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Garcia, de cezar Martina. „Végétalisation urbaine irriguée pour atténuer les phénomènes de surchauffe en milieu urbain : une approche expérimentale et numérique à l'échelle microclimatique du canyon urbain“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AGPT0011.
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Atténuer la surchauffe urbaine constitue une problématique sociétale majeure. Ce domaine de recherche exige des avancées méthodologiques et une approche interdisciplinaire pour approfondir notre compréhension de l'influence des configurations urbaines sur les indices de confort thermique. Cette étude vise à contribuer à cet objectif en proposant des méthodologies d'analyse centrées sur l'échelle microclimatique d'un canyon urbain et en examinant des stratégies de végétalisation par l'usage de jardinières contenant des arbustes et des plantes grimpantes irriguées. Le projet est structuré en trois phases : revue de littérature, expérimentation et modélisation.La revue de l'état actuel des connaissances et des outils de modélisation, en soulignant que les approches avancées de Dynamique des Fluides Numérique (CFD) sont efficaces, mais nécessitent des méthodologies rigoureuses pour simuler précisément les processus physiques associés à la végétation irriguée dans les canyons urbains. Bien que la CFD soit prometteuse, des lacunes subsistent quant au rôle des régimes d'irrigation sur les taux d'évapotranspiration et les effets de refroidissement de la végétation, nécessitant davantage d'études sur la composition et l'organisation de cette végétation. De plus, un besoin de liaison entre la recherche académique et la pratique opérationnelle a été identifié. Cette connexion encourage le développement de solutions opérationnelles pour mieux relever les défis des microclimats urbains et des villes résilientes.Dans la phase expérimentale, une rue équipée de jardinières de plantes grimpantes et d'arbustes soumis à différents régimes d'irrigation a été conçue pour recueillir des données microclimatiques provenant d'un réseau dense de capteurs dans l'air et dans le sol des jardinières. Cette analyse a permis de développer des méthodes génériques pour établir et analyser les stratégies d'irrigation en milieu urbain, ainsi que d'étudier les données microclimatiques. L'impact de la stratégie testée a révélé que, pour des vitesses de vent faibles (<1 m s⁻¹), la variation de la température de l'air était principalement affectée par le rayonnement solaire. Dans cette configuration, la végétation irriguée augmente légèrement la fraîcheur et l'humidité de l'air à proximité, bien que ces effets restent insuffisants pour améliorer significativement le confort thermique dans la zone située entre les rangées de végétation. Ainsi, il est suggéré que l'irrigation urbaine dans ce contexte soit principalement conçue pour réduire la température de surface du feuillage, en contribuant à une canopée arborée plus dense, dans le cadre d'une stratégie visant à prévenir le stress hydrique des plantes.La phase finale a porté sur le développement de simulations CFD afin de valider l'accessibilité et la précision du modèle numérique dans la reproduction des conditions expérimentales. Les résultats montrent de faibles erreurs absolues par rapport aux données expérimentales (<5%), bien que des incohérences spatiales aient été observées, notamment dans les distributions de température de surface influencées par les projections d'ombre. Cela souligne la nécessité d'une représentation temporelle adéquate des dynamiques thermiques et radiatives, augmentant ainsi la complexité des simulations. Les recommandations incluent l'utilisation de clusters de calcul haute performance pour optimiser le temps de modélisation, l'application de conditions aux limites spécifiques pour améliorer la précision du modèle et la réalisation d'analyses de sensibilité pour optimiser l'architecture de simulationMitigating heat waves in urban ecosystem represents a pressing societal issue. This area of study requires methodological advancements and interdisciplinary approaches to deepen our understanding of how different urban configurations would influence thermal comfort indices felt by the citizens. This study aims to contribute to this effort by proposing analytical methodologies focused on the microclimatic scale of an urban canyon, examining urban greening strategies through the use of planters with irrigated shrubs and climbing plants. The project is structured in three main phases: literature review, experimental analysis, and modelling approaches.A literature review assessed the current state of knowledge and listed the available modelling tools, highlighting that advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models are effective but require accurate methodologies to simulate the physical processes associated with irrigated vegetation in urban canyons. While CFD has the potential to address the raised issues, gaps remain in understanding the control exerted by different irrigation regimes on evapotranspiration rates and thus on the cooling effects of vegetation, necessitating further studies on vegetation arrangement and composition. Furthermore, there is a strong need to transfer academic research for applied purposes, inviting urban planners, engineers and architects in an integrated view. This re-connection between disciplines will encourages the development of operational solutions to meet the challenges of urban microclimates and resilient cities.In the experimental phase, an urban street canyon (with planters containing climbing plants and shrubs, under varying irrigation regimes) was constructed to collect microclimate data from a dense network of sensors in the air and on the soil of the planters. This enabled the development of generic methods for establishing, analysing and improving irrigation regimes in urban environments, from their effects on soil and microclimatic data. As an impact of the strategy tested, it was found that for low wind speeds (<1 m s-1), the variation in air temperature was mainly affected by solar radiation. In this configuration, the irrigated vegetation slightly increases air cooling and humidity in its vicinity. However, these effects remain insufficient to significantly alter and improve thermal comfort in the zone located between vegetation rows. Thus, it is suggested that urban irrigation in this context should be established mainly to reduce the surface temperature of the foliage, by contributing to denser tree foliage, as the result of a strategy to prevent plant water stress.The final phase was to build CFD simulations to validate the numerical model's accessibility and accuracy in reproducing experimental conditions. Results showed very low absolute errors compared to experimental data (<5%), although spatial inconsistencies were sometimes observed, particularly in surface temperature distributions influenced by shadow projections. This highlighted the need for a dedicated methodology to properly represent the dynamics of thermal fluxes, at the cost of increased simulation complexity. Recommendations include employing high-performance computing clusters to extend the time period possibly modelled, applying specific boundary conditions to enhance model accuracy, and conducting sensitivity analyses to optimise the simulation architecture
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Machard, Anaïs. „Towards mitigation and adaptation to climate change : Contribution to Building Design“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS020.
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Compte tenu de l’augmentation de la fréquence des canicules, il est nécessaire de s’assurer que les bâtiments conçus et construits aujourd’hui seront adaptés aux futures températures plus élevées. Le périmètre de cette thèse consiste à proposer une méthodologie de contribution à la conception des bâtiments considérant à la fois les enjeux d’atténuation (réduction des besoins énergétiques) et d’adaptation (confort thermique estival, réduction du risque sanitaire en période de canicule) au changement climatique. La méthodologie a pour vocation d’être adaptable à différents types de bâtiments et de climats. Dans ce but, nous avons développé des fichiers météorologiques contenant des séquences typiques, ainsi que des vagues de chaleur futures. Par la suite, des méthodes d’analyse de sensibilité et d’optimisation couplées à des simulations thermiques dynamiques du bâtiment ont permis d’évaluer le potentiel de différentes techniques de rafraîchissement passif utilisées pour diminuer la surchauffe d’été en climats futurs. Les résultats de ces travaux de recherche mettent en évidence que les stratégies évaluées sont efficaces pour maintenir un confort thermique estival lors des étés futurs types à Paris et à La Rochelle. Cependant, à Carpentras, pour un été type futur, et pour ces trois villes en périodes de canicules futures récurrentes, les limites de ces solutions sont mises en exergue. En effet, les résultats de l’étude montrent que les occupants sont exposés à la chaleur lors de plusieurs jours consécutifs au-dessus de seuils à la fois diurnes et nocturnes ce qui résulte en un risque sanitaire pour les personnes vulnérables. Ces séquences ne sont pas détectées en utilisant des fichiers futurs types uniquement, ce qui démontre la pertinence de ces travaux. La combinaison d’enveloppes de bâtiments optimisées, de stratégies de rafraîchissement et d’adaptation des occupants se révèle être nécessaire afin d’atténuer le risque sanitaire récurrent auguré pour le milieu du siècle en FranceDue to climate change projecting increased heatwaves occurrence, ensuring that buildings designed and built today will be adapted to future warmer temperatures is essential. The scope of this Ph.D. is to propose a methodological contribution to the design of buildings that both mitigate (minimize yearly energy needs) and adapt (minimize summer indoor overheating, limit health-heat-related risk) to climate change. The methodology can be applied to any building case study in any climate. For this purpose, bias-adjusted weather files containing both present, future typical conditions and future heatwave periods were developed. The potential of different passive cooling mitigation and adaptation strategies to reduce summer indoor overheating is evaluated using these weather files through dynamic thermal simulations, sensitivity analysis and optimization methods. The results of this research work highlight that for the building case study, the evaluated strategies (buffer spaces, thermal mass, roof optical properties, glazing ratio, ventilative cooling) have a strong capacity to enable summer thermal comfort in future typical summers in Paris and in La Rochelle. However, in Carpentras, and under recurring heatwaves in all three cities, the limits of these mitigation and adaptation measures are recognized. In fact, the future heatwaves consistently lead to consecutive days of indoor overheating exposure during both daytime and nighttime for building occupants, leading to a health-heat-related risk especially for the most vulnerable. These sequences are not detected when using only future typical years, which stresses the relevance of this work. Only the combination of optimized building envelopes, ventilative cooling strategies and adaptive opportunities from building occupants (solar control, increased indoor air velocities) have the potential to offset the projected recurring health-heat-related risk, particularly elevated in the South of France
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LeBlanc, Roland D. „Évaluation de l'effet de surchauffe des alliages d'aluminium par ultrasons et laser-ultrasons“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ37852.pdf.
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Mettout, Bruno. „Interactions diamagnetiques et irradiation x d'un composite de microbilles d'etain en surchauffe supraconductrice“. Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077118.
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Etude du role des interactions diamagnetiques dans la largeur de transition et de l'amplitude du signal percu lors du passage a l'etat normal des microbilles. Le comportement du composite et des boucles de lecture supraconductrices sous irradiation x permet de discuter des etats hors equilibre des supraconducteurs
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Mettout, Bruno. „Interactions diamagnétiques et irradiations X d'un composite de microbilles d'étain en surchauffe supraconductrice“. Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616314j.
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DUBOS, HELENE. „Rupture de la surchauffe supraconductrice dans des suspensions de microspheres d'etain a tres basses temperatures“. Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA077318.
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Nous avons etudie la rupture de la surchauffe supraconductrice d'une suspension de microspheres d'etain soumises a un champ magnetique, en presence ou non d'une source radioactive. La comprehension approfondie de la reponse de ces suspensions a des irradiations susciote l'interet en raison de leur application a la detection de la matiere noire ou du rayonnement de transition. En premier lieu, nous nous sommes interesses a la nucleation magnetique dans des microspheres d'etain : etablissement du diagramme de phase (h, t), dependance en temperature du parametre de ginzburg-landau et analyse en amplitude des signaux. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes consacres a l'etude de la nucleation thermique induite par le depot d'energie dans le volume supraconducteur. Elles ont ete effectue avec des sources emettant des electrons (14c et 109cd) et d'autres emettant des photons de faible energie (55fe et 109cd). Cela nous a permis d'etablir un modele global d'echauffement et de poser les limites d'une spectroscopie avec une suspension de microspheres supraconductrices d'etain en les comparant a une simulation prevoyant le depot d'energie des particules incidentes dans des microspheres d'etain.
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Arnoux, Michaël. „Etude du comportement en fluage à haute température du superalliage monocristallin à base de nickel MCNG : Effet d'une surchauffe“. Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aéronautique, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00445811.
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En cours de vol, les hélicoptères bi-turbines peuvent subir un régime d'urgence OEI : un moteur s'arrête, alors que le moteur qui reste en fonctionnement connaît une augmentation de température. Cette problématique a motivé l'étude du comportement en fluage anisotherme du superalliage monocristallin MCNG afin que soient appréhendés les impacts d'une surchauffe à 1200°C sous charge sur son comportement en fluage à 1050°C. Suite à la séquence standard de traitements thermiques, des ségrégations chimiques persistent dans la structure dendritique du MCNG. En particulier, l'élément Re présente la plus grande disparité de concentration : il est majoritairement ségrégé dans les dendrites. Ces disparités de composition engendrent des différences de propriétés physiques et mécaniques (taille de précipitation, misfit, dureté), ainsi que des différences de comportement de la microstructure γ/γ' lors des expositions à haute température avec ou sans chargement mécanique appliqué. En particulier, le misfit plus élevé dans les dendrites, ainsi que la taille de précipitation plus faible, favorisent la dissolution de la phase γ' dans ces zones lors de maintiens à 1250°C. En fluage à 1050°C / 140 MPa, le misfit plus élevé dans les zones dendritiques est à l'origine de la mise en radeaux plus rapide dans ces régions alors qu'après la mise en radeaux, l'évolution de la microstructure γ/γ' est plus marquée dans les zones interdendritiques (déformation locale de γ, désorientation des interfaces γ/γ', épaississement du γ' et inversion topologique). Lors du fluage isotherme à 1050°C / 140 MPa, condition sur laquelle est simulée une surchauffe OEI, le stade tertiaire de fluage couvre 60% de la durée de vie du matériau. Ce comportement macroscopique particulier est attribué à la déstabilisation précoce de la microstructure γ/γ'. Après une surchauffe OEI, le MCNG présente une vitesse de déformation de fluage accrue qui conduit à un abattement de la durée de vie par rapport à la condition de fluage isotherme. Les observations microstructurales montrent qu'un OEI accélère la déstabilisation de la microstructure γ/γ' par rapport à l'isotherme, ce qui précipite le déclenchement du stade tertiaire de déformation. Le comportement du MCNG en fluage isotherme et anisotherme a été modélisé sur la base d'une loi de comportement viscoplastique de type Chaboche, dans laquelle ont été introduites de nouvelles variables internes capables de prendre en compte les évolutions microstructurales.
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Puibasset, Joël. „Etude de suspensions de gouttelettes de fréon en surchauffe en vue de la réalisation d'un détecteur de matière cachée galactique“. Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066390.
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Sands, William A., Nikos Apostolopoulos, Ashley A. Kavanaugh und Michael H. Stone. „Recovery-Adaptation“. Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4643.
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Athlete Training Should Proceed From Thorough and Systematic Periodized Plans for the Implementation of Training Loads. The Time-course of Training Should Include Periods of High Loads Punctuated by Reduced Loads and Rest. As There Are a Wide Variety of Means and Methods Used for the Implementation of Loads, There Are Numerous Means and Methods for Enhancing Recovery and Adaptation (Ra). Ra From Athlete Training Are Poorly Understood and in Need of a Model or Framework to Advance Our Ability to Systematically Complement Training With Appropriate Modalities.
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Mballo, Souleymane. „Quantification et modélisation des services climatiques rendus par les arbres dans une rue canyon“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARD097.
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Le changement climatique global et les épisodes extrêmes qu’il induit sont devenus l’un des enjeux majeurs de ce siècle. La compréhension du microclimat en milieu urbain suscite une attention croissante de la part des chercheurs depuis quelques années, en raison des phénomènes de surchauffe observés en ville et de la densité de population qui en font un environnement sensible aux vagues de chaleur. De nombreuses études ont montré que la végétation peut réduire la température de l’air en ville, mais ces bénéfices dépendent de l'environnement construit, et de nombreuses variables souvent non maitrisées en ville, comme la disponibilité de l'eau pour les végétaux. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse vise à analyser et quantifier les services climatiques rendus dans une rue canyon par des arbres en confort hydrique. Elle s’appuie sur une double approche associant expérimentation et modélisation. Des campagnes de terrain ont été réalisées sur une maquette arborée à l’échelle (1/5) installée en milieu extérieur sur le site de l’Institut Agro, à Angers, France. Sur le plan numérique, des simulations 2D du climat distribué en régime instationnaire ont été réalisés selon une approche de type CFD. Entre autres résultats, les travaux de cette thèse ont montré que la rue canyon crée une surchauffe pouvant aller jusqu’à 2.8 °C pendant la nuit, et jusqu'à 2.4°C pendant la journée, et que les arbres peuvent réduire la température de l'air dans la rue de 2.7 °C pendant la journée et améliorer le confort humain thermique en réduisant jusqu’à 8 °C les valeurs de l’UTCI à la mi-journée. Ce travail fournit des éléments de quantification qui pourront aider les décideurs dans leur politique d’aménagementGlobal climate change and the extreme events it induces have become one of the major issues of this century. Understanding the microclimate in urban areas has received increasing attention from researchers in recent years, due to the overheating phenomena observed in cities and the population density that makes them a sensitive environment for heat waves. Several studies have shown that vegetation can reduce air temperature in cities, but these benefits depend on the built environment, and on many variables often not controlled in cities, such as water availability for plants. In this context, this thesis aims to analyze and quantify the climatic services provided in a canyon street by well-watered trees. It is based on a double approach combining experimentation and modeling. Field campaigns were carried out on a tree model at scale (1/5) installed in an outdoor environment on the site of the Institut Agro, in Angers, France. On the numerical approach, 2D simulations of the distributed climate in unsteady regime were performed using a CFD approach. Among other results, the work of this thesis showed that the canyon street creates overheating of up to 2.8 °C during the night, and up to 2.4 °C during the day, and that trees can reduce the air temperature in the street by 2.7 °C during the day, and improve human thermal comfort by reducing mid-day UTCI values by up to 8 °C. This work provides quantification elements that can help decision makers in their planning policies
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Morlat, Tomoko. „Amélioration de la durée de vie des détecteurs de gouttelettes de fréon en surchauffe en vue de la détection de matière cachée“. Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066234.
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ASSIS, PATRICIA SEEFELDER DE. „AN ARCHITECTURE FOR ADAPTATION AND META-ADAPTATION IN HYPERMEDIA SYSTEMS“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7984@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOEste trabalho define uma arquitetura para adaptação e meta- adaptação de sistemas hipermídia, utilizando modelos propostos para a Web Semântica. As aplicações adaptativas são capazes de alterar algumas de suas características, tais como modelo de navegação ou de apresentação, em função de um contexto de adaptação. Este contexto pode incluir informações sobre o usuário, tais como preferências, navegações prévias, etc., e sobre o ambiente de execução, tais como dispositivo de acesso, banda passante, etc. As aplicações meta-adaptativas são capazes de alterar tanto os modelos da aplicação quanto o próprio processo de adaptação, também em função do contexto. A partir do modelo SHDM, são definidas extensões para representar o contexto de adaptação, as regras de adaptação e a arquitetura de execução deste tipo de aplicação. Através de comparações, é mostrado como os principais modelos descritos na literatura são casos particulares do modelo e da arquitetura propostos nesta dissertação.
This dissertation defines an architecture for adaptation and metaadaptation in hypermedia systems, using models proposed for the Semantic Web. Adaptive applications are able to alter some of their characteristics, such as its navigation model or presentation model, according to the adaptation context. This context may include information about the user, such as her preferences, navigation history, etc., and about the execution environment, such as access device, bandwidth, etc. Meta-adaptive applications are able to alter both its models and its adaptation process according to the adaptation context. The proposal extends the SHDM model with a context model, adaptation rules and execution architecture. It is shown, by comparison, that the major adaptation models described in the literature can be seen as particular cases of the proposed model and architecture.
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Saury, Didier. „Etude expérimentale de l'évaporation flash d'un film d'eau“. Valenciennes, 2003. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/0b4bceb3-c0c3-47c9-80e6-3e3ca49279ee.
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L'évaporation flash (ou flashing) est le procédé par lequel de la vapeur est libérée d'un écoulement de liquide ou d'un réservoir contenant un liquide par variation soudaine des propriétés thermodynamiques en dessous des conditions de saturation du liquide. Ce travail présente les résultats de l'étude expérimentale de l'influence de paramètres tels que la surchauffe, le niveau initial de liquide ou encore du taux de dépressurisation sur la cinétique du phénomène d'évaporation flash d'un film d'eau. Au terme de cette étude, des corrélations adimensionnelles reliant le débit maximal évaporé, le temps de flashing (t*) et la masse évaporée à l'instant t* à la température initiale, au taux de dépressurisation, au niveau d'eau initial, et à la surchauffe du liquide ont pu être proposées. Ces dernières mettent aussi en évidence l'évolution de la cinétique du phénomène avec les paramètres cités précédemment et fournissent quelques critères d'optimisationEvaporation flash (or flashing) is the process which releases vapour from a liquid flow or a tank containing a liquid by sudden variation of the thermodynamic properties below the saturation conditions of this liquid. This work shows the experimental study of the influence of parameters such as the superheat, the initial level of liquid, or the rate of depressurisation on the kinetics of flash evaporation phenomenon of a water film. At the end of this study, dimensionless correlations connecting the evaporated maximum flow, the time of flashing (t*) or the mass evaporated at time t* with the initial temperature, the rate of depressurisation, the initial water level, and the superheat of the liquid could be proposed. These ones also point out the evolution of the kinetics of the phenomenon with the parameters quoted previously and provide some optimisation criteria
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Neill, Natalie. „The writerly adaptation“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0025/MQ52360.pdf.
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Rasumov, Nikon. „Energy-aware adaptation“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607938.
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Süsstrunk, Sabine. „Computing chromatic adaptation“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423509.
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Stein, Dylan. „An Arctic Adaptation“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554120044753592.
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Neill, Natalie Carleton University Dissertation Film Studies. „The Writerly adaptation“. Ottawa, 2000.
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Hall, Malcolm. „Contextual mobile adaptation“. Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/240/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2008.Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Faculty of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Abu-Rayya, Maram. „Identity, psychological adaptation, and socio-cultural adaptation among Australian adolescent Muslims“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13724.
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This research project aimed at examining the interconnections between identity-based intrapsychic forces¬ — specifically, cultural identity, Australian identity, religiosity, and personal/ego identity— and psychological and socio-cultural adaptation of Australian adolescent Muslims. The study extends previous research on minority adolescents which mainly investigated the role adolescents’ acculturation modes play in their adaptation. The study employed a mixed-method design involving quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative part of the study recruited a sample of 321 high school Muslim students (149 males and 172 females) aged between 14 and 18 years studying at Muslim schools in metropolitan Sydney, Australia, who filled in a survey measuring among other things their cultural identity, Australian identity, religiosity, personal/ego identity, and adaptation. The qualitative part of this research project conducted semi-structured interviews with a subset of 18 Australian adolescent Muslims from the same cohort of participant schools. The interviews examined participants’ cultural identity, Australian identity, religiosity, and the role each plays in their adaptation. A series of hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for socio-demographic factors, revealed that while adolescents’ preference for integration of their cultural and Australian identities was advantageous for a range of their psychological and socio-cultural adaptation measures, marginalisation was consistently the worst. Similarly, while personal/ego identity achievement was advantageous for a range of adaptation measures among the participants, diffusion was consistently the worst. Further hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for socio-demographic factors, showed that adolescent Muslims’ religiosity, and to a certain degree their personal/ego identity achievement, was better for a range of their adaptation measures compared to their preference for an integration acculturation style. This finding was generally supported by the qualitative analysis revealing that adolescent Muslims were in a better position to see a positive role of religiosity in their adaptation, compared to their cultural identity or being Australian.
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De, Sanctis Martina. „Dynamic Adaptation of Service-Based Systems: a Design for Adaptation Framework“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368603.
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A key challenge posed by the Next Generation Internet landscape, is that modern service-based systems need to cope with open and continuously evolving environments and to operate under dynamic circumstances. Dynamism is given by changes in the operational context, changes in the availability of resources and variations in their behavior, changes in users goals, etc. Indeed, dynamically discover, select and compose the appropriate services in open and expanding domains is a challenging task. Many approaches for self-adaptive systems have been proposed in the last decades. Unfortunately, although they support run-time adaptation, current approaches tend to foresee the system adaptation requirements and their related solutions at design-time. This makes them inadequate for the application
in open environments, where components constantly join/leave the system, since they require for continuous involvement of IT and domain experts for the systems re-configuration. We claim that a new way of approaching the adaptation of systems is needed. In this dissertation, we propose a novel design for adaptation framework for modeling and executing modern service-based systems. The idea of the approach consists in defining the complete life-cycle for the continuous development and deployment of service-based systems, by facilitating (i) the continuous integration of new services that can easily join the systems, and (ii) the systems operation under dynamic circumstances, to face the
openness and dynamicity of the environment.
Furthermore, Collective Adaptive Systems (CAS) are spreading in new emerging contexts, such as the shared economy trend. Modern systems are expected to handle a multitude of heterogeneous components that cooperate
to accomplish collective tasks. In these settings, an extension of our framework in the direction of CAS has also been defined. The core enablers of the proposed framework have been implemented and evaluated in real-world scenarios in the mobility domain. Promising evaluation results demonstrate their practical applicability.
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De, Sanctis Martina. „Dynamic Adaptation of Service-Based Systems: a Design for Adaptation Framework“. Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2018. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/2947/1/Online_PhD-Thesis_MartinaDeSanctis.pdf.
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A key challenge posed by the Next Generation Internet landscape, is that modern service-based systems need to cope with open and continuously evolving environments and to operate under dynamic circumstances. Dynamism is given by changes in the operational context, changes in the availability of resources and variations in their behavior, changes in users goals, etc. Indeed, dynamically discover, select and compose the appropriate services in open and expanding domains is a challenging task. Many approaches for self-adaptive systems have been proposed in the last decades. Unfortunately, although they support run-time adaptation, current approaches tend to foresee the system adaptation requirements and their related solutions at design-time. This makes them inadequate for the application
in open environments, where components constantly join/leave the system, since they require for continuous involvement of IT and domain experts for the systems re-configuration. We claim that a new way of approaching the adaptation of systems is needed. In this dissertation, we propose a novel design for adaptation framework for modeling and executing modern service-based systems. The idea of the approach consists in defining the complete life-cycle for the continuous development and deployment of service-based systems, by facilitating (i) the continuous integration of new services that can easily join the systems, and (ii) the systems operation under dynamic circumstances, to face the
openness and dynamicity of the environment.
Furthermore, Collective Adaptive Systems (CAS) are spreading in new emerging contexts, such as the shared economy trend. Modern systems are expected to handle a multitude of heterogeneous components that cooperate
to accomplish collective tasks. In these settings, an extension of our framework in the direction of CAS has also been defined. The core enablers of the proposed framework have been implemented and evaluated in real-world scenarios in the mobility domain. Promising evaluation results demonstrate their practical applicability.
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Larssen, Beverley Christine. „Implicit and explicit adaptation processes during visuomotor adaptation of manual aiming movements“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44998.
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In this thesis I investigate how people adapt manual aiming in novel visual-motor environments and how different adaptation processes (implicit/explicit) depend on feedback type, and existing internal models (action experience). How implicit and explicit processes interact to facilitate accurate performance in adaptation paradigms is debated. One key study concluded that implicit adaptation, driven by error in expected sensory consequences, guided adaptation independent of ‘correct’ strategic/explicit processes (Mazzoni & Krakauer, 2006). We hypothesized that if these processes are independent, later explicit re-adaptation should not influence a previously acquired implicit adaptation (evidenced by unchanged after-effects).
In Experiment 1, numeric post-trial knowledge of results (KR) was used to promote explicitly-guided, re-adaptation of an implicit adaptation. Thirty participants gradually adapted aiming movements to a 30° CW visual rotation to achieve implicit adaptation (evidenced by strong after-effects). Participants practiced again with correct or incorrect (+/-15°) KR about cursor endpoint accuracy while still receiving correct cursor feedback. The incorrect KR groups showed the highest variable error, indicative of error-reducing strategic adjustments. Only the +15° error group re-adapted to KR. This resulted in larger after-effects than before KR exposure. If KR engaged only explicit processes, these results would suggest that these processes are interdependent, whereby an (implicit) internal model for aiming was updated by explicit processes, resulting in augmented after-effects. Despite existing evidence suggesting that post-trial KR facilitates only explicit adaptation, we had to test this result in our research design before concluding that the effects of KR were unique to re-adaptation. Therefore, we conducted Experiment 2 to determine whether post-trial KR could be used to update internal models for aiming without previous visual-motor experience. Thirty participants gradually adapted to a 30° CW visual rotation receiving either concurrent or post-trial cursor feedback, or post-trial numeric KR. Although all groups showed after-effects following practice, suggesting implicit adaptation in all feedback conditions, the magnitude of after-effects was smaller for the numeric KR group. From these data we conclude that numeric KR results in both implicit and explicit adaptation and that the relative contributions of these processes to adaptation likely depends on self-attribution of errors and timing of visual feedback.
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Perdikaki, Katerina. „Adaptation as translation : examining film adaptation as a recontextualised act of communication“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/812918/.
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Narratives are increasingly intermedial nowadays and adaptation is prominent in the performing arts (e.g. theatre, opera) and in various forms of media (e.g. film, television, radio, video games). The process of adaptation has been paralleled to that of translation, as both deal with the transfer of meaning from one sociocultural context to another. In a similar vein, translation has been viewed as a process of adaptation when the communicated message needs to be tailored to the values of the target culture. Nevertheless, a framework building on the affinities of translation and adaptation remains relatively under-researched. A model for a systematic adaptation analysis seems to be currently missing in Adaptation Studies. Translation Studies can also benefit from a closer look into the workings of cultural production. An analysis of adaptation as intersemiotic and intermedial translation can give rise to the factors that condition the flow of narratives across media and cultures. Such an analysis can also shed light on the relationship between cultural products and the socio-temporal context that accommodates them. To this end, the present project aims at examining the film adaptation process from a hermeneutic point of view, looking into both textual and contextual parameters that monitor the adaptation process. A model towards the systematic analysis and interpretation of the changes occurring in the adaptation process (i.e. adaptation shifts) is also developed to fulfil this aim. The model draws upon insights from Translation Studies, Film Studies and Narratology and has a descriptive/comparative and an interpretive component. The former is used to examine adaptation as an audiovisual text in relation to its source material and the latter deconstructs the adaptation process in relation to the agents and contexts involved. The model can thus contribute to a systematic study of adaptations and to a better understanding of the adaptation/translation process.
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Lo, Kwok Chu. „Partial mobile webpage adaptation /“. View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CSED%202007%20LO.
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Edmonds, T. M. „Adaptation for mobile systems“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598760.
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Mobile devices operate in a environment with limited and volatile resource availability, suffering from poor CPUs, memory and battery limitations and low rate, unreliable communications when compared with their fixed counterparts. Under such conditions, applications for mobile computing require adaptation to make best use of the available resources without assuming the minimum set. This dissertation argues that such adaptation should be integrated, with centralised resource management for efficiency and fairness, but with application specific reconfiguration to ensure that adaptation remains meaningful. Current integrated adaptation systems provide resource change events to applications but fail to say exactly how to react to them. This dissertation presents Pervasive Adaptation as a new approach to integrated adaptation. This approach separates the concerns of adaptation from application functionality by providing automatic dynamic adaptation as a service external to the application. This service instruments and models an application's operation and performs reconfiguration of the application, achieving adaptation through manipulation of the locality and fidelity of application processing and data. Separating the adaptation service provides two key benefits: firstly, it reduces the work required of an application developer and secondly, it allows the same adaptation service to adapt all of the applications running in the system, ensuring cooperation and fairness. The culmination of this work is the design and implementation of the DPROJ framework which provides a complete infrastructure for the construction, deployment and dynamic adaptation of mobile applications. It not only provides the mechanisms for adaptation but also the "know-how". The adaptation service reconfigures the structure of the application based on cost-benefit analysis. Costs are estimated through a resource unification scheme under which many different resources such as CPU, communications and battery can be combined into a common metric. Performance is maintained as a dimensionless, application specific notion. Running in a simulated network environment, DPROJ is demonstrated to successfully manage the adaptation of several applications including media streaming and vision processing.
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Bultitude, Janet Helen. „Prism adaptation in Neurorehabilitation“. Thesis, Bangor University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507908.
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CUNHA, FERNANDO BRANDAO LOBATO. „ADAPTATION ALGORITHM OF IIR“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1991. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9838@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOA partir da forma geral do algoritmo de adaptação, é proposto o uso de mais uma variável de projeto, denominada janela. Esta janela tem por objetivo melhorar as características de convergência de algoritmos, cujos parâmetros são partes de estruturas IIR. A introdução das janelas é justificada heuristicamente e seu desempenho é avaliado por meio de diversas simulações de identificação de sistemas. Os resultados obtidos indicam aumentos significativos na velocidade de convergência (cerca de uma ordem de grandeza mais rápido do que os algoritmos atualmente mais usados), na precisão das estimativas dos parâmetros do problema e na robustez dos novos algoritmos (menor número de pólos instáveis durante a adaptação). Estes resultados foram observados em ambientes estacionários e não estacionários, com e sem ruído de medida e com ordem de identificação suficiente ou não.
From the adaptation algorithm general form it is proposed the usage of another design variable, called Window. The goal of this Window is to improve the convergence characteristics of algorithms whose parameters are parts of IIR Structures. The introduction of the Window is heuristically justified and its performance is eventuated by several system identification simulations. The results achieved suggest significant increase in the convergence speed (about one order of magnitude faster than the currently most used algorithms), in the parameter estimation precision and in the new algorithm robusteness (fewer unstable poles during adaptation). These results were observed in sationary and non-stationary environments, with and without measurement noise and with sufficient identification order or not.
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Kim, Jiwon M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. „Example-based grasp adaptation“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45978.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-63).
Finding a way to provide intelligent humanoid robots with the ability to grasp objects has been a question of great interest. Most approaches, however, assume that objects are composed of primitive shapes such as box, sphere, and cylinder. In the thesis, we explore an efficient and robust method to decide grasps given new objects that are irregularly-shaped (3D polygon meshes). To solve the problem, we use an example-based approach. We first find grasps for objects geometrically similar to those the system has seen before. For example, if the system has been shown a cup being grasped by the handle, it should now be able to grasp any new cup. There are two problems to be solved in order to adapt example grasps to the new object. First, the system should be able to retrieve objects that are geometrically similar to the given object from the database storing previously seen objects. After collecting objects the system knows how to grasp, it needs to adapt example grasps to new object.Already, there are some working algorithms for the first problem (shape retrieval). Therefore, our main contribution is to present an algorithm that performs grasp adaptation. Before we adapt a grasp, we first find the geometric correspondence between a demo object and new object using probabilistic graphical model. Based on correlation information together with the demo grasp, we generate a grasp for the new object. To ensure that a robot can effectively grasp the object, we adjust the position of grasp contacts until the quality of the grasp is reasonably high. In test cases, the system successfully uses this method to find the correspondence between objects and adapt demo grasps.
by Jiwon Kim.
M.Eng.
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Félix, Sofia. „Pneumococcal adaptation during invasion“. Doctoral thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/110094.
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"Streptococcus pneumoniae, or the pneumococcus, frequently colonizes the human nasopharynx, particularly in children. From the nasopharynx, the pneumococcus can transit to other body sites and cause disease such as otitis media, pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis. Multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), targeting pneumococcal capsular types, or serotypes, have been designed and implemented since 2001, to reduce the incidence of pneumococcal disease worldwide. (...)"N/A
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Kuang, Xutao. „Adaptation in multisensory neurons“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65419/.
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The most studied region in the mammalian brain for multisensory integration is the deep superior colliculus (DSC). Neurophysiological experiments have revealed many response properties of DSC neurons, such as cross-modal enhancement (CME) and sub-additive/additive/super-additive op- erational modes. CME occurs when the response of a multisensory neuron to stimulation in one sensory modality is enhanced, often non-linearly, by temporally and spatially coincident stimulation of a second sensory modality. Response enhancement is frequently larger for weaker input stimuli than for stronger stimuli, a phenomenon known as inverse e®ectiveness. It is believed that a non-linear, saturating response function may underlie CME associated with inverse effectiveness. We explore this idea in more detail, showing that apart from CME, many other response properties of DSC neurons, including the different dynamic ranges of responses to unimodal and multimodal stimuli and the diverse operational modes, also emerge as a direct consequence of a saturating response function such as a sigmoidal function. We then consider the question of how the exact form of a candidate, saturating sigmoidal function could be determined in a DSC neuron. In particular, we suggest that adaptation may determine its exact form. Adaptation to input statistics is a ubiquitous property of sensory neurons. Defining the operating point as the output probability density function, we argue that a neuron maintains an invariant operating point by adapting to the lowest-order moments of the input probability distribution. Based on this notion, we propose a novel adaptation rule that permits unisensory neurons to adapt to the lowest-order statistics of their inputs, and then extend this rule to allow adaptation in multisensory neurons, of which DSC neurons are an example. Adaptation in DSC neurons is expected to change the responses of a neuron to a fixed, probe or test stimulus. Such a neuron would therefore exhibit different CME when presented with the same stimulus drawn from different statistical ensembles. We demonstrate that, for suitable selections of test stimuli, adaptation to an increase in the mean, the variance or the correlation coefficient induce consistent changes in CME. By virtue of the robustness of the results, the underlying adaptation notion can be tested in neurophysiological experiments. Finally, it is known that descending cortical projections from the anterior ectosylvian sulcus and the rostral aspect of the lateral suprasylvian sulcus are indispensable for DSC neurons to exhibit CME. The structure of our proposed adaptation rule for multisensory neurons therefore permits us to speculate that the descending cortical inputs to multisensory DSC neurons facilitate the computation of the correlation coefficient between different sensory channels' activities.
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Cremene, Marcel. „Adaptation dynamique de services“. Chambéry, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CHAMS042.
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Nous avons choisi de traiter dans cette thèse les problèmes liés à l'adaptation dynamique de services assemblés par des composants réutilisables. L'adaptation de services est nécessaire parce que le fonctionnement des services dépend de leur contexte d'utilisation (profils utilisateurs, ressources disponibles, etc. ). Le contexte évolue dans le temps alors que le service est en cours d'exécution, l'adaptation doit par conséquent être réalisée dynamiquement. L'analyse de solutions existantes nous a conduits à plusieurs conclusions. La plus importante est que la partie de contrôle de l'adaptation ne peut être construit a priori. L'objectif de la thèse est de proposer une autre solution qui permet à un service de pouvoir être adapté à un contexte qui n'a pas été pris en compte initialement. Pour tester notre proposition nous avons construit un prototype basé sur l'étude de plusieurs scénariosThis thesis approaches dynamic adaptation issues of services assembled of reusable software components. Service adaptation is necessary because their functioning depends on the context in which they are used. The context is made up of external components that can influence the service, such as : the user, the device, the geographical environment and others. The context evolves during service execution and that is why the service has to adapt dynamically to the context evolution. The analysis of existing solutions has lead to several conclusions among which the most important is that the control part of service adaptation platforms follows an approach that we call "planned approach". In the case of a planned adaptation approach the context has to be known apriori and the way the service reacts to possible contexts is planned by the service builder and specified in the form of roles and strategies which are specific to each service. The aim of this thesis is to propose a solution for unplanned service adaptation, meaning the possibility of adaptation to a context that is not entirely anticipated at the moment of service building. Unlike the planned approach, where the adaptation roles and strategies have to be established for each service separately, we want these roles and strategies to be general and service independent. In order to test our proposaI we have built a prototype based on the implementation of several adaptation scenarios
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Benjamin, Stephen. „Tartuffe: A Modern Adaptation“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1373395035.
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Cohen, Salomon Yves. „Adaptation au scotome central“. Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066063.
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Wyatt, Gregory Alan Kenneth. „Coevolutionary adaptation in mutualisms“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c3318211-a893-432e-a52e-35a6c60b76ce.
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Natural selection favours those individuals that respond best to novel features of their selective environment. For many, a critical challenge is responding to evolutionary change in mutualistic species. These responses create complex feedbacks, so only coevolutionary approaches are able to fully answer key questions about the maintenance or disruption of mutualistic behaviour, and explain the range of mechanisms that allow individuals to benefit from these associations. I first consider the hypothesis that economic models studying multiple classes of traders, where each trader seeks to optimise its own payoffs will yield insights into mutualistic systems. I show that individuals can be favoured to discriminate amongst potential partners based on the price for which they provide resources. Then, I show that market mechanisms can maintain cooperation and drive specialisation in mutualistic systems. I extend this market model to allow individuals to restrict a mutualistic partner's access to resources, and show that this strategy can stabilise cooperation and increase the fitness of both partners. I also explicitly incorporate relatedness in my market model. I show that high relatedness sometimes increases cooperativeness in members of a mutualistic species, but sometimes decreases cooperativeness as it narrow the scope for partner choice to maintain cooperation. Having studied market mechanisms, I consider indiscriminate costly help to members of another species. I discover that this trait can be favoured by natural selection and can be classified as either altruism between or altruism within species. Finally, I consider a framework for analysing coevolved phenotypic responses to a partner's cooperativeness, a challenging process to model. I demonstrate that this framework can yield firm predictions about behaviour whenever partners hold private information about their costs and benefits.
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Luczak, Elizabeth Diane. „Modifiers of cardiac adaptation“. Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3305611.
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Schorr, Andreas. „Multimedia stream adaptation services“. [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-vts-58775.
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Ho, Ka-Lung. „Kernel eigenvoice speaker adaptation /“. View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?COMP%202003%20HOK.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-61). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Burgess, Tony L. „Agave Adaptation to Aridity“. University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554187.
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To show features of Agave taxa adapting to arid habitats, comparative studies at three taxonomic levels in the genus are presented. There is a brief review of Agave physiology and some aspects of recent evolution are discussed. Comparisons among species groups within the genus show several traits differentiating desert species from related taxa. Related taxa in the Deserticolae group are examined over a transect in Baja California, revealing patterns linking leaf shape to climate. In a comparison of leaves of A. desert] Engelm. along an elevational gradient, high intrapopulation variation obscures differences between the sites. Results are summarized as hypotheses to be tested.
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Cavalcanti, Ana Paula Carvalho. „Software reuse process adaptation“. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2007. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/2690.
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Previous issue date: 2007O contexto atual de desenvolvimento de software requer certo grau de organização para desenvolver produtos e as Definições de Processos aparecem como uma tentativa de formalizar e estruturar o conjunto de passos, seguidos pela equipe, com o objetivo de entregar o produto final com a qualidade desejada pelo cliente. Nesse contexto, Reuso de Software emerge para aumentar o lucro das empresas e possibilitar o reuso de componentes produzidos em projetos anteriores. Os benefícios provenientes através introdução da disciplina de reuso para aumentar a produtividade das equipes e o desenvolvimento apropriado de produtos através de reuso requerem um determinado guia de atividades, contemplados pela definição de um Processo de Reuso para auxiliar as equipes executarem o desenvolvimento. No entanto, a introdução de processos de reuso, em organizações que já possuem práticas funcionais bem estabelecidas, é uma atividade mais complexa porque é importante preservar os hábitos institucionalizados e não mudar drasticamente práticas executadas propriamente pelas equipes. Nesse cenário, uma Adaptação, para introduzir um processo orientado a reuso em uma organização que já possui um processo de desenvolvimento, é necessária para minimizar as barreiras da implantação de um processo. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar um Processo de Adaptação, que coleta especificações de um processo orientado a reuso e um processo tradicional, para gerar uma descrição comum contemplando características e especificações dos cenários dos dois processos
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Balslev, Ida Kathrine. „From interpretation to adaptation“. Master's thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze.Divadelní fakulta. Knihovna, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-320492.
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The dramatic structure is like the skeleton that holds together the components and gives birth to the orchestration of the performance.This structure is essential to give the performance life.As a director in theatre it is our main tool. In defining the performance we define the dramaturgy. But what does the dramaturgy consist of and how do we get a hold of a tool, which is so driven by our intuition and how do we change it during the process? In this thesis work I will focus on how to use the dramatic principles in different works from interpretation to adaptation. I will explore how these principles function in each process and how they support the dramaturgy towards the creation of the performance.
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Felix, José Carlos. „Film and television adaptation“. Florianópolis, SC, 2004. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/87828.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura CorrespondenteMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T02:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal investigar o processo de adaptação de filmes baseados em textos literários em relação ao contexto histórico e social em que eles foram produzidos. Desta forma, a pesquisa apresenta uma análise comparativa de duas versões cinematográficas da peça do dramaturgo Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire produzidas em momentos históricos distintos, a primeira para o cinema, dirigida por Elia Kazan (1951) e a outra feita para a televisão, dirigida por Glenn Jordan (1995). Uma discussão sistemática sobre o processo de
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Prenzler, Elizabeth A. „Musculoskeletal adaptation to dance“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36748/1/36748_Prenzler_1998.pdf.
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Training can facilitate adaptive changes in the human body in response to activity, and these changes are evident in dancers. Unique manoeuvres inherent in the training programmes and performance of dancers have a significant influence on adaptive responses of the musculo-skeletal system. These set manoeuvres must be executed to be visually correct and often involve extreme ranges of movement, along with highly repetitive moves and frequent jumping. As dancers often begin training at an early age, physiological changes may take place as their bodies adapt to the positions and loads experienced. Additional factors that may influence adaptation are nutritional deficiencies, menstrual abnormalities, floor surfaces, inadequate footwear and hours of practice. The process of adaptation affects both the skeletal and muscular systems of the body and both positive and negative consequences are evident. Negative effects may be expressed by high injury rates, pertaining mainly to the lower limb and often chronic in nature. A significant factor in the cause of injury relates to the inability to effectively match training levels and intensities with positive adaptation. Bone mineral density (BMD) is one measure that can be taken to examine the adaptive response of bone. Following training, BMD has been found to increase at specific sites in response to loading at those sites. However, if the loads or frequency of loads are too great, failure may occur which may ultimateiy lead to stress fractures. Muscular adaptation to training may be evident by increases in muscular strength and the presence of muscle imbalance, although a precise definition of what constitutes an imbalance is unclear. Studies claim that symmetry in terms of strength should exist between muscles on opposite sides of the body, or that a specific ratio is found between the agonisUantagonist muscle groups of the same extremity. A discrepancy of more than 10% from expected values has been classified as an imbalance, potentially causing injury, and muscle imbalances have frequently been linked with dancing injuries. While many studies have investigated imbalance and injury, the relationship between them is still unclear and few studies have targeted specific muscle groups in the area of dance. It is necessary to prospectively examine this relationship and to more closely monitor training intensities and subsequent changes in the musculo-skeletal system. The purpose of this study was to investigate prospectively the relationship between factors commonly associated with injuries and the injury profiles of female dancers. The specific aims were to determine the anthropometry, skeletal status, muscular strength and flexibility characteristics of this group of dancers; to investigate the nature of the training program with respect to duration, intensity and frequency components; and to investigate the relationship between these factors and injury throughout a season of dancing.
Twenty female dance students from the Queensland University of Technology dance program and five female dance students from the Brisbane Dance Centre participated in the study. Over a 10-month period, five measures were taken at the beginning of the university semester. Muscie strength was measured using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer including hip flexors/extensors, hip abductors/adductors, hip external/internal rotators, knee fiexors/extensors, ankle invertors/evertors and ankie plantar/dorsiflexors. These measures were also used to determine muscle strength ratio's. Passive ranges of movement of the above actions were measured using a Leighton flexometer. The Lunar densitometer was used to measure bone mineral density of the proximal femur and lumbar spine. Anthropometric measures were used to establish body composition and a submaximal fitness test was carried out at each of the test periods. Continual monitoring of activity levels and injuries occurred throughout the 10 month period. Training intensity was established by analysis of dance classes, activity diaries and force plate measurements.
The training hours of dancers were not significantly different between injured and non-injured dancers. It was noted however, that there was a discrepancy between the number of hours recorded and the actual number of active hours completed in the dancers training history, due to the nature of the dance classes. No skeletal injuries were recorded, therefore a comparison with BMD measures could not be made, however the values from the dancers from this study were higher than previous dance studies. Muscular characteristics in terms of strength and flexibility did show evidence of adaptation at certain joints compared to normal values, however they were different again to professional dancers. While a number of characteristics showed significant differences between injured and non-injured groups, these were viewed with caution due to the exploratory nature of the study. They did reveal however, that further investigation, particularly around the ankle joint and hip joint is warranted.
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Cully, Antoine. „Creative Adaptation through Learning“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066664/document.
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Les robots ont profondément transformé l’industrie manufacturière et sont susceptibles de délivrer de grands bénéfices pour la société, par exemple en intervenant sur des lieux de catastrophes naturelles, lors de secours à la personne ou dans le cadre de la santé et des transports. Ce sont aussi des outils précieux pour la recherche scientifique, comme pour l’exploration des planètes ou des fonds marins. L’un des obstacles majeurs à leur utilisation en dehors des environnements parfaitement contrôlés des usines ou des laboratoires, est leur fragilité. Alors que les animaux peuvent rapidement s’adapter à des blessures, les robots actuels ont des difficultés à faire preuve de créativité lorsqu’ils doivent surmonter un problème inattendu: ils sont limités aux capteurs qu’ils embarquent et ne peuvent diagnostiquer que les situations qui ont été anticipées par leur concepteurs. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche différente qui consiste à laisser le robot apprendre de lui-même un comportement palliant la panne. Cependant, les méthodes actuelles d’apprentissage sont lentes même lorsque l’espace de recherche est petit et contraint. Pour surmonter cette limitation et permettre une adaptation rapide et créative, nous combinons la créativité des algorithmes évolutionnistes avec la rapidité des algorithmes de recherche de politique à travers trois contributions : les répertoires comportementaux, l’adaptation aux dommages et le transfert de connaissance entre plusieurs tâches. D’une manière générale, ces travaux visent à apporter les fondations algorithmiques permettant aux robots physiques d’être plus robustes, performants et autonomesRobots have transformed many industries, most notably manufacturing, and have the power to deliver tremendous benefits to society, for example in search and rescue, disaster response, health care, and transportation. They are also invaluable tools for scientific exploration of distant planets or deep oceans. A major obstacle to their widespread adoption in more complex environments and outside of factories is their fragility. While animals can quickly adapt to injuries, current robots cannot “think outside the box” to find a compensatory behavior when they are damaged: they are limited to their pre-specified self-sensing abilities, which can diagnose only anticipated failure modes and strongly increase the overall complexity of the robot. In this thesis, we propose a different approach that considers having robots learn appropriate behaviors in response to damage. However, current learning techniques are slow even with small, constrained search spaces. To allow fast and creative adaptation, we combine the creativity of evolutionary algorithms with the learning speed of policy search algorithms through three contributions: the behavioral repertoires, the damage recovery using these repertoires and the transfer of knowledge across tasks. Globally, this work aims to provide the algorithmic foundations that will allow physical robots to be more robust, effective and autonomous
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Cully, Antoine. „Creative Adaptation through Learning“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066664.
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Les robots ont profondément transformé l’industrie manufacturière et sont susceptibles de délivrer de grands bénéfices pour la société, par exemple en intervenant sur des lieux de catastrophes naturelles, lors de secours à la personne ou dans le cadre de la santé et des transports. Ce sont aussi des outils précieux pour la recherche scientifique, comme pour l’exploration des planètes ou des fonds marins. L’un des obstacles majeurs à leur utilisation en dehors des environnements parfaitement contrôlés des usines ou des laboratoires, est leur fragilité. Alors que les animaux peuvent rapidement s’adapter à des blessures, les robots actuels ont des difficultés à faire preuve de créativité lorsqu’ils doivent surmonter un problème inattendu: ils sont limités aux capteurs qu’ils embarquent et ne peuvent diagnostiquer que les situations qui ont été anticipées par leur concepteurs. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche différente qui consiste à laisser le robot apprendre de lui-même un comportement palliant la panne. Cependant, les méthodes actuelles d’apprentissage sont lentes même lorsque l’espace de recherche est petit et contraint. Pour surmonter cette limitation et permettre une adaptation rapide et créative, nous combinons la créativité des algorithmes évolutionnistes avec la rapidité des algorithmes de recherche de politique à travers trois contributions : les répertoires comportementaux, l’adaptation aux dommages et le transfert de connaissance entre plusieurs tâches. D’une manière générale, ces travaux visent à apporter les fondations algorithmiques permettant aux robots physiques d’être plus robustes, performants et autonomesRobots have transformed many industries, most notably manufacturing, and have the power to deliver tremendous benefits to society, for example in search and rescue, disaster response, health care, and transportation. They are also invaluable tools for scientific exploration of distant planets or deep oceans. A major obstacle to their widespread adoption in more complex environments and outside of factories is their fragility. While animals can quickly adapt to injuries, current robots cannot “think outside the box” to find a compensatory behavior when they are damaged: they are limited to their pre-specified self-sensing abilities, which can diagnose only anticipated failure modes and strongly increase the overall complexity of the robot. In this thesis, we propose a different approach that considers having robots learn appropriate behaviors in response to damage. However, current learning techniques are slow even with small, constrained search spaces. To allow fast and creative adaptation, we combine the creativity of evolutionary algorithms with the learning speed of policy search algorithms through three contributions: the behavioral repertoires, the damage recovery using these repertoires and the transfer of knowledge across tasks. Globally, this work aims to provide the algorithmic foundations that will allow physical robots to be more robust, effective and autonomous
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Mutelle, Hervé. „Modelisation de l'ecoulement et de la thermique double phase a l'interieur d'un tube droit de generateur de vapeur once-through a surchauffe chauffe au sodium“. Nantes, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NANT2113.
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Pour les futurs reacteurs nucleaires a neutrons rapides, il est prevu d'utiliser des generateurs de vapeur composes de tubes droits. Compte tenu de la structure hyperstatique de ce type de composant, il est necessaire lors de la phase de dimensionnement de disposer d'un outil numerique fiable avec des modeles d'echange thermique et de perte de charge adaptes a toute la plage de fonctionnement de l'appareil. Ce memoire porte sur l'etude et sur le choix de ces modeles physiques. Notre analyse s'est faite a partir de donnees experimentales obtenues sur une maquette monotubulaire a l'echelle une et a l'aide d'un logiciel de simulation developpe dans le cadre de cette these. On montre que, quelles que soient les correlations utilisees, l'accord calcul-mesure se degrade d'autant plus que le niveau de puissance est faible. L'instrumentation utilisee nous a permis egalement d'obtenir des informations interessantes sur la geometrie de la zone d'assechement et sur les fluctuations de temperature induites par ce phenomene. On montre, en particulier, que les frequences principales se situent en-deca de 3 hertz. A partir de thermocouples implantes en sortie de la maquette, nous avons egalement constate l'existence d'un desequilibre thermique entre phases en ecoulement vapeur-gouttes, y compris a pression elevee. De plus, plusieurs elements suggerent que les gouttes se deplacent par paquets.
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Purmann, Sascha [Verfasser]. „Different mechanisms underlying adaptation to frequent and adaptation to recent conflict / Sascha Purmann“. Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1133541410/34.
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Ayers, Jessica. „Understanding the adaptation paradox : can global climate change adaptation policy be locally inclusive?“ Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/393/.
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The governance of climate change adaptation presents a paradox: Climate change is a global risk, yet vulnerability is locally experienced. In order to address this paradox, debates in environmental governance need to find ways of integrating local perceptions of risk with global risk assessments. But how can local inclusiveness be achieved in the context of global environmental risks, and what kinds of institutions are needed? Accordingly, this thesis looks at three inter-related concepts from the social sciences that address the challenge of inclusive policy making, but are as yet under-examined in the context of climate change adaptation: (i) Participation, drawing from development studies; (ii) Expertise, drawing from Science and Technology Studies (STS); and (iii) Deliberation, drawing from political science. It is argued that these concepts have not been sufficiently advanced to take account of the challenges raised by the ‘adaptation paradox.’ The hypothesis of this thesis is that this paradox gives rise to a globalised discourse on adaptation that restricts discussion of risk to ‘global’ and technical expertise, and is not open to localised vulnerability-based knowledge about how risks are experienced. This hypothesis is tested by asking: i) What is the evidence that conflicting definitions of climate risk inhibit inclusive adaptation policy making? And ii) Under what circumstances is local inclusiveness achieved under global climate change policy frameworks? This study collects and analyses a new set of data on the main avenue for the inclusion of vulnerable groups in adaptation policy making: National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPAs). Through a detailed empirical case study analysis of the NAPA process in Bangladesh and Nepal, this study examines the evidence that NAPAs achieved inclusiveness, and the circumstances of more inclusive decisionmaking. This data suggests Nepal took a more inclusive approach to NAPA preparation than Bangladesh; and that this was a result of the choices around how to ‘do inclusiveness’ that were in turn influenced by the historical and political contexts within which these decisions were made. Based on these findings, the thesis argues that current approaches to ‘local inclusiveness’ in global adaptation policy need to pay more attention to the deliberative component of participatory policy making, in terms of how deliberative institutions can shape participatory spaces, and how history and politics have in turn shaped how deliberation takes place in each location.
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Satgunam, PremNandhini. „Dynamics of vergence eye movements in pre-vergence adaptation and post-vergence adaptation conditions“. Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196173244.
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Cardwell, Sarah Elizabeth Fleur. „Adaptation revisited : nostalgia, genre and the televisual in the 1980s/1990s classic-novel adaptation“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392081.
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The thesis is concerned with British television classic-novel adaptations and their cultural significance. It interrogates at some length the arguments of comparative theorists and critics, and examines the implicit presumptions and conceptualisations that have determined their various influential approaches. The thesis develops an alternative understanding of these programmes, explicitly resisting a traditional comparative approach, and instead exploring a genre and the broader textual, cultural and social discourses within which it exists. The texts are conceived as sites of interplay between discourses about the past, the present, television and, reflexively, the genre itself, and are explored through close textual analysis that focuses on these concerns. British television classic-novel adaptations establish a generic microcosm that can be identified by its characteristic tropes of content (in particular, representations of the past), style and mood(s). Traditionally, this microcosm has been justifiably associated with nostalgia; however, whilst the nostalgic mode is still prevalent, generic development and the influence of (post)modern cultural discourses have resulted in the possibility of a wider range of meanings and consequent interpretations. In addition, classic-novel adaptations are necessarily and problematically situated within the context of the televisual, and the televisual context has impacted upon the genre's identity and development. The thesis elucidates the specificity of the televisual - highlighting its 'presentness', 'performativity', and intertextuality. The salience of a limited range of theories of the postmodern to the proffered conceptualisations of televisuality and (post)nostalgia is indicated. Informed by detailed conceptualisations of postmodern nostalgia and the televisual, the genre is examined textually, contextually and intertextually. The thesis therefore aims to reconfigure the theoretical assumptions behind the study of adaptation and propose an alternative conceptual and interpretative framework, grounding the study in detailed discussion of adaptations made in Britain over a twenty-year period (1980s and 1990s).