Thematische Bibliographien / Adverse effects of light pollution

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Adverse effects of light pollution“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 11. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Adverse effects of light pollution"

Tang, Liang. „Light at Night: A New Kind of Environment Pollution“. Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.636.

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Light pollution is increasing recognized as having adverse effects on human and environment. This paper analyzes the sources and causes of the formation of light pollution, and explores the negative impacts of light pollution on ecological systems, human health and energy consumptions. At last, we propose some suggestions for the prevention of light pollution.

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Crawford, David. „The Effects of Light Pollution on Amateur Astronomy“. International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092332.

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AbstractThe rapid increase in urban lighting, with the resultant increase in sky glow due to this lighting, has already severely affected both professional and amateur astronomy. It is not possible to observe as faint as was possible in the past from sites anywhere near large cities. Even those sites near smaller cities are compromised.There are other adverse effects of outdoor lighting. One in particular affects amateur astronomers (more than professionals, in fact). That is light trespass from a (usually) nearby source shining directly into the amateur’s observatory. It ruins dark adaption and can even affect photographic or photoelectric observations.Astronomers are pushing for communities and individuals to apply “solutions”, which can help greatly. These are: use the correct amount of light for the lighting task, not overkill; use controls on the lighting, such as shielding and correct placement (direct the light downward), and time controls; use low pressure sodium light sources whenever possible (especially in the vicinity of professional observing sites).Without the widespread application of such solutions, amateurs, professionals, and even the general public will likely lose forever their superb view of the universe, as seen from a prime dark sky site. These solutions also maximize the quality of any lighting installation, often at lower cost than bad lighting.

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Costero, R. „Light Pollution at the Astronomical Observatories in Mexico“. International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100003663.

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There are three astronomical observatories in Mexico working on research programs. The oldest one is located at Tonantzintla, Puebla; the largest is at San Pedro Martir, Baja California; and the youngest, not yet in full operation, at Cananea, Sonora. The one at Tonantzintla suffers, by far, the largest light pollution problems; that at San Pedro Martir has the darkest skies but is relatively close to regions of potential touristic and mining developments. In this paper we summarize the existing and potential polluting problems arising from manmade light sources near those observatories, and suggest some possible steps to be taken in order to minimize their adverse effects on astronomical observations.

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Guanglei, Wu, Jack Ngarambe und Gon Kim. „A Comparative Study on Current Outdoor Lighting Policies in China and Korea: A Step toward a Sustainable Nighttime Environment“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 14 (23.07.2019): 3989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143989.

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Light pollution is a serious environmental issue with many adverse effects on human health and the ecosystem as a whole. Accordingly, many countries have issued laws and regulations to limit the effects of artificial lighting at night (ALAN). The Republic of Korea and China are among the few countries that have drafted laws to curb light pollution. In the present study, we gathered data related to light pollution regulations and ordinances in both China and Korea. We then carried out a comparative analysis of the light pollution laws of both countries. We found that, although the two countries share a similar socio-economic background, they have different approaches to the issue of light pollution. The information provided in this study serves as a guideline to countries that wish to develop their own light pollution policies. In addition, the conclusions provided in our study offer potential improvements to local and national light pollution policies in both the Republic of Korea and China.

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Lim, Hong, Jack Ngarambe, Jeong Kim und Gon Kim. „The Reality of Light Pollution: A Field Survey for the Determination of Lighting Environmental Management Zones in South Korea“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 2 (31.01.2018): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10020374.

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Light pollution has been receiving increased attention worldwide. Scientific research has provided convincing evidence that ties artificial lighting to health-related issues. Consequently, the involved parties are now leaned towards the implementation of regulations to help limit the use of artificial lighting. Many countries, together with international organizations, have embarked on setting standards and regulations aimed at halting the excessive and improper usage of artificial lighting, there-by eradicating light pollution and its effects. In Korea, outdoor lighting at night is a common phenomenon. Moreover, as the economic development grows even further, the use of artificial lighting is expected to increase making Korea vulnerable to the adverse effects of artificial lighting. In this study, we discuss the issue of light pollution based on field measurements conducted in Seoul, South Korea. The measurements were undertaken to broaden the understanding and assessment of light pollution. During the investigation, we noted that the most severe forms of light pollution were found in developed urban and densely commercialized areas. Currently, there are ongoing light pollution measurement projects around the entire Korea. It would be informative to see how the rest of South Korea compares to the Capital, Seoul in terms of light pollution levels.

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Tamir, Raz, Gal Eyal, Itay Cohen und Yossi Loya. „Effects of Light Pollution on the Early Life Stages of the Most Abundant Northern Red Sea Coral“. Microorganisms 8, Nr. 2 (31.01.2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020193.

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The growth in human population along coastal areas is exposing marine environments to increasing anthropogenic light sources. Despite the potential effects of this modern phenomenon, very few studies have examined its implications for corals. Here, we present a long-term study of coral early life stages under light pollution conditions at night. Coral larvae were collected from Stylophora pistillata colonies, and then settled and grown under experimental conditions of two different common city lighting methods (fluorescent or LED). Effects of the artificial lighting on the coral settlement success, survivorship, growth rate, photosynthetic efficiency, and calcification rate were examined over a period of one year. The control exhibited ~30% higher settlement success compared to the two light treatments, while under the light treatments corals showed higher survivorship, growth, and calcification rates. In addition, an indication of damage to the photosynthetic system was found in the light-polluted corals, which was reflected in their photosynthesis efficiency parameters: i.e., lower maximum light utilization coefficient (α), lower maximum potential photosynthetic rate (Pmax), and lower photosynthetic maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm). Our findings provide evidence of the potential adverse effects of artificial lighting methods on the natural environment of coral reefs. We conclude that the use of the LED lighting method has high interference potential for the early life stages of corals.

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Schroer, Sibylle, Benedikt John Huggins, Clementine Azam und Franz Hölker. „Working with Inadequate Tools: Legislative Shortcomings in Protection against Ecological Effects of Artificial Light at Night“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 6 (24.03.2020): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062551.

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The fundamental change in nocturnal landscapes due to the increasing use of artificial light at night (ALAN) is recognized as being detrimental to the environment and raises important regulatory questions as to whether and how it should be regulated based on the manifold risks to the environment. Here, we present the results of an analysis of the current legal obligations on ALAN in context with a systematic review of adverse effects. The legal analysis includes the relevant aspects of European and German environmental law, specifically nature conservation and immission control. The review represents the results of 303 studies indicating significant disturbances of organisms and landscapes. We discuss the conditions for prohibitions by environmental laws and whether protection gaps persist and, hence, whether specific legislation for light pollution is necessary. While protection is predominantly provided for species with special protection status that reveal avoidance behavior of artificially lit landscapes and associated habitat loss, adverse effects on species and landscapes without special protection status are often unaddressed by existing regulations. Legislative shortcomings are caused by difficulties in proving adverse effect on the population level, detecting lighting malpractice, and applying the law to ALAN-related situations. Measures to reduce ALAN-induced environmental impacts are highlighted. We discuss whether an obligation to implement such measures is favorable for environmental protection and how regulations can be implemented.

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Gyurácz, József, Zoltán Lukács, Péter Molnár und Zoltán Kolláth. „Light and territoriality : A preliminary report on a capture-recapture study of common Blackbird (Turdus Merula)“. Acta Universitatis de Carolo Eszterházy Nominatae. Sectio Biologiae 46 (2021): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33041/actauniveszterhazybiol.2021.46.157.

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The natural light conditions and the artificial lighting of the habitats affect the quality of bird territories and the territorial behaviour of birds. However, we know almost nothing about the evolutionary consequences of light on birds. In the biomonitoring part of the project entitled “ Development of international research environment for light pollution studies”, which is carried on in Bárdudvarnok in Somogy county, Hungary, we study the apparent survival probability, adaptive morphological characteristics and area fidelity in Common Blackbird populations living in territories under different light conditions. In this preliminary report, we also describe the methods of our studies - individual marking of birds, capture and recapture, measurement of body weight, wing length and other ecomorphological parameters - and the types of data collected. Based on the outcomes of the data collection planned to continue for several years, we can formulate proposals for the design and application of artificial lighting resulting in the reduction of the adverse effects of light pollution.

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Hu, Jiameng, Yanfang Liu und Jian Fang. „Ecological Corridor Construction Based on Least-Cost Modeling Using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Nighttime Light Data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index“. Land 10, Nr. 8 (26.07.2021): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080782.

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Anthropic pressure is one of the main drivers of landscape change and biodiversity loss. Artificial nighttime light, which can affect species behavior, is an important human-induced threat to biodiversity, but it is often ignored in ecological connectivity research. To mitigate the adverse impacts of artificial lighting on biodiversity, this study integrates artificial nighttime light in landscape ecology and analyzes the influence of artificial nighttime light on landscape connectivity. A quantitative approach integrating nighttime light brightness from a Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) with a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from a Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is proposed to estimate the matrix resistance, which can identify the sensitive areas that are disrupted by nighttime light. It was found that the nightscape in the study area is significantly disrupted by nighttime light and the matrix resistance in the center of the study area significantly increases. Compared to the least-cost routes from the NDVI, the “dark” least-cost ecological corridors constructed using our approach apparently change in both location and distance. The corridors moved to the outer suburbs and rural areas, and the maximum increase in distance of the least-cost paths was 37.94%. Due to less disturbance from human activity and the maintenance of a pristine nightscape, “dark” ecological corridors can reduce the adverse effects of night lights and contribute to biodiversity. However, natural habitats have been greatly affected by nighttime light with the increase in global illumination, and it is essential that we improve public awareness of light pollution and formulate light-reduction policies and legislation.

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Chen, Hongbo, Junhui Wu, Mengying Wang, Siyue Wang, Jiating Wang, Huan Yu, Yonghua Hu und Shaomei Shang. „Impact of Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Pollution on Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 18 (13.09.2021): 9644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189644.

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The impact of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the incidence of knee osteoarthritis is unclear, especially in Beijing which is a highly polluted city. We conducted a time-series study to examine the correlation between PM2.5 exposure and outpatient visits for knee osteoarthritis in Beijing. Changes (in percentage) in the number of outpatient visits corresponding to every 10-μg/m3 increase in the PM2.5 concentration were determined using a generalized additive quasi-Poisson model. There were records of 9,797,446 outpatient visits for knee osteoarthritis in the study period from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2017. The daily concentration of PM2.5 was 86.8 (74.3) μg/m3 over this period. A 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations on lag days 0–3 was associated with a 1.41% (95% confidence interval: 1.40–1.41%) increase in outpatient visits for knee osteoarthritis. Females and patients aged above 65 years were more sensitive to the adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure. The present findings demonstrate that short-term exposure to PM2.5 resulted in an increase in the number of outpatient visits for knee osteoarthritis in Beijing. The findings shed light on the effects of air pollution on knee osteoarthritis and could guide risk-mitigating strategies in cities such as Beijing.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Adverse effects of light pollution"

Novák, Filip. „Využití jasového analyzátoru pro kvantifikaci umělého světla v nočním prostředí“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442543.

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This diploma thesis deals with obtrusive light and its measurement, especially with the help of luminance analyzers. In particular, the necessary theoretical basis for the design of a measuring methodology for obtrusive light or veil brightness of the sky is laid here. This mainly includes the division of obtrusive light and its manifestations, a description of the effects of obtrusive light on the environment, selected organisms and the human body. Also described herein are the biological mechanisms of the human body that are affected by light as such. Attention is also paid to streetlights, its classification and methods of reducing obtrusive light, as well as methods of measuring brightness and brightness analyzers. Last but not least, the night sky is also measured using the LumiDISP luminance analyzer and subsequent data are evaluated using the proposed method.

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Barros, Ana Raquel Gonçalves de. „Marcadores biológicos de tabagismo : determinação de cutoff points“. Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5914.

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VII - CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Este estudo desenvolveu-se devido facto de tanto quanto nos é dado a conhecer não terem sido determinados cutoff points de diferenciação entre fumadores e não fumadores em Portugal. Segundo vários autores é importante que estes valores sejam determinados em cada país devido às suas particularidades de prevalência do tabagismo e exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco. Foram também estudadas as variáveis que estão associadas e que influenciam os níveis do COex, da COHb, da cotinina plasmática e da cotinina urinária. De forma a cumprir os objectivos definidos, utilizou-se uma amostra de 102 indivíduos (53 fumadores e 49 não fumadores), tendo sido o tipo de amostragem não probabilística de conveniência. A dimensão da amostra e o tipo de amostragem são duas das limitações do estudo, uma vez que esta amostra não é representativa da população fumadora e não fumadora portuguesa, o que impede de generalizar os resultados nela obtidos à totalidade da população. Outra limitação identificada é o facto de não se terem encontrado estudos nacionais de características semelhantes a esta investigação, o que faz com que não seja possível comparar os resultados obtidos com estudos que tivessem utilizado amostras idênticas. Por essa razão a discussão de resultados foi efectuada considerando estudos internacionais cujas suas amostras para além de serem de maior dimensão os seus indivíduos possuem características particulares (prevalência do tabagismo e exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco) que dificultam a comparação dos resultados. Nos estudos internacionais muitas vezes não são estudadas as variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, o que leva mais uma vez à impossibilidade de relacionar correctamente os nossos resultados com outros obtidos por diferentes autores. Devido ao interesse dos resultados obtidos, seria importante que este estudo, tivesse continuidade, mas com algumas modificações que foram impossíveis de realizar no contexto em que se desenvolveu esta investigação. De forma a generalizar os resultados seria ideal utilizar uma amostra representativa da população fumadora e não fumadora nacional, o que permitiria ficar a conhecer mais fidedignamente os cutoff points de diferenciação entre fumadores e não fumadores em Portugal. Esta informação seria de grande utilidade para caracterizar correctamente os hábitos tabágicos dos indivíduos, permitindo reconhecer em que casos é necessário intervir para cessar os hábitos tabágicos e ainda nas consultas de cessação tabágica para um apropriado follow-up dos sujeitos. Outro aspecto em que esta investigação poderia ser complementada, diz respeito às variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, isto porque de acordo com a análise de regressão linear multivariada, através do modelo proposto, uma grande percentagem da variabilidade dos marcadores biológicos de tabagismo ficou por explicar, assim sendo seria importante estudar também outras variáveis, e construir outro modelo que explicasse de forma ainda mais expressiva a variabilidade dos biomarcadores. Sugerem-se como outras variáveis a ser estudas aquelas que estão relacionadas com as características inalatórias de cada indivíduo (número, frequência, profundidade, duração e percentagem de cigarros consumido e desperdiçado). Também a exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco deveria ser melhor caracterizada, acrescentando às variáveis analisadas neste estudo, outras que caracterizassem de forma mais precisa o tipo de exposição a que os indivíduos podem estar sujeitos no seu dia a dia (domiciliária, laboral e ambiental). Idealmente deveriam conhecer-se o número de cigarros que são fumados na proximidade dos indivíduos, assim como saber quais as características dos espaços fechados sobretudo no que respeita às condições de ventilação. É importante que surjam trabalhos a nível nacional relacionados com os marcadores de tabagismo, porque o tabagismo representa um problema de saúde pública sobre o qual é necessário intervir. É importante caracterizar correctamente os biomarcadores de tabagismo de forma a determinar a real prevalência do tabagismo e avaliar medidas preventivas e políticas de saúde pública. Actualmente decorridos 3 anos da aprovação da Lei 32/2007 em que foram aprovadas as normas de protecção dos cidadãos da exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco, a avaliação dos marcadores biológicos pode desempenhar um papel preponderante para caracterizar o impacto da implicação da Lei, uma vez que estes reflectem a exposição activa e passiva ao fumo do tabaco.

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Lam, Sau-kei Angel, und 林秀琪. „Systematic review on the adverse effects of traffic related air pollution on respiratory health in children“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193836.

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Objectives : To investigate the impacts of traffic related air pollution (TRAP) on children’s respiratory health, and to investigate the policies and regulations implemented in other countries and the suggestions from the World Health Organization (WHO) to tackle this problem. Methods and Results: Using relevant keywords, 122 articles were acquired from PubMed and 15 were from MEDLINE via EBSCO host respectively. The articles were published between 1980 to 2013; all of which had examined the impacts of TRAP on children’s respiratory health. After assessing inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 articles were finally included in this systematic review. Differences in demographic characteristics were studied and compared to determine the association between TRAP exposure and respiratory health impacts on children aged between 1 and 18. Four cross-section surveys and five cohort studies were selected in this review. The association between TRAP exposure and differences in children’s respiratory impacts were demonstrated in all studies. Multiple outcome measures were used to examine changes of children’s respiratory health such as the decline in lung function, incidences of asthma and inflammatory responses. There were 4 out of 9 articles suggesting the decline in lung function was related to TRAP exposure; 5 out of 9 articles showed the relationships between incidences of asthma and inflammatory responses and TRAP exposure and 2 articles mentioned other respiratory symptoms; notably, wheezing and sneezing, runny and stuffed nose. This review finally summarized the results of selected articles stressing that children who lived close to roadway within a 500 meter radius from home, with an early exposure to air pollution in the first year of age and a frequent exposure to heavy road traffic and outdoor air pollutants would experience greater impacts on respiratory health. Conclusion: The positive association between the impacts on children’s respiratory health and TRAP exposure has been determined through this systematic review. Stricter emission control strategies and updated guidelines are required to regulate traffic emission and improve air quality in order to reduce harm and provide a better living environment for our next generations.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health

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Wiegleb, Edström Desiree. „Long-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVA1) and visible light : therapeutic and adverse effects in human skin /“. Stockholm : [Karolinska Univ. Press], 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-003-2/.

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Almeida, Nisha. „Measures of maternal tobacco smoke exposure and foetal growth“. Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112375.

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Objective. Most biomarker studies of maternal smoking have been based on a single blood or urinary cotinine value, which is inadequate in capturing maternal tobacco exposure over the entire pregnancy. This thesis used maternal hair biomarkers to investigate the association between maternal active and passive smoking, and birthweight for gestational age (BW for GA).
Methods. Subjects were 444 term controls drawn from 5,337 participants of a multi-centre nested case-control study of preterm birth in Montreal. Maternal hair, collected after delivery, was measured for average nicotine and cotinine concentration across the pregnancy, assuming hair growth of 1 cm/month. The BW for GA z-score used Canadian population-based standards. Multiple linear regression was used to assess effects on the z-score, after controlling for potential confounders.
Results. In regression models for maternal active smoking analysis, the addition of hair nicotine to models containing either self-report or hair cotinine or both self-report and cotinine explained significantly more variance in the BW for GA z-score (p=0.009, p=0.017, and p=0.033, respectively). In maternal passive smoking analysis, no significant effect of ETS on BW for GA was found using hair biomarkers.
Conclusion. These results indicate that hair biomarkers are sensitive tools capable of predicting reductions in birthweight for maternal active smoking. The stronger results obtained for nicotine are reflective of the fact that hair nicotine is a better measure of maternal smoking, but it could also suggest that nicotine plays an aetiologic role in affecting foetal growth.

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Olsson, David. „Adverse effects of exposure to air pollutants during fetal development and early life : with focus on pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, and childhood asthma“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Yrkes- och miljömedicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93962.

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Background Air pollution exposure has been shown to have adverse effects on several health outcomes, and numerous studies have reported associations with cardiovascular morbidity, respiratory disease, and mortality. Over the last decade, an increasing number of studies have investigated possible associations with pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery. High levels of vehicle exhaust in residential neighborhoods have been associated with respiratory effects, including childhood asthma, and preterm birth is also associated with childhood asthma. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate possible associations between air pollution exposure and pregnancy outcomes – primarily preterm delivery but also small for gestational age (SGA) and pre-eclampsia – in a large Swedish population (Papers I–III). The second aim was to study any association between exposure to high levels of vehicle exhaust during pregnancy and infancy and prescribed asthma medication in childhood (Paper IV). Methods The study cohorts were constructed by matching other individual data to the Swedish Medical Birth Register. In the first two studies, air pollution data from monitoring stations were used, and in the third and fourth studies traffic intensity and dispersion model data were used.Preterm delivery was defined as giving birth before 37 weeks of gestation. SGA was defined as having a birth weight below the 10th percentile for a given duration of gestation. Pre-eclampsia was defined as having any of the ICD-10 diagnosis codes O11 (pre-existing hypertension with pre-eclampsia), O13 (gestational hypertension without significant proteinuria), O14 (gestational hypertension with significant proteinuria), or O15 (eclampsia). Childhood asthma medication was defined as having been prescribed asthma medication between the ages of five and six years. Results We observed an association between ozone exposure during the first trimester and preterm delivery. First trimester ozone exposure was also associated with pre-eclampsia. The modeled concentration of nitrogen oxides at the home address was associated with pre-eclampsia, but critical time windows were not possible to investigate due to high correlations between time windows. We did not observe any association between air pollution exposure and SGA. High levels of vehicle exhaust at the home address, estimated by nitrogen oxides and traffic intensity, were associated with a lower risk of asthma medication. Conclusion Air pollution exposure during pregnancy was associated with preterm delivery and pre-eclampsia. We did not observe any association between air pollution levels and intrauterine growth measured as SGA. No harmful effect of air pollution exposure during pregnancy or infancy on the risk of being prescribed asthma medication between five and six years of age was observed.

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Vaartnou, Manivalde. „EPR investigation of free radicals in excised and attached leaves subjected to ozone and sulphur dioxide air pollution“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29444.

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The X-band EPR spectrometry system was modified to allow for the in situ monitoring of free radical changes in attached, intact plant leaves, which were caused by stress factors such as exposure to excessive photon flux density, ozone or sulphur dioxide. This was done through use of the dewar insert of the variable temperature accessory as a guide, the construction of 'T' shaped cellulose acetate holders to which leaves could be attached with adhesive tape, and modification of the gas flow system used for controlled temperature studies. Kinetic studies of free radical formation were possible with leaves which had minimal underlying Fe⁺⁺ and Mn⁺⁺ signals. In leaves with large underlying signals a Varian software program was used to subtract overlapping signals from each other, thereby revealing the free-radical signal changes which occurred under different light regimes and stress conditions. Preliminary investigation disclosed the formation of a new signal upon prolonged exposure to far-red light and the effect of oxygen depletion upon photosynthetic Signals I and II. Leaves subject to high photon flux density reveal an unreported free-radical signal, which decays upon exposure to microwave radiation; and concomitant damage to Photosystems I and II. Upon elimination of this signal leaves return to the undamaged state or reveal permanent damage to either photo-system, depending upon the degree of damage. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to low levels of ozone (up to 80ppb) for periods of 8 hours show no changes in free-radical signal formation. At intermediate levels of ozone (80-250ppb) a new free-radical signal was formed within 3 hours of fumigation, Signal II was decreased and Signal I decayed. These changes were reversible if fumigation was terminated. At fumigation levels exceeding 250ppb a different new irreversible free-radical signal was formed in darkness within 1.5 hours of fumigation. Radish, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to high levels of sulphur dioxide (10-500ppm) reveal the formation of Signal I upon irradiation with broad-band white or 650nm light, thereby indicating an interruption of normal electron flow from PSII to PSI. Damage to the oxygen-evolving complex and reaction centre of PSII is also revealed through changes in Signal II and the Mn⁺⁺ signal. These changes in the normal EPR signals are dose-dependent. Leaves subject to low levels of sulphur dioxide (600-2000ppb) reveal the disappearance of Signal I after 3 hours of fumigation and the formation of a new free-radical signal with parameters similar to the sulphur trioxide free-radical signal. These latter changes are partially reversible upon termination of fumigation. After prolonged exposure to either ozone or sulphur dioxid a free-radical signal with parameters similar to the superoxid anion free-radical signal is formed in plant leaves.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

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Iyer, Akshay B. „Let there be light... Characterizing the Effects of Adverse Lighting on Semantic Segmentation of Wound Images and Mitigation using a Deep Retinex Model“. Digital WPI, 2020. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1368.

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Wound assessment using a smartphone image has recently emerged as a novel way to provide actionable feedback to patients and caregivers. Wound segmentation is an important step in image-based wound assessment, after which the wound area can be analyzed. Semantic segmentation algorithms for wounds assume favorable lighting conditions. However, smartphone wound imaging in natural environments can encounter adverse lighting that can cause several errors during semantic segmentation of wound images, which in turn affects the wound analysis. In this work, we study and characterize the effects of adverse lighting on the accuracy of semantic segmentation of wound images. Our findings inform a deep learning-based approach to mitigate the adverse effects. We make three main contributions in this work. First, we create the first large-scale Illumination Varying Dataset (IVDS) of 55440 images of a wound moulage captured under systematically varying illumination conditions and with different camera types and settings. Second, we characterize the effects of changing light intensity on U-Net’s wound semantic segmentation accuracy and show the luminance of images to be highly correlated with the wound segmentation performance. Especially, we show low-light conditions to deteriorate segmentation performance highly. Third, we improve the wound Dice scores of U-Net for low-light images to up to four times the baseline values using a deep learning mitigation method based on the Retinex theory. Our method works well in typical illumination levels observed in homes/clinics as well for a wide gamut of lighting like very dark conditions (20 Lux), medium-intensity lighting (750 - 1500 Lux), and even very bright lighting (6000 Lux).

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Inostroza, Pedro Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hollert und Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Brack. „Organic micropollutants in freshwater ecosystems : pollution dynamic and adverse effects at population genetic level in a model freshwater population / Pedro Inostroza ; Henner Hollert, Werner Brack“. Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1157122396/34.

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Inostroza, Pedro [Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] Hollert und Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Brack. „Organic micropollutants in freshwater ecosystems : pollution dynamic and adverse effects at population genetic level in a model freshwater population / Pedro Inostroza ; Henner Hollert, Werner Brack“. Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1157122396/34.

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Bücher zum Thema "Adverse effects of light pollution"

Bouguerra, Mohamed Larbi. La Pollution invisible. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1997.

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Synergic influence of gaseous, particulate, and biological pollutants on human health. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2015.

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Gichev, I︠U︡ P. Adverse effects of environmental pollution on human health: The sorrowful experience of Russia. Sofii︠a︡: ANKOS, 2006.

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L, Maynard Robert, und Richards Roy, Hrsg. Air pollution and health. London: Imperial College Press, 2006.

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Haines, Pierre A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Pollution, health effects and chemistry. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Sheridan, Lillian. Adverse effects of air pollutants: Medical subject analysis and research bibliography. Washington, D.C: Abbe Publishers Association, 1985.

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Environmental hazards & human health. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1995.

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Crawford, David Livingstone. Light pollution: The adverse impact of urban sky glow on astronomy and on the environment. Tucson, Ariz: National Optical Astronomy Observatories/Kitt Peak National Observatory, 1985.

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Plagiannakos, Takis. An assessment of air pollution effects on human health in Ontario. Toronto: Economics & Forecasts Division, Corporate Planning Branch, Ontario Hydro, 1988.

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N, Popper Arthur, und Hawkins, A. D. (Anthony Donald), 1942-, Hrsg. The effects of noise on aquatic life. New York: Springer, 2012.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Adverse effects of light pollution"

Narisada, Kohei, und Duco Schreuder. „Adverse effects of light pollution“. In Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 79–114. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_4.

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Zannetti, Paolo. „Modeling of Adverse Air Quality Effects“. In Air Pollution Modeling, 335–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4465-1_13.

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Samet, Jonathan M. „Air Pollution: Adverse Effects and Disease Burden“. In Health of People, Health of Planet and Our Responsibility, 63–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31125-4_6.

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Goronczy, Emlyn Etienne. „Influence and Effects of Artificial Light After Dark and Light Pollution“. In Light Pollution in Metropolises, 9–35. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29723-7_3.

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Schwarz, H. E. „Light Pollution Control: World-Wide Effects of and Efforts to Reduce Light Pollution“. In Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy, 37–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0049-9_4.

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Crawford, David. „The Effects of Light Pollution on Amateur Astronomy“. In Stargazers, 104. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74020-6_31.

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Garland, F. C., C. F. Garland, E. D. Gorham und J. F. Young. „The Positive Association of Breast Cancer Mortality with Low Sunlight Levels and High Air Pollution Levels in Major U. S. Cities“. In Biologic Effects of Light, herausgegeben von Michael F. Holick und Albert M. Kligman, 34–38. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110856156-004.

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Haim, Abraham, und Boris A. Portnov. „Effects of Light Pollution on Animal Daily Rhythms and Seasonality: Ecological Consequences“. In Light Pollution as a New Risk Factor for Human Breast and Prostate Cancers, 71–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6220-6_10.

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Dominoni, Davide M. „Ecological Effects of Light Pollution: How Can We Improve Our Understanding Using Light Loggers on Individual Animals?“ In Ecology and Conservation of Birds in Urban Environments, 251–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43314-1_13.

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McMullen, Roger L. „Effects of solar radiation, air pollution, and artificial blue light on the skin“. In Antioxidants and the Skin, 48–70. Second edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315207254-4.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Adverse effects of light pollution"

Praticò, Filippo G., und Paolo G. Briante. „Particulate Matter from Non-exhaust Sources“. In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.622.

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Air pollution is an important issue worldwide. Solid components in air (particulate matter, PM) originate from a variety of natural or anthropogenic sources and have different morphological, physical, and chemical properties. Their presence in the air also depends on meteorological conditions, such as humidity, rainfall, and wind speed. PM pollution has adverse effects on environment and human health. Therefore, it is very important to address sources and processes involved in PM generation. Among the existing sources, a special attention must be paid to PM emissions from road traffic, i.e., exhaust sources (e.g., fuel combustion) and non-exhaust sources (e.g., road, tyre, brakes). These traffic-related sources contribute to PM concentrations in cities, and this calls for research into new possible systems and/or mitigation measures. In light of the facts above, the objectives of this study are 1) To evaluate the contribution to PM emission from traffic-related sources. 2) To evaluate existing mitigation measures and to identify new ones to reduce PM production. First results show that: 1) Non-exhaust sources have a different role in PM generation and they differently affect PM10, PM2.5, and PM0.1. 2) Even if emissions-related regulations have led to reductions in exhaust emissions from road traffic, other mitigation measures could reduce the non-exhaust part of emissions (e.g., brakes wear, road wear, and tyre wear). 3) New technologies could be developed to reduce PM from non-exhaust sources.

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Harren, Frans J. M., und Luciana Petruzzelli. „Laser photoacoustic trace detection of C2H4 revealing adverse environmental effects of atmospheric pollution on plant material“. In Environmental Sensing '92, herausgegeben von Tuan Vo-Dinh und Karl Cammann. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.140249.

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Goodell, Matthew N., Takara E. Truong, Stephanie R. Marston, Brett J. Smiley, Elliot R. Befus, Alex Bingham, Kent Allen et al. „Autonomous Light Assessment Drone for Dark Skies Studies“. In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3205.

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Abstract The improper use of artificial light causing skyglow is detrimental to many types of wildlife and can potentially cause irregular human sleeping patterns. Studies have been performed to analyze light pollution on a global scale. However, light pollution data on a local scale is not of ten available and the effects at local scale have rarely been studied. Herein, a new custom-designed autonomous light assessment drone (ALAD) is described for evaluating light pollution at local scale. The ALAD is designed and equipped with a sky quality meter (SQM) to measure skyglow and a low-cost illuminance sensor to measure light from artificial sources. Outdoor field tests are performed at a remote site in central Utah and the measured results are validated against data from lightpollution-map.info. The SQM measurements are in agreement with the estimates from the light pollution map, and the initial results demonstrate feasibility of the ALAD for local-scale skyglow assessment.

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Ren, Weiju, und Lianshan Lin. „Consideration of Thermal Embrittlement in Alloy 316H for Advanced Non-Light Water Reactor Applications“. In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93431.

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Abstract To construct advanced non-light water reactors (ANLWRs) operating in the temperature range above that for the traditional light water reactors (LWRs), Alloy 316H is one of the candidate materials because of its inexpensiveness, significant service experience, and qualification for nuclear applications by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). However, during the life span at temperatures expected for the ANLWRs, the alloy is likely to experience thermal embrittlement that has not been a concern for the traditional LWRs. To prepare for the development, the possibility of adverse thermal embrittlement effects on Alloy 316H performance in the ANLWRs must be evaluated and a technical basis regarding thermal embrittlement, if necessary, must be established for structural integrity analysis to provide reasonable assurance of adequate nuclear safety protection. In this paper, current technical basis for nuclear applications of Alloy 316H deterioration from thermal aging is briefly introduced. The likelihood of adverse thermal embrittlement effects on Alloy 316H performance is evaluated through historical data on microstructural and mechanical property evolution. Characterization of thermal embrittlement is then discussed, followed by a review of predictive models and trend curves for alloy embrittlement. Based on the review and evaluation, technical gaps for addressing thermal embrittlement issues are identified and gap-filling actions are recommended for establishing a technical basis to enable adequate consideration of thermal embrittlement in Alloy 316H applications to the ANLWRs.

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Shang, Tonghuo, und Alan H. Epstein. „Analysis of Hot Streak Effects on Turbine Rotor Heat Load“. In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-118.

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The influence of inlet hot streak temperature distortion on turbine blade heat load was explored on a transonic axial flow turbine stage test article using a three-dimensional, multi-blade row unsteady Euler code. The turbine geometry was the same as that used for a recently reported testing of hot streak influence. Emphasis was placed elucidating the physical mechanisms by which hot streaks affect turbine durability. It was found that temperature distortion significantly increases both blade surface heat load nonuniformity and total blade heat load by as much as 10–30% (mainly on the pressure surface), and that the severity of this influence is a strong function of turbine geometry and flow conditions. Three physical mechanisms were identified which drive the heat load nonuniformity — buoyancy, wake convection (the Kerrebrock-Mikolajczak effect), and rotor-stator interactions. The latter can generate significant nonuniformity of the time-averaged relative frame rotor inlet temperature distribution. Dependence of these effects on turbine design variables was investigated to shed light on the design space which minimizes the adverse effects of hot streaks.

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Kosyan, Alisa, Alisa Kosyan, Vladimir Gulbin und Vladimir Gulbin. „FIRST CASE OF IMPOSEX IN NEPTUNEA CONVEXA (GASTROPODA: BUCCINIDAE) FROM BATHYAL DEPTHS (SEA OF OKHOTSK, >1400 M)“. In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315a4e465.

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Owing to its worldwide use as an anti-fouling agent, tributyltin (TBT) is a common contaminant of marine ecosystems. Its wide distribution, high hydrophobicity and persistence have raised concern about bioaccumulation, potential biomagnifications in food webs, and adverse effects on the environment and human health. The most frequent and acute effect of TBT is found in gastropods, usually living in shallow waters, rarely at depths more than 100 m. This study reports about the first case of imposex in a deep water buccinid whelk Neptunea convexa collected at 1437 m in the Sea of Okhotsk. Among five collected specimens, the two were imposex females at the 1st stage of imposex development, while the rest three were males with normally developed penises. Most probably, TBT entered the whelk’s body by eaten benthic organisms, which feed on detritus with traces of TBT, but other reasons, such as heavy metal pollution, are also discussed.

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Greene, Rob. „Vibration Control Design for Light Rail Transit: A Single Project With the Full Rainbow of Vibration Control Features: Case Study“. In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5617.

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Because of the recent emphasis on rail transit infrastructure expansion and rebuilding in the United States, there is concern about the potential adverse vibration effects on existing activities that are sensitive to vibration and ground-borne-noise located in proximity to new or reactivated rail system rights-of-way. A Southern California at-grade/elevated LRT system that is currently under construction required the design and specification of extensive vibration control features. The final design needed to include the entire range of vibration mitigation tools presented in the Federal Transit Administration guidance manual. Designs and Contract Specifications included simple single-layer ballast mats; multi-layer ballast mats; high-resilience direct fixation fasteners; potential wheel-squeal solutions; low-vibration special trackwork; continuously-supported, street-running, floating slab track; and discrete, steel-helical-spring-supported floating slab track. It is noteworthy that the discrete steel-spring-supported FST is the first use of this vibration control approach in an at-grade rail system in the United States. This paper will discuss the overall approach, data analysis, solutions development, and the final designs prepared for this project and how this information may be beneficial to other projects with similar issues.

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Johnson, Nathan G., Arne Hallam, Stuart Conway und Mark Bryden. „Sustainable and Market-Based Analyses of Cooking Technologies in Developing Countries“. In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15375.

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Over two billion persons worldwide use biomass as their primary form of energy in household cooking. This creates significant adverse consequences to families in developing nations that use stoves made without technical advancements commonly used in the industrialized world. The often simple, ad-hoc stoves lead to harmful side effects including disease, pollution, injury, and deforestation. Further negative consequences arise in household economics when considering losses in labor, time spent gathering fuel, and high fuel costs relative to income. Because of this much research over the past 10-20 years has been conducted with developing better household cooking methods. Findings from these efforts produced more effective stoves to accommodate the needs of impoverished families. Many of these projects began with philanthropic interests and grants to aid the world's poor. However outside of lump-sum funds for materials and labor there is often be little available to sustain the technical or human resources needed for continued stove utilization. One method to approach sustainability involves a market-based approach to better insure continuation of the benefits of improved cookstoves. This paper provides an assessment of the benefits of advanced cooking devices to both consumers and producers. Further investigations demonstrate consumer and producer impediments in collaborating for mutual benefit. Through realization of the interests and constraints facing both sides, plausible processes can be drawn for holistic improvement of communities in relation to household cooking. This paper also provides various options for intervention and start-up as potential methods in creating sustainable markets for safe, cost-effective, and efficient stoves.

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Ashraf Adly, Mariam. „The Influence of Diverse Building Height and Building Coverage Ratio on Outdoor Thermal Performance in Hot Climates: A Review“. In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021161n9.

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Although urban form can significantly affect outdoor climatic conditions, urban planners do not sufficiently consider such impact while designing new urban communities in Egypt. Proper configuration of urban blocks can make positive contribution to alleviating the adverse effects of urban climate. However, new cities are constructed to be formed from lowly dense buildings that overlook curvilinear streets networks without considering orientation. Furthermore, the use of unified building heights, spaces of low aspect ratio and high sky view factor lead to less shaded areas. The research at hand aims to shed light on literature that discuss urban form parameters and their relation with outdoor spaces thermal performance in warmer climates. These studies are classified, analysed and compared in terms of the investigated parameters, and the methodological approach of each study. The findings can help to define gaps in the existing literature while providing holistic overview of the current state of art.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Adverse effects of light pollution"

Jay, Stephen. Are the Adverse Human Effects of Air Pollution Underestimated in the Literature? Implications for science, medicine and public policy. Purdue University Scholarly Publishing Services, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316637.

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Miller, Sebastian, und J. Cristobal Ruiz-Tagle. Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on the Probability of Stillbirth Delivery: Evidence from Central Chile - See more at: https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/9064#sthash.rv8AHF9i.dpuf. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001273.

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