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1
Priebs, Axel. „Small towns and their surroundings in the context of local government reorganisation. Results from Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)“. Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna 15, Nr. 60 Specjalny (08.12.2022): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rrpr.2022.60s.03.
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The importance of small towns for stabilising and supporting the development of rural regions is being gradually recognised in spatial research and planning. This paper discusses the status of small towns in local administrative reform processes. It is based on the example of reform processes that were carried out in the German state of Schle- swig-Holstein. At the end of this process, the small towns found themselves in very dif- ferent political and administrative constellations with respect to neighbouring districts. Strengthening towns as central service locations was not part of the state’s plans for reform. In several cases, even if a town had an efficient administration, the surrounding municipalities were not prepared to entrust their administration to the town, but rather perpetuated duplicate structures in a local “collar” district administration around the town. Steps for better efficiency and specialisation of employees were not implemented. It became clear that many small municipalities did not want to be administered by towns. As a final result, the concerns of the small towns were not taken into account sufficiently in the reform processes in question.
2
Golec, Boris. „Market town of Vače until the mid-nineteenth century“. Kronika 71, Nr. 1 (03.02.2023): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/kronika.71.1.03.
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The contribution discusses the development of Vače, one of the smallest Slovenian market towns, from its beginnings to the mid-nineteenth century. The place first appeared in written sources at a relatively late stage (1429), and its main feature was that, unlike most Slovenian market towns, it did not develop as a suburban settlement below the castle as the seigniorial seat but a bit further away, around the vicariate and later parish church. Of the four market towns in Upper Carniola, Vače was the only »classical« market town, meaning that it emerged in the Middle Ages, exercised the standard economic functions of market-town settlements, and enjoyed a full administrative-judicial autonomy. Due to the specific structure of the sources preserved, much more is known about the normative aspect of the market town’s internal structure than about the practical implementation of its self-administration and the lower judiciary. In terms of economy, Vače functioned as a typical small market town with well-established trade fairs and craftsmen, whose basic craft services catered to the needs of the local population.
3
Smith, Alison K. „New Town, New Townspeople: Transforming Gatchina in the 1790s“. ВИВЛIОθИКА: E-Journal of Eighteenth-Century Russian Studies 7 (19.11.2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.vivliofika.v7.537.
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On 11 November 1796, only five days after the death of Catherine II, her son and successor Paul released a decree naming two of his villages, Pavlovsk and Gatchina, towns. In an odd way, given their fraught relationship, this act echoed his mother’s past practice. She founded several hundred new towns to serve as new administrative centers for her newly formed provinces. Paul’s actions are more obscure, tied not to administrative needs but perhaps instead to a desire to glorify his own landholdings—or if not to glorify at least to increase the economic prosperity of his lands. The end results, however, followed a similar path: new towns needed new courts and new schools, new town seals and new town plans, and above all new townspeople. This article examine the process by which Gatchina, the village, was transformed into Gatchina, the town. In particular, it will focus on the establishment there of new merchant and meshchanin corporations, and of a town ratusha to oversee their management. Many of the new town’s new townspeople came from elsewhere to register there; as a result, they not only built up the town in numbers but also created a Russian space within what was an imperial periphery. This transformation shows both an effort at social organization and engineering and also the limits of those efforts when faced with individual desires.
4
WEI, Houkai. „The Administrative Hierarchy and Growth of Urban Scale in China“. Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, Nr. 01 (März 2015): 1550001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748115500013.
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Chinese cities are characterized with administrative hierarchy. According to administrative hierarchy and government seat, Chinese cities can be divided into seven levels including municipality, vice-provincial city, general provincial capital, general prefecture-level city, county-level city, county town, and general designated town. As the analysis result shows, urban scale and growth is closely related to their administrative hierarchy, and with the upgrading of administrative hierarchy, both the urban population and land scale present a tendency of exponential increase. From the perspective of population and land scale growth, cities with higher administrative hierarchy grow faster than those with lower administrative hierarchy. The differentiation of urban scale and growth is greatly influenced by administration-center bias of governmental resource allocation because cities with different administrative hierarchies make diverse administrative power, resource allocation and institutional arrangement. Under the existing urban system, administration-center bias is also a kind of metropolis bias, and both of them reinforce each other which lead to overexpansion of cities with higher administrative hierarchy and the failure of the policy of urban scale control. To promote the harmonious development of small towns and cities, medium and large cities, we should radically change the administration-center bias in resource allocation, weaken the influence of administrative hierarchy, control the urban scale according to comprehensive carrying capacity and stimulate the development of economy strong town through focusing power expansion to impulse the equality of intercity development and interest equality.
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Dolgikh, Anastasia I. „A VIRTUAL IMAGE OF AN ARCTIC TOWN (THE CASE STUDY OF SALEKHARD)“. Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 8, Nr. 4 (2022): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2022-8-4-6-21.
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The paper is concerned with a virtual image of an Arctic town as exemplified by Salekhard. Arctic discourse is extensively researched in contemporary humanities and social studies. The Arctic is being conceptualized as a unique region of circumpolar civilization, and its sustainability is considered a national issue of strategic importance, particularly in terms of the prosperity of Arctic towns, which have received a significant investment to shape their brands and identities. The above-mentioned trends are key to understanding the relevance of the study. However, few Russian researchers have previously dealt with the issues of shaping, preserving, and developing Russian Arctic towns’ unique identity and representation in a virtual space. This paper seeks to contribute to this area of research. Hence, the paper is aimed at identifying key characteristics of an Arctic town’s virtual image as represented by Salekhard, the administrative centre of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug located in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. To explore Salekhard’s virtual image, the author has adopted a contextual analysis of data retrieved from January to June 2022 through parcing the official community of Salekhard’s municipality administration on the social networking service VK (VKontakte) facilitated by VK API. In terms of the study’s findings, the specific components shaping the image of Arctic towns are presented; the notion of ‘a town’s virtual image’ is defined; key topics, most popular hashtags and most frequent lexemes are revealed by means of contextual analysis; evaluative and functional dominants of VK posts that affect Salekhard’s image are identified; building upon this, authentic features of Salekhard as an Arctic town are outlined. In conclusion, emphasis is placed on peculiar features of the representation of Arctic discourse in a virtual space based on the explored data, contextual conditions of shaping, developing and promoting the town’s virtual image, and major components that constitute this image.
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Leśniewska-Napierała, Katarzyna. „The potential of cultural heritage of national minorities in small towns – the case of Brzeziny“. Space – Society – Economy, Nr. 19 (30.03.2017): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-3180.19.06.
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Small towns are understood here as settlements with municipal rights having up to 20,000 inhabitants. In Łódź Voivodeship (a unit of Poland’s administrative division) there are 28 such settlements inhabited by almost 210,000 people. The aim of the study is to analyse the potential of the heritage of national minorities in the towns of Łódź Voivodeship. The town of Brzeziny was selected for the study as national minorities played a prominent role in its land development in the past.
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Volkov, Alexander, Elena Pavlova, Maria Valdaitceva und Valery Abramov. „Sustainable development of single-industry towns in Russia“. E3S Web of Conferences 295 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129501003.
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The modern practice of defining administrative-industrial territories has formed the concept of «single-industry towns». Currently, there are many definitions of this phenomenon; however, the common criterion for classifying a town as a single-industry town is that its socio-economic development depends on the activities of one city-forming enterprise or several enterprises in the technological structure that operate within a single production and technological process. Such dependence for settlements with narrow specialization has a negative impact during the crisis situation at the enterprise or its liquidation. The negative consequences include a sharp increase in unemployment (including hidden one), aggravation of social problems, acceleration of population outflow to more developed cities/regions of the region/country, sharply reduced revenues to the local budget, which leads to the impossibility of independent development of the settlement. The problems of single-industry towns in the periods of economic crises are pronounced. Results. This paper has defined the criteria of single-industry towns, approaches to the identification of single-industry towns. In addition, the models and factors contributing to the sustainable socio-economic development of single-industry towns and domestic experience in the modernization of single-industry town settlements are identified.
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Dijokienė, Dalia. „PECULIARITIES OF GENESIS, DEVELOPMENT AND VALUES OF VILNIUS HISTORIC SUBURBS“. JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 30, Nr. 2 (30.06.2006): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2006.10697068.
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The object of investigation is peculiarities of the genesis, development and values of Vilnius historic suburbs. Historic suburbs are the territories of a town which at one stage of their genesis were suburbs and their founding is interrelated with the founding of the town and which were in formation until the mid nineteenth century. The territory under study is the administrative boarders of Vilnius in 1939–1940. Most European towns no longer have such territories: they have lost their uniqueness, gradually disappeared or were destroyed during wars and have been replaced by modern urban structures and parks. In Lithuania the historic kernels of towns are still surrounded by historic suburbs. The investigation includes a chronological table presenting the development of Vilnius town, an analysis of the following urban structure elements of the suburbs: the network of streets; the structure of land holdings; the type of building-up of squares, streets and land holdings; complexes and ensembles of buildings; distinct features of the natural settings; panoramas and silhouettes; compositional links with the town’s kernel; distinctive urban and architectural features of the historic suburbs under study preserved up to date. The reasons of founding of the suburbs are defined and their types are distinguished. It is stated that historic suburbs have historic and cultural value. The values of historic suburbs play a role in the preservation of the town’s uniqueness and supplement the process of the town’s formation.
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Lee, Yok-shiu F. „Small Towns and China's Urbanization Level“. China Quarterly 120 (Dezember 1989): 771–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000018452.
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China'sde jureurbanization level more than doubled in the five years between 1982 and 1987, jumping from 20.8 per cent to 46 6 per cent (Table 1). The Chinese State Statistical Bureau (SSB) officials explained that this unprecedented increase was largely the result of an increase in the number of urban towns since the mid 1984 relaxation of criteria for urban town designation.1 This is, however, only a partial explanation. My own analysis shows that much of the gain in the town population was in fact due to the post-1984 governing system of“town administering village” (zhen guan cun). Many newly designated urban towns (and some existing towns as well) have enlarged their administrative territories to include a huge number of agricultural residents in their official urban population. Most of these rural persons, however, judged by strict occupational and residential criteria, should not have been counted as urban population. The inclusion of many agricultural persons in the urban sector since mid 1984 has thus greatly exaggerated the actual urbanization level.2
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Golec, Boris. „The Role of Slovenian Language in Legal Texts of Town and Market-Town Autonomy until the Spring of Nations of 1848“. Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 10, Nr. 2 (26.04.2012): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/10.2.171-186.
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Up to the 19th century, very little was written in Slovenian language; in the official and business life, the written Slovenian was an exception. This contribution discusses the role of Slovenian language in legal texts of towns and market-towns, namely those few Slovenian environments that through centuries had local self-government with its own elected representatives and judicial administration. Chronologically the contribution is limited to the period up to the Spring of Nations of 1848, after which the conditions for the public use of Slovenian language changed significantly. From the mid-16th century there are only a few dozen known Slovenian official records regarding undertakings of town and market-town autonomies. Among them, there are only a handful of stand-alone documents; and by far the most official oath forms. It is no coincidence that the records from towns and markets emphasizing the Slovenian linguistic image of the population have been preserved, since the bulk of these texts was created in these environments simply because there was a need for them. The vocabulary used is a faithful reflection of the actual terms used in administrative and legal terminology, often adapted German words, and loanwords. The first imperative of the writers of Slovenian official oath texts was their understandability, as they were mainly intended for oral use and wide audiences.
Keywords: town autonomy • market-town autonomy • legal texts • Slovenian language • the official language of official functioning • municipality
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Pityulych, Mykhaylo M., Krystyna M. Kudak und Yeva S. Veresh. „Development of regional markets of consumer goods: state and assessment of factors“. Regional Economy, Nr. 3(105) (2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2022-3-5.
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In the conditions of administrative and territorial reform, the development of small towns becomes more relevant, because according to the methodology of forming capable territorial communities, it is determined that communities should be formed around the cities-district centers, most of which are the small towns. In such conditions, one of the primary tasks of the local self-government bodies is the development of the strategy for territorial communities and small towns, which primarily involves determining the priority directions of their development and is a systematic process aimed at solving the most urgent local problems, realizing the socio-economic potential, increasing the efficiency of the use of available resources, which will ultimately contribute to the development of small towns and the growth of their role in the development of the regional economy. The purpose of the article is to determine the strategic priorities of the development of small towns in the conditions of administrative and territorial reform and decentralization. The analysis proved that in the conditions of administrative and territorial reform, small cities, acting as the centers of newly formed territorial communities, are in the focus of increased attention of scientists and experts that require the development of an effective strategy for their development and the determination of priority areas of their functioning. Due to the fact that the most of the small towns are characterized by a monofunctional type of development, in the long-term period, the strengthening of the industrial potential of these towns and the restructuring of the economy should be expected; accordingly, the social development of small towns will depend on the levels and directions of their economic growth. In the conditions of the military crisis and post-war recovery in our country, experts consider the improvement of the system of tax administration in communities to be one of the effective tools for the recovery and modernization of the country. Along with this, one of the integral conditions of the development of small towns is the deepening of intersectoral partnership between the government, business and the public sector, and the development of innovative entrepreneurship. In the conditions of decentralization the small cities are an important component of the socio-economic development of communities and regions, which requires increased attention to the development of an effective strategy for their operation, the determination of priorities for their development in the long term period, which involves strengthening of the potential of small cities, deepening partnership relations between various entities management, improvement of the local tax administration system, reorientation of industrial production to an innovative type of development.
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KulczyńskaCDFPMR, Katarzyna. „Factors controlling consumer behaviour in frontier towns“. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 19, Nr. 19 (01.06.2013): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2013-0003.
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AbstractThis article focuses on the most important factors shaping the spatial behaviour of transborder consumers in Słubice and Frankfurt on the Oder, towns split by a state border. The factors are highly diversified and differ in the spatial range of influence. They can be divided into seven groups, viz. geographical, political- administrative, legal-normative, economic, demographic, psycho-social and cultural, and the foreign-language information layout of a town. But it is economic factors, like the level of prices in the given country or the currency exchange rate, that have the strongest effect on the movement of inhabitants and the intensity of transborder contacts between the two frontier towns
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CHRISTENSEN, SØREN BITSCH, und JØRGEN MIKKELSEN. „The Danish urban system pre-1800: a survey of recent research results“. Urban History 33, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2006): 484–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926806004081.
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In Denmark, the first actual towns can be dated to the eighth and ninth centuries. The establishment of towns became more significant in the eleventh and twelfth centuries in connection with the state-building process, and these towns were distinctly consumer towns serving as administrative, religious and military centres. From 1200 to 1350 Denmark, similar to the German area, underwent considerable urbanization; a large number of market towns were created, and in contrast to the older ones they were mercantile towns. Denmark thus clearly became the most urbanized country in Scandinavia. As Copenhagen grew in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the urban system decisively changed its character in the direction of a primate system. The characteristics of the primate system are particularly distinct within the boundaries of the Kingdom of Denmark, but less pronounced if the entire monarchy is included in the period in which Denmark was a conglomerate state. The institutional conditions must in general be attributed considerable importance in explaining Danish urban development. Thus, Denmark is one of the countries where town privileges were of great significance until the middle of the nineteenth century.
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Антонова, И., und I. Antonova. „REGIONS WITH HIGH CONCENTRATION OF SINGLE-INDUSTRY TOWNS: PROBLEMS OF DATA QUALITY IMPROVEMENT“. Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2018, Nr. 3 (25.04.2018): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2018-3-62-68.
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With all the diversity of studies of single-industry towns’ development problems, little attention has been given to the quality of statistical data: neither the selective character of official statistics nor the difference between a single-industry town and a municipality are taken into account. The latter makes it impossible to use mathematical methods to simulate the spatial development of towns. The purpose of the current research is to identify the problems of assessment for regions with high concentration of monotowns and to introduce some ways of improving the quality of data by using the case of the Kemerovo region. Research methods include collection and grouping of data on the single-industry towns of the Kemerovo region taking into account the administrative-territorial division of the region, the construction of the logarithmic model of distribution of cities and towns according to the «rank-size» rule and evaluation compliance of the received distribution with the Zipf rule. As a result of research, the author proposes directions of improvement of data on towns and obtained results. In particular, the study specifies the conformity of Kuzbass towns to the Zipf law. The results can be applied in the field of forecasting and management of single-industry towns’ development at the regional level.
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Tsegay, Kiros, Hongzhong Fan, Hailay Shifare und PriyanganiAdikari AM. „The role of small town in household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas“. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, Nr. 7 (07.11.2021): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i7.1407.
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There is a high expectation that urban-rural linkage in general and the function of small towns, in particular, has a great role in livelihood diversification and poverty reduction in rural areas than sectoral development. However, the previous empirical studies give little attention to the function of small towns and the livelihood diversification of rural communities. We analyze the function of a small town and participating in non-farm economic activities from a rural farm household survey of 371 farmer household heads in Ethiopia. The data was analyzed using a logistic regression model and statistical description. The study found that rural households who have road access have likely participated in none-farm activities and it has positive and significant effects. Education and FHH has also a significant relationship with the function of a small town. Distance from the small town has a significant and positive impact on the non-farm economic activities of rural communities. Overall, benefits from the function of small towns such as the provision of road access, agricultural extension, financial credit services, administrative services, educational and health services are some of the provisions of a small town. Therefore, a comprehensive integrated urban-rural linkage strategy could empower rural farm smallholders to diversify their livelihoods through strengthening small town functions is mandatory. The role of small towns needs to be integrated into rural communities. Participate in livelihood diversification strategies and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 at large.
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Qu, Yunzhu, und Kemin Wang. „Research on the Cooperative Development Mode of Rural Tourism Resorts — Taking Huangpu River Source Tourism Resort as an Example“. Journal of World Economy 2, Nr. 3 (September 2023): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/jwe.2023.09.09.
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The Huangpu River Source Tourism Resort, situated within Anji County, Zhejiang Province, encompasses the administrative boundaries of Baofu Town, Zhangcun Town, and Hanggai Town. With the establishment of the resort's management committee, upper-level planning and coordination have gradually fallen into place, facilitating the full-scale construction of the resort. As a rural-oriented tourism destination aimed at fostering comprehensive development across these three townships, disparities are anticipated in terms of development foundations, tourism competitiveness, and development approaches. The purpose of this paper is to establish an evaluation index system for rural tourism competitiveness within the region. Utilizing factor analysis via the SPSS tool, it seeks to assess the strengths and weaknesses of each town's development factors, thereby evaluating the tourism development foundation and potential across the three towns. This endeavor aims to provide more effective guidance for the scientific construction and management of the Huangpu River Source Tourism Resort in Anji County and to explore a linked development model for the resort.
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SENGUPTA, TANIA. „Between country and city: fluid spaces of provincial administrative towns in nineteenth-century Bengal“. Urban History 39, Nr. 1 (10.01.2012): 56–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926811000782.
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ABSTRACT:By looking at the spatial cultures of nineteenth-century provincial administrative towns in colonial Bengal, this article problematizes notions of city, town or country and their relationships. It looks at colonial provincial governance within a framework that extended far beyond ‘formal’ governmental administrative spaces and thus engages with the complex overlap between categories like work, home and leisure. It argues that provincial urbanism in colonial Bengal defied clear-cut categories and in effect created a ‘fluid’ spatial culture, which was distinct from, but also calibrated between, metropolitan centres on the one hand and a vast rural hinterland on the other.
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Dnistryanska, Natalia, und Myroslav Dnistryanskyy. „Geographical location and administrative status as factor of development of very small urban settlements of Lviv region“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, Nr. 47 (27.11.2014): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.47.874.
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Characteristic of geographical position of very small urban settlements of Lviv region was made. The level of their social-geographical periphery and its impact on the functioning of settlements were identified. Regular character of placing of a large number of cities and urban villages on the edge of the Carpathians and the Forecarpathians were proved. The differentiation of small urban settlements of Lviv region by features of administrative status and its socio-geographical importance were analyzed. Conclusion regarding inappropriate reduction of current administrative status of very small towns and urban villages was made. Key words: very small urban settlements, very small town, urban village, geographical location of settlements, administrative status of settlements.
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Kim, Jaewan, Tae Yong Jung und Yong Gun Kim. „Multilevel Analysis of Civic Engagement and Effectiveness of Energy Transition Policy in Seoul: The Seoul Eco-Mileage Program“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 23 (26.11.2020): 9905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239905.
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The Seoul Eco-mileage Program is a representative project of the One Less Nuclear Power Plant (OLNPP) scheme, which addresses the energy transition policy of Seoul aiming to reduce CO2 emissions. Unlike other governmental projects, the success of this program requires the direct participation of citizens. This study investigates the influence of civic engagement in participant towns (Level 1: 423 administrative towns) and districts (Level 2: 25 administrative districts) on CO2 emissions reduction (kg CO2/membership) throughout 2017 in Seoul via multilevel modeling. Our results show that town-level civic engagement, as measured by voter turnout, is positively correlated with the performance of the Eco-mileage Program. Moreover, when civic engagement factors (social trust, volunteer activities, and citizen participation) at Level 1 interact with Level 2 factors (housing prices, motivation of district leaders, and energy-saving practices) in each district, we observed cross-level interactive effects on CO2 reduction. Among Level 2 factors, the representative institutional capacities, such as financial independence and ordinance, showed positive correlations with the performance efficacy of the energy transition policy of Seoul.
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Babkin, R. A., und A. G. Makhrova. „UNITED CITIES OF THE MOSCOW REGION: THE RESULT OF EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OR ADMINISTRATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS“. Lomonosov Geography Journal 78, Nr. 6 (2023) (29.02.2024): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.6.4.
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Using the example of the Moscow region and based on the analysis of various information, including data from cellular operators, we studied a poorly explored phenomenon of absorption of some cities (towns) by others. The objectives of the article included the development of an approach to the study of united cities (towns), including an assessment of the preservation of their self-sufficiency as autonomous centers, as well as the identification of factors and stages of integration.It is revealed that in the Soviet period the unification of cities (towns) in the Moscow region occurred as a result of the evolutionary development of neighboring centers and their merger. In recent decades the inclusion of cities (towns) into neighboring centers is mainly the result of artificial amalgamation during the current stage of municipal reform. Based on the example of the three largest takeover cases of recent times (Khimki - Skhodnya, Balashikha - Zheleznodorozhny, Podolsk - Klimovsk), and using the data of cellular operators, we analysed the borders, population numbers and the system of external relations of the population. It is shown that all united cities (towns) under consideration continue to be independent centers (in terms of population size and density, and their role as local centers of labor gravity).The study of the absorbed cities (towns) of the Moscow region made it possible to identify the stages of their integration. It is revealed that after formal administrative subordination, the united center goes through the stages of infrastructural and socio-cultural merger, ending with the stage of complete absorption. It is shown that under the influence of a number of factors (geographical proximity, population size, economic structure, etc.), merger processes can accelerate or slow down.A methodology proposed in the article is aimed at forming an approach to the study of absorbed cities (towns). The latter disappear from the field of view of official statistics and specialists, despite their continued functioning as independent centers for a long time.
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Dnistryanska, Natalia, und Myroslav Dnistryanskyy. „Very small urban settlements of Ukraine: regional features of spread and demographic value“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, Nr. 41 (17.09.2013): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.41.1940.
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Essence of concept of very small urban settlements was given. The content of this category of settlements in Ukraine was analyzed. The geographical features of distribution of small towns by region of Ukraine were defined and their demographic potential was described. The place of very small settlements in the prospective settlement system of Ukraine was substantiated. Key words: very small urban settlements, a small town, urban village, settlement system, the administrative status of the settlements.
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Bocharov, Sergei G. „Heritage of the Golden Horde: the origins of Crimean Khanat cities“. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, Nr. 40 (27.06.2022): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.2.40.231.241.
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Golden Horde State during its existence on the Crimean Peninsula origin two towns Solkhat – Krym (modern Stariy Krym) and Kirk-Yer (modern Chufut-Kale). At the time of its emergence in the mid-15th century, the Crimean Khanate "inherited" only these two towns on the peninsula. Coastal Genoese towns - Caffa (modern Feodosia), Soldaia (modern Sudak), Cembalo (modern Balaklava) and Vosporo (modern Kerch) were situated near as well as two towns of the Late Byzantine principality Theodoro: the capital of the principality – Theodoro (now Mangup) and the town Calamita (now Inkerman). As a result of the Ottoman conquest of 1475 the number of Ottoman Crimean towns remained the same, only their names were changed: Caffa became Kefe, Soldaia – Sudak, Cembalo – Balaklava, Vosporo – Kerch, Theodoro – Mangup, Calamita – Inkerman. The total number of the Ottoman Crimean towns remained virtually unchanged for three centuries. In contrast, in the territory of the Crimean Khanate in the last quarter of the 15th and early 16th centuries five new towns were founded. Bahchisaray, Karasubazar, Ak-Mechet, Gezlev and Or Kapu were added to two old Golden Horde cities – Solkhat and Kirk-Yer. It were new towns that got priority in development. The political and economic center of Golden Horde Solkhat in the second half of the 15th century would lose its administrative importance and economic influence. During the khan's period it would be called Eski Krym. The main conclusion of the study is that all new towns of the Crimean Khanate (Bahchisaray, Karasubazar, Ak-Mechet, Gezlew, Or Kapu) were not connected with the previous centuries-old urbanistic tradition of local Byzantine or Genoese cities, they appeared in previously unoccupied places, where at best there were Golden Horde settlements. The original urban planning foundations of these cities come from the Golden Horde (in the broad sense – the Eastern) urban planning tradition.
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Konecka-Szydłowska, Barbara. „Trajectories of the Development of Small Towns in Terms of the Urban Resilience Concept — the Demographic Dimension“. Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 16, Nr. 2 (29.10.2018): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.362.
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The paper aims to determine the trajectories of the development of small towns in terms of the urban resilience concept in a demographic dimension. It makes it possible to answer the question of how towns adapt to contemporary socio-economic processes. The subject of the research is a set of small towns in Wielkopolskie Voivodship. The period of the study involves the years 2003–2016 which enables us to grasp the changeability of development conditions related to transformation, globalization, and integration processes as well as the economic crisis. The research is conducted with the use of indexes of change dynamics with a fixed basis. Analysis provides for a diversified size structure of small towns, their location and administrative functions performed. In 2003–2016 the trajectories of the resilience of Wielkopolskie small towns were diversified. The basic criterion influencing their course is the size structure of a given center and its location, whereas administrative functions are of minor significance. The smallest towns (of a mixed type — i.e., roller-coster with elements of avant-garde type) seem the most resistant to external disturbances, have a higher degree of resilience and thus adapt better to contemporary socio-economic changes in the demographic dimension. An important external disturbance which clearly modifies the values of the selected indexes of resilience and vulnerability dynamics as well as the course of the trajectories of the development of towns with a diversified size structure was an economic crisis strengthened by globalization and integration processes.
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Dnistryanskyi, Myroslav S., und Iryna M. Chaika. „Location of small towns and rural settlements of Ukraine and new realities of the administrative- territorial system: contradictions and perspectives of mutual influences“. Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 32, Nr. 1 (07.04.2023): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112301.
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The article reveals the mutual influences of the geography of small towns (mistechka) and rural settlements in Ukraine and the system of administrative-territorial organization at the middle and lowest levels. Based on the statistical analysis, it was concluded that the location of very small cities, urban-type settlements (selyshchа miskoho typu) and villages is significantly differentiated by regions of Ukraine, taking into account the historical-geographical and natural-geographical prerequisites, the level of urbanization and industrialization, as well as differences in the demographic situation. The study proved that before the administrative reform, the small towns of Ukraine played an important role in the organization of the middle link of the administrative territorial system, being the centers of most districts, but as a result of the reform, their administrative importance in the district division became minimal. At the same time, almost half of the small towns became centres of united territorial communities. The author concludes that the loss of the status of medium-sized administrative units by towns could be compensated by transferring a significant part of the functions of regional authorities to new administrative districts, and most of the functions of former district centres to the centres of low-level territorial communities. For this purpose, it is necessary to create appropriate socio-economic conditions for the small towns-centres of new territorial communities to perform all the functions of serving the population of nearby settlements. It was concluded that such changes in administrative powers can ensure, in general, a shift in the weight of socio-economic life deep into the territory, which is necessary to overcome intra-regional disproportions in the development of the economy and the social sphere. The proposition that the structure of rural resettlement also influenced the territorial organization of local self-government in rural areas in different ways at all times was conceptually substantiated. The main socio-geographic parameters that used to determine and currently determine the structure of rural self-government are the density of the rural population, the average population, and the density of rural settlements. The study proved the presence of various regional variants of the combination of these indicators, which were also reflected in the geography of the centres in rural territorial communities. A positive consequence of the administrative reform was the strengthening of the financial base of rural communities, but at the same time, the administrative importance of many rural settlements of Ukraine decreased due to the loss of the status of rural council centres, and the distances between rural settlements and new administrative centres increased. As villages-community centres began to serve larger territories, if their infrastructural potential and economic base were strengthened, they could become new poles of socio-economic development in rural areas.
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Cai, Jiming, Du Guonan und Liu Yuan. „Measurement of the real urbanization level in China and its international comparison“. China Political Economy 2, Nr. 2 (02.12.2019): 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpe-10-2019-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the real urbanization level in China so as to provide a measurement that can be compared with the international level. Design/methodology/approach Taking into consideration 300m residents living in the administrative towns (300m residents here are referred to the population in administrative towns, including those in all counties), the gap between the urbanization rate of China and that of the world average becomes much wider. Findings China, however, implements the administrative system of government at the central, provincial, municipal, county and township levels. By city, it means the jurisdiction at and above the level of county, which includes the municipality directly under the central government, prefecture-level municipal and county. By town, it means the jurisdiction below the level of county (including the Chengguan Town, or capital town, where the county government is located) and exclusive of rural townships. Originality/value China has witnessed rapid development for 40 years since the reform and opening up in 1978. Nowadays, China has already stepped into the period of post-industrialization, with its urbanization rate (UR) of permanent population reaching 58.58 percent. However, on the basis of registered population, the UR is 43.37 percent, which is not only far below the average level of 81.3 percent in high-income countries, but also lower than the average of 65.8 percent in upper middle-income countries which are comparable to China in terms of per capita income. (The classification of state income level is based on the data of national income per capita and division standards in 2016 from the World Bank, in which annual revenue per capita in high-income countries reaches over US$12,736 and that in upper middle-income countries between US$4,126 and US$12,735.)
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Misra, Harikesh N., und Ashutosh Mishra. „Role of small and intermediate towns in regional development: A case study of Raebareli, Sultanpur and Pratapgarh Districts of Uttar Pradesh, India“. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 5, Nr. 4 (01.12.2017): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/environ-2017-0021.
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AbstractIt is said that small and intermediate size towns play a significant role in the socio-economic transformation of regional spaces through diffusion of innovations. It, however, has been hypothesized here that in this diffusion process the villages having better infrastructural facilities and services, play central role. For its analysis, the study takes the case of a region consisting of three administrative districts - Raebareli, Sultanpur and Pratapgarh, of the Uttar Pradesh state of India. These districts have remained in political focus since India’s independence and have elected two prime-ministers and some most influential politicians of their times in quest of development. However, the condition of development here is still deplorable. These districts have 22 statutory towns, and are least urbanized in the state. The towns are mainly administrative or market centres in nature serving surrounding villages by their backward and forward linkages. The study analyses ‘Z scores’ of select services to measure the level of development at block and village level, and portrays the spatial arrangement of towns in development setting of the region. The study observes that while towns are instrumental in promoting regional development, the role of ‘rurban’ centres (high service villages) in the process of diffusion of development is pivotal.
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Mardiansjah, Fadjar H., Samsul Ma’rif und Agung Sugiri. „Analyzing Urban Population Growth in the Towns of Non-urban Regions in Java, Indonesia, Using Spatial Analysis“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1264, Nr. 1 (01.11.2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012012.
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Abstract As a high densely populated region, urbanization process in Java has become a regional process as the process is also characterized by the growing out of the urban areas outside the cities’ administrative limit, as well as the rapid growth of urban population in the non-urban regions, known as kabupaten. This process is also indicated by the growth of many towns as urban areas in the territory of kabupaten. In fact, the growth of urban population in kabupaten has become the main contributors of urban population growth in Java in the last decades. By analysing the spatial growth of urbanized villages that form the towns in three kabupaten in the north coast of Central Java, this study aims to examine the characteristics of urban population growth in non-statutory towns in non-urban regions in order to deepening the understanding on urbanization process in high densely populated regions like Java. Urban population growth in the non-urban regions is analysed through a time series analysis on the growth of the towns in the territory of the kabupaten and the growth of the populations who live in the towns along the observation periods. The results show that urban population growth in non-urban region is influenced by rural-to-urbanized villages’ transformation process that triggers three forms of towns’ spatial formations for their growth and development: newly small-town formation process, growing process, and merging process. Therefore, this study suggests better management on the villages’ transformation proces, to have better management of regional urbanization in the future.
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Li, Yujiao, Rong Ma und Bei Jin. „Research on Rural Typology Based on the Symbiotic Model of Rural Revitalization and Basic Public Services“. Land 12, Nr. 6 (20.06.2023): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12061259.
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The basic unit of rural revitalization is the village. Rural revitalization can be comprehensively promoted by using rural typology as an instrument for rural zoning planning, which is a significant factor. This study clarified the relationship between rural revitalization and basic public services, constructed evaluation index systems, and analyzed the symbiotic mode. The comprehensive development level and the symbiotic mode were incorporated to determine the type of village. The results showed the following: (1) The thriving industry and affluent life of Tangfang Town obviously contributed to its rural revitalization; the achievement of basic environmental improvement was eminent. (2) There are differences in the comprehensive development level of rural revitalization and basic public services among administrative villages, with an overall trend of “high in the north and low in the south”, corresponding to the industrial layout of “north industry and south agriculture” in Tangfang Town. (3) The symbiosis coefficients of all the administrative villages in Tangfang Town were between 0 and 0.5, and there was a positive symmetric mutualism relationship overall, indicating that basic public services have a significant impact and can effectively promote the process of rural revitalization. (4) Villages in Tangfang Town are divided into five functional areas—the comprehensive coordination area, potential improvement area, restricted development area, unbalanced allocation area, and backward guarantee area—and various types of optimization development strategies are proposed. As one of the top 100 demonstration towns for rural revitalization in Shaanxi Province, Tangfang Town plays a leading and exemplary role. Within the context of rural revitalization strategies, solving the problem of how to realize differentiated development in the next five years has become urgent. This study aimed to effectively promote the process of rural revitalization, provide theoretical guidance for scientific development in Tangfang Town, and promote research ideas for other towns in China.
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Sizov, Yuri I., L. N. Medvedeva und A. S. Plotnikov. „USING A COGNITIVE MATHEMATICAL TOOL FOR DETERMINING THE CONTINUUM OF SMALL CITIES“. Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 238, Nr. 6 (2022): 294–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2022-238-6-294-317.
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In the context of the development of the Development Strategy of the Russian Federation, the discussion about the future of different types of cities has intensified. The proposed cognitive-mathematical model for the development of small towns justifies the permanent strengthening of the interdependence of rural and urban economies, opens up prospects for development. The factors influencing the development of small towns located in rural areas are identified; optimization of financial, investment and logistics flows; increasing entrepreneurial potential in the field of agro-industrial production. The cognitive approach to modeling the continuum of small towns made it possible to significantly reduce the amount of numerical calculations when building a neural network, and two-level modeling to optimize financial and investment flows. It is proposed to change the demographic threshold for classifying cities as small: from 50 thousand to 100 thousand inhabitants, in order to improve the investment climate and economic growth. Modeling the socio-economic development of a small town located in rural areas made it possible to substantiate the levels of relationships between economic agents. Taking into account the above designations, a cognitive model of a typical small town located in a rural area was compiled and a grouping of small towns of the Volgograd region was carried out according to the degree of development of entrepreneurial potential. It is shown that administrative transformations, as a rule, are more significant than migration and demographic ones, they can open the way to development for some cities, make others satellites living “on alms”. It is concluded that small towns can be economically and socially efficient settlements, quite competitive units of the country’s spatial framework with state support and increased financial flows to local budgets.
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Zhang, Lin, Yufei Sun, Chunlin Li und Bingbing Li. „Promoting Sustainable Development in Urban–Rural Areas: A New Approach for Evaluating the Policies of Characteristic Towns in China“. Buildings 14, Nr. 4 (13.04.2024): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041085.
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The Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by all United Nations Member States, emphasize sustainable cities and communities, aiming to strengthen development planning and foster positive links between urban and rural areas by 2030. As the newly leading platform for urbanization development, characteristic towns (‘Tese Xiaozhen’ in Chinese) contribute to the target of sustainable urbanisation, wherein town policies are especially important for leading the sound development of characteristic towns. However, the effect of these characteristic towns policies remains uncertain. Additionally, most related studies have utilized qualitative methodologies in policy evaluation, which may be inadequate to guide actual practice. Thus, in order to accurately acknowledge the effect of characteristic towns policies, a policy evaluation framework is established in this paper, utilising the multiple streams theory, text mining and the Policy Modelling Consistency Index model (PMC-Index model). Then, taking 225 policy documents promulgated in China from 2015 to 2022 as the research objects, policy evaluation indicators were selected by combining the multiple streams theory to improve the PMC-Index model and a text mining method. Thereafter, an empirical analysis was conducted to evaluate the consistency of 10 characteristic towns policies chosen. The results indicate that the mean value of the PMC indexes of the 10 examined policies is 7.13 in the total of 9 points, which means that the general performance of the characteristic town policies is satisfactory, yet the low scores in terms of effectiveness, content, and guarantee. In the end, some recommendations and suggestions are proposed for clarifying administrative attributes, optimizing the integration of urban and rural resources, and adjusting the policy hierarchy to a bottom-up approach. This study not only provides a policy evaluation framework to comprehensively understand the consistency of global urbanization policies but also offers a beneficial reference for promote urban–rural sustainable development.
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Wojarska, Magdalena, Roman Kisiel und Emil Walendzik. „Small Towns as Beneficiaries of EU Funds (the Example of Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship)“. Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 16, Nr. 2 (29.10.2018): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.363.
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The objective of this study was to achieve a multidimensional description of the consumption of EU funds by small towns in Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodship, and to identify the role of this source of funding in the development policy of these localities. The aim was pursued based on secondary data originating from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office and from the database of the Ministry of Investment and Economic Development (the EU Grants Map), as well as primary data collected during a survey study conducted among representatives of small towns and urban-rural municipalities which contain a small town in their limits (in total 38 units). The percentage of returned and correctly completed questionnaires was 44,74%. The empirical material gathered during the study proves that the budgets of municipalities in Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship in 2006–2016 received PLN 3 244,24 million in the form of grants from the EU and other foreign support programmes, and the share of this sum absorbed by small towns and urban-rural municipalities was 25,91% (PLN 840,44 million), most of which was allocated to urban-rural municipalities (86,61%). Results of the U Mann-Whitney test showed that the distribution of the funds acquired by small towns and urban-rural municipalities with small towns in their limits, calculated per capita, in Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship differed significantly from the sums of money invested by other administrative units of this type in Poland. The research also indicates that the EU funds played an important role in the development policy of small towns, and an opportunity to apply for EU grants had a strong influence on their investment plans.
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Bujdosó, Zoltán, Lóránt Dávid und Gulmira Uakhitova. „The effect of county border on the catchment area of towns on the example of Hajdú-Bihar County – methodology and practice“. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 22, Nr. 22 (01.12.2013): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2013-0028.
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AbstractTowns constitute 9% of the settlements of Hungary and represent 68% of the population. This value roughly corresponds to the European Union average. Their number, however, considerably grew in the past decade. While in 1980 there were 96 settlements with town status in 1990 there were already 177 and at present there are 324, which is more over three times more than in 1980. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in their size and scope of activities. Several researches have been conducted concerning the urban fields of many settlements and larger territorial units in Hungary but there no comprehensive map of the urban fields has been prepared yet. Inter-settlement relations started to play a more and more important role in the economic life of the country. The paper focuses on the study of the urban fields of the towns situated along the borders of Hajdú- Bihar county pointing out those functions whose attractions remain within the administrative border and those which cross it. The studied area are the towns along the county border. A special methodology was used which could be used for other regions and towns in other countries.
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Sun, Wenwen, Xin Hu, Zhuoran Li und Chunlu Liu. „Identifying the Configuration Differences of Primary Schools with Different Administrative Affiliations in China“. Buildings 10, Nr. 2 (19.02.2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10020033.
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Equalization of education facilities, which means the balanced distribution of human and material resources under limited resource conditions, is one of the goals of sustainable development. In the process of rapid urbanization in China, there are apparent discrepancies between urban and rural areas because of different land and household registration systems. Primary schools with three types of different administrative affiliations also have significant distinctions. This study is aimed at assessing and comparing the configuration of primary schools with three different administrative affiliations, including cities, towns, and villages. After building an indicator system, the entropy weight method is applied to calculate the overall and category configuration scores of each school. Based on a spatial database, the ArcGIS thematic maps display the geography characteristic of each school in different geolocations. Moreover, the Kruskal–Wallis test identifies if the configuration of primary schools with different administrative affiliations is equal. The results indicate that the allocation of primary schools with three different administrative affiliations showed a ternary development. Moreover, although primary schools with city affiliation had significant advantages in education quality and convenience, their supply–demand conditions were not optimistic. In addition, the quality of the primary schools subordinate to towns was better, but convenience was generally lower. Finally, the quality of primary schools subordinate to villages and some towns was still poor. The results provide facts and a basis for policymakers to achieve an equity configuration in the sustainable development context.
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Русак, И., und I. Rusak. „MONOTOWNS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS: ASSESSMENT FEATURES OF SOCIO‑ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT“. Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2018, Nr. 1 (25.02.2018): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2018-1-161-165.
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<p>The aim of the article is to consider the existing criteria of single-industry towns (monotowns) in the Republic of Belarus, which are the subject of the current research. The article summarizes the main approaches to the concept of «single-industry city». The study is based on the analysis of the state scheme of complex territorial organization of the Republic of Belarus and shows the position of the single-industry towns of Belarus in the system of population displacement. The paper features an analysis of the existing criteria for attributing urban settlements to the category of «monotowns» and includes a list of the largest city-forming enterprises in the Republic of Belarus. The study proposes some basic directions of the further development of single-industry towns in Belarus, which can be used by the government and local authorities in the regional development. The results will help to institutionalize the category of «single-industry town» in Belarus. The study also proposes to include an article on the development of monoprofile cities into main strategic documents of the Republic of Belarus. Such an article should provide a permanent monitoring of the development of such urban settlements as well as adoption of corrective measures in case of depression. An important direction for future research is the definition of the criteria for a comprehensive analysis of single-industry towns – not only on the level of economic development of the city-forming enterprise, but also on the level of socio-economic development of the settlement as an administrative-territorial unit with a town-forming enterprise.</p>
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Mrozewicz, Leszek. „Conditor urbium. Trajans Urbanisierungspolitik in den Donauprovinzen“. Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, Nr. 18 (09.07.2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2018.18.11.
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The victory in the war with Dacians set off a number of major administrative and administrative reforms conducted by Trajan in the Danubian provinces. Some of the vital elements of the reforms included veteran settlement and establishment of numerous towns – coloniae and municipia. As many as eighteen were thus established in the region during Trajan’s reign.
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Cudo, Mateusz. „Urban criteria based on the example of the smallest towns in Poland“. Miscellanea Geographica 23, Nr. 1 (31.01.2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2018-0035.
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Abstract The article attempts to develop a preliminary practical framework for urban criteria in terms of the population, economy and spatial location of the smallest towns in Poland. Despite being of little significance, the fact that they lie near the border between being rural settlements and towns makes them an interesting subject for research and more detailed analysis. The current phenomenon of urban status being obtained by ever-smaller settlements is causing conceptual disorder. Therefore, the article may serve as an early contribution to a discussion about the need to define and unify urban criteria on a national scale. The qualitative and descriptive guidelines contained in official acts are insufficient and too general, which is why quantitative methods were used in the present research. Despite the limited data available, research on the topic of urbanity has proven the imperfection of the Polish administrative system and confirmed the premise that town status may be conferred inappropriately in numerous cases.
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Imran, Wania, und Justin B. Richardson. „Trace Element (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Se, U) Concentrations and Health Hazards from Drinking Water and Market Rice across Lahore City, Pakistan“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 18 (08.09.2023): 13463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813463.
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Exposure to toxic concentrations of trace elements in rice and drinking water is a serious issue for millions of South Asians, due to rice serving as a large portion of their diets and the geochemical enrichment of trace elements in groundwaters. The overall goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the hazards posed from toxic trace elements through the consumption of commercially available basmati rice and public drinking water sources across Lahore, Pakistan. Drinking water samples (n = 36) were collected from publicly accessible drinking taps from eight administrative towns and the cantonment. Rice samples were obtained from 11 markets (n = 33) across Lahore between December and February 2022–2023. Market rice concentrations exceeded the World Health Organization’s (WHO) limits and the Total Hazard Quotient (THQ) values exceeded 1.0 for As, Cu, and Pb, thus indicating multielement contamination. Market rice trace element concentrations and price were not correlated. As, Se, and U concentrations in drinking water were above the WHO’s drinking water guidelines and had THQ values exceeding 1.0, showing multielement contamination. Cr, Se, and U concentrations in drinking water were greater for impoverished administrative towns compared to middle and wealthy administrative towns, highlighting socioeconomic inequities in exposure to hazardous concentrations. We conclude that the citizens of Lahore are exposed to rice and drinking water that are hazardous to human health, including As and other lesser studied trace elements.
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Botezat, Alina, Mihaela David, Cristian Incaltarau und Peter Nijkamp. „The Illusion of Urbanization: Impact of Administrative Reform on Communities’ Resilience“. International Regional Science Review 44, Nr. 1 (08.10.2020): 33–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017620964861.
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While a large body of literature separately documents urban and rural resilience, little is known about how resilience evolves when communities experience an administrative reform that changes their judicial status from rural to urban. This paper explores the effects of the largest post-communist urbanization waves that took place in Romania in the early 2000s, when more communes were reclassified as towns. Using rich administrative data from 2000 to 2014, we employ a two-way fixed effect difference-in-differences research design to examine the impact of the reform on the resilience capacity of the affected communes. Our results reveal that the administrative reform had an initially positive impact on the physical resilience capacity. While the administrative reform did not have a significant effect on the overall resilience capacity of the newly declared towns, there are important differences across groups. The settlements situated in more developed counties and those with higher income levels were among the main beneficiaries. Negatively affected were mainly the poor communes and those that lack accessibility due to their mountain position and being far from big cities. In policy terms, this clearly emphasizes the need for place-sensitive policies complementing the administrative reform in order to help them escape from their rural uprootedness.
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CUENCA, ESTHER LIBERMAN. „Town clerks and the authorship of custumals in medieval England“. Urban History 46, Nr. 2 (06.05.2018): 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926818000287.
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ABSTRACT:This article examines the expertise and duties of clerks in medieval English towns, particularly their roles in creating custumals, or collections of written customs. Customs could regulate trade, office-holding, prostitution and even public nuisance. Many clerks were anonymous, and their contributions to custumals understudied. The careers of relatively well-known clerks, however, do provide insights into how some clerks shaped custumals into civic repositories of customary law. By analysing their oaths and known administrative practices, which involved adapting material from older custumals, this article argues that town clerks played critical roles in transmitting customary law to future generations of administrators.
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CÂRNAȚ, Teodor, und Ana-Maria AMBROSĂ. „The County and the Realm. Significations and Developments in the History of Romanian Administration“. Anuarul Universitatii "Petre Andrei" din Iasi - Fascicula: Drept, Stiinte Economice, Stiinte Politice 28 (10.12.2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/67.
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Integrating both villages and towns, the longest-living territorial unit in the administrative history of the Romanian cultural area has been the county (judeţ), also known as a realm (ţinut– in Medieval Moldova). Proving its usefulness as a unifying matrix after the Union of 1918, the county was the focus of two major administrative reforms in 1929 and 1938. The former created local ministerial directorates which were made up of several counties, by historical regions, and aimed to decentralise public services. The latter – implemented during the dictatorship of Charles II – abolished all counties and replaced them with larger territorial divisions, called realms; they were no longer meant to support decentralisation, but, on the contrary, the King’s authoritarian control over the administration, according to the fascist model.
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Nabillah, Ratu, R. Rijanta, Rika Harini und Kamaru Abubakari. „The role of a small town in the flow of agricultural commodities with its hinterlands before and after the construction of the Trans Sumatra Toll Road (case study: Kalianda District South Lampung Regency Indonesia)“. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi: Kajian, Teori, dan Praktek dalam Bidang Pendidikan dan Ilmu Geografi 28, Nr. 2 (27.05.2023): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um017v28i22023p107-133.
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Linkages between rural and urban areas assist numerous regions in a variety of ways. As a meeting place for villages and cities, a small town with hinterlands of agricultural areas acts as a market for village commodities, intermediary markets in larger markets, places for agricultural processing, places for production facilities, and a center for other activities. The construction of the Trans Sumatra Toll Road (JTTS), which crosses Kalianda District as a small town connecting several big cities, allows Kalianda alters its role. This study aims to examine the flow of agricultural commodities in a small town and its hinterlands and analyzed the role of small towns before and after the construction of JTTS. The data analysis was carried out by creating an Origin-Destination Map and providing the description. The results showed that seven agricultural commodities sold in Kalianda Market came from seven sources (origin), while commodities in rural areas had four selling destinations area. The small town illustrates its proper function as an intermediary market for larger markets, centers of health activities, administrative services, and banking services. However, the small town has not been able to play much of a role as an intermediary market for larger markets, rural commodity processing places, and places to find high-order goods. The small town is also incapable of being a destination for the identification of agricultural production facilities. In general, the existence of JTTS does not significantly change the role of small towns.
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Shagimuratova, A. A., A. E. Makarova, A. A. Sokolnikova und K. P. Konakova. „Methodology for assessing the level of development of closed administrative-territorial units“. E3S Web of Conferences 403 (2023): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340301009.
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The article proposes a new approach to assessing the level of development of closed administrative and territorial units (hereinafter, CATU) to form a favorable and comfortable living environment for people by implementing measures to develop scientific and production, socioeconomic and recreational potential of the territory and infrastructure of the municipality. The criteria and parameters for assessing the level of development of the territory, which ensure sustainable development of the territory, have been identified. A project experiment on the example of the territory of Levin town settlement (former CATU Kirov-200) of Kirov oblast is made. The article deals with the creation of the conceptual project “Biopolis” using the Ishikawa diagram. “Biopolis” is a biopharmaceutical cluster, and the principles of bionics have been applied for the development of the masterplanning scheme. The article proposes a new approach to assessing the level of development of CATUs, which is due to the priority task under the program “Integrated development of single-industry towns”.
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ENKHTAMIR, Nomin, und Gábor PIRISI. „Determining Small Towns’ Status Based on Their Basic Public Service Level. The Case of Mongolia“. Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning 15, Nr. 1 (27.04.2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jssp.2024.1.01.
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Small towns are widely recognized as key drivers in rural sustainable development, primarily by offering essential public services to residents in remote areas, thereby playing a pivotal role in promoting rural sustainability. Research endeavors focusing on small towns and rural regions of Mongolia are infrequent, with the majority of existing studies and reports predominantly rendered in the national language. This linguistic barrier significantly impedes the facilitation of international-level research in these areas. The current study is designed to address this gap by conducting a detailed analysis aimed at identifying small towns within local administrative units. This identification is predicated on an evaluation of their essential functions and activities, utilizing national statistical data from 21 provinces across Mongolia. The approach is geared towards understanding the unique characteristics and roles of these towns within the broader context of rural development and governance. The results show that soum centers are the main destination for access to daily necessities, agricultural trades, non-farm employment, basic education, and minor medical treatment for remote rural residents and serve as small towns. The varied functions of small towns are influenced by socioeconomic factors, urban proximity, and infrastructure. The research findings will enhance our knowledge of the functions of small towns within the rural hierarchy in Mongolia.
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Eshnazarov, Doniyor, Mukharram Abdukadirova, Abdukhokim Abdurakhmonov und Sherzodbek Yokubov. „Describing the administrative border of Koshtepa district on an electronic digital map and creating a web map“. E3S Web of Conferences 452 (2023): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345203009.
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In this article, the administrative border of the district is described on an electronic digital map and a web map is created, on the basis of the obtained results, in the development of target state programs for the establishment of digital maps connected to coordinate systems in the determination of the boundaries of villages and towns of the Koshtepa district of Fergana region and the determination of the boundaries of administrative-territorial units, and the design and determination of administrative boundaries data is provided.
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Gong, Xiao, Xiaolin Zhang, Jieyi Tao, Hongbo Li und Yunrui Zhang. „An Evaluation of the Development Performance of Small County Towns and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Small Towns in Jiangyin City in the Yangtze River Delta, China“. Land 11, Nr. 7 (12.07.2022): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11071059.
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Research on the development performance of small towns is critical for promoting their revitalization, advancing urbanization, and high-quality development and transformation for realizing urban–rural integration. We used the DPSIR-DEA model to study the spatiotemporal evolution process and characteristics of the development performance of 14 small towns within the administrative division of Jiangyin city from 2001 to 2019. We subsequently applied a geographical detector model to analyze the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the factors influencing the development performance of small towns. The results showed that 2012 was a turning point in the overall development performance index of small towns in Jiangyin, revealing initially decreasing and then increasing trends. The development performance index values of different types of small towns evidenced three trends: a steady increase, a continuous decrease, and an initial decrease followed by an increase. During 2001–2019, the development performance of Jiangyin’s small towns reflected a spatial evolution pattern of complete dispersion → small agglomeration → large agglomeration. An optimal spatial pattern comprised an increase in the number of towns demonstrating a high development performance and a decrease in the number of towns with a low development performance. GDP per capita, industrial investments, and construction land density were key influencing factors of development performance, which was mainly driven by economic and social factors, with ecological factors having a relatively weak influence.
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Kruhlov, Ivan. „Environmental classification of administrative units of the Ukrainian Carpathians“. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, Nr. 48 (23.12.2014): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.48.1347.
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Boundaries of 43 administrative units (raions and oblast towns) were digitized and manually rectified using official schemes and satellite images. SRTM digital elevation data were used to calculate mean relative elevation and its standard deviation for each unit, as well as to delineate altitudinal bioclimatic belts and their portions within the units. These parameters were used to classify the units via agglomerative cluster analysis into nine environmental classes. Key words: cluster analysis, digital elevation model, geoecosystem, geo-spatial analysis.
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Agergaard, Jytte, Susanne Kirkegaard und Torben Birch-Thomsen. „Between Village and Town: Small-Town Urbanism in Sub-Saharan Africa“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 3 (29.01.2021): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031417.
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In the next twenty years, urban populations in Africa are expected to double, while urban land cover could triple. An often-overlooked dimension of this urban transformation is the growth of small towns and medium-sized cities. In this paper, we explore the ways in which small towns are straddling rural and urban life, and consider how insights into this in-betweenness can contribute to our understanding of Africa’s urban transformation. In particular, we examine the ways in which urbanism is produced and expressed in places where urban living is emerging but the administrative label for such locations is still ‘village’. For this purpose, we draw on case-study material from two small towns in Tanzania, comprising both qualitative and quantitative data, including analyses of photographs and maps collected in 2010–2018. First, we explore the dwindling role of agriculture and the importance of farming, businesses and services for the diversification of livelihoods. However, income diversification varies substantially among population groups, depending on economic and migrant status, gender, and age. Second, we show the ways in which institutions, buildings, and transport infrastructure display the material dimensions of urbanism, and how urbanism is planned and aspired to. Third, we describe how well-established middle-aged households, independent women (some of whom are mothers), and young people, mostly living in single-person households, explain their visions and values of the ways in which urbanism is expressed in small towns. In conclusion, we discuss the implications of this urban life-in-becoming of small towns for urban planning, emphasizing the importance of the development of inclusive local governance. Ultimately, we argue that our study establishes an important starting point for further explorations of the role of the simultaneous production and expression of urbanism in small town urbanization.
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Maykova, Eleonora Yurievna, und Elena Simonova. „Local self-governance in the Russian towns: development patterns (on the example of Tver Region)“. Урбанистика, Nr. 1 (Januar 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2310-8673.2021.1.34810.
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The subject of this article is the analysis of development patterns of local self-governance in the modern Russian towns, and determination of self-governance potential of the residents. Examination of the models of territorial organization of local self-governance and methods of formation of municipal authorities allows revealing the trends and nature of evolution of the local self-governance system. Having studies of the representations of residents of the Russian towns on the models of local self-governance, as well as their attitudes on participating in solution of the local problems, the author outlines the sociocultural foundations of the processes currently unfolding in municipalities. The object of this research is the towns of Tver Region. The data of 2018-2020 sociological monitoring conducted in Tver Region via the method of structured interview is presented. The author examines the models of territorial organization of local self-governance in the towns, as well as the prevalence of elective procedures in formation of the municipal branches. Analysis is conducted on the representations of towns population on the nature of local self-governance and its role in the administrative system of Russian society. The author examines opinion of the citizens on the models of territorial organization of local self-governance and methods of electing the head of municipality, and reveals the nature of their as stance on participation in the practices of self-governance. The author’s special contribution consists in the analysis of prevalence of different models of local self-governance in the towns, taking into account their spatial and geographical location, resource characteristics, and level of self-governance potential of the population. The acquired materials can be used by the state and municipal authorities in the process of formation of municipal administration systems and engagement of population in the practices of self-governance.
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István, H. Németh. „The defender of orphans“. PONTES 6, Nr. 1 (19.12.2023): 9–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/pontes.2023.06.01.01.
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In the middle of the 17th century a transformation of states can be observed. The strives of early absolutist states were aimed at the increase of their economic and, in turn, their military potential. These goals were served by social policy measures aimed at increasing economic effi ciency and increasing state revenues. The development of central administration and regulations for orphan aff airs also served to maintain labour force and economic potential. The preservation of orphans’ property was intended to keep the economy going, and in the case of destitutes, orphanages intended to concentrate the workforce. The measures introduced in the German principalities soon appeared in the provinces of the Habsburg Monarchy. In the first quarter of the 17th century, the first theoretical work on orphan aff airs was written, and in the second half of the century it was followed by the first royal decree based on the principles set out in this volume. The aim of these provisions was to ensure the preservation and the control of the assets of the orphans by state means. Similar provisions to the Monarchy’s provinces were enacted in the Hungarian Kingdom in the last third of the 17th century. The offices introduced in the Austrian provinces, the separate Orphan’s Court (árvaszámvevőszék), the keeping of register on orphans (árvakönyv), and the continuous scrutiny of guardians were introduced in the free royal towns in the first third of the 18th century. All of this went parallel with the administrative reforms ordered in towns. The reform measures introduced regarding orphan affairs were realized at a varying pace one town to another, but by the end of the first third of the 18th century, the orphan regulations developed in the Austrian provinces had become established in all the free royal towns.
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Valverde Fernández, Francisco. „El patrimonio municipal de Torrefranca y Torremilano, hoy Dos Torres (Córdoba), en la Edad Moderna = The Municipal Patrimony of Torrefranca and Torremilano, Nowadays Dos Torres, in the Modern Age“. Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna, Nr. 30 (13.12.2017): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiv.30.2017.18718.
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El siglo XIX supuso un cambio radical en la organización administrativa de nuestro país. La aparición del municipio como unidad territorial ocasionó la paulatina aparición de los actuales términos municipales, y la desaparición de las antigua unidades territoriales. Para el conocimiento de proceso seguido en la formación del actual termino municipal de Dos Torres es necesario conocer las peculiaridades históricas de las dos villas que a las que debe su origen: Torrefranca y Torremilano, y de las entidades históricas en las que estaban enclavadas: El condado de Santa Eufemia y las Siete Villas de Los Pedroches. Dichas peculiaridades quedaron reflejadas en la complejidad que presentaba la propiedad de gran parte de los bienes patrimoniales que integraban sus antiguos términos municipales de dichas villas. Sobre el conocimiento dichos bienes, sus peculiaridades, su administración y aprovechamiento durante la Edad Moderna y sobre las causas de su pérdida versa este articulo.AbstractThe 19th century supposed a radical change in the administrative organization of our country. The creation of the municipality as a territorial unit caused the gradual apparition of the present municipal boundaries, and the disappearance of the old administrative entities. In order to understand the process followed in the formation of the present municipal boundaries of Dos Torres it is necessary to know the historical peculiarities of the two towns to which it owes its origin: Torrefranca and Torremilano. Said peculiarities had their origin in the different jurisdictional regimes of each one of them: Torrefranca had a feudal regime and Torremilano was a royal property. These peculiarities were reflected in the complexity that a large part of the patrimonial goods that they owned reveal, mainly because they were shared with other towns in the region. This article is about the knowledge of such goods, their peculiarities, their administration during the Modern Age and the causes of their forfeiture.