data were compared to individual NO2 exposure values by statistical analysis. Results: Stage 1: The NO2 exposure levels were 68% higher for individuals living in São Paulo (mean = 32.47, SD = ± 9.83) than for those living in Divinolândia (mean 19.33, SD ± 5.24) (p = 0,005). There was a steady increase in goblet cell counts, proportional to NO2 exposure (=0.566, p=0.001). Stage 2: There was a significant association between NO2 levels and OSDI scores (p<0.05), reported ocular irritation (p<0.05) and TBUT (p<0.05, = -0.316). Conclusions: An association between exposure to higher levels of air pollution, goblet cell hyperplasia, ocular discomfort symptoms and tear film instability was detected; indicating that there are clinical and histological effects of NO2 exposure, and that these measurements may be used as biomarkers of the adverse effects of air pollution on the ocular surface

A poluição atmosférica está associada a efeitos adversos à saúde, desde diminuição da função pulmonar até mortalidade. Nos últimos 20 anos a incidência de doenças respiratórias alérgicas tem aumentado em vários países. Além de fatores genéticos, existe a possibilidade da poluição atmosférica ser um dos fatores contribuintes para esse aumento. Com o intuito de investigar os efeitos da poluição atmosférica no pico de fluxo expiratório de crianças com sensibilização alérgica e sem, este estudo foi realizado. Acompanhou-se 96 crianças com idade entre 9 e 11 anos, com medições do pico de fluxo expiratório em todos os dias letivos entre 1 de abril e 7 de julho de 2004. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para dosagem de IgE e hemograma (eosinofilia), de esfregaço nasal para realização de citologia, de fezes (parasitoses). Foram realizados testes cutâneos de hipersensibilidade imediata para ácaros (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae e Blomia tropicalis), cachorro (Canis familiaris), gato (Felis domesticus), barata (Periplaneta americana) e pool de fungos (Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarium, Chaetomium globosum, Mucor mucedo, Pullularia pullulans, Penicillium notatum). Foram obtidos dados dos poluentes da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar para todos os dias do estudo. A análise foi realizada por meio de regressão linear (GEE). Os resultados mostraram haver redução do pico defluxo expiratório associada à exposição aos diversos poluentes. Esse efeito ocorreu tanto para as concentrações médias dos poluentes algumas horas antes do teste, bem como para as concentrações médias de três a sete dias. A redução do pico de fluxo expiratório esteve associada principalmente à exposição ao PM10, NO2 e O3. O efeito dos poluentes não diferiu segundo a sensibilização alérgica das crianças
The health effects of air pollution range from lung function decrements to mortality. In the last 20 years, there has been an increase in the incidence of allergic respiratory diseases worldwide. Even though genetic factors play an important role, air pollution has been discussed as one of the factors responsible for this increase. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of air pollution on peak expiratory flow of children who were sensitized and children who were not. Ninety-six children (9 to 11 years old) were followed from April to July, 2004 with daily measurements of peak expiratory flow. Blood samples were collected for IgE and total blood count. Skin prick test was done using common allergens: mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae e Blomia tropicalis), dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felis domesticus), cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarium, Chaetomium globosum, Mucor mucedo, Pullularia pullulans, Penicillium notatum). Daily hourly concentrations of all criteria pollutants, temperature and relative humidity were available for the entire period. Analysis was performed with the generalized estimated equations (GEE). A decrease in peak flow measurements was found to be associated mainly with PM10, NO2 and O3, considering different time lags (hours, previous day, moving average). The effects of the pollutants were not different among children with or without allergic sensitization

Objetivo: checar se poluentes do ar urbano de São Paulo induzem alterações sangüíneas e cardiopulmonares. MM: camundongos Balb/c foram expostos por 7, 14, 21, 30 e 45 dias em 3 câmaras: Limpa (controle), Intermediária (seletiva ao PM) e Suja (ar externo). Após exposição, os animais foram ventilados (FlexiVent) e coletados dados de mecânica pulmonar, sangue, coração e pulmão. Foram registrados PM, CO, SO2 e NO2 diários. Resultados: aos 21 e 45 dias coincidentes com picos de poluição houve aumento da resistência de via aérea (45d p=0,012), leucocitose (21d p < 0,001 e 45d p=0,039) e vasoconstricção pulmonar (21d p=0,034) nos animais da Câmara Suja, sem alteração de coronárias. Nenhum poluente excedeu limites de qualidade de ar
Objective: verify if air pollution of São Paulo city induces alterations in blood and cardiopulmonary systems. MM: Balb/c mice were exposed during 7, 14, 21, 30 and 45 days to 3 chambers: Clean (control), Intermediate (PM only) and Dirty (external air). After exposure, animals were ventilated (FlexiVent) and collected lung mechanics data and blood, heart and lung. PM, CO, SO2 e NO2 were measured daily. Results: on day 21 and 45, coincidently to peak of pollutions, there was proximal airway resistance increase (45d p=0.012), leukocytosis (21d p < 0.001 and 45d p=0.039) and vasoconstriction of peribronchiolar arterioles (21d p=0.034) in animals of Dirty Chamber with no alterations of coronaries. Neither pollutants exceeded the standard limits

A inalação de material particulado (PM) exerce um papel importante na exacerbação de doenças respiratórias, incluindo DPOC e asma, no entanto os efeitos específicos do PM no desenvolvimento do enfisema pulmonar são ainda pouco descritos na literatura. Neste estudo investigamos os efeitos da exposição crônica a níveis ambientais de PM no desenvolvimento do enfisema e do remodelamento pulmonar em camundongos. Os animais receberam instilação intranasal de solução de papaína ou de solução salina e permaneceram em câmaras situadas em uma área de tráfego intenso de veículos: uma recebia ar ambiente e a outra possuía filtros para PM na entrada de ar. Fizemos medidas morfométricas, de densidade de fibras de colágeno e elástica, análise quantitativa de macrófagos, expressão de MMP- 12 (metaloproteinase de matriz), de isoprostano-8 e de caspase-3 no tecido pulmonar. Os animais que recebram papaína e que foram mantidos na câmara sem filtros apresentaram os maiores valores de intercepto linear médio (Lm) comparados aos que receberam a solução desta mesma substância, mas que permaneceram na câmara com os filtros (47,11±1,49 e 39,33±1,93 miu m, respectivamente, p=0.002). Também observamos um aumento na densidade de fibras de colágeno e na expressão de isoprostano-8 nos pulmões dos animais que receberam papaína e que permaneceram na câmara sem filtros comparado ao grupo que recebeu a mesma substância mas foi mantido na câmara com filtros (p<0,05 e p=0,002, respectivamente). Não houve diferença entre estes dois grupos ao avaliarmos a quantidade de células que expressaram MAC-2, MMP-12 e caspase-3. Não observamos diferença em nenhum dos parâmetros estudados entre os grupos que receberam solução salina, mas foram mantidos em câmaras diferentes. Concluimos que a exposição a níveis ambientais de PM piorou o enfisema induzido pela papaína e resultou em aumento do remodelamento pulmonar. O estresse oxidativo parece ser um dos mecanismos responsáveis por esta resposta.
Inhalation of particulate matter (PM) exacerbates a variety of pulmonary disorders, including COPD and asthma, but the specific effects of PM on the developing of emphysema are largely unknown. We investigated the effects of chronic exposure to ambient levels of PM on the development of emphysema and pulmonary remodeling in mice. Mice received either papain or normal saline and were kept for two months in two chambers in an area of high traffic density: one received ambient air and the other had filters for PM. We performed lung morphometry, measured the density of elastic and collagen fibers and studied the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), macrophage MAC-2, 8-isoprostane and caspase 3. Lungs from papain-treated mice exposed to ambient air presented greater values of mean linear intercept than papain-treated mice kept in the chamber with filtered air (47.11±1.49 and 39.33±1.93 miu m, respectively, p=0.002). There was an increase in the density of collagen fibers and in the expression of 8- isoprostane in pulmonary tissue of papain-treated mice that remained in the chamber with ambient air (p<0.05 and p=0.002, respectively). There were no significant differences between these two groups in the amount of cells expressing MAC-2, MMP-12 and caspase-3. There were no significant differences in any of the parameters studied between saline-treated mice kept in the two chambers. We conclude that exposure to urban levels of PM worsens protease-induced emphysema and increases pulmonary remodeling. We suggest that an increase in oxidative stress induced by PM exposure influences this response.

A constante exposição à poluição do ar continua acometendo a saúde das populações, resultando num aumento da morbidade e mortalidade decorrente de problemas respiratórios e cardiovasculares. O estudo é transversal, com o objetivo de avaliar as modificações na pressão arterial sistêmica, e pressão de pulso, em indivíduos do gênero masculino, jovens, expostos à poluição do tráfego no município de Santo André, região metropolitana da Grande São Paulo - Brasil. Os níveis horários diários de poluentes do ar obtidos junto a Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), as informações sobre temperatura e precipitação foram obtidas junto ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Foi realizada a análise descritiva de todas as variáveis do estudo. Foi utilizado o modelo de equação linear, tendo como variáveis dependentes a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) e pressão de pulso (PP), os poluentes do ar como vaiáveis independentes, e como variáveis de controle a temperatura mínima, precipitação, período de trabalho e período do dia. Foram analisados 19 agentes de tráfego do município de Santo André. A média de idade do grupo estudado foi de 42,8 (dp = 5,2) anos, variando entre 32 e 51 anos. Quanto ao IMC, temos que a média do grupo estudado foi de 25,2 (dp = 2,8), variando entre 19,2 e 29,4. Observa-se que para cada aumento de um interquartil no nível de PM10 (34g/m3) a PAS aumenta em 1,35 mmHg (IC95%: 0,40; 2,30), a PAD horária aumenta em 1,35 mmHg (IC95%: 0,57; 2,13), e a PP horária aumenta em 1,35 mmHg (IC95%: 0,40; 2,30) na hora de exposição. Os agentes de tráfego no município de Santo André apresentaram aumento da PAS, PAD e PP com a exposição ao PM10 e do O3. Os agentes de tráfego apresentaram aumentos nos níveis da pressão arterial e pressão de pulso com a exposição a poluição do ar em Santo André
The constant exposition to air pollution continues to cause the populations health problems, and its result an increase of morbidity and mortality by respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This is a cross-sectional study which aims to assess the modifications in the systemic blood pressure and the pulse pressure in young male individuals, exposed to the traffic pollution in Santo André city, metropolitan region of the Greater São Paulo in Brazil. The hourly daily levels of air pollutants were obtained from the Technology Institute for the Environment and Sanitation of São Paulo State (CETESB), the information by temperature and precipitation was obtained from the National Meteorology Office (INMET). There has been carried out a descriptive analysis of all variables of the study. The linear equation model has been used, having as dependent variables the systolic blood pressure (SBP), the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the pulse pressure (PP), the air pollutants as independent variables, and as control variables the minimum temperature, precipitation, working period and day time. A number of 19 traffic agents in Santo André city have been analysed. The average age of the studied group was of 42.8 (sd = 5.2) years old, ranging from 32 to 51 years old. Concerning the BMI, we have got the information that the average of the studied group was of 25.2 (sd = 2.8), ranging from 19.2 to 29.4. It is observed that for an interquartile range increased in PM10 (34g/m3), the SBP increases in 1.35 mmHg (CI95%: 0.40; 2.30), the DBP increases in 1.35 mmHg (CI95%: 0.57; 2.13), and the PP increases in 1.35 mmHg (CI95%: 0.40; 2.30) at the exposure time. The traffic agents in Santo André city presented increase of SBP, DBP and PP with the exposure to PM10 and to O3. The traffic agents from Santo André presented higher arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure levels associated with the air pollution exposure in Santo André city

A poluição atmosférica de grandes centros urbanos é relacionada com o aumento dos índices de mortalidade e morbidade, principalmente em indivíduos com predisposição às doenças cardiovasculares e progressão da aterosclerose. Com o objetivo de verificar o potencial aterogênico da poluição atmosférica da cidade de São Paulo avaliamos o comportamento do estresse oxidativo e produção de auto-anticorpos em modelo murino experimental \"in vivo\". Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: quantidade de lipídeo e espessura da placa aterosclerótica por analisador de imagens, oxidação da LDL sérica (TBARS) e tecidual e imunohistoquímica (8-isoprostano), ativação macrofágica (imunohistoquímicaMAC2) e produção de anticorpos anti-LDL oxidada (LDLox) e anti-peptídeo D da apoB-100 (ELISA). Os dados foram estudados na emergência, arco e porção descendente da aorta em 40 camundongos LDLR - / - knockout, machos, 30 dias de idade expostos às câmaras de intoxicação seletiva não filtrada e filtrada para material particulado e gases tóxicos, no período de Maio/Setembro de 2004. Nesse período não houve ultrapassagem dos níveis aceitáveis de poluição. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: Filtrada-Padrão (FP), Filtrada-E.Col.(FEcol), Poluída-Padrão (PP) e Poluída-E.Col.(PEcol). Obtivemos os seguintes resultados: maior aumento dos níveis de colesterol total nos grupos FEcol e PEcol (p<0,05); triglicérides séricos menores no grupo PEcol (p<0,05); aceleração de oxidação LDL sanguínea apenas no grupo PEcol; índices aumentados de anticorpos anti-LDLox e anticorpos anti-peptídeo D nos grupos PP e PEcol em relação aos demais (p<0,05); maior quantidade de gordura na raiz da aorta nos grupos com dieta Ecol (p<0,05) porém com espessura da placa superior apenas no grupo PEcol (p<0,05). A região descendente e o arco (núcleo necrótico e placa aterosclerótica) não apresentaram diferenças na análise de estresse oxidativo. A quantificação de macrófagos na aorta descendente foi maior no grupo FEcol em relação aos animais com dieta padrão (p<0,05). O núcleo necrótico e placa aterosclerótica do arco aórtico apresentaram o mesmo comportamento: FEcol maior que PP e FP (p<0,05). Concluímos que a poluição atmosférica urbana, mesmo em níveis considerados aceitáveis, potencializa a progressão da aterosclerose.
Epidemiologic studies have shown important relationship between atherogenic cardiovascular morbid-mortality and acute or chronic exposure to air pollution. We aim to study the atherogenic potential of São Paulo urban air pollution analyzing the plaque formation and its physiopathology through oxidative stress and auto-antibody production in a murine experimental model in vivo. We quantified the lipid deposit in the atherosclerotic plaque and its thickness by Image Analyzer, LDL oxidation in blood by TBARS and tissue by 8-isoprosthane, production of anti oxLDL and anti peptide D of apoB-100 antibodies by ELISA and macrophage activation through MAC2 staining. We analyzed three regions of the aorta: emergency, arch and descendent in 40 LDLR - / - knockout mice, male, 30 days old exposed to selective intoxication chambers with filters or not for particulate matter and toxic gases, during May to September 2004, when pollution did not overpass standard limits of air quality. Mice were divided in four groups: Filtered-Normal diet (FN), Filtered-enriched cholesterol diet (FEchol), Polluted-Normal diet (PN) and Polluted-enriched cholesterol diet (FEchol). Our results were: the highest amount of total cholesterol levels in FEchol and PEchol groups (p<0,05); the lowest triglycerides in PEchol mice (p<0,05); increment of oxLDL in blood only in PEchol animals; higher anti oxLDL and anti-peptide D antibodies in PN and PEchol than other groups (p<0,05); similar amounts of lipids in atherosclerotic plaque in Echol diet groups, but higher than mice submitted to Normal diet (p<0,05); PEchol mice presented the highest aorta thickness (p<0.05); oxidative stress showed similar results in both aortic regions in all groups; macrophage activation in descent region of the aorta showed that FEchol mice presented higher values than animals submitted to normal diet (p<0,05) and PEchol group reached higher values than PN animals (p<0,05); macrophage activation in the atherosclerotic necrotic core and plaque of the aortic arch showed similar pattern: FEchol higher than normal diet mice (p<0,05). We concluded that urban air pollution, even within standard limits of air quality, is able to potentate atherosclerosis progression.

Introdução: Os dados epidemiológicos e experimentais têm mostrado efeitos adversos da exposição pré e pós natal ao material particulado (MP2,5) sobre a saúde fetal e adulto. Entretanto, poucos estudos abordaram a toxicidade fetal da exposição gestacional à poluição do ar ambiental, bem como efeitos a longo prazo de adversos da exposição pré-natal sobre o desenvolvimento pós-natal e maturação de vários sistemas de órgãos. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a exposição pré-natal e / ou pós-natal ao material particulado, influencia o desenvolvimento pulmonar e resposta vascular pulmonar em um modelo de camundongo suscetível a aterosclerose (LDLr-/- camundongos knockout). Métodos: Camundongos LDLr-/- foram expostos durante a gestação ao ar filtrado (AF) ou ar poluído (AC). Após o período de desmame, os filhotes foram subdivididos e novos quatro grupos foram formados de acordo com a exposição gestacional ou a exposição pós natal contínua no ar poluído. Atingindo a idade de 3 meses, esses grupos foram novamente subdivididos, formando um total de 8 grupos e uma dieta hipercolesterolêmica foi introduzida. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: desfechos gestacionais, dosagem de colesterol total (CT) e triglicerídeos (TG) do fígado, avaliação de citocinas no LBA, e avaliação imunohistoquímica da resposta vascular pulmonar . Resultados: Nos grupos que receberam dieta hipercolesterolêmica (DH) os níveis de colesterol apresentaram-se aumentados (p=0,002); A expressão da IL6 no LBA mostrou-se elevada (p=0,01) somente no grupo que não foi exposto a poluição em nunhum período da vida e recebeu dieta postnatalmente. Diferenças significativas também foram observadas na expressão pulmonar vascular dos seguintes imunomarcadores: endotelina (p=0,05); ENOS (p=0,04); IL1? (p=0,005); INOS (p=0,002); ISOP (p=0,001); NOX2 (0,01) e ICAM (0,04) quando comparados ao grupo controle. O volume pulmonar total também se mostra alterado em decorrência do tratamento. Assim, conclui-se que a resposta do desenvolvimento pulmonar à exposição gestacional à poluição particulada do ar pode ser evidenciada mais tarde durante a vida adulta e agir como um fator modulador de insultos pós-natal devido à exposição a poluição do ar e a uma dieta hipercolesterolemica em individuos predispostos aterosclerose
Epidemiological and experimental data have shown adverse effects of gestational and post natal exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) on the fetal and adult health. However, few studies addressed the fetal toxicity of gestational exposure to environmental air pollution as well as long-term adverse consequences of prenatal exposure on postnatal development and maturation of several organ systems. The aim of this study was to determine if prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to concentrated ambient particles influences lung development and pulmonary vascular response in an atherosclerosis susceptible mouse model (LDLr-/- knockout mice). LDLr-/- mice were exposed during the pregnancy to either filter (AF) or polluted air (CAP). After weaning period, pups were subdivided and new 4 groups formed according to gestational and continuous or not post natal exposure to air pollution. Reaching the age of 3 months these groups were again subdivided and a hypercholesterolemic (HC) diet introduced and a total of 8 groups were formed. Then the following parameters were analyzed: evaluation of the offspring outcomes, assessment of airway responsiveness, evaluation of cytokines in BALF, dosage of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in the liver and pulmonary vascular response by immunohistochemistry. Results: Animals that received HC diet presented higher levels of cholesterol (p=0.002) when compared to those animals that received normal diet. Expression of IL-6 was only increased in the groups of mice exposed not exposed to particulate air pollution and that received the HC diet (p=0.01). Significant differences were also observed in vascular expression of immunomarkers in the lung endothelin (p=0.05); ENOS (p=0.04); IL1? (p=0.005); INOS (p=0.002); ISOP (p=0.001); NOX2 (0.01) e ICAM (0.04). Total lung volume was also different, there was an increase in those animals receiving a HC diet. In conclusion, the response of the lung development to gestational exposure to particulate air pollution can be evidenced later in life and act as a modulator factor for postnatal insults due to exposures to particulate air pollution and hypercholesterolemic diet in individual predisposed to atherosclerosis

A poluição do ar é um importante fator ambiental de risco para muitos desfechos gestacionais e reprodutivos negativos. Neste estudo nós investigamos os efeitos da poluição particulada em dois períodos de exposição (antes da concepção e durante a gestação) sobre alguns desfechos reprodutivos e gestacionais em camundongos. Utilizando câmaras de exposição, uma recebendo ar filtrado (F) e outra ar não-filtrado (nF), observamos que as fêmeas expostas ao ar não filtrado apresentaram alterações na duração do ciclo estral, estro persistente e o número de folículos antrais reduziu cerca de 36% (75±35,2, P=0,04) comparado às expostas ao ar filtrado (118,6 ±18,4). Nossos resultados mostram ainda um aumento significativo no tempo necessário para que o acasalamento ocorra, uma diminuição nos índices de fertilidade e gestação (P=0.003) nos casais expostos ao ar não filtrado (nF). A taxa média de perdas pós implantacionais (PPI) está aumentada em 70% (P0,005) no grupo de fêmeas expostas ao ar não filtrado antes e durante a gestação quando comparada ao grupo exposto antes de durante a gestação ao ar filtrado. O peso fetal (PF) é significativamente maior no grupo exposto nos dois períodos ao ar filtrado quando comparado aos demais grupos expostos antes e/ou durante a gestação ao ar não filtrado. O PF e a taxa média de PPI são influenciados tanto pela exposição durante a gestação quanto a exposição que ocorre antes da gestação. A exposição materna prévia a gestação e durante a primeira fase gestacional são críticas para o aumento no risco de baixo peso em camundongos. Nós também verificamos que a exposição ao ar não filtrado está associada a uma redução no volume, calibre e área de superfície dos espaços sanguíneos maternos, a um aumento na área de superfície dos capilares fetais, e na condutância de difusão da placenta. Alterações morfológicas no cordão umbilical também foram encontradas. Este estudo demonstra que a exposição aos níveis ambientais de poluição particulada de origem veicular afeta diferentes funções e estágios do processo reprodutivo. Nossos resultados também indicam que a exposição materna prévia está ligada a desfechos gestacionais negativos mesmo quando a exposição ocorre somente antes da concepção
Air pollution is an important environmental health risk factor for many different gestational and reproductive negative outcomes. In this study we have investigated the effects of two different timing of exposure (before conception and during pregnancy) to urban ambient particulate matter on reproductive and pregnancy outcomes in mice. Using exposure chambers receiving filtered (F) and non-filtered (NF) we observed that exposed females presented changes in the length of estrus cycle, extended estrus and antral follicles number declined by 36% (P=0.04) in mice exposed to non filtered air (75±35.2) compared to mice exposed to filtered air(118.6 ±18.4). Our results further indicate a significant increase in time necessary to mating and decreased fertility and pregnancy indices (P=0.003) in NF couples. Mean postimplantation loss (PIL) rate was increased by 70% (P0.005) in the group exposed before and during pregnancy to non-filtered air when compared to the group exposed before and during pregnancy to filtered air. Fetal weight (FW) was significantly higher in group exposed during both periods to filtered air when compared to other groups exposed before and/or during pregnancy to non filtered air. FW and PIL mean rate were influenced by both pre-gestational (p<0.01) and gestational (p<0.01) period exposure. Maternal pre-gestational and the first stage of pregnancy exposure are critical to increased risk for low birth weight in mice. We also found that gestational exposure to non-filtered air was associated with reduced volumes, calibres and surface areas of maternal blood spaces and with greater fetal capillary surfaces and diffusive conductances of the placenta. Umbilical cord morphology was also altered. This study demonstrated that exposure to ambient levels of urban traffic generated particulate matter negatively affects different functions and stages of the reproductive process. Our results also indicate that maternal exposure to air pollution is linked to negative pregnancy outcomes even if maternal exposure occurs only before conception

INTRODUÇÃO: Atualmente inexiste no Brasil, uma correlação entre a área da saúde e o direito, no que tange a adoção de políticas públicas tendentes a prevenir/evitar, remediar ou minimizar os efeitos adversos da poluição atmosférica na saúde humana. OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo evidenciar a necessidade cada vez mais iminente da interação entre a epidemiologia e o direito, revelando estas áreas, não como ciências autônomas, mas como instrumentos integrados, a serem utilizados na busca de políticas públicas eficientes, em matéria de poluição atmosférica causada por veículos automotores. MÉTODOS: Elaboramos uma revisão sistemática dos estudos epidemiológicos referentes aos efeitos da poluição atmosférica na saúde humana utilizando como base de dados o PubMed, por meio de descritores bem definidos. Esta revisão foi submetida posteriormente a seleção de três pesquisadores independentes com experiência no tema. Foi realizada uma revisão da legislação ambiental nacional relativa à poluição atmosférica, em base de dados oficiais, incluindo normas CONAMA (Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente) e pesquisa dos documentos internacionais relativos aos padrões de emissão atmosférica. Realizamos entrevistas estruturadas com formuladores de políticas públicas na área ambiental, com o fim de análise das opiniões dos representantes desses segmentos distintos da sociedade, sobre o tema em questão. RESULTADO: Dos 2.530 estudos selecionados inicialmente apenas 32 nacionais e 112 internacionais foram considerados adequados aos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Dos estudos nacionais 27 evidenciaram efeitos adversos na saúde humana, mesmo em concentrações menores do que as permitidas legalmente e 18 discutiram de alguma maneira políticas públicas. Dos estudos internacionais 78 evidenciaram efeitos adversos na saúde humana, mesmo em concentrações menores do que as permitidas legalmente e 13 discutiram políticas públicas. Em relação aos entrevistados, todos foram uníssonos quanto à necessidade de atualização dos atuais padrões de emissão; quanto ao dever de cumprimento do cronograma de emissões e em relação à falta de entendimento adequado entre a área da saúde e a adoção de medidas de políticas públicas, mostrando conhecimento das pesquisas científicas realizadas e sua preocupação com os dados apresentados. CONCLUSÃO: Evidenciamos então: a necessidade de uma composição entre direito e epidemiologia para elaboração de diretrizes públicas; a necessidade de conscientização da população e alteração dos padrões de emissão e a participação efetiva dos órgãos públicos do segmento político e da saúde. A identificação, reconhecimento e aceitação da complexidade e dos dados das pesquisas são peças chave na interface entre os domínios da ciência, da sociedade e da política
INTRODUCTION: Currently, there is no correlation between the fields of healthcare and law in Brazil regarding the adoption of public policies aimed at preventing/avoiding, remedying or minimizing the adverse effects of atmospheric pollution on human health. OBJECTIVE: The present study had the objective of demonstrating the increasingly eminent need for interaction between epidemiology and law, thereby revealing that these fields are not autonomous sciences but integrated instruments for use in seeking efficient public policies relating to atmospheric pollution caused by automotive vehicles. METHODS: We built up a systematic review of epidemiological studies relating to the effects of atmospheric pollution on human health, using the PubMed database and well-defined descriptors. The search results then underwent selection by three independent researchers with experience of this topic. A review of the national environmental legislation relating to atmospheric pollution was made, using official databases, including the CONAMA (National Environment Council) standards, and international documents relating to atmospheric emission standards were investigated. We conducted structured interviews with public policymakers in the environmental field, with a view to analyzing the opinions of representatives of this distinct segment of society regarding the matter in question. RESULT: Out of 2,530 studies initially selected, only 32 Brazilian and 112 foreign studies were considered to fit within the inclusion criteria established. Among the Brazilian studies, 27 showed that there were adverse effects on human health even at concentrations lower than what is legally permitted, and 18 discussed public policies in some manner. Among the foreign studies, 78 showed that there were adverse effects on human health even at concentrations lower than what is legally permitted, and 13 discussed public policies. The interviewees unanimously stated that there was a need to update the current emission standards and comply with the emissions timetable, and that there was inadequate understanding between the field of healthcare and the adoption of public policy measures. They showed that they were aware of the scientific research that had been conducted and were concerned about the data presented. CONCLUSION: We thus demonstrated that: there is a need for law and epidemiology to combine in order to draw up public guidelines; a need for the populations awareness to be raised, and for emission standards to be changed and the effective participation from public bodies within the policymaking and healthcare sectors. Identification, recognition and acceptance of the complexity and the research data are the cornerstones of the interface between the domains of science, society and politics

Efeitos adversos das emissões geradas pela queim a da cana de açúcar representa um problema que afeta principalmente os países em desenvolvimento. Estudos prévios têm demonstrado que, durante o período de queima, há um aumento das admissões hospitalares e atendimentos de emergência nas cidades do Brasil próximas às plantações de cana. Entretanto, até o momento, não há estudos que avaliaram os efeitos sobre a superfície ocular. O presente trabalho avalia o impacto causado pela queima da cana sobre a superfície ocular e cortadores de cana e na população da região de Tatuí SP. Vinte e dois cortadores de cana e dezenove voluntários do perímetro urbano de Tatuí SP, localizada no Estado de São Paulo, fora recrutados para o estudo. Medidas ambientais das concentrações de aterial particulado de 2,5 (MP2,5), temperatura e umidade fora ensuradas durante os períodos de queima e entresafra. Ao esmo tempo, avaliações histológicas e clínicas da superfície ocular, tais como, citologia de impressão da região tarsal, tempo de rotura do filme lacrimal (TRFL), teste de Schirmer I, colorações vitais por rosa bengala e fluoresceína, bio microscopia e sintomas oculares foram realizadas durante os dois períodos. Níveis de MP2,5 durante a atividade de corte da cana queimada foi 3,5 vezes mais elevados do que o limite de 25 g/3 sugerido pelo órgão de regulamentação.Nas avaliações oculares, observa os que os valores médios das áreas coradas por ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) das amostras dos cortadores fora menores durante o período de queima (57 ±6,8%) do que na entresafra (64,3 ±12%; p=0,014) e quando comparadas com as amostras dos voluntários da cidade (63,9 ±6.8%;p=0,009). Modelo de regressão não linear revela uma forte associação entre os valores médios das áreas PAS positivas e os anos de trabalho no corte da cana queimada. Detectamos um aumento nas áreas PAS positivas conforme os anos de trabalho acumulados no corte da cana queimada durante o período da entresafra (r=0,99;p=0,015).Teste de Schirmer I revela uma diminuição dos valores conforme e os anos de trabalho no corte da cana queimada observados durante o período de quei a.(r=0,99;p=0,026).Valores médios de TRFL dos cortadores de cana durante o periodo de queima (6,48 ±3.47s) fora menores do que na entresafra (10,16 ±7,79) e quando comparadas como TRFL dos voluntários da cidade (8,6 ±4,6s;p<0,05).Não houve diferenças estatísticas e relação às outras variáveis oculares. Nossos resultados sugere que a exposição sazonal às altas concentrações das emissões geradas pela queima da cana de açúcar pode causar efeitos tóxicos sobre a mucosa epitelial e afetar a estabilidade do filme lacrimal, permitindo que o epitélio torne se enos protegido aos agentes deletérios. Por outro lado,a exposição crônica às emissões da cana parece induzir uma resposta adaptativa do epitélio ocular, associado a umaumento da densidade de muco para compensar a perda de células caliciformes durante o período da queima, todos os anos. E conclusão, esses achados reforça a i portância de futuras investigações para melhor compreender as consequências da poluição at osférica sobre a superfície ocular e sugere edidas para proteção da superfície ocular durante este período.
The adverse effects of particle emissions produced by sugar cane burning represent a proble that affects ostly developing countries. Previous studies have shown that, during the burning period, there is an increase in respiratory hospital admissions and emergency room visits in communities surrounded by sugar cane plantations in rural cities of Brazil. However, until this date, nom previous studies have evaluated the effects on the ocular surface. The ai of the present work is to study the impact of the sugar cane burning on the ocular surface of cane workers and the people at the city of Tatuí, near the burning crops. Twenty two healthy sugar cane workers and nineteen volunteers fro Tatuí region located at the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were recruited to the study. Measure ents of the average concentrations of particulate atter 2.5um, temperature and humidity were done during the burning and non burning periods. Concurrently, histological and clinical assessments of the ocular surface such as, inferior tarsal impression cytology, tear film break-up time, Schirmer´s I test, fluorescein and rose bengal staining, biomicroscopy and eye irritation symptoms were evaluated during the two periods. PM2.5 exposure levels in the crops during the activity of burnt cane cutting were 3.5 fold higher than the suggest limit of 25ug/m3 proposed by governmental regulation. On ocular assessments, we observed that the average of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)positive areas of sugar cane workers samples were lower during the burning (mean 57%,SD 6.8) than the non burning period (mean 64.3%,SD 12;p=0.014) and the downtown volunteers samples (mean 63.9%,SD 6.8;p=0.009). A non linear regression model reveals a strong relationship between average PAS positive areas and years working in sugar cane harvesting. We noticed an increase in PAS positive areas as long as the years accumulated in sugar cane harvesting labor during non burning period (r=0.99,p=0.015). Schirmer test t reveals impairment at the values across the years of labour in sugar cane harvesting observed during the burning period (r=0.99,p=0.026). Mean TBUT values of sugar cane workers during the burning period (mean 6.48s; SD 3.47)were lower than non burning period (mean 10.16s;SD 7.79) and than TBUT of the volunteers of downtown (mean 8.6s,SD 4.6;p<0.05). There were no statistically differences among the groups for the other ocular variables. Our results suggest that seasonal exposition of higher concentrations of emissions generated by sugar cane burning ay cause toxic effects on the mucosal epithelium and affect tear film stability that ay leave underlying ocular epithelium less protected to har ful agents. On the other hand, chronic occupational exposure to sugar cane emissions during harvest ay induce an adaptive response of ocular epithelium associated with an increase of mucus density in order to compensate loss of goblet cells every year during burning period. In conclusion, these findings reinforce the importance for further investigations to better understanding the consequences of air pollution on the ocular surface and suggest procedures to protect ocular surface during this period.

Efeitos adversos das emissões geradas pela queima da cana-de-açúcar representa um problema que afeta principalmente os países em desenvolvimento. Estudos prévios têm demonstrado que, durante o período de queima, há um aumento das admissões hospitalares e atendimentos de emergência nas cidades do Brasil próximas às plantações de cana. Entretanto, até o momento, não há estudos que avaliaram os efeitos sobre a superfície ocular. O presente trabalho avalia o impacto causado pela queima da cana sobre a superfície ocular em cortadores de cana e na população da região de Tatuí-SP. Vinte e dois cortadores de cana e dezenove voluntários do perímetro urbano de Tatuí-SP, localizada no Estado de São Paulo, foram recrutados para o estudo. Medidas ambientais das concentrações de material particulado de 2,5 Vm (MP2,5), temperatura e umidade foram mensuradas durante os períodos de queima e entresafra. Ao mesmo tempo, avaliações histológicas e clínicas da superfície ocular, tais como, citologia de impressão da região tarsal, tempo de rotura do filme lacrimal (TRFL), teste de Schirmer I, colorações vitais por rosa bengala e fluoresceína, biomicroscopia e sintomas oculares foram realizadas durante os dois períodos. Níveis de MP2,5 durante a atividade de corte da cana queimada foi 3,5 vezes mais elevados do que o limite de 25Vg/m3 sugerido pelo órgão de regulamentação. Nas avaliações oculares, observamos que os valores médios das áreas coradas por ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) das amostras dos cortadores foram menores durante o período de queima (57±6,8%) do que na entresafra (64,3±12%; p=0,014) e quando comparadas com as amostras dos voluntários da cidade (63,9±6.8%; p=0,009). Modelo de regressão não-linear revela uma forte associação entre os valores médios das áreas PAS positivas e os anos de trabalho no corte da cana queimada. Detectamos um aumento nas áreas PAS positivas conforme os anos de trabalho acumulados no corte da cana queimada durante o período da entresafra (r=0,99; p=0,015). Teste de Schirmer I revela uma diminuição dos valores conforme os anos de trabalho no corte da cana queimada observados durante o período de queima. (r=0,99; p=0,026). Valores médios de TRFL dos cortadores de cana durante o periodo de queima (6,48±3.47s) foram menores do que na entresafra (10,16±7,79) e quando comparadas com o TRFL dos voluntários da cidade (8,6±4,6s; p<0,05). Não houve diferenças estatísticas em relação às outras variáveis oculares. Nossos resultados sugerem que a exposição sazonal às altas concentrações das emissões geradas pela queima da cana-de-açúcar pode causar efeitos tóxicos sobre a mucosa epitelial e afetar a estabilidade do filme lacrimal, permitindo que o epitélio torne-se menos protegido aos agentes deletérios. Por outro lado, a exposição crônica às emissões da cana parece induzir uma resposta adaptativa do epitélio ocular, associado a um aumento da densidade de muco para compensar a perda de células caliciformes durante o período da queima, todos os anos. Em conclusão, esses achados reforçam a importância de futuras investigações para melhor compreender as consequências da poluição atmosférica sobre a superfície ocular e sugere medidas para proteção da superfície ocular durante este período.
The adverse effects of particle emissions produced by sugar cane burning represent a problem that affects mostly developing countries. Previous studies have shown that, during the burning period, there is an increase in respiratory hospital admissions and emergency room visits in communities surrounded by sugar cane plantations in rural cities of Brazil. However, until this date, no previous studies have evaluated the effects on the ocular surface. The aim of the present work is to study the impact of the sugar cane burning on the ocular surface of cane workers and the people at the city of Tatuí, near the burning crops. Twenty-two healthy sugar cane workers and nineteen volunteers from Tatuí region located at the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were recruited to the study. Measurements of the average concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 Vm, temperature and humidity were done during the burning and non-burning periods. Concurrently, histological and clinical assessments of the ocular surface such as, inferior tarsal impression cytology, tear film break-up time, Schirmer´s I test, fluorescein and rose bengal staining, biomicroscopy and eye irritation symptoms were evaluated during the two periods. PM2.5 exposure levels in the crops during the activity of burnt cane cutting were 3.5-fold higher than the suggest limit of 25Vg/m3 proposed by governmental regulation. On ocular assessments, we observed that the average of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive areas of sugar cane workers samples were lower during the burning (mean 57%, SD 6.8) than the non-burning period (mean 64.3%, SD 12; p=0.014) and the downtown volunteers samples (mean 63.9%, SD 6.8; p=0.009). A non-linear regression model reveals a strong relationship between average PAS positive areas and years working in sugar cane harvesting. We noticed an increase in PAS positive areas as long as the years accumulated in sugar cane harvesting labor during non-burning period (r=0.99, p=0.015). Schirmer test t reveals impairment at the values across the years of labour in sugar cane harvesting observed during the burning period (r=0.99, p=0.026). Mean TBUT values of sugar cane workers during the burning period (mean 6.48s; SD 3.47) were lower than non-burning period (mean 10.16s; SD 7.79) and than TBUT of the volunteers of downtown (mean 8.6s, SD 4.6; p<0.05). There were no statistically differences among the groups for the other ocular variables. Our results suggest that seasonal exposition of higher concentrations of emissions generated by sugar cane burning may cause toxic effects on the mucosal epithelium and affect tear film stability that may leave underlying ocular epithelium less protected to harmful agents. On the other hand, chronic occupational exposure to sugar cane emissions during harvest may induce an adaptive response of ocular epithelium associated with an increase of mucus density in order to compensate loss of goblet cells every year during burning period. In conclusion, these findings reinforce the importance for further investigations to better understanding the consequences of air pollution on the ocular surface and suggest procedures to protect ocular surface during this period.

A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) é caracterizada por limitação de troca gasosa e considerada uma doença progressiva, não reversível e associada a uma resposta inflamatória anormal dos pulmões a partículas e gases nocivos, e com implicações extrapulmonares. A fumaça de cigarro (FC) é a principal causa, uma vez que 80% dos casos de DPOC estão associados ao tabagismo. A poluição atmosférica também é considerada um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento, aceleração, exacerbação e mortalidade na DPOC. Além disso, o material particulado resultante da queima do diesel (do inglês,Diesel Exhaust Particle - DEP) é a principal fonte de poluição atmosférica relacionado ao tráfego de veículos. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado efeitos nocivos da fumaça de cigarro e da poluição atmosférica para saúde humana, no entanto, poucos se referem à associação desses dois fatores. Considerando que um fumante em área urbana submete-se cotidianamente aos dois fatores exógenos simultaneamente, avaliamos os efeitos da associação da FC e do DEP proveniente de motores movidos a diesel na cidade de São Paulo, no desenvolvimento do enfisema pulmonar, durante 1, 3 e 6 meses de exposição. Os camundongos foram divididos em quinze grupos: controle (C); veículo (V) (NaCl 0,9%); DEP (30?g DEP em 10?L NaCl 0,9%/dia, 5 dias/semana); FC (expostos à FC 30 min/dia, 5 dias/semana); e FC+DEP. Avaliamos a mecânica respiratória; células inflamatórias no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA); intercepto linear médio (Lm) e morfometria e remodelamento: edema peribroncovascular, MMP-12, Mac-2, elastina e colágeno III. Houve um aumento significativo na resistência das vias aéreas em FC e FC+DEP, comparado ao V e DEP em 6 meses. Observamos aumento do Lm após 6 meses nos grupos FC, DEP e FC+DEP, comparado ao V. O número total de células no LBA e os macrófagos aumentaram após 3 meses de exposição à FC, e após 6 meses à FC ou DEP. No entanto, houve diminuição de células totais em FC+DEP, após 6 meses de exposição, comparado ao V. As células polimorfonucleares nas vias aéreas aumentaram após 3 e 6 meses, principalmente em DEP e FC+DEP. O edema peribroncovascular aumentou no grupo FC+DEP após 1 mês de exposição, em FC e DEP após 3 meses e em FC e FC+DEP após 6 meses. As proporções de elastina aumentaram nos grupos FC, DEP e FC+DEP; de colágeno III somente em FC+DEP; e a densidade de células MMP-12 positivas em FC, DEP e FC+DEP, e Mac-2 em DEP, todos após 6 meses de exposição. Portanto, a instalação da DPOC, com alargamento dos espaços alveolares, ocorreu após 6 meses de exposição independentemente das partículas exógenas inaladas. No entanto, não detectamos piora do enfisema quando os animais receberam inalação de ambos: FC+DEP. A análise do perfil celular mostrou aumento nas células inflamatórias após a exposição de FC ou DEP, por diferentes vias, enquanto a interação de FC+DEP mostrou um efeito aditivo, atenuando o processo inflamatório após os 6 meses de exposição, apesar de sua intensa atuação no remodelamento tecidual. Nosso trabalho corrobora para esclarecimentos dos efeitos aditivos da interação entre FC e DEP, mimetizando um fumante exposto à poluição atmosférica urbana. O esclarecimento sobre essa complexa interação ainda se faz necessário e é um vasto campo de pesquisa em doenças pulmonares
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by limitation of gas exchange and is considered a non-reversible, progressive disease and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to particles and harmful gases, with extrapulmonary symptoms. Cigarette smoke (CS) is the major cause, since 80% of COPD cases are associated with smoke. Also, the air pollution is considered a risk factor in the development, acceleration, exacerbation and mortality of COPD. Moreover, diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are a major source of traffic-related air pollution. Many studies have demonstrated the damaging effects of CS and air pollution on human health; however, few have related the association between the two factors. Considering a smoker in an urban area undergoes daily to this two exogenous agents simultaneously, we evaluated the effects of CS associated to DEP, from diesel-powered engines in the São Paulo city, on emphysema development at 1, 3 and 6 months. Mice were divided into fifteen groups: control (C); vehicle (V) (NaCl 0.9%); DEP (30?g DEP in 10ul NaCl 0.9%/day, 5 days/wk); CS (exposed to CS, 30 minutes/day, 5 days/wk); and CS+DEP. We evaluated respiratory mechanics; inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); mean linear intercept (Lm) and morphometry and remodeling: peribronchovascular edema, MMP-12, Mac-2, elastin and collagen-III. There was a significant increase in airway resistance in CS and CS+DEP compared to group V and DEP at 6 mo. We observed an increase in Lm after 6 mo in the CS, DEP and CS+DEP groups compared to group V. The total number of cells in BALF and macrophage showed an increase at 3 mo of CS exposure and at 6 mo of CS or DEP exposure. However, there was a decrease of the number of total cells at 6 mo in CS+DEP compared to V. Polimorphonuclear cells in airways were increased after 3 and 6 months mainly in the DEP and CS+DEP groups. Peribronchovascular edema was increased in the CS+DEP group after 1 mo, CS and DEP groups after 3 mo and CS and CS+DEP groups after 6 mo. Elastin, increased for the CS, DEP and CS+DEP groups and collagen III only for the CS+DEP group; and the density of MMP-12 positive cells in CS, DEP and CS+DEP, and Mac-2 in DEP, all after 6 months of exposure.Therefore, the onset of COPD, with enlargement of alveolar spaces, occurs after 6 mo of exposure independent of which exogenous particles were inhaled. However, we did not show an impairment in emphysema when animals received both CS+DEP inhalation. Analysis of cell profiles showed an increase in inflammatory cells after CS or DEP exposure, but on different pathways, while interaction of CS+DEP showed an additive effect that attenuated the inflammatory process after 6 mo and that intensively acted on remodeling mechanisms. Our study supports the additives effects of the interaction between CS and DEP, mimicking a smoker exposed to urban air pollution. And reaffirms that this complex interaction still demand more clarification and it is a great field of research in lung disease

O consenso sobre os efeitos prejudiciais da material particulado atmosférico (MP) para a saúde humana é apoiado por um grande número de trabalhos epidemiológicos e experimentais mas a capacidade para definir qual o componente mais importante envolvido em sua toxicidade é dificultado pela sua grande complexidade de composição. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos de diferentes partículas de poluição atmosférica, quanto à origem e quanto a sua composição, sobre o sistema biológico através de 3 experimentos. O efeito do PM2,5 urbano de São Paulo, Brasil, coletado durante greve de ônibus foi avaliada através do TRAD-MN para a mutagenicidade e o teste de inibição de mitose em células meristemáticas da raiz de Allium cepa. para a toxicidade. Utilizamos o palato de rã para avaliar os parâmetros funcionais (transporte mucociliar -TMC, freqüência do batimento ciliar - FBC e diferença de potencial - DP) e morfométricos (espessura do epitélio, produção de muco) do aparelho mucociliar exposto ao ROFA, proveniente de usina siderúrgica e ao PM2,5 urbano. A análise comparativa da composição do PM2,5 através da ativação com nêutrons, fluorescência de raio-X e cromatografia gasosa espectrometria de massa mostrou redução na concentração de elementos traços de metais, redução de enxofre (44,17%) e de orgânicos (39,3%) na amostra de PM2,5 nos filtros coletados no dia de greve que associou-se com redução do dano no DNA. O ROFA induziu dano funcional do aparelho mucociliar (queda do TMC e aumento da FBC) que foi recuperado pela ação de antioxidantes vitamina E e n-Propil galato. O PM2,5 urbano provocou danos funcionais (diminuição do TMC e aumento da FBC) e morfológicos (diminuição da espessura e produção de muco) do epitélio respiratório. A análise comparativa da composição do ROFA e do PM2,5, demonstrou que o ROFA possui composição predominante de ferro (57,729%±0,004%) enquanto o PM2,5 urbano possui composição mais heterogênea, com predominância de enxofre (37,594%±17,930%), ferro (14,490%±6,489%) e silício (13,142%±8,516%) e pequenas quantidade de níquel (0,0336%±0,312%) e vanádio(0,260%±0,006%). Concluímos que substâncias oxidantes presentes no MP possuem papel relevante na injúria do aparelho mucociliar e que os efeitos lesivos do MP sobre os sistemas biológicos são fortemente dependentes de sua composição.
The association between atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and adverse human health effects have been consistently reported in epidemiological and experimental studies however, the ability to define the most important components involved in PM toxicity is hindered by its complex composition. In the present study we decided to further explore the effects of different atmospheric particles due to both source and composition, on the biologic system through 3 experiments. The mutagenicity and toxicity of urban PM2,5 of Sao Paulo, Brazil, from a bus strike day was evaluated by the TRAD-MN assay and inhibition of mitotic rate test of root tips Allium cepa. The frog palate was used to evaluate functional parameters (mucociliary transport ? MCT, ciliary beating frequency - CBF and potential difference ? PD) and morphometric data (epithelium tikness and mucus production) of the mucocliary apparatus exposed to ROFA from an a still plant, and to urban PM2,5. The comparative analysis of PM2,5 composition made by neutrons activation, fluorescence X-ray and gas cromatography/mass spectrometry showed decrease of trace elements, sulfur concentration (44,17%) and organics compounds (39,3%) in relation to the non strike day and was associated to coherent reduction in DNA damage. ROFA induced functional injury of the mucociliary apparatus (decrease of MCT and icrease of CBF) and the presence of antioxidants n-Propyl gallate and E vitamin protected against the mucociliary impairment induced by ROFA exposure. The comparative analysis between ROFA and PM2,5 composition showed that ROFA exhibited predominance of iron while PM2,5 showed heterogeneous composition presenting predominance of sulfur (37,594%±17,930%), iron (14,490%±6,489%) and silicon (13,142%±8,516%) and decrement of nickel (0,0336%±0,312%) and vanadium (0,260%±0,006%). We concluded that PM plays an important role in respiratory injury through oxidative stress and that adverse effects of PM on the biologic systems are strongly dependent on its composition.

INTRODUÇÃO: Vários estudos tem mostrado associação entre a poluição atmosférica e efeitos adversos na gravidez, como baixo peso ao nascer, prematuridade e crescimento intra-uterino retardado. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação existente entre prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer e exposição materna aos contaminantes atmosféricos (partículas inaláveis, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio), no município de Volta Redonda, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Esta coorte histórica, de base populacional, foi composta por todos os nascidos vivos, de mães residentes em Volta Redonda, no período de 2003 a 2006. Os dados sobre nascimento foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), do Ministério da Saúde. Os dados referentes à exposição foram fornecidos pelas estações automáticas de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, instaladas no município e controladas pela Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente (FEEMA). Modelos de regressão logística e linear, ajustados para potenciais fatores de confusão, foram empregados para avaliar a contribuição da poluição do ar sobre o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional. RESULTADOS: O total de nascidos vivos no período estudo foi igual a 13.660 nascimentos. O peso médio (desvio padrão) dos recém-nascidos no período foi de 3162,2 g (561,8). O baixo peso ao nascer representou 9,1% dos nascimentos no período e os casos de prematuros foi equivalente a 7,4%. Após análises de regressão logística, seguindo modelos propostos e ajustes para os fatores de confusão identificados, foi observado aumento do risco de baixo ao nascer relacionado à exposição materna às partículas inaláveis durante os segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Também foi verificado aumento do risco de baixo peso ao nascer associado à exposição materna ao ozônio nos segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Com relação à prematuridade foi encontrado aumento no risco associado à exposição materna ao dióxido de enxofre durante os três trimestres de gestação. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo sugere que exposições a O3, SO2 e PM10, mesmo em concentrações ambientais abaixo dos padrões de qualidade do ar, contribuem para a ocorrência de prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer no município de Volta Redonda. A pesquisa reforçou a necessidade de revisão dos padrões de qualidade do ar em vigência no Brasil, para a garantia da qualidade da saúde da população.
BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown the association between outdoor air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes, related to low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth and intrauterine grow restriction (IUGR). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between low birth weight and preterm delivery and maternal exposure to specific outdoor air contaminants, particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) in Volta Redonda, an industrialized city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: This population-based cohort study comprised all infants born to women resident in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the period of 2003-2006. Birth data used in this retrospective study were obtained from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC) of Brazilian Ministry of Health. Exposure information was provided by air quality monitoring system operated by Environmental Agency for the State of Rio de Janeiro (FEEMA). Logistic and linear models were employed to assess the contribution of air pollution to low birth weight (LBW) and prematurity. RESULTS: The study covered 13660 births occurred from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006. The mean (SD) birth weight was 3162.2 g (561.8), and low birth weight represented 9.1% of all newborns. Prematurity was observed in 7.4% of all newborns. Adjusted relative risk for LBW showed that second and third trimesters maternal exposure to PM10 increased the risk for low birth weight, as well as exposure to O3 increased the risk for LBW in second and third trimesters. We observed a reduction in birth weight due to interquartile increase of O3 in third trimester of pregnancy. We also found dose response relationship between low birth weight and PM10 and O3 during the second and third trimester. In relation to preterm delivery we found an increased risk associated to maternal exposure to SO2 during all three trimesters, as well as we found dose relationships between prematurity and exposure to SO2 in each trimester. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that exposures to O3, SO2 and PM10, even below brazilian air quality standards, contribute to risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery, in the city of Volta Redonda/Brazil. The results highlight the need of revising air quality parameters to guarantee people health.

A poluição atmosférica de São Paulo (SP) pode provocar alterações cardiovasculares em seres humanos e animais experimentais, com maior vulnerabilidade em crianças e fetos. O mecanismo fisiopatológico que explicaria a relação entre a exposição aos poluentes e doenças cardiovasculares não está totalmente estabelecido, sendo que o estresse oxidativo pode estar ligado ao dano e morte celular. Há evidências de que o dano oxidativo pelo mecanismo da peroxidação lipídica pode estar relacionado às causas de diversas cardiovasculopatias. Estudamos o efeito da exposição ao ar ambiental nos níveis de peroxidação lipídica no coração de camundongos nos períodos pré e pós-natal. Os animais foram mantidos em duas câmaras de exposição, uma recebendo ar ambiente e outra ar filtrado, em quatro diferentes grupos: 1) LL: gestados e crescidos em câmara com ar filtrado, 2) PP: gestados e crescidos em câmara com ar poluído de SP, 3) PL: gestados na câmara poluída e crescidos na limpa, e 4) LP: gestados na câmara limpa e crescidos na poluída. A peroxidação lipídica do miocárdio foi avaliada tanto pelo método TBA como por imunohistoquímica para 15-F2t-isoprostano. As concentrações de malondialdeído (MDA, indicador de peroxidação lipídica) foi maior nos animais PP quando comparados aos LL (p = 0,004) e PL (p = 0,026), e não mostrou diferença significativa em relação ao grupo LP (p = 0,894). Os valores de MDA para animais PL e LP mostraram-se equivalentes (p = 0,168). Chama a atenção que o grupo PL apresentou um valor de MDA maior que o LL (p = 0,026). A fração de volume de miocárdio marcada imunohistoquimicamente para 15- F2t-isoprostano apresentou valores maior em PL (p = 2,884x10-5), LP (p = 6,632x10-6) e PP (p = 5,45x10-8) que em LL. O valor de PP foi maior que os de PL e LP (p = 3,661x10-4 e 1,058x10-3, respectivamente), sendo esses últimos equivalentes entre si (p = 0,624). A análise ultra-estrutural mostrou de maneira consistente a presença de lisossomos secundários contendo estruturas lipídicas membranosas nos grupos LP e PP. A porcentagem média de arteríolas com área entre 200 e 1000 ?m² em relação ao número total de vasos de cada grupo foi maior no grupo PP do que nos grupos LL e PL (p=0,0387 e p=0,0362, respectivamente). Estes resultados sugerem que existem altos níveis de peroxidação lipídica no tecido cardíaco dos animais expostos ao ar ambiental de SP. Chama a atenção o fato de que a exposição intra-uterina ter implicado em níveis maiores de estresse oxidativo na fase adulta, mesmo com a melhoria das condições ambientais. Comparam-se estes achados no miocárdio a outros resultados da literatura.
I t is well known that air pollution exposure in São Paulo can elicit cardiovascular injuries in humans and experimental animals and that children and fetuses appear to be particularly vulnerable. However, the mechanisms involved in this cardiovascular damage are not well understood. It has been suggested that the oxidative stress generated by air pollution exposure can trigger tissue injury. There is evidence supporting the idea that injury caused by lipid peroxidation may be related to the causes of several cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to urban air pollution on the myocardium lipid peroxidation levels of adult mice. Myocardium lipid peroxidation was determined by the TBA method and by the detection of 15-F2t-isoprostan by immunohistochemical technique. The animals were placed in two chambers: one received air that passed through an air filter (clean) and the second received ambient air (polluted), according to four different exposure procedures: 1) Clean (CC): prenatal and postnatal in the clean chamber (control group), 2) Polluted (PP): prenatal and posnatal in the polluted chamber, 3) Polluted-clean (PC): prenatal in the polluted and posnatal in the clean chamber and 4) Clean-polluted (CP): prenatal in the clean and posnatal in the polluted chamber. The concentration of of malondialdehyde (MDA, a indicator of lipid peroxidation) was higher in group PP compared to CC (p = 0.004) and to PC (p = 0.026), and was not different of group CP (p = 0.894). The values of MDA for groups PC and CP turned to be equal (p = 0.168). Interestingly, group PC had a higher value of MDA than group CC (p = 0.026). The volume fraction of myocardium with detection of 15-F2tisoprostane is higher in PC (p = 2.884x10-5), CP (p = 6.632x10-6) and PP (p = 5.45x10-8) than in CC. The value of PP in higher than those of PC and CP (p = 3.661x10-4 and 1.058x10-3, respectively), while the latter two were equal to each other (p = 0.624). ). The mean ratio of arterioles wiht lumen area between 200 and 1000?m² to the total number of vessels in each group was higher in PP than in CC and PC (p=0.0387 and p=0.0362, respectively). These results, which suggest that exposure to air pollution is associated to higher levels of lipid peroxidation in the myocardium, are compared to other results previously published about respiratory and reproductive alterations related to pollution. Interestingly, the increased levels of lipid peroxidation in the PC group gives evidence that the prenatal exposure to urban air pollution can be linked to cardiovascular effects in adult life.

O etanol de cana-de-açúcar se consolida como combustível renovável, o que promove nova expansão da cultura da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e, principalmente, no Estado de São Paulo. Como a queima prévia controlada da palha de cana-de-açúcar ainda é considerada uma prática agrícola necessária para a viabilização econômica da colheita, em mais de 70% dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo a população é obrigada a conviver com essa poluição. Para estudar a distribuição desse fator de risco e sua relação com a saúde, realizei um estudo epidemiológico ecológico nos 645 municípios de São Paulo. Usei um modelo Bayesiano de regressão multivariada relacionando os efeitos na saúde com a exposição à queima prévia da palha de cana-de-açúcar, sendo controlados os efeitos das variações socioeconômicas (saneamento, educação e renda) e climáticas (temperatura máxima, umidade mínima e precipitação), através da inserção das mesmas no modelo. O efeito sobre a saúde foi medido por meio da Razão de Mortalidade e Morbidade Padronizada (RMP) dos desfechos: óbitos por doenças respiratórias nas faixas etárias acima de 65 anos e internações por doença respiratória, nas faixas etárias menores de 5 anos e acima de 65 anos de cada um dos municípios. Usei como medida de exposição à queima prévia dados obtidos no INPE: percentual da área de cana colhida com queima (PMQ), níveis médios de Aerossol e Focos de queima, testadas separadamente. Para resolver a autocorrelação entre os dados, estes foram considerados conforme sua disposição espacial, através da construção de uma matriz de vizinhança dos 645 municípios do Estado. Utilizei o método de simulação de Monte Carlo via Cadeias de Markov (MCMC) para \'suavizar\' as estimativas da RMP. A análise demonstrou que existe associação entre a queima prévia da palha de cana-de-açúcar e a ocorrência de doenças respiratórias, porque o aumento nos focos de queima (Focos) esteve associado significativamente com o aumento das internações por doenças respiratórias, na faixa etária de menores de cinco anos. Os resultados mostraram que a queima prévia da palha da cana-de-açúcar oferece efetivamente risco à saúde da população e, adicionados aos mapas coropléticos gerados, oferecem subsídios para a vigilância epidemiológica e contribuem para o estabelecimento de políticas públicas para controle da poluição do ar, que contemplem além dos grandes centros urbanos, os pequenos municípios. A eliminação desse fator de risco deve fazer parte das medidas primordiais de prevenção à saúde a serem adotadas no Estado
Ethanol from sugarcane is consolidated as a renewable fuel which promotes further expansion of the culture of sugarcane in Brazil and especially in the State of São Paulo. As the controlled pre-harvest burning of sugarcane straw is still considered an agricultural practice necessary for the economic viability of this crop in more than 70% of municipalities in the State of São Paulo the population is forced to live with this pollution. To study the distribution of this risk factor and its relationship with the health of the population, I conducted an ecological study in the 645 municipalities of São Paulo. I used a Bayesian multivariate regression model relating the health effects and the exposure to previous straw burning of sugarcane, controlling the effects of socioeconomic factors (sanitation, education and income) and climate (maximum temperature, minimum humidity and precipitation) by the insertion of these variables in the model. The effect on health was measured by Standardized Mortality and Morbidity Ratio (SMR) of the outcomes: deaths from respiratory diseases in the age group above 65 years old and admissions for respiratory disease in children less than 5 years old and above 65 years old of each of the municipalities. I used as a measure of exposure to the pre-harvest burning data obtained at INPE: percent of sugarcane area harvest with burning (PMQ), levels of Aerosol and Spotlights of burning, tested separately. To solve the autocorrelation in the data these were considered as their spatial arrangement, by building a neighborhood matrix of the 645 municipalities in the state. I used the Markov Chain-Monte Carlo simulation method (MCMC) to \'soften\' the estimates of the SMR. The analysis showed that there is an association between previous straw burning of sugarcane and respiratory diseases, because the increase in outbreaks of burning (Spotlights) was significantly associated with increased hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children aged under five years old. The results show that the previous straw burning of sugarcane effectively offers health risk to the population and added to the choropleth maps generated provide valuable information for epidemiological surveillance and contribute to the establishment of public policies for the control of air pollution, which should contemplate beyond the major urban centers, the small towns. The elimination of this risk factor should be part of a primordial prevention measure to be taken in the state

博士
高雄醫學大學
醫學研究所
91
The tiny island of Taiwan is densely populated and the distances between industrial districts and residential regions are commonly short. Therefore, comparatively speaking, it is even more important to investigate the effects of air pollution on adverse health outcomes in Taiwan. 　　The objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether women living in the specific air-polluted vicinity are highly correlated with increasing incidences of preterm births, and (2) to investigate whether air pollution is associated with daily mortality and daily hospital admission for stroke. 　　In a vicinity of industrial districts where emission levels of air contaminants from multiple sources including petrochemical, petroleum, steel and shipbuilding industries, we found that the prevalence of delivery of preterm birth infants was significantly higher in comparing the control regions. After controlling for several possible confounders (including maternal age, season, marital status, maternal education, infant gender and birthplace), the adjusted odds ratio was 1.11 (95% CI=1.02-1.21) for delivery of preterm infants in this industrial area. 　　Moreover, the prevalence of delivery of preterm birth infants was also significantly higher in mothers living within 0-3 km of thermal power plants compared to mothers living within 3-4 km. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.14 (95% CI=1.01-1.30). 　　To examine the relationship between air pollution and daily mortality/hospital admission in Kaohsiung, the largest industrial city in Taiwan, we used a case-crossover design which is an alternative to Poisson time series regression for studying the short-term adverse health effects of air pollution. For the period of 1994-2000, no significant effects were found between five pollutants (PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, O3) and non-accidental deaths, respiratory-related deaths and cardiovascular disease deaths. 　　For the period of 1997-2000, statistically significant positive associations were found between levels of PM10, NO2, CO, and O3, and both intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke (IHS) and ischemic stroke (IS) admissions on warm days (20C) in the single pollutant models. On cool days (<20C), only CO levels and IS admissions were significantly associated. The two-pollutant models, PM10 and NO2 remained consistently and significantly associated with admissions for both types of stroke on warm days. We observed estimated relative risks of 1.552 (1.336-1.804) and 1.589 (1.364-1.852) for IHS for each interquartile range increase in PM10 and NO2. The values for IS were 1.461 (1.323-1.613) and 1.545 (1.398-1.708) respectively. 　　Our data provide further supports for the hypothesis that air pollution can affect the outcome of pregnancy, although a semi-ecological study cannot confirm a direct causal relationship. 　　The factors such as differences in meteorological condition, pollutant mixtures or underlying health of the population may explain the lack of a strong association between air pollution levels and daily mortality in Kaohsiung. Further studies of this type in cities with varying climates and cultures are needed. Nevertheless, this study provides an association between exposure to air pollution and hospital admissions for stroke.

Air pollution is one of the leading environmental problems of the 21st century, and the rise of global urbanization has increasingly exacerbated air pollution’s public health impact. Existing epidemiologic studies have tackled the relationship between air pollution and health from a variety of perspectives, but many areas of research remain lacking, including studies originating from developing countries, the assessment of exposure windows and sensitivity of modeling choices, and a better understanding of the climate change impacts on air pollution and health. In this dissertation, I address all of the issues mentioned above. Chapter 1 formally introduces the topics of this dissertation and summarizes background information on several major air pollutants. It then provides an overview of existing research on air pollution epidemiology and describes key knowledge gaps. In Chapter 2, we conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature for data on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China, where historical PM2.5 data are not widely available prior to 2013. Using the 574 PM2.5 measurements we identified from the literature, we detected differences in PM2.5 levels across both geographic and economic regions of China. In Chapter 3, we investigate the associations between short- and intermediate-term exposure of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and mortality in 42 counties in China from 2013 to 2015, and find evidence of significant associations up to seven days prior to exposure. In Chapter 4, we investigate the association between PM2.5 and hospitalizations in New York State using five separate exposure datasets from 2002 to 2012. We find that despite some fluctuations in effect estimates, the majority of models yielded consistently significantly harmful associations. In Chapter 5, we utilize a global chemistry-climate model to project ozone levels in 2050 under a variety of emissions scenarios and quantify the mortality impact associated with changes in ozone concentrations between 2015 and 2050 according to each scenario. We find that under climate change alone and adherence to current legislation, ozone-related deaths would increase. However, under a best-case scenario of maximum technologically feasible reductions in emissions, over 300,000 premature deaths related to ozone can be avoided. Finally, Chapter 6 summarizes the findings of this dissertation and discusses potential directions in future research. While much work remains to be done, this dissertation work takes an important step forward in closing existing knowledge gaps in the field of air pollution epidemiology. More importantly, we hope that our work sends a strong public health message on the importance of continuing research on air pollution and health.

研究背景：顆性空氣污染物（PM₁₀）的危害作用已經為許多病學研究所證實。有學者認為，空氣動學直徑小於2.5 微米的細顆（PM₂.₅）和空氣動學直徑介於2.5 和10 微米之間的粗顆（PMc）屬於種同的污染物，應當分別測。區分粗、細顆的健康效應將為今後分別制訂有關粗、細顆的空氣質標準提供依據。同時，空氣污染物是由顆污染物和氣態污染物構成的複雜混合物，二者之間存在一定程上的合或交互作用。
研究目的：以每天心血管系統、呼吸系統疾病急性入院人為研究結局，區別估計顆污染物PM₁₀ 中粗、細顆的健康危害作用，并探討PM₁₀與氣態污染物（二氧化氮，NO₂；二氧化，SO₂；臭氧，O₃）的交互作用。
研究方法：收集香港1998 1 月至2007 12 月每天心腦血管疾病、呼吸系統疾病急性入院人，日均污染物濃，日均氣溫、相對濕等資，採用時間序分析的研究方法，應用Poisson 廣義相加模型分析顆污染物中粗、細顆的同健康效應。同時應用三個平的時間序研究模型（雙變反應面模型、合效應模型和分層模型）探討顆污染物和氣態污染物之間潛在的交互作用。
研究結果：研究發現，在校正PM₂.₅的影響后，PMc 對呼吸系統疾病導致的急性入院作用顯著，但對心腦血管疾病引起的急性入院則無明顯作用。在雙污染物（PMc 和PM₂.₅）模型中，空氣中每一個IQR（四分位間距）的PM[subscript c] 和PM₂.₅濃的增加將使每天急性呼吸系統疾病入院分別增加1.05% (95% CI: 0.19%, 1.91%)和1.81% (95% CI: 0.78%,2.87%)，使急性心腦血管疾病入院分別改變 -0.16% (95% CI: -1.07%,0.76%) 和1.86% (95% CI: 0.85%, 2.88%)。研究發現某種程6 的顆污染物和氣態污染物的交互作用。在NO₂ 或SO₂ 高水平（NO₂ 濃高於64.4μg/m³ 或 SO₂ 濃高於20.9μg/m³）的日子，PM₁₀ 對急性心臟疾病入院的影響高於NO₂ 或SO₂ 低、中水平的日子；而在臭氧高水平（O₃濃高於46.8μg/m³）的日子，PM₁₀ 對急性呼吸和循環系統疾病入院的作用低於O₃ 中、低水平的日子。
研究結：粗、細顆污染物對呼吸系統疾病的危害均作用顯著且相對獨，但對循環系統疾病的危害作用則主要體現於細顆污染物。同時，顆性污染物的健康危害可能被空氣中的氣態污染物水平所修飾：研究發現PM₁₀ 與NO₂ 或SO₂ 之間的協同作用，以及PM₁₀ 與O₃ 之間的拮抗作用。
BACKGROUND: The adverse effects of particulate matter (PM) air pollution have been confirmed by many epidemiological studies. Fine and coarse particles should be considered as separate classes of pollutants and measured separately. Differentiating the effects of fine (PM₂.₅, particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and coarse particles (PM[subscript c], particles with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 microns) would help in the future to support a PM[subscript c] standard. Meanwhile, ambient air pollution is a complex mixture of PM and gaseous pollutants. PM might interact with gaseous pollutants to affect the population health.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To differentiate the effects of fine and coarse fractions of PM₁₀ and to explore the possible interaction between PM₁₀ and gaseous pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, NO₂; sulfur dioxide, SO₂; ozone, O₃) on emergency hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory diseases in Hong Kong.
METHODS: This is a time series study. Daily counts of emergency hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory diseases, daily mean air pollution concentrations and weather conditions were collected from January 1998 to December 2007 in Hong Kong. We used generalized additive Poisson model with log link allowing overdispersion and autocorrelation to examine the differential effects of PM₂.₅ and PM[subscript c]. Three parallel time series approaches (bivariate response surface model, joint effect model and parametric stratified model) were used to explore the possible interactions between PM₁₀ and gaseous pollutants.
MAIN RESULTS: The associations between PM[subscript c] and emergency hospital admissions were statistically significant for respiratory diseases but not for circulatory diseases. In two-pollutant (PM₂.₅and PM[subscript c]) model, an interquartile range increase in the 4-day moving average (lag₀₃) concentrations of PM[subscript c] and PM₂.₅ corresponded to 1.05% (95% CI: 0.19%, 1.91%) and 1.81% (95% CI: 0.76%, 2.87%) increase of respiratory admissions, respectively. The effect estimates of PM₂.₅and PM[subscript c] remained robust when adjusting for gaseous pollutants. Meanwhile, an interquartile range increase in lag₀₁ concentrations of PM[subscript c] and PM₂.₅was associated with -0.16% (95% CI: -1.07%, 0.76%) and 1.86% (95% CI: 0.85%, 2.88%) change of circulatory admissions, respectively. Some interactions between PM₁₀ and gaseous pollutants were found. The effects of PM₁₀ on circulatory hospitalizations were greatest during the days when NO₂ or SO₂ concentrations were high (the 3rd tertile, NO₂>64.4 or SO₂>20.9μg/m³). The effects of PM₁₀ on both respiratory and circulatory admissions were greatest during the days when O₃ concentrations were in low to medium levels (<=46.8μg/m³).
CONCLUSION: We found PM[subscript c] to be associated with emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases independent of the effect of PM₂.₅, but not for circulatory diseases in Hong Kong. The effects of PM₁₀ on cardio-respiratory hospital admissions were modified by gaseous pollutants. There were synergetic interactions between PM₁₀ and NO₂ or SO₂ on cardiac hospitalizations and antagonistic interactions between PM₁₀ and ozone on cardio-respiratory hospitalizations. These findings provide supportive evidence for a future PM[subscript c] regulation and contribute to the development of a multipollutant air quality management.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Qiu, Hong = 顆粒污染物對人群健康的短期效應 : 時間序列研究 / 邱宏.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-137).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.
Qiu, Hong = Ke li wu ran wu dui ren qun jian kang de duan qi xiao ying : shi jian xu lie yan jiu / Qiu Hong.
Abstract (English) --- p.v
Abstract (Chinese) --- p.viii
List of Contents --- p.x
List of Tables --- p.xiv
List of Figures --- p.xvi
List of Abbreviation --- p.xviii
Acknowledgements --- p.xix
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.5
Chapter 2.1. --- Review on the differential health effects of fine and coarse particles --- p.5
Chapter 2.1.1 --- A brief description of particulate matter air pollution --- p.5
Chapter 2.1.2 --- The objective of this part of literature review --- p.7
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Methods --- p.8
Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Inclusion and exclusion criteria of studies/papers --- p.8
Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Search terms and keywords --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- Information abstracted --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Results --- p.10
Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- Short-term effects of PM₂.₅and PM[subscript c] on mortality --- p.10
Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- Short-term effects of PM₂.₅and PM[subscript c] on morbidity --- p.14
Chapter 2.1.4.3 --- Biological mechanisms underlying the differential effects of PM₂.₅and PM[subscript c] --- p.18
Chapter 2.1.5 --- Conclusion remarks --- p.19
Chapter 2.1.5.1 --- Health effects of PM₂.₅and PM[subscript c] on mortality --- p.19
Chapter 2.1.5.2 --- Health effects of PM₂.₅and PM[subscript c] on morbidity --- p.20
Chapter 2.2. --- Review on the joint effects/interactions of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants --- p.21
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Concept of Interaction --- p.21
Chapter 2.2.2 --- The objective of this part of literature review --- p.21
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Methods --- p.22
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Search terms and key words --- p.22
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Information abstract --- p.22
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Results --- p.23
Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Studies on the interaction between particulate matter and gaseous pollutants --- p.23
Chapter 2.2.4.1.1 --- Studies on the interaction between PM₁₀ and NO₂ --- p.23
Chapter 2.2.4.1.2 --- Studies on the interaction between PM₁₀ and O₃ --- p.24
Chapter 2.2.4.1.3 --- Studies on the interaction between PM and SO₂ --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.4.1.4 --- Modifiers identified through multicity study --- p.30
Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Methodology used to detect interaction in time series studies --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.4.2.1 --- Nonparametric bivariable response surface model --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.4.2.2 --- Non-stratification interaction model --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.4.2.3 --- Parametric stratified model --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.4.2.4 --- Time series classification and regression tree (CART) model --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Biological mechanisms of interaction between pollutants --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Conclusion remarks --- p.38
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Differential health effects of fine and coarse particles --- p.39
Chapter 3.1 --- Objectives --- p.39
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.39
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Data on particulate pollutants and meteorology variables --- p.39
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Data on emergency hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory diseases --- p.40
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Statistical models --- p.42
Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Core model set up --- p.42
Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Single-pollutant and two-pollutant models --- p.44
Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Concentration-response relationship --- p.45
Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Sensitivity analysis --- p.46
Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Location of Tsuen Wan station, Tsuen Wan region --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Air pollution concentrations and meteorological factors --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Emergency hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory diseases --- p.50
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Regression results and Sensitivity analysis --- p.51
Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Effects of coarse particulate matter on emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases --- p.51
Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Differential effects of fine and coarse particles on emergency hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases --- p.56
Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.61
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Main findings of this study --- p.61
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Compared with findings from the literature --- p.62
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Exposure windows selection and possible misclassification --- p.64
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Sensitivity analyses of main findings --- p.65
Chapter 3.4.5 --- Biological mechanisms of the differential effects of fine and coarse particles --- p.67
Chapter 3.4.6 --- Limitations of this study --- p.68
Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion and recommendations --- p.69
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Joint effects/Interactions of PM₁₀ and gaseous pollutants --- p.70
Chapter 4.1 --- Objectives --- p.70
Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.70
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Data on air pollution and meteorology variables --- p.70
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Data on emergency hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory diseases --- p.71
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Statistical models --- p.72
Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Core model set up --- p.72
Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Three parallel time series models --- p.73
Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.76
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Air pollution concentrations and meteorological factors --- p.76
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Emergency hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory diseases --- p.79
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Results from single-pollutant model --- p.81
Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Pollution effects on emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases --- p.81
Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Pollution effects on emergency hospital admissions for circulatory diseases --- p.83
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Joint effects/Interactions between PM₁₀ and NO₂ on cardio-respiratory hospitalizations --- p.85
Chapter 4.3.5 --- Joint effects/Interactions between PM₁₀ and O₃ on cardio-respiratory hospitalizations --- p.91
Chapter 4.3.6 --- Joint effects/Interactions between PM₁₀ and SO₂ on cardio-respiratory hospitalizations --- p.96
Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.102
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Main findings --- p.102
Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Effect estimates compared with previous Hong Kong studies --- p.102
Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Interactions between particulate matter and gaseous pollutants --- p.103
Chapter 4.4.1.2.1 --- Interactions between PM₁₀ and NO₂ on cardiac hospitalizations --- p.103
Chapter 4.4.1.2.2 --- Interactions between PM₁₀ and O₃ on cardio-respiratory hospitalizations --- p.109
Chapter 4.4.1.2.3 --- Interactions between PM₁₀ and SO₂ on cardiac hospitalizations --- p.113
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Strengths and limitations of this study --- p.116
Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion and recommendations --- p.119
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Concluding remarks --- p.120
References List --- p.122
Chapter Appendix --- Relevant Publications and Submitted/Drafted Papers --- p.138

Lau Wing-Ngar Vivian.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-144).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Abbreviations --- p.vi
List of figures --- p.viii
List of tables --- p.xi
Contents --- p.xiii
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- General introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Roadside air pollution worldwide and in Hong Kong --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Air quality in Hong Kong --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Characteristics of particulate matter --- p.9
Chapter 1.4 --- Composition and sources of particulate matter --- p.11
Chapter 1.5 --- Toxic effects of particulate matter --- p.12
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Lung injury --- p.12
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Cardiovascular injury --- p.15
Chapter 1.5.3 --- Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis --- p.16
Chapter 1.6 --- Aims of my study --- p.16
Chapter 2 --- Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals Ions on Selected Cultured Cell-lines --- p.18
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Metals --- p.18
Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Cadmium --- p.22
Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Chromium --- p.23
Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Lead --- p.25
Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- Zinc --- p.26
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Metallothioneins --- p.28
Chapter 2.1.3 --- p53 --- p.31
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) --- p.32
Chapter 2.1.5 --- Aims of this chapter --- p.32
Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cultured Cell lines --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- PU5-18 --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- LL24 --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- HBE4-E6/E7 --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cytotoxicity assays --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.4 --- ELISA assays --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- ELISA assay ofp53 levels --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- ELISA assay of TNF-α levels --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.5 --- MT gene expression studies by Luciferase assay --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- PCR amplification --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- 5´ة End modification of PCR amplified DNA --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Ligation of DNA fragment to linearized vector --- p.46
Chapter 2.2.5.4 --- E. coli. transformation by heat shock --- p.46
Chapter 2.2.5.5 --- PCR sequencing --- p.47
Chapter 2.2.5.6 --- Transfection of plasmid into HBE4-E6/E7 cells --- p.49
Chapter 2.2.5.7 --- Data analysis --- p.50
Chapter 2.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.51
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Cytotoxicity assays --- p.51
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Combination effects of metals on cytotoxicity --- p.61
Chapter 2.3.3 --- p53 --- p.65
Chapter 2.3.4 --- TNF-α --- p.68
Chapter 2.3.5 --- MT gene expression studies by Luciferase assay --- p.69
Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.74
Chapter 3 --- Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Cultured Cell-lines --- p.75
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.75
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.79
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.79
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Cell culture --- p.79
Chapter 3.2.3 --- AlamarBlue assay --- p.80
Chapter 3.2.4 --- EROD assay --- p.80
Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.84
Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.88
Chapter 4 --- Chemical and Biological Assays on Roadside Dust --- p.89
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.89
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Composition of particulate matter in Hong Kong --- p.89
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Metal contents of particulate matter in Hong Kong --- p.91
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Possible adverse health impacts of particulate matter --- p.94
Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- In vitro studies using different cell models --- p.94
Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- In vivo studies using rodents --- p.97
Chapter 4.1.3.3 --- Epidemiological studies --- p.98
Chapter 4.1.4 --- Aims of this chapter --- p.100
Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.101
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sampling of roadside dust --- p.101
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Chemical analysis of roadside dust --- p.104
Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.104
Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Total metal contents --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Extractable metal contents --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Biological assays --- p.105
Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Cell models --- p.106
Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Pretreatment of roadside dust --- p.106
Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- AlamarBlue assay --- p.106
Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- ELISA assays --- p.108
Chapter 4.2.3.5 --- Luciferase assay --- p.108
Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.110
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Total metal contents --- p.110
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Extractable metal contents --- p.113
Chapter 4.3.3 --- AlamarBlue assay --- p.116
Chapter 4.3.4 --- p53 --- p.122
Chapter 4.3.5 --- TNF-α --- p.122
Chapter 4.3.6 --- Luciferase assay --- p.126
Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.129
Chapter 5 --- General discussion and conclusion --- p.130
Chapter 6 --- References --- p.135

He, Qiqiang.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-154).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

In conclusion, the current air pollution levels in Hong Kong had a risk for school children's respiratory and cardiovascular health. In comparison between the highly- and least-polluted districts, a rise of 8 mug/m 3 annual mean for PM10 concentration was significantly associated with increased risks for some respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, cough, and phlegm, with decreased lung function in FEF25-75% and FEF75%, and with decreased cardiopulmonary fitness in predicted VO2max, after adjustment for confounding factors. An increase of 13 mug/m3 annual mean for NO2 in the moderately-polluted district did not individually cause adverse effects on children's respiratory and cardiopulmonary health. Physical activity appears to have no positive health effects on the children's VO2max in moderately- and highly-polluted districts.
In the past year preceding the study (May 2003 to April 2004), the annual means for PM10, NO2, SO2 and O3 were respectively 55.1 mug/m3, 51.4 mug/m3, 15.4 mug/m3, and 42.5 mug/m3 in the least-polluted district (LPD); 56.3 mug/m3, 64.7 mug/m3, 15.2 mug/m3, and 35.2 mug/m3 in the moderately-polluted district (MPD); and 63.8 mug/m3, 64.1 mug/m3, 22.2 mug/m3, and 31.7 mug/m3 in the highly-polluted district (HPD). The 99th percentiles were 178 mug/m3, 158 mug/m 3, 104 mug/m3, and 140 mug/m3 in the LPD; 169 mug/m3, 181 mug/m3, 106 mug/m 3, and 113 mug/m3 in the MPD; and 226 mug/m 3, 177 mug/m3, 140 mug/m3, and 137 mug/m 3 in the HPD. The average daily 1-h maximum O3 (peak O 3) was 83.7 mug/m3 in the LPD, 73.6 mug/m 3 in the MPD, and 64.8 mug/m3 in the HPD.
Lung function indices included FVC, FEV1, FEV 1/FVC, FEF25-75%, FEF25%, and FEF75%. Children in the HPD had lower FEV 1/FVC, FEF25-75%, and FEF25% than those in both the LPD and MPD, after controlling for their corresponding confounders. In comparison between the LPD and HPD, the adjusted mean differences for FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75%, and FEF25% were respectively 1.39%, 85 ml, and 113 ml in boys, and 1.60%, 86 ml, and 225 ml in girls. In addition, the decreased FEF75% of HPD was found in boys (62 ml) but not in girls. When comparing the MPD with LPD, the increased FEF25% was observed in girls in the LPD (158 ml), whereas boys in the LPD had lower FEF75% than those in the MPD (81 ml). There were no significant differences in children's FVC and FEV1 between districts.
The multistage fitness test (MFT) with the Matsuzaka's function was employed to predict cardiopulmonary fitness (VO2max) of children. After adjustment for the factors, girls in the LPD had significantly higher VO 2max than those in the MPD and HPD by 0.19 and 0.75 ml·kg -1 ·min-1 respectively. The VO 2max among boys in the LPD was 0.48 ml·kg-1 ·min -1 higher than those in the HPD. When we compared the VO 2max between students in MPD and HPD, higher VO2max in both boys and girls in the MPD were observed---by 0.49 and 0.56 ml·kg -1 ·min-1 respectively. In LPD, significantly higher VO2max values were observed in both boys and girls who were physically active (children who took part in sports and/or vigorous free play at least three times a week for at least 30 minutes each time) compared with those who were not (0.71 and 0.65 ml·kg-1 ·min -1 respectively), but those differences in VO2max among students in MPD and HPD were small and insignificant.
There were totally 2,641 (82.9%) children who participated in the study, and 2,203 participants were involved in analyses. After adjustment for confounding factors, girls living in the HPD had significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for wheezing without cold (4.75), cough at night (1.71), phlegm without cold (3.61), compared with those in the LPD. Boys in the HPD had increased OR only for phlegm without cold (1.88). When comparing the MPD with LPD, the adjusted OR for cough at night achieved significance in girls (1.74) and marginal significance in boys (1.40). Sneeze with itchy-watery eyes and current/ever allergic rhinitis had negative associations with district. In comparison with LPD, the decreased OR for sneeze with itchy-watery eye in girls in HPD (0.65) reached statistical significance. Both boys and girls in MPD had significantly decreased ORs for current allergic rhinitis (0.72 and 0.50 respectively) and for ever allergic rhinitis (0.74 and 0.55 respectively). There were no significant differences in the prevalence rates of asthma and bronchitis between districts.
To explore associations between air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular health of school children, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 3,186 primary school children in P3 and P4 from three districts with different air pollution levels in Hong Kong during March to June in 2004.
Gao Yang.
"August 2005."
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6339.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-154).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.