Dissertationen zum Thema „ACE100“

Práce se zabývá stanovením bezpečné únavové životnosti křídla. Letadlo, které bylo podrobeno analýze, je vzpěrový hornoplošník celokovové konstrukce. Letadlo je certifikováno na základě předpisu FAR 23 Amendment 23-46. Výpočet bezpečné únavové životnosti musí být proveden v souladu s požadavky předpisu FAR 23 a jeho poradními oběžníky.\\ Teoretická část práce je věnována hlavně přehledu literatury a představení projektu, kde byla stručně shrnuta jeho historie vzniku. Část přehledu projektu také pojednává o podstatě požadavku na posouzení bezpečné únavové životnosti zadavatelem. V další části byl rovněž proveden rozbor literatury týkající se únavy. Jednalo se zejména o rozbor předpisu FAR 23, jeho poradních oběžníků a obecně literatury vztahující se k únavě jak v letectví, tak v obecném strojírenství.\\ Druhá část diplomové práce byla zaměřena zejména na výpočetní analýzu a vývoj specializovaného software. Výpočetní část obsahovala zejména přípravu vstupů, včetně obálek zatížení, stanovení typického letu, výpočet zatížení křídla a napjatostní analýza ve vybraných řezech křídla. Z výstupů prvotní analýzy se následně provedl výpočet poškození a životnosti pro daný typový let.

This thesis describes the continued work on the in-house designed FPGA based co-processor daughtercard referred to as ACE1. The aim: to create an ecosystem incorporating firmware, bootstrapping code, drivers and a development environment to create a seamless environment. Challenges in setting up and debugging the interface that connects the coprocessor daughtercard to the host server include: problems with the power network, the edge connectors and timing problems with the primary protocol which prevented host-based communications. The options include allowing the daughtercard to function in a stand-alone fashion and we present a gateware solution that allows users to select from a number of alternatives for each of the layers in the Open Systems Interconnect networking model.

Les isolats de Magnaporthe grisea possédant le gène d'avirulence ACE1 sont spécifiquement reconnus par les variétés de riz possédant le gène de résistance Pi33. ACE1 code pour une enzyme du métabolisme secondaire (un hybride polycétide synthase/peptide synthétase). L'activité enzymatique d'Ace1 étant nécessaire à l'avirulence, le signal reconnu par les plantes résistantes possédant Pi33 pourrait être le métabolite secondaire dont la biosynthèse dépend d'Ace1. ACE1 est exclusivement exprimé dans les appressoria pendant l'étape de pénétration, aussi bien sur plante que sur certaines membranes artificielles. Aucune expression n'a été détectée dans les appressoria du mutant déficient en mélanine bufl, incapable de développer une pression appressoriale. L'ajout de solutions osmotiques sur des appressoria de bufl rétablit l'expression d'ACE1. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'expression d'ACE1 est dépendante d'un stade de développement atteint juste avant la pénétration et de la pression appressoriale. Des délétions du promoteur d'ACE1 ont révélé une région de 200 bp nécessaire à la transcription dans l' appressorium. L'analyse de l'allèle ACE1 dans le descendant virulent 2/0/3 a révélé l'insertion d'un nouveau retroposon (MINE) dans la POL d'ACE1. La majorité des isolats récoltés dans le monde sont avirulents pour Pi33 et possèdent tous le même allèle ACE1 (ACE1-GUY11. 1). Les isolats virulents ont été majoritairement trouvés en Asie et Amérique du Sud, son génétiquement liés et peuvent être classés en trois groupes en fonction de leur génotype ACE1. Un groupe possède l'allèle virulent (ACE1-GUY11. 2) qui présente 99 % d'identité avec ACEl-GUY11. 1. Le deuxième groupe possède l'allèle virulent (ACE1-CM28) qui présente 88 % d'identité avec ACE1-GUY11. 1. Le troisième groupe possède les allèles virulents ACEl-GUYll. 2 et ACEl-CM28. Ces allèles sont localisés sur des chromosomes différents, indiquant que ces isolats normalement haploi͏̈des sont partiellement diploi͏̈des au locus ACEl
Isolates of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea that carry the avirulence gene ACE1 are specifically recognized by rice cultivars carrying the resistance gene Pi33. ACE1 encodes an enzyme of the secondary metabolism (a hybrid polyketide synthase/non-ribosomal peptide synthase). Since Acel enzymatic activity is required for avirulence, the signal recognized by rice cultivars carrying Pi33 should be a secondary metabolite. ACE1 is expressed exclusively in appressoria during the penetration process, either on plant or artificial surfaces. ACE1 was not expressed in appressoria differentiated on Mylar or in appressoria from the melanin-deficient mutant bufl, unable to build up appresorial turgor. Addition of hyper-osmotic solutions to bufl appressoria restored ACE1 expression. Our results suggest that ACE1 expression requires an appressorial developmental stage reached before penetration and turgor. Deletion analysis of ACE1 promoter revealed a 200-bp region required for appressorium specific transcription. Characterization of ACE1 structure in the virulent progeny 2/0/3 revealed an insertion of a new retroposon (MINE) into ACE1 ORF. Most worldwide M grisea isolates were avirulent towards Pi33 and carried the same ACE1 avirulent allele (ACE1-GY11. 1). Isolates virulent towards Pi33 were mostly detected in Asia and South America and classified into three groups according to their ACE1 genotypes. The first group has a virulent allele (ACE1-GY11. 2) that is 99% identical to ACEl-GY11. 1. The second group has a virulent allele (ACE1-CM28) that is 88% identical to ACE1-GY11. 1. The third group has two virulent ACE1 alleles (ACE1-GY11. 1 and ACE1-CM28). These two alleles are localized on different chromosomes, indicating that these normally haploid isolates are partially diploid for ACE1. Typing of isolates from these groups using neutral markers (micro-satellites, SNIPS) revealed that they are genetically related, suggesting that they derive from a single complex event

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T17:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação DEBORA.pdf: 1099973 bytes, checksum: aabc08a0f4d095fb9706cae57d8da79a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Second generation bioethanol employs lignocellulosic materials in its preparation. One of the steps for these materials degradation utilizes cellulases produced by microorganisms. Among these, Trichoderma reesei fungus is one of the main cellulases producers used in industry. This fungus genetic modification can lead to enzimes production optimization, reducing cost and improving biofuels manufacture. Thus, the present work objective was delete the sequence encoding zinc fingers motifs of cellulase ACE1repressor transcription factor from T. reesei RUT-C30 fungus, seeking enzymatic production optimization. In primers construction for amplification ACE1 regions 5’ and 3' and the hph selection marker, which confers hygromycin B resistance, Joint Genome Institute - JGI site and the BioEdit ® program were used. The deletion cassette with pRS426 vector construction was mediated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC9721 yeast. After the cassette construction, T. reesei RUT-C30 transformation was made by protoplast and this transformation confirmation was effected by part of the hph using hphNestF and hphNestR amplification primers. After transformation with mutants obtained, endoglucanase, exoglucanase and total cellulase activity was quantified with carboxymethylcellulose substrates (CMC), microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel®) and Whatman paper filter (PF), respectively. The enzymatic production and biomass hydrolysis efficiency were performed comparing RUT-C30 strain for mutants. After deletion cassette construction, a 3501 bp fragment amplification confirmed the cassette formation. Posteriorly, RUT-C30 strain transformation, a 989 bp amplification was observed, confirming the 3 mutants target sequence deletion. With cellulase activity assay, 3 transformed strain showed higher enzymatic production when compared to RUT-C30 strain. In this comparison, a significant statistical difference was observed of RUT-C30Δace1-1 strain with Avicel® and PF (p <0.001) CMC (p <0.01), RUT-C30Δace1-2 strain with CMC (p<0,01) e PF (p<0,05), and RUT-C30Δace1-3 strain with Avicel (p<0,001), CMC and PF (p<0,01). The mutants also showed greater efficiency in biomass hydrolysis, with release sugar increase between 21 and 42%. Based on this study, mutants are promising for most efficient and viable ethanol production. Nevertheless, additional tests must be carried out to better understand these fungi applicability in the industrial level.
O bioetanol de segunda geração emprega materiais lignocelulósicos na sua elaboração. Uma das etapas para a degradação destes materiais utiliza celulases produzidas por microrganismos. Dentre estes, o fungo Trichoderma reesei é um dos principais produtores de celulases utilizadas na indústria. A modificação genética deste fungo pode levar à otimização da produção de suas enzimas, diminuindo o custo e melhorando a fabricação de biocombustíveis. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi deletar a região dos motivos dedos de zinco no gene que codifica o fator de transcrição repressor de celulase ACE1 do fungo T. reesei RUT-C30, buscando a otimização na produção enzimática. Na construção dos primers para amplificação das regiões 5’ e 3’ de ace1 e do marcador de seleção hph, que confere resistência à higromicina B, utilizou-se o site Joint Genome Institute – JGI e o programa BioEdit®. A construção do cassete de deleção com o vetor pRS426 foi mediado pela levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC9721. Posteriormente, a construção do cassete, a transformação de T. reesei RUT-C30 foi realizada através de protoplasto e a confirmação desta transformação foi efetuada por amplificação de parte do hph utilizando os primers hphNestF e hphNestR. Após a transformação, com os mutantes obtidos, a atividade de endoglucanase, exoglucanase e celulase total foi quantificada com os substratos carboximetilcelulose (CMC), celulose microcristalina (Avicel®) e papel de filtro Whatman (PF), respectivamente. A produção enzimática e a eficiência na hidrólise da biomassa foram realizadas comparando-se a linhagem RUT-C30 aos mutantes. Após a construção do cassete de deleção, a amplificação de um fragmento de 3501 pb confirmou a formação do cassete. E, posteriormente à transformação da linhagem RUT-C30, o amplificado de 989 pb foi observado, confirmando a deleção da sequência alvo em 3 mutantes. Com o ensaio de atividade de celulases, as 3 linhagens transformadas mostraram maior produção enzimática quando comparadas à linhagem RUT-C30. Nessa comparação, foi observada diferença estatística significativa da linhagem RUT-C30Δace1-1 com Avicel® e PF (p<0,001), da linhagem RUTC30Δace1- 2 com CMC (p<0,01) e PF (p<0,05) e da linhagem RUT-C30Δace1-3 com Avicel (p<0,001), CMC e PF (p<0,01). Os mutantes também apresentaram maior eficiência na hidrólise da biomassa, com aumento na liberação de açúcar entre 21 e 42%. Com base nos dados deste estudo, os mutantes apresentam-se promissores para a produção mais eficiente e viável de etanol. Apesar disso, testes adicionais devem ser realizados para melhor entendimento da aplicabilidade destes fungos a nível industrial.

La résistance des plantes aux agents pathogènes suit souvent la théorie gène-pour-gène. Contrairement aux autres gènes d'avirulence, le gène ACE1 de Magnaporthe grisea (responsable de la pyruculariose du riz) code pour une grosse protéine qui n'est pas sécrétée. Au cours de cette thèse, le gène de résistance correspondant à ACE1 a été cartographié sur le bras court du chromosome 8 à l'aide de couples de souches isogéniques. Ce gène de resistance dominant est différent de ceux déjà connus. Il a été nommé Pi33 puis finement cartographié en utilisant une population de 889 lignées et des marqueurs moléculaires. Une cartographie physique a été réalisée sur deux banque BAC, l'une, ordonnée, de la variété Nipponbare (sensible) l'autre, non ordonnée, de la variété IR64 (résistante). L'étude des séquences disponibles dans la zone n'a permis de détecter aucun homologue de gènes de résistance connus. Enfin, le polymorphisme autour de Pi33 et son origine parmi les parents d’IR64 ont été étudiés
We identified the resistance gene corresponding to the avirulence gene ACE1 using pairs of isogenic strains of Magnaporthe grisea differing only by their ACEl allele. This resistance gene was mapped on the rice chromosome 8. Allelism tests permitted us to distinguish this gene from other known resistance genes. This single dominant gene was designated as Pi33. Finally, Pi33 was finely mapped between two molecular markers that are separated by a distance of 1. 6 cM. Using this fine map, we physically mapped Pi33 using the ordered BAC library of the cultivar Nipponbare (susceptible). We then used the markers found during this walk to physically map Pi33 in the IR64 (resistant) unordered BAC library. No resistance gene homologues (RGA) were found in the available sequence data in the area of Pi33. Finally, we studied the polymorphism around Pi33 and the origin of this gene amongst the parents of the IR64 cultivar. Pi33 is probably an ancestral gene that appeared before rice domestication

The subject of this study is Viking-Late Norse settlement (c. AD800-1200) in the North Atlantic, focusing on Orkney and on longhouse complexes constructed on mounds. For the first time these mound settlements are investigated as a group and as deliberately constructed mounds. Settlement mounds in Orkney are also closely associated with nearly 40 Skaill ON skáli ('hall') place-names, which place-names linked the sites with the social and economic networks of Orkney's peripatetic leaders. This association is examined more closely. The analysis also demonstrates that constructing settlements on mounds required particular building techniques, which relied heavily on the use of midden-type material. Those techniques are examined using new and freshly analysed material from published and grey literature-published excavations and surveys of sites from the Viking-Late Norse period in Orkney and elsewhere. Three core data-sets were established to provide the evidential basis: the first, also drawing on site-visits, looking broadly at mound landscapes and skáli-areas in Orkney; the second at the building techniques and materials used on settlement mounds; and the third, also requiring site-visits, at all the skáli place-name sites. The possible origins of settlement mound living in the settlers' Scandinavian homelands are investigated, then the extent to which mound living was also followed in Shetland, Caithness and the Western Isles, and finally in previously unoccupied lands, using Iceland as a case study. The mound-sites, their archaeology, mound architecture, place-names and landscape setting are also analysed in a new theoretical framework to reach fresh understandings of Viking-Late Norse settlement in Orkney. The analysis thus considers the wider cultural significance of constructing and living on settlement mounds, and what that communicated about Viking-Late Norse society. The thesis argues that Viking-Late Norse groups chose prominently-placed sites for their visual dominance and commanding views, but also that the rebuilding of mound structures in one spot, and building out and up of the mound itself using midden material, set strong cultural messages about stability, continuity and association with the surrounding landscape. The mounds were complex features of culturally meaningful architecture.

Generation and phenotypic analyses of stzA gene deletion strains of Aspergillus nidulans implies that stzA is allelic to sltA, with the encoded transcription factor regulating tolerance to cations, DNA-damaging agents and high arginine concentrations. The similar severe sensitivity of a sltA1 mutant (GO281) and stzA deletion mutants to these stresses indicated that the premature termination codon in sltA1 represents a total loss-of-function mutation. It was also verified that StzA has no regulatory role in the utilisation of carbon sources. Findings were supported by phenotypic analyses of recombinant progeny resulting from sexual crosses between sltA1 and sltA+ strains. Bioinformatic analysis of genes involved in the osmotic stress response revealed that their promoters were significantly enriched for StzA binding site motifs compared to those of the control group, indicating that StzA may regulate many of these genes that comprise the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) pathway. Although this pathway is activated by fludioxonil, stzA deletants and stzA+ strains showed similar sensitivities to this fungicide. Phenotypic analyses indicate that StzA does not regulate tolerance to sources of oxidative stress, non-ionic osmotic stress or components of the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway. A. nidulans StzA appears to have no role in cellulase or xylanase expression as revealed by the results of a dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay. Trichoderma reesei ace1 deletant and wild-type strains showed similar sensitivities to cations, DNA-damaging agents, arginine, neomycin, acidic and alkaline pH. These results confirm that A. nidulans StzA and T. reesei Ace1 regulate the distinct phenotypes of abiotic stress tolerance and cellulase and xylanase expression, respectively, despite these two proteins sharing 58% overall amino acid similarity. All twenty-nine StzA orthologues identified are restricted to filamentous ascomycetes of the Pezizomycotina subphylum and may therefore represent specific and novel antifungal drug targets. The C-termini of StzA proteins are highly variable in both length and sequence, with no apparent conservations in amino acids or predicted secondary structure. This region is considered most likely to influence the divergent functions of StzA proteins. Conservations of individual residues in the N-termini correspond to conserved secondary structure (alpha helices) among StzA proteins, implying shared functions for StzA proteins in this region. Regulators of two major nitrogen metabolic pathways (CpcA and AreA) may regulate stzA expression. Statistically significant putative CpcA binding sites were positionally conserved in 26 out of 29 stzA orthologue promoters, indicating an interaction between stzA and CpcA, a transcription factor that mediates the cross pathway control of amino acid biosynthesis. REALALE sequences, likely to be of retrotransposon origin, containing putative overlapping binding sites for StzA and AreA, were found in eleven stzA promoters of the Eurotiomycetes class, indicating an interaction between stzA and the global nitrogen metabolite repressor AreA. Intriguingly, REALALE-containing promoters identified across the genome of A. nidulans were significantly enriched for StzA binding site motifs when compared to a control group of genes. Hence, REALALE may have regulatory significance that extends to other A. nidulans genes.

This thesis examines the effects of resource constraints on amplify-and-forward (AF) networks. Chapters 3 and 4 are the first research chapters. Chapter 3 studies the outage probability performance of a two-hop two-way AF peak power constrained orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) network. Its performance is then optimized. Chapter 4 focuses on the one-way special case of the system studied in Chapter 3. It begins with an analysis of the network when nonlinear distortion produced by signal clipping dominates the additive noise in the system. To conclude Chapter 4, the theoretical study performed throughout Chapters 3 and 4 is used to optimize the performance of a one-way real world test bed. Chapter 5 studies the n-hop multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) AF relay network. Novel techniques are developed using random dynamical system (RDS) theory and Lyapunov exponents to establish capacity and power scaling laws for the network as n grows large. One of the main conclusions is that the average transmit power must grow at an exponential rate if capacity decay across the network is to be avoided. Chapter 6 constitutes the final research chapter. In it, the techniques used to study peak-power constrained OFDM-based networks are combined with those developed in Chapter 5, which were used to study capacity and power scaling for multihop AF networks. The conclusion of this is that incorporating OFDM into peak-power constrained multihop AF relay networks will cause the capacity along each of the network's eigenchannels to decay exponentially. Finally, we show that the effects of distortion can be circumvented by ensuring the number of antennas at each node scales at a super-linear rate with the number of hops within the network.

Assessment for Learning (AfL) has been seen as a key aspect of teaching and learning for almost two decades, since the seminal review by Black and Wiliam (1998a). However, the research has largely been conducted with practising teachers rather than student teachers. This thesis attempts to fill this gap in relation to AfL, and illustrate that understanding how student teachers learn to use conceptual resources, such as AfL, can inform the work of all those who support the learning of teachers in training. The present study investigated how four secondary geography student teachers on a one year post-graduate training programme in England worked with ideas associated with AfL in their teaching during two school placements. The study asked how and why they used AfL or, as became evident, Assessment of Learning (AoL) in their teaching and what their use of AfL might tell us about their learning to teach in schools. The thesis adopted a cultural-historical approach to investigate the actions in activities of the student teachers as they learnt to teach. The four students were followed over two terms in their two placement schools to gather data on their trajectories as learners and beginning teachers. Data collection methods were: (i) semi-structured interviews with the four students; interviews with their teacher mentors and other school staff; and (ii) regular post-lesson interviews with the student teachers, following observations of their teaching. The cultural-historical approach led to examining AfL as a potential tool to be used by the student teachers in their teaching. Engeström's (1990, 1999, 2007) work on tool use and mediating artefacts was deployed to analyse the student teachers' use of AfL and what they saw as its purposes. The attention to purposes of tool use in the study was also informed by Hedegaard's (2012, 2014) work on motives in institutional practices, the activities in the practices and the actions taken by student teachers. This approach pointed to how the institutional motives and demands embedded in school practices influenced their learning. The study also paid attention to the identity work being done by the student teachers. This work was most apparent when the student teachers moved from their first to second placement school and worked with a different set of demands in institutional practices. One early finding was that although school colleagues and student teachers were using the label AfL, closer examination revealed that they were actually using AoL. Key findings from the final analyses were as follows: there was considerable variation in how the geography specialist teacher mentors interpreted and used AfL; some mentors were strongly mediating the AfL/AoL expectations evident in the school inspection system in England; there was evidence of some strong and challenging mentoring, but it was not consistent across the experiences of the students; the students' own sense of the kind of teacher they wanted to become could be tracked in ways which revealed how they coped with the different school demands and what they saw as university expectations; the transition between placement schools was significant for the student teachers in ways that had not been anticipated by the design of the programme. Following the student teachers as learners offered insights into their experiences in the black box of school placements during teacher education. Consequently, the implications for the design of teacher education programmes are a key part of the discussion stimulated by the findings.

This thesis examines the relationship between the commemorative strategies of English noblemen in the period 1485-1572 and their identity both as individuals and as a social group. In particular, it will look at the Howard dukes of Norfolk in the context of their peers. The five chapters each address a different aspect of noble identity. The first two chapters deal with the importance of kinship and of status. The importance of kinship is evident across commemorative strategies from burial locations to the heraldry displayed at funerals to the references to ancestry in elegies. Having achieved a particular status, noblemen were defensive of their rank and the dues accorded to it. Funerals were designed to reflect social status and the choice of burial location could also indicate a concern with status. However, there was not always a correlation between the scale of commemoration and status. The third chapter examines the role that service to the Crown played in noble identity. Late medieval ideals of military service and a chivalric culture survived well in to the sixteenth century and traditional commemorative forms remained popular, even amongst noblemen newly ennobled from the ranks of the Tudor administration. Chapter four addresses the importance of local power to the nobility of the period. Burial and commemoration acted as a visible reminder of the social order and were of benefit in maintaining local stability. Noblemen could also use their death as a means of demonstrating good lordship through charity and hospitality. The final chapter examines the importance of religion to a nobleman's identity during a century of turbulent religious change. Studying commemorative strategies allows us to trace noble responses to religious change, the constraints on their public show of belief, and the ways in which they could express individuality.

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The research for renewable energy sources became even more essential due the imminent depletion of the fossil fuel sources. In this context Brazil has a prominent position on the world stage, since it has already used ethanol from sugar cane for some decades. The second generation ethanol (2G) is produced from the lignocellulosic biomass of the vegetable, which is composed by cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The hydrolysis of these compounds requires a specific and high cost enzymatic cocktail. On this scenario, the Trichoderma reesei fungus gains spotlight, since it is one the microorganisms with the highest potential to produce hydroliytic enzymes. Therefore, the attempt to increase the cellulases production of this fungus is an important for the production of biofuels more attractive to the market. The aim of this work is to confirm the deletion of the sequence which codifies the zinc finger motif of the transcription factor ACE1 for cellulose repression from the T. reesei RUT-C30 strain and to characterize the enzymatic production of these mutant strains named T. reesei RUT-C30Δzface1. The enzymatic quantification was carried using the substrates carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and Whatman paper filter. The deletion confirmation occurred by the absence of the amplification gene ace1 on the mutants and the amplification of a 429 pb fragment of the RUT-C30 parental strain when the same primers and PCR conditions where used. These results suggest that the deletion of the zinc finger motif of the from ACE1 transcription factor is a prominent way to achieve an economically viable production of bioethanol.
Com a depleção eminente das fontes de combustíveis fósseis, torna-se cada vez mais imprescindível a busca por fontes renováveis de energia. Neste âmbito, o Brasil tem destaque no cenário mundial, pois já utiliza o etanol a partir da cana-de-açúcar há algumas décadas. O etanol de segunda geração (2G) é produzido a partir da massa lignocelulolítica do vegetal, que é composta de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. A hidrólise desses compostos necessita de um coquetel enzimático específico e de alto custo. Neste cenário, o fungo Trichoderma reesei ganha destaque, pois é um dos microrganismos com maior potencial para produção de enzimas hidrolíticas. Desta forma, as tentativas de aumentar a produção de celulases desse fungo, torna a produção do bioetanol uma alternativa mais atrativa ao mercado. Este trabalho teve como objetivos confirmar a deleção da sequência que codifica o dedo de zinco do fator de transcrição do repressor de celulase ACE1 da linhagem T. reesei RUT-C30 e caracterizar a produção enzimática dessas linhagens mutantes denominadas T. reesei RUT-C30Δzface1. A confirmação de deleção ocorreu pela ausência de amplificação do gene ace1 nos mutantes e amplificação de um fragmento de 479 pb na linhagem parental RUT-C30, quando utilizados os mesmos primers e condições de reação de PCR. A dosagem enzimática com os substratos carboximetilcelulose (CMC), celulose microcristalina (Avicel®) e papel de filtro Whatman (PF), mostraram que o RUT-C30Δzface1 tem a atividade celulolítica aumentada em até 3,2 vezes em Avicel e 2,1 vezes em CMC e PF em comparação à linhagem parental RUT-C30. Em 24 horas de hidrólise os mutantes apresentaram liberação de açúcar 1,4 vezes maior em relação ao RUT-C30. Estes resultados sugerem que a deleção parcial do fator de transcrição ACE1 é um proeminente caminho para a conquista de uma produção de bioetanol economicamente viável.

In current component models, interaction aspects of system behaviour are mostly specified by components, rather than by composition mechanisms, due to the fact that most composition mechanisms cannot express complex interactions. Consequently current component models do not enjoy the benefits that arise from separating the specification of computation from the specification of interaction in software architecture. This thesis investigates the possibility of representing recurring patterns of interaction as composition mechanisms (and other associated component model entities), as distinct from components that define computation; these composition mechanisms would appear as first-class entities in architectures, and can be stored in and reused from repositories. To this end, we have defined a novel, control-driven and data-driven component model that strictly separates computation from interaction. To represent interaction patterns in this model, we have defined composite connectors that can encapsulate control flow and data flow and can be reused via repositories in different contexts. We have also developed a prototype implementation of the component model, and carried out a case study from the reactive control systems domain in order to evaluate the feasibility of our approach. Comparison with related work shows that our composite connectors improve the state of the art in component-based interaction modelling (i) by specifying control flow and data flow explicitly and separately in software architecture; and (ii) by increasing the reuse potential of interaction patterns compared to patterns that are represented by components only.