Um die anderen Arten von Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema anzuzeigen, folgen Sie diesem Link: Accessory dwellings.
Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Accessory dwellings“
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit Top-20 Zeitschriftenartikel für die Forschung zum Thema "Accessory dwellings" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Sehen Sie die Zeitschriftenartikel für verschiedene Spezialgebieten durch und erstellen Sie Ihre Bibliographie auf korrekte Weise.
1
Liebig, Phoebe. „Zoning, Accessory Dwelling Units, and Family Caregiving:“. Journal of Aging & Social Policy 18, Nr. 3/4 (21.11.2006): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j038v18n03_11.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
2
Liebig, Phoebe S., Teresa Koenig und Jon Pynoos. „Zoning, Accessory Dwelling Units, and Family Caregiving“. Journal of Aging & Social Policy 18, Nr. 3-4 (21.11.2006): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j031v18n03_11.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
3
Ramsey-Musolf, Darrel. „Accessory Dwelling Units as Low-Income Housing: California’s Faustian Bargain“. Urban Science 2, Nr. 3 (18.09.2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030089.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
In 2003, California allowed cities to count accessory dwelling units (ADU) towards low-income housing needs. Unless a city’s zoning code regulates the ADU’s maximum rent, occupancy income, and/or effective period, then the city may be unable to enforce low-income occupancy. After examining a stratified random sample of 57 low-, moderate-, and high-income cities, the high-income cities must proportionately accommodate more low-income needs than low-income cities. By contrast, low-income cities must quantitatively accommodate three times the low-income needs of high-income cities. The sample counted 750 potential ADUs as low-income housing. Even though 759 were constructed, no units were identified as available low-income housing. In addition, none of the cities’ zoning codes enforced low-income occupancy. Inferential tests determined that cities with colleges and high incomes were more probable to count ADUs towards overall and low-income housing needs. Furthermore, a city’s count of potential ADUs and cities with high proportions of renters maintained positive associations with ADU production, whereas a city’s density and prior compliance with state housing laws maintained negative associations. In summary, ADUs did increase local housing inventory and potential ADUs were positively associated with ADU production, but ADUs as low-income housing remained a paper calculation.
4
Nichols, Jane Louise, und Erin Adams. „The Flex-Nest: The Accessory Dwelling Unit as Adaptable Housing for the Life Span“. Interiors 4, Nr. 1 (März 2013): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/204191213x13601683874136.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
5
Gagen, Travis M. „AGING IN COMMUNITY: A LEGAL MAPPING ANALYSIS OF MASSACHUSETTS MUNICIPAL ACCESSORY DWELLING UNIT ZONING BYLAWS“. Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S250—S251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.939.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract Accessory-dwelling units (ADUs) are one alternative housing arrangement that enable older adults to remain in the home despite functional decline. Functional decline increases with age making older adults more susceptible to loosing independent housing. Involuntary relocation to institutional care can result in a decline of functional health, reduced life satisfaction, impairment of psychological well-being and increased mortality rate. The majority of older Americans (93%) wish to remain in their home for as long as possible. ADUs function to maintain, stimulate and support an older adult as a means to prevent relocation to an institution. The modified environment coupled with adaptable features maintains and supports activities of daily living (ADL) within a familiar place. Under Massachusetts law MGL c. 40A, the state gives authority to cities and towns to adopt ordinances and bylaws to regulate the use of land, buildings and structures. Restrictive zoning laws limit the ability to construct health-promoting built-environments to age-in-community. All 351 Massachusetts municipalities Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) zoning bylaws were coded using the ADU Friendliness Score. Once scored, the 351 municipalities were placed into four categories based off their ADU score; the four categories are poor (0-24), fair (25-49), good (50-74), and excellent (75-100). Eighty-nine municipalities (25%) are in the poor category; thirty municipalities (8.5%) are in the fair category; one hundred and eighty-five municipalities (53%) are in the good category; forty-seven municipalities (13.5%) are in the excellent category. These findings contributed to a model ADU bylaw specific for aging Americans for municipalities to adopt.
6
Strauß, Johannes, und Nataša Stritih. „Neuronal Regression of Internal Leg Vibroreceptor Organs in a Cave-Dwelling Insect (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Dolichopoda araneiformis)“. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 89, Nr. 2 (2017): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000462957.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Animals' adaptations to cave habitats generally include elaboration of extraoptic senses, and in insects the receptor structures located on the legs are supposed to become more prominent in response to constant darkness. The receptors for detecting substrate vibrations are often highly sensitive scolopidial sensilla localized within the legs or the body. For troglobitic insects the evolutionary changes in vibroreceptor organs have not been studied. Since rock is an extremely unfavorable medium for vibration transmission, selection on vibration receptors may be weakened in caves, and these sensory organs may undergo regressive evolution. We investigated the anatomy of the most elaborate internal vibration detection system in orthopteroid insects, the scolopidial subgenual organ complex in the cave cricket Dolichopoda araneiformis (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Rhaphidophoridae). This is a suitable model species which shows high levels of adaptation to cave life in terms of both phenotypic and life cycle characteristics. We compared our data with data on the anatomy and physiology of the subgenual organ complex from the related troglophilic species Troglophilus neglectus. In D. araneiformis, the subgenual organ complex contains three scolopidial organs: the subgenual organ, the intermediate organ, and the accessory organ. The presence of individual organs and their innervation pattern are identical to those found in T. neglectus, while the subgenual organ and the accessory organ of D. araneiformis contain about 50% fewer scolopidial sensilla than in T. neglectus. This suggests neuronal regression of these organs in D. araneiformis, which may reflect a relaxed selection pressure for vibration detection in caves. At the same time, a high level of overall neuroanatomical conservation of the intermediate organ in this species suggests persistence of the selection pressure maintaining this particular organ. While regressive evolution of chordotonal organs has been documented for insect auditory organs, this study shows for the first time that internal vibroreceptors can also be affected.
7
CAMPOS, MARTHA R. „Two new species of freshwater, cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Neostrengeria Pretzmann, 1965, from Colombia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae)“. Zootaxa 4247, Nr. 2 (27.03.2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4247.2.7.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Two new species of freshwater crabs of the pseudothelphusid genus Neostrengeria Pretzmann, 1965, N. fernandezi n. sp., and N. lassoi n. sp., are described. The genus is endemic to the eastern Andes of Colombia. Neostrengeria fernandezi was collected in Las Cacas cave, Pauna, Boyacá Department and N. lassoi in a stream within Los Aviones cave, La Guadalupe, Santander Department, within the cave as well as in a waterfall outside the cave. With the addition of N. fernandezi and N. lassoi the total number of species of the genus Neostrengeria increases to 27. Like all others species of Neostrengeria, the new species are distinguished primarily by the morphology of the first male gonopod, particularly by the form of lateral, accessory and mesial lobes, outline of the apex, and the mesio-caudal projection of the spermatic channel.
8
Grencis, R. K. „T Cell and cytokine basis of host variability in response to intestinal nematode infections“. Parasitology 112, S1 (März 1996): S31—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000076642.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
SUMMARYInfection by a variety of species of intestinal nematode infection gives rise to a wide variation in parasite load within a host population. There has been much investigation into the basis of this variation and is thought to involve several factors. Studies of infections of gut dwelling nematodes in laboratory rodents has clearly demonstrated that this variation may be due to the production of cytokines produced as part of the host immune response to infection. More specifically, activation of distinct T helper cell subsets leads to the generation of effective or ineffective responses resulting in clearance of the parasite load or maintenance of chronic infection. The induction of differential responses remains to be determined but is likely to be influenced at a number of levels including involvement of accessory cells and activation of co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells. Moreover, it appears that these parasites may actively interfere with the host cytokine response to promote their own survival. This review concentrates on recent findings of cytokine mediated control of intestinal nematodes highlighting a central role for the immune system in regulating both acute and chronic infection by these parasites.
9
Dieser, Markus, Heidi J. Smith, Thiruvarangan Ramaraj und Christine M. Foreman. „Janthinobacterium CG23_2: Comparative Genome Analysis Reveals Enhanced Environmental Sensing and Transcriptional Regulation for Adaptation to Life in an Antarctic Supraglacial Stream“. Microorganisms 7, Nr. 10 (15.10.2019): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7100454.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
As many bacteria detected in Antarctic environments are neither true psychrophiles nor endemic species, their proliferation in spite of environmental extremes gives rise to genome adaptations. Janthinobacterium sp. CG23_2 is a bacterial isolate from the Cotton Glacier stream, Antarctica. To understand how Janthinobacterium sp. CG23_2 has adapted to its environment, we investigated its genomic traits in comparison to genomes of 35 published Janthinobacterium species. While we hypothesized that genome shrinkage and specialization to narrow ecological niches would be energetically favorable for dwelling in an ephemeral Antarctic stream, the genome of Janthinobacterium sp. CG23_2 was on average 1.7 ± 0.6 Mb larger and predicted 1411 ± 499 more coding sequences compared to the other Janthinobacterium spp. Putatively identified horizontal gene transfer events contributed 0.92 Mb to the genome size expansion of Janthinobacterium sp. CG23_2. Genes with high copy numbers in the species-specific accessory genome of Janthinobacterium sp. CG23_2 were associated with environmental sensing, locomotion, response and transcriptional regulation, stress response, and mobile elements—functional categories which also showed molecular adaptation to cold. Our data suggest that genome plasticity and the abundant complementary genes for sensing and responding to the extracellular environment supported the adaptation of Janthinobacterium sp. CG23_2 to this extreme environment.
10
Wargo, Matthew J. „Homeostasis and Catabolism of Choline and Glycine Betaine: Lessons from Pseudomonas aeruginosa“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, Nr. 7 (25.01.2013): 2112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03565-12.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
ABSTRACTMost sequenced bacteria possess mechanisms to import choline and glycine betaine (GB) into the cytoplasm. The primary role of choline in bacteria appears to be as the precursor to GB, and GB is thought to primarily act as a potent osmoprotectant. Choline and GB may play accessory roles in shaping microbial communities, based on their limited availability and ability to enhance survival under stress conditions. Choline and GB enrichment near eukaryotes suggests a role in the chemical relationships between these two kingdoms, and some of these interactions have been experimentally demonstrated. While many bacteria can convert choline to GB for osmoprotection, a variety of soil- and water-dwelling bacteria have catabolic pathways for the multistep conversion of choline, via GB, to glycine and can thereby use choline and GB as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. In these choline catabolizers, the GB intermediate represents a metabolic decision point to determine whether GB is catabolized or stored as an osmo- and stress protectant. This minireview focuses on this decision point inPseudomonas aeruginosa, which aerobically catabolizes choline and can use GB as an osmoprotectant and a nutrient source.P. aeruginosais an experimentally tractable and ecologically relevant model to study the regulatory pathways controlling choline and GB homeostasis in choline-catabolizing bacteria. The study ofP. aeruginosaassociations with eukaryotes and other bacteria also makes this a powerful model to study the impact of choline and GB, and their associated regulatory and catabolic pathways, on host-microbe and microbe-microbe relationships.
11
Biniasz-Celka, Danuta. „Rola Towarzystwa Budownictwa Społecznego w zaspokajaniu lokalnych potrzeb mieszkaniowych“. Studia Prawa Publicznego, Nr. 2 (30) (15.06.2020): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2020.2.30.7.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
By the Act of 8 March 1990 on Municipal Self-Government, the legislator imposed a wide range of tasks to be performed by the municipality, including meeting the community’s needs in the area of municipal housing. The aim of the study is to present a legal entity that is autonomous from the commune and managed as a limited liability company, namely the Towarzystwo Budownictwa Społecznego (TBS) [Social Housing Society]. It operates under the Commercial Companies Code of 15 September 2000 within the scope resulting from Article 27(1) and (2) of the Act of 26 October 1995 on Certain Forms of Housing Promotion, thus performing the municipality’s housing tasks. TBS companies have been equipped with a legal personality primarily to become a more effective guarantor of the proper implementation of public tasks. The availability and standard of housing play a key role in meeting the housing needs of households. For those social groups that are unable to finance the purchase of a dwelling at market prices on their own, rental housing is a beneficial solution to meet their housing needs. The operations of the TBS are not subject to the principles of the market economy. The specificity of the company’s activity is that the primary and principal statutory objective cannot be profit-making, i.e. to seek to generate and maximise profits, but that any income must be allocated to statutory objectives. However, nothing stands in the way of such companies performing secondary and accessory activities at the same time, the income from which will support their non-commercial statutory objectives.
12
Ghequire, Maarten G. K., Remy Loris und René De Mot. „MMBL proteins: from lectin to bacteriocin“. Biochemical Society Transactions 40, Nr. 6 (21.11.2012): 1553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120170.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Arguably, bacteriocins deployed in warfare among related bacteria are among the most diverse proteinacous compounds with respect to structure and mode of action. Identification of the first prokaryotic member of the so-called MMBLs (monocot mannose-binding lectins) or GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) lectin family and discovery of its genus-specific killer activity in the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas has added yet another kind of toxin to this group of allelopathic molecules. This novel feature is reminiscent of the protective function, on the basis of antifungal, insecticidal, nematicidal or antiviral activity, assigned to or proposed for several of the eukaryotic MMBL proteins that are ubiquitously distributed among monocot plants, but also occur in some other plants, fish, sponges, amoebae and fungi. Direct bactericidal activity can also be effected by a C-type lectin, but this is a mammalian protein that limits mucosal colonization by Gram-positive bacteria. The presence of two divergent MMBL domains in the novel bacteriocins raises questions about task distribution between modules and the possible role of carbohydrate binding in the specificity of target strain recognition and killing. Notably, bacteriocin activity was also demonstrated for a hybrid MMBL protein with an accessory protease-like domain. This association with one or more additional modules, often with predicted peptide-hydrolysing or -binding activity, suggests that additional bacteriotoxic proteins may be found among the diverse chimaeric MMBL proteins encoded in prokaryotic genomes. A phylogenetic survey of the bacterial MMBL modules reveals a mosaic pattern of strongly diverged sequences, mainly occurring in soil-dwelling and rhizosphere bacteria, which may reflect a trans-kingdom acquisition of the ancestral genes.
13
Bennett, Sophie P., Maria J. Torres, Manuel J. Soriano-Laguna, David J. Richardson, Andrew J. Gates und Nick E. Le Brun. „nosX is essential for whole-cell N2O reduction in Paracoccus denitrificans but not for assembly of copper centres of nitrous oxide reductase“. Microbiology 166, Nr. 10 (01.10.2020): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000955.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas that is produced naturally as an intermediate during the process of denitrification carried out by some soil bacteria. It is consumed by nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR), the terminal enzyme of the denitrification pathway, which catalyses a reduction reaction to generate dinitrogen. N2OR contains two important copper cofactors (CuA and CuZ centres) that are essential for activity, and in copper-limited environments, N2OR fails to function, contributing to rising levels of atmospheric N2O and a major environmental challenge. Here we report studies of nosX, one of eight genes in the nos cluster of the soil dwelling α-proteobaterium Paraccocus denitrificans. A P. denitrificans ΔnosX deletion mutant failed to reduce N2O under both copper-sufficient and copper-limited conditions, demonstrating that NosX plays an essential role in N2OR activity. N2OR isolated from nosX-deficient cells was found to be unaffected in terms of the assembly of its copper cofactors, and to be active in in vitro assays, indicating that NosX is not required for the maturation of the enzyme; in particular, it plays no part in the assembly of either of the CuA and CuZ centres. Furthermore, quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) studies showed that NosX does not significantly affect the expression of the N2OR-encoding nosZ gene. NosX is a homologue of the FAD-binding protein ApbE from Pseudomonas stutzeri , which functions in the flavinylation of another N2OR accessory protein, NosR. Thus, it is likely that NosX is a system-specific maturation factor of NosR, and so is indirectly involved in maintaining the reaction cycle of N2OR and cellular N2O reduction.
14
Wynn-Williams, D. D., H. G. M. Edwards, E. M. Newton und J. M. Holder. „Pigmentation as a survival strategy for ancient and modern photosynthetic microbes under high ultraviolet stress on planetary surfaces“. International Journal of Astrobiology 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550402001039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Solar radiation is the primary energy source for surface planetary life, so that pigments are fundamental components of any surface-dwelling organism. They may therefore have evolved in some form on Mars as they did on Earth. Photosynthetic microbes are major primary producers on Earth, but are concurrently vulnerable to ultraviolet (UV) damage. Using non-intrusive laser Raman spectroscopy to recognize the component parts of biomolecules, we have shown not only the abundance of microbial photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments in situ, but also their spatial distribution within their microhabitat. This essential aspect of their screening or avoidance survival strategies is lost on extraction with solvents. This precise approach is eminently suited to analysis of epilithic (surface) and endolithic (within rocks) communities in Antarctic desert habitats, which are putative analogues of early Mars. Raman spectra for key biomolecules (e.g. the UV screen parietin and the antioxidant β-carotene in epilithic lichens) enable not only the detection of organics in light-stratified habitats, but also the characterization of unknown pigments. Typical biomarkers of astrobiological relevance in our Raman spectral database include scytonemin (a UV screen), chlorophyll (primary photosynthetic pigment), phycocyanin (accessory pigment for shade adaptation) and a hopanoid extracted from 2·5 Gya microbial stromatolite from Australia. This compound dates from the same time period when a wetter Mars could have had a potentially flourishing surface microbial community of its own. Analyses with a laboratory Raman instrument have been extended to a novel miniature Raman spectrometer, operating at the same optimal excitation wavelength (1064 nm) via an In-Ga-As detector. After evaluation in Antarctica, this instrument will be space-qualified for a proposed Mars rover mission to detect biomolecules in the near-surface sediment profile of palaeolakes, using experience with Antarctic biomarkers to interpret alien spectra of fundamental components, without the need for prior knowledge of the identity of the target compounds.
15
Computing Inc., Sage. „Accessory Dwelling Units: Case Study“. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1583148.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
16
Brinig, Margaret F. „Grandparents and Accessory Dwelling Units: Preserving Intimacy and Independence“. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2143327.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
17
Anacker, Katrin B., und Christopher Niedt. „Classifying Regulatory Approaches of Jurisdictions for Accessory Dwelling Units: The Case of Long Island“. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21.06.2019, 0739456X1985606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x19856068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Accessory dwelling units (ADUs) are a strategy for providing affordable rental housing. We suggest a typology of regulatory approaches in Long Island, New York, differentiating between jurisdictions that allow nonfamily/nondomestic employee renters in ADUs (Type 1), allow only family members and domestic employees in ADUs (Type 2), and do not allow any ADUs (Type 3). Content analysis, descriptive statistics, and t tests reveal that there is variation among occupancy and design regulations, suggesting that jurisdictional fragmentation and exclusionary zoning present obstacles to using ADUs as an affordable housing strategy.
18
Simonsen, Anna K. „Environmental stress leads to genome streamlining in a widely distributed species of soil bacteria“. ISME Journal, 18.08.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01082-x.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractBacteria have highly flexible pangenomes, which are thought to facilitate evolutionary responses to environmental change, but the impacts of environmental stress on pangenome evolution remain unclear. Using a landscape pangenomics approach, I demonstrate that environmental stress leads to consistent, continuous reduction in genome content along four environmental stress gradients (acidity, aridity, heat, salinity) in naturally occurring populations of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens (widespread soil-dwelling plant mutualists). Using gene-level network and duplication functional traits to predict accessory gene distributions across environments, genes predicted to be superfluous are more likely lost in high stress, while genes with multi-functional roles are more likely retained. Genes with higher probabilities of being lost with stress contain significantly higher proportions of codons under strong purifying and positive selection. Gene loss is widespread across the entire genome, with high gene-retention hotspots in close spatial proximity to core genes, suggesting Bradyrhizobium has evolved to cluster essential-function genes (accessory genes with multifunctional roles and core genes) in discrete genomic regions, which may stabilise viability during genomic decay. In conclusion, pangenome evolution through genome streamlining are important evolutionary responses to environmental change. This raises questions about impacts of genome streamlining on the adaptive capacity of bacterial populations facing rapid environmental change.
19
Maaoui, Magda. „A Granny Flat of One’s Own? The Households that Build Accessory-Dwelling Units in Seattle’s King County“. Berkeley Planning Journal 30, Nr. 1 (30.12.2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/bp330137884.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
20
Haverinen, Jaakko, Irina Dzhumaniiazova, Denis V. Abramochkin, Minna Hassinen und Matti Vornanen. „Effects of Na+ channel isoforms and cellular environment on temperature tolerance of cardiac Na+ current in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)“. Journal of Experimental Biology 224, Nr. 8 (15.04.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.241067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
ABSTRACT Heat tolerance of heart rate in fish is suggested to be limited by impaired electrical excitation of the ventricle due to the antagonistic effects of high temperature on Na+ (INa) and K+ (IK1) ion currents (INa is depressed at high temperatures while IK1 is resistant to them). To examine the role of Na+ channel proteins in heat tolerance of INa, we compared temperature dependencies of zebrafish (Danio rerio, warm-dwelling subtropical species) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, cold-active temperate species) ventricular INa, and INa generated by the cloned zebrafish and rainbow trout NaV1.4 and NaV1.5 Na+ channels in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that zebrafish ventricular INa has better heat tolerance and slower inactivation kinetics than rainbow trout ventricular INa. In contrast, heat tolerance and inactivation kinetics of zebrafish and rainbow trout NaV1.4 channels are similar when expressed in the identical cellular environment of HEK cells. The same applies to NaV1.5 channels. These findings indicate that thermal adaptation of ventricular INa is largely achieved by differential expression of Na+ channel alpha subunits: zebrafish that tolerate higher temperatures mainly express the slower NaV1.5 isoform, while rainbow trout that prefer cold waters mainly express the faster NaV1.4 isoform. Differences in elasticity (stiffness) of the lipid bilayer and/or accessory protein subunits of the channel assembly may also be involved in thermal adaptation of INa. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that slow Na+ channel kinetics are associated with increased heat tolerance of cardiac excitation.