Thematische Bibliographien / Active shooter situation

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Active shooter situation“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 1. Juli 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 15. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Active shooter situation"

Dainty, K., M. Seaton, M. McGowan und S. H. Gray. „P042: Are we ready for a gunman in the emergency department? A qualitative study of staff perceptions of personal health risks, workplace safety, and individual and institutional readiness to respond to “code silver”“. CJEM 19, S1 (Mai 2017): S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.244.

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Introduction: Hospital-based gun violence is devastatingly traumatic for everyone present and quite tragically on the rise. The Ontario Hospital Association (OHA) has recently designated active shooter situations as “Code Silver” and advised member hospitals to develop policies and train health care workers on how best to respond. Given that emergency departments (ED) are particularly susceptible to opportunistic breach by an active shooter and staff members are likely to be called upon as first responders, the impact of a Code Silver on ED functioning and staff members may be particularly severe. We hypothesized that there may not be a simple, one-size-fits-all-hospital-staff solution about how best to prepare ED physicians and staff to respond to a Code Silver situation. Methods: In order to inform and support future staff training initiatives related to Code Silver and other disaster situations in hospitals, we conducted a robust qualitative study to investigate perspectives and behaviour related to personal safety at work and Code Silver in particular among the multi-disciplinary ED staff at a single tertiary care centre in Toronto, Ontario. Participants for in-depth interviews and focus groups were recruited using a combination of stakeholder and maximum variation sampling strategies. Data analysis occurred in conjunction with data collection and standard thematic analysis techniques were employed. Results: Initial data analysis has revealed the following thematic concepts: the ubiquitous banality of personal health risk as an expected, acceptable feature of everyday life at work for ED staff, the perception of active shooters as a transgressive threat that violates the boundaries of professional responsibility, and the perceived fallacy of “readiness” to respond to disastrous situations. A fulsome analysis will be ready for presentation in June. Conclusion: Knowledge from this study indicates that ED staff members have unique and specific training needs in relation to an active shooter situation, and gives us deeper insight into potential areas of focus for training and opportunities for knowledge translation on the topic of Code Silver for EDs across the country.

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Worthington, Veronica, Matthew Hayes und Melissa Reeves. „Active Shooter Protocols: Perceptions, Preparedness, and Anxiety“. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 26, Nr. 2 (2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn26.2.91.

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The national concern about active shootings has pushed schools to implement intense drills without considering unintended consequences. Studies have found that, although training had the potential to increase preparedness, it also increased anxiety. These findings apply to short-term effects, but there is a lack of empirical research on long-term effects of active shooter drills. The present study investigated whether active shooter training completed in high school impacts current levels of anxiety and preparedness of undergraduates. Collegiate participants (N = 364) completed an online survey and answered questions about their perceived knowledge of protocols, protocol actions, and training methods from high school followed by the same set of questions, this time referring to their current university. Participants then completed an anxiety measure (Spielberger, 1983) and a preparedness measure. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to predict anxiety and preparedness. This study expanded findings on the effects of active shooter training by demonstrating long-term effects for high school training. Evacuation protocols (β = −.13, p = .03; β = .16, p = .007) and perceived knowledge (β = −.16, p = .004; β = .14, p = .01) positively impacted anxiety and preparedness, respectively, of university students. Experiences at the university level had an additional, larger impact on student anxiety, ΔR2 = .11, F(8, 347) = 5.88, p < .001, and preparedness, ΔR2> = .26, F(8, 347) = 17.32, p < .001, which seems to overshadow the effects from high school. This may be problematic because the perceived knowledge that leads to higher feelings of preparedness may not translate into appropriate actions in a real-life situation, potentially risking lives.

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Sharma, Sharad, Sri Teja Bodempudi, David Scribner und Peter Grazaitis. „Active Shooter response training environment for a building evacuation in a collaborative virtual environment“. Electronic Imaging 2020, Nr. 13 (26.01.2020): 223–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.13.ervr-223.

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During active shooter events or emergencies, the ability of security personnel to respond appropriately to the situation is driven by pre-existing knowledge and skills, but also depends upon their state of mind and familiarity with similar scenarios. Human behavior becomes unpredictable when it comes to making a decision in emergency situations. The cost and risk of determining these human behavior characteristics in emergency situations is very high. This paper presents an immersive collaborative virtual reality (VR) environment for performing virtual building evacuation drills and active shooter training scenarios using Oculus Rift headmounted displays. The collaborative immersive environment is implemented in Unity 3D and is based on run, hide, and fight mode for emergency response. The immersive collaborative VR environment also offers a unique method for training in emergencies for campus safety. The participant can enter the collaborative VR environment setup on the cloud and participate in the active shooter response training environment, which leads to considerable cost advantages over large-scale real-life exercises. A presence questionnaire in the user study was used to evaluate the effectiveness of our immersive training module. The results show that a majority of users agreed that their sense of presence was increased when using the immersive emergency response training module for a building evacuation environment.

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Rega, Paul, Shaun Vallejo, John Accumanno und Brian Fink. „The Integration of a Unique QR® Code and Video to Improve the Correct Application of a Hemorrhage-control Tourniquet by a Naïve Population - A Feasibility Study“. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (Mai 2019): s142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19003145.

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Introduction:The use of tourniquets by the civilian population has been deemed a critical aspect of the initial response during an active shooter situation. Tourniquet deployment in public-access must be accompanied by education. Studies indicate that the act itself is not an intuitive process and enclosed instructions may be inadequate. However, civilians for diverse reasons may not avail themselves of accepted training programs.Aim:To develop an alternative means of “Just-In-Time” education to enable a naïve responder to apply a commercial tourniquet efficaciously.Methods:A video (~40 seconds long) was created highlighting the actual application of a C-A-T® (Combat Application Tourniquet) on a human model. It was uploaded to YouTube on a public channel. A QR® code was generated using https://www.qr-code-generator.com, embedding the link for the YouTube® video. An appropriately-sized QR® code was printed and applied with packaging tape (Scotch®) to the exterior wrapping of a C-A-T® device. The C-A-T® with code was then accessed with the iPhone®.Results:With the iPhone® camera app activated and focused on the C-A-T’s QR® code, a request popped-up to open “YouTube.com” in Safari. When pressed, the full-screen video appeared immediately with audio of excellent quality.Discussion:The use of a QR® code and its video link is a feasible option to provide “Just-In-Time” training to a naïve civilian population who are responding to an active shooter situation. This offers the naïve responder two options of immediate education: the enclosed instructions and the QR® code. Redundancy in communications is essential in any emergency response. An important limitation of this innovation is the inability to obtain Internet® access and therefore, the availability of the enclosed instructions is still critical. Research to prove that this innovation will allow the application of a tourniquet to proceed expeditiously with few errors is currently underway.

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McGowan, M., K. Dainty, B. Seaton und S. Gray. „P025: Are we ready for a gunman in the emergency department? A qualitative study of staff perceptions of risk and readiness to respond“. CJEM 20, S1 (Mai 2018): S65—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.223.

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Introduction: Hospital-based gun violence is devastatingly traumatic for everyone present and recent events in Cobourg, Ontario underscore that an active shooter inside the emergency department (ED) is an imminent threat. In June 2016, the Ontario Hospital Association (OHA) added Code Silver to the list of standardized emergency preparedness colour codes and advised member hospitals to develop policies and train staff on how best to respond. Given that EDs are particularly susceptible to opportunistic breach by an active shooter, the impact of a Code Silver on ED functioning and staff members may be particularly acute. We hypothesized that there may not be a simple, one-size-fits-all-hospital-staff solution about how best to prepare EDs to respond to Code Silver. In order to inform and support future staff training initiatives related to Code Silver and other disaster situations in hospitals, we sought to investigate staff perspectives and behaviour related to personal safety at work and, in particular, an active shooter. Methods: We undertook a qualitative interview study of multi-disciplinary ED staff (MDs, RNs, clericals, allied health, administrators) at a single tertiary care centre in Toronto. The primary methods for data collection were in-depth qualitative interviews and focus groups. Participants were recruited using stakeholder and maximum variation sampling strategies. Data collection and analysis were concurrent and standard thematic analysis techniques were employed. Results: Sixteen (16) staff members participated in interviews and 40 participated in small focus group discussions. Data analysis revealed workplace violence and personal health risks have been normalized as expected, acceptable features of everyday life at work in the ED given that patients are perceived to be sick people in need of help that ED staff are trained for and prepared to provide. In contrast, weapons and active shooters challenge the boundaries of professional responsibility and readiness to respond to Code Silver is perceived by staff as a fallacy. Conclusion: Knowledge from this study gives us crucial insight into important areas for targeted training and opportunities for knowledge translation on the topic of implementing Code Silver in EDs across the country. Future interventions must include how to overcome normalization of workplace violence in the ED setting and negotiating competing professional obligations during crisis situations. Attention to these are crucial if we are to truly keep our staff safe during these traumatic events.

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Keating, Brad. „Development of New Triage and Scene Management Techniques to Provide a More Effective Response to Active Shooter Situations“. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, S1 (April 2017): S12—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17000589.

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Steel, Virginia. „Thinking about the Unthinkable: A Personal Reflection on the June 1 Incident at UCLA and Library Responses and Roles in Active Shooter Situations“. Research Library Issues, Nr. 289 (09.12.2016): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29242/rli.289.3.

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Harker, K. Neil, und P. A. O'Sullivan. „Herbicide Comparisons on Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) Within Different Crop Competition and Tillage Conditions“. Weed Science 41, Nr. 1 (März 1993): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057647.

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Five herbicides (cloproxydim, fluazifop, haloxyfop, quizalofop, and sethoxydim) were compared from 1984 to 1988 at 250 and 400 g ha−1for controlling quackgrass within different crop competition and tillage conditions at the Lacombe Research Station. Crop competition usually augmented quackgrass control with the herbicides in conventional-tillage plots although direct statistical comparisons were not made. Without crop competition, haloxyfop and quizalofop at 250 g ha−1were more effective than the other herbicides in conventional tillage 1 mo after treatment (MAT). In a conventional-tillage situation on a unit active ingredient basis, the herbicides ranked in order of decreasing activity as follows: quizalofop ≥ haloxyfop > fluazifop > cloproxydim > sethoxydim. In a zero-tillage situation, none of the herbicides reduced quackgrass shoot weights by 50% 3 MAT. However, haloxyfop and quizalofop were more effective in suppressing quackgrass shoot weight than the other herbicides in the zero-tillage experiments 3 MAT.

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Wolfe, Scott E., Margaret M. Chrusciel, Jeff Rojek, J. Andrew Hansen und Robert J. Kaminski. „Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and School Principals’ Evaluations of School Resource Officers“. Criminal Justice Policy Review 28, Nr. 2 (25.07.2016): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403415573565.

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Violence and active shooter situations in schools have been important issues to the public, policy makers, and scholars in recent years. School resource officers (SROs) are widely used in efforts to address school crime-related threats. Yet, little is known about the factors that influence key stakeholders’ (e.g., school principals) evaluations of such officers. The present study uses survey data from a sample of public school principals in South Carolina to examine the role of procedural justice theory in understanding evaluations of SROs. The results reveal that procedural justice is associated with principals’ support for SROs, perceived effectiveness of SROs, and level of trust and satisfaction in SROs. The policy implications of the results center on the importance of SRO procedural fairness in maintaining quality relationships with top school administrators which may ultimately have a wider impact on the success of SRO programs.

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Sharma, Arun, Ankita Rajata, Udayabanu Malairaman und Hemant Sood. „HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACTION OF SHOOT CULTURES FROM NOTHAPODYTE NIMMONIANA AND ITS ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE ANALYSIS“. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, Nr. 6 (01.06.2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i6.25726.

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Objective: The important restraints in plant-derived medicine are the convenience of active composites which depends on diverse topographical situations, active compound build-up pattern, environmental circumstances and genetic makeup of the plant. The presented work was aimed to describe an efficient technique for fast propagation of Nothapodytes nimmoniana which is an imperative source of Camptothecin.Methods: Multiple shoots were successfully regenerated from the explants N. nimmoniana using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium accompanied with IBA+KN+GA3 (1:3:2) mg/l. the hydro-alcoholic extract was obtained by soxhlet extraction for field grown roots (fgRE), shoots (fgSE) and in vitro plantlets (ivPL) and further subjected to phytochemicals analysis. HPLC analysis was performed to determine the percentage of camptothecin (CAM). Anti-proliferative studies were carried out followed by Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide staining. Extracts were also estimated for reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS).Results: Preliminary qualitative chemical analysis of the extracts displayed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, saponins, terpenoids and phenolics compounds. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of CAM in all the extracts. ivPL exhibited lowest anti-proliferative activity in contrast to other extract and percentage of ROS and RNS was also less. Although ivPL did not exhibited prominent anti-tumour effect, but in vitro accumulation of CAM in 2-months old shoots provides an alternative resource to 5 y-old field grown plants.Conclusion: This work delivers a potential to lead to further increase the potency of CAM in in vitro shoots of two months old as an alternative to the field grown plants for treating cancers.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Active shooter situation"

Nilsson, Ylva, und Linn Engelholm. „Polisiära övningar mot pågående dödligt våld : En innehållsanalys av polisens övning POLKON HT2020“. Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och kriminologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36614.

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Syftet med studien var att studera polisens övning POLKON HT2020 och hur övningen kunde förstås utifrån den kunskap som finns om pågående dödligt våld. Vidare syftade studien till att ta reda på hur kunskapen och analysen av övningen kunde användas för att planera framtida övningar. Materialet som användes i studien bestod av polisens material från övningen POLKON HT2020 som genomfördes hösten 2020 i Jönköping. Syftet med övningen var att poliserna skulle öva på att möta och bekämpa pågående dödligt våld. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Innehållsanalysen kopplades sedan samman med kriminologisk forskning samt rutinaktivitetsteorin och kognitiva psykologiska teorier. Resultatet visade att de moment som genomfördes i övningen i stor utsträckning överensstämde med den kunskap som finns om pågående dödligt våld. Framtida övningar bör bygga på kunskap om brottstypen för att på samma sätt förbereda poliserna på skarpt läge.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the POLKON HT2020 drill and how its content can be utilised in comparison to the knowledge available about active shooter situations. Additionally, the study aimed at investigating how this knowledge and the analysis of the drill could be used in planning future police drills. The material used in the study consisted of the police´s written material about the POLKON HT2020 drill, which was done during fall 2020 in Jönköping. The purpose of the drill was to prepare the officers to handle an active shooter situation. The material in the study was examined by qualitative content analysis. The result of the content analysis was put in relation to criminological research, routine activity theory and cognitive psychological theories. The results showed that the drill to a large extent corresponds with currently available knowledge about active shooter situations. According to the conclusion of this study, future drills should be planned using criminological research and theory in order to guarantee the same knowledge as the POLKON HT2020 for future officers involved.

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Becerra, Lorraine A. „An Evaluation of an Interactive Computerized Training to Teach Instructors How to Respond During an Active Shooter Situation“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7691.

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Active shooter events in the U.S. are occurring more often in commercial environment and schools. In these emergency situations educators must quickly decide to complete actions that will protect themselves and their students. Typically, during these situations, the educator should complete in a run, hide, or fight sequence of behaviors. The educator must also consider challenges for their student’s particular disabilities during these situations. Interactive computerized training (ICT) may be one easy method to teach educators these procedures. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of interactive computerized training to help educators learn how to respond during two active shooter situations when caring for an individual with autism spectrum disorder. After completing the 90 min interactive computerized training, all educators responded correctly to each type of active shooter situation. These correct responses continued after a 2-week period without practice.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Active shooter situation"

Myers, Kimberly A. „Changing the Mindset in Higher Education“. In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 115–34. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4072-5.ch006.

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This chapter discusses the need for administrators, faculty, staff, and students to be prepared and trained for an active shooter situation. Higher education institutions are generally multi-faceted and multi-layered entities within which many different elements must interact in a cohesive way in order for the organization to be effective and achieve its mission. Active shooter incidents are dangerous, uncertain, rapidly changing, and can happen anywhere. All members of a campus community need to feel a sense of safety and security within their work environment and on campus.

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Stoughton, Seth W., Jeffrey J. Noble und Geoffrey P. Alpert. „Tactical Considerations1“. In Evaluating Police Uses of Force, 154–90. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479814657.003.0006.

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Officers do not use force in a vacuum. It has long been recognized that a use of force is not the result of a single decision, but rather of “a contingent sequence of decisions and resulting behaviors—each increasing or decreasing the probability of an eventual use of … force.” How officers approach a situation, then, can affect whether and how they use force. Tactics are the techniques and procedures that officers use to protect themselves and community members. This chapter provides a framework for assessing police tactics, then offers an in-depth discussion of core tactical concepts. It explains why time is the single most important tactical consideration, details the effects of stress on human decision making, and illustrates how officers use tactical choices to “create time” and how they can use that time to minimize their need to use force. The chapter concludes by exploring the role of police tactics in three very different situations: arrests, crisis interventions, and active-shooter situations.

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„Responding to a Mass Shooting“. In Examining Gun Regulations, Warning Behaviors, and Policies to Prevent Mass Shootings, 133–45. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3916-3.ch009.

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This chapter documents ways to respond to and recover from a mass shooting situation. Response is two-fold in nature: dealing with a scenario when it unfolds and reuniting the affected population with their families once the crisis has been resolved. The chapter then moves on to look at ways to recover from a mass shooting to repair the long-term damage caused. Recovery centers on dealing with the psychological impact on the affected community, physical damage caused, and the reputational damage on the organization. Another part of recovery is learning lessons from previous mass shootings. Captured throughout this chapter are the recommendations from emergency management experts, citing their knowledge and experience in dealing with active shooter incidents and other types of crises.

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„Immediate Response to Active Shooter Situations“. In Crisis Management and Emergency Planning, 109–16. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16072-13.

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„Preparing for a Mass Shooting“. In Examining Gun Regulations, Warning Behaviors, and Policies to Prevent Mass Shootings, 116–32. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3916-3.ch008.

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This chapter discusses ways to prepare for a mass shooting incident. In terms of planning, these types of incidents are referred to as “active shooter situations” in which a shooting is unfolding and the outcome can potentially be affected by the responses to it. Discussed here are the drafting of emergency management plans and which factors should be considered in the planning process. The chapter then moves onto look at the use of drills and other exercises to help prepare for mass shootings. The views of emergency management experts and activists campaigning against active shooter drills are captured. This paves the way for the next chapter, which discusses how to respond and recover from a mass shooting incident.

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Hawreliak, Jason. „“To Be Shot at Without Result”“. In Handbook of Research on Technoself, 531–53. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2211-1.ch028.

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Winston Churchill famously asserted that “there is nothing more exhilarating than to be shot at without result.” Whether or not this is accurate, it is indicative of an ancient and persistent myth which depicts combat as the locus of glory, virtue, and sublime exhilaration. Drawing on the works of Ernest Becker, Gregory Nagy, and Ian Bogost, this chapter traces the combat myth from Homer to Call of Duty, situating it within a rhetoric of heroism and ultimately, immortality. Given the immense popularity of the First Person Shooter (FPS) and Action Role Playing Game (ARPG) genres, which employ combat as their dominant motif, the myth appears to be alive and well. The chapter concludes with a discussion of terror management theory and its application to videogame analysis and design.

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Lorbiecki, Marybeth. „New Life and Near Death: 1912– 1914“. In A Fierce Green Fire. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0011.

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Estella said yes. After such news, Aldo could hardly concentrate. He wrote home, “Somehow, this time, I don’t seem to be able to write.” On December 2, he wrote in his work journal, “In at least 6 lines of work today and nothing particularly accomplished in any one.” Aldo celebrated the holidays and his engagement at the Bergeres’ with his father beside him, warmly regaled with guitar music, Spanish and Italian carols, pasta, luminarias, and piñatas. Then came the promenade of New Year’s fiestas and parties honoring New Mexico’s statehood. Work looked pretty dull in comparison. On his return to Tres Piedras, Leopold found his desk buried under requests for grazing permits. Altogether, Carson headquarters had received applications for 220,000 sheep. The new plan allowed only 198,000, and it was Leopold’s job to reject the extra applications and to make the decisions stick. He and his rangers patrolled the forests, their six-shooters at their sides. Even so, they relied mostly on forceful words as a means of persuasion. When he met ranchers or sheepers to talk, Leopold carefully left his pistols in his saddle. By March, the business of permits was well under way. Hall had accomplished the job he came for, and he moved on. Ringland promoted Leopold to acting supervisor of Carson National Forest. Aldo boasted to his fiancée: “Of all the men in our class from Forest School there are only two of us Acting Supervisors, and none are Supervisors yet.” By fall, he was Carson’s full supervisor. Leopold hired more rangers to hold the grazing situation steady. He closely inspected the rangers’ stations, work journals, and reports. When a forester’s idea or accomplishment impressed him, he dashed off “Bully!” in the margin. That summer, Aldo built a house for his bride- to- be, assisted by Estella’s brother and his own brother Frederic, who was working at headquarters for the summer. Aldo’s correspondence to his beloved never faltered.

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„and it was not considered that Lord Taylor CJ intended to throw any doubt on the general rule which presently applied to cases of provocation and duress that the application of the objective test was a matter for the jury (see the speech of Lord Simon in Camplin [1978] AC 705). The medical evidence was not admissible as the law stood on the objective test in a case of duress. Further, as that test predicated a ‘sober person of reasonable firmness’ there was no scope for attributing to that hypothetical person as one of the characteristics of the defendant a pre-existing mental condition of being ‘emotionally unstable’ or in a ‘grossly elevated neurotic state’. That left consideration of whether the position would have been different had ‘duress by circumstances’ been asserted. It was plain from Martin that an objective test applied, and one of the questions to be addressed was whether a sober person of reasonable firmness, sharing the accused’s characteristics, would have responded to the situation confronting him by acting as he did. The medical evidence in this case did not address that question. The judge was right to exclude it as inadmissible. R v Flatt [1996] Crim LR 576 (CA) Facts: The appellant was convicted on four counts of possession of drugs with intent. His defence was duress. He was addicted to crack cocaine and owed his supplier £1,500. Some 17 hours before the police searched his flat, the drug dealer told him to look after the drugs found, saying that if he did not, he would shoot the appellant’s mother, grandmother and girlfriend. On appeal, it was argued that the judge should have told the jury that, in assessing the response of the hypothetical person of reasonable firmness to the threats, they should have invested that person with the characteristic of being a drug addict. Held, dismissing the appeal, that drug addiction was a self-induced condition, not a characteristic. There was no evidence that the appellant’s addiction (or indeed that of anyone else) would have had an effect on a person’s ability to withstand a threat from a drugs dealer. It was not sought to adduce psychiatric or other evidence to say that the appellant’s ability to withstand threats was in any way weakened. It may well be that he felt under some obligation to look after the supplier’s drugs. R v Bowen [1997] 1 WLR 372 (CA)“. In Sourcebook Criminal Law, 569–72. Routledge-Cavendish, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143093-137.

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