Dissertationen zum Thema „Accès libre“
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Jautrou, Henri. „Les tests génétiques vendus en libre accès sur l'Internet : une médicalisation sans médecin ?“ Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20105/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis deals with Direct-To-Consumers Genetic Testing (DTCGTs) sold on the Internet, and more specifically with the ones for health, physiology, performance and behaviour. This market is booming since the end of the 90’s, and is sparking off controversies which are rooted in multiples scientific and medical uncertainties (“missing heritability”, informed consent, third parties, etc.). It doesn’t require for medical prescription, and health professional consultancy for test data and results is not systematically needed, which is not allowed by some national legislations. For all that, is it a medicalisation phenomenon without physician ?To understand the socio-economic dynamic of this market, we had listed 130 websites (for 60 in the academic literature) and identified 155 entrepreneurs, then we studied the evolution of theirs characteristics. The territorial localisation of the market changed, and european websites are finally as numerous as theirs north-american counterparts. Either in technical devices conception, or in commercialisation, DTCGTs are a sign of the autonomy progression of outsiders from the medical field, if not of their intrusion in this field. Medical dispensing systems are growing alongside of DTC selling, notably through the physician hiring by the DTCGT companies (i.e. hotline selling). Furthermore, some outsiders are relatively new, for they are related to investment funds which are specialized in science and more or less independent from industrial groups. Furthermore, one must notice the presence of informatics and Internet companies which, till now, didn’t really explore the health field. Finally, DTCGT relate also to biomedicalisation and automedicalisation
Bon, Emmanuel. „Le drame des communaux : appropriation publique, privée, commune ou accès libre aux espaces-ressources naturels indiens ?“ Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100157.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn addition to the 143 millions hectares of cultivated lande, 90 millions hectares of wastelands, pastures and forest - i. E. 30 % of the Indian territory - are de facto hold as common property resources (CPRs). The magnitude of CPRs atteste for thé résilience of longestablished management systems and customary institutions in India. However, thé régulation and control of appropriation rights of natural resources remains contested domains. Beyond thé vain debate between rationality of homo economicus versus irrationality of thé world peasantry, actual situation is a more or less open access to most uncultivated land and renewable resources that is prejudicial to both thé citizen, thé State and nature itself. Main objective is to address theoretical and practical issues related to thé management of renewable resources. Does common property resources a universal cause of environmental tragedy or a pragmatic solution to thé overexploitation of renewable resources in developing countries?
Molina, Vanessa. „Scène et philosophie : Théorie et pratique de la lecture philosophique pour un libre accès à la pensée“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35331.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDillaerts, Hans. „Libre accès à la communication scientifique et contexte français : prospective, développement et enjeux pour la créativité et l'interdisciplinarité ?“ Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768432.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrilhot, Marie-Odile. „L'égal accès au RMI-RMA confronté à la libre administration des départements : bilan dans la perspective du RSA“. Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAborawi, Ahmed. „L'usage des technologies de l'information et de la communication par les professeurs des universités lybiennes : le cas des archives ouvertes et des périodiques électroniques sur le web“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAL018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study analyses mind agreement and use of electronic journals and open archivesmade by Libyan universities teachers. So, it aims identification of relationship between, onone hand, the use of electronic journals and open archives and, on second hand, any very important factors, and parts from socio-demographic conditions as gender, Research domain, age and number of practice years.It was developed in a particular context, i.e. in an Arabic country, in way of development, in which socio-politic environment is constitutive, as we think, of a true limiting factor.In the aim of giving answers to this problem, we naturally were led to use quantitative method based on questionnaire. So, 359 teachers, scattered on five disciplines,gave answers to our questionnaire.So, the subject was to understand relationship between the specialty that Libyan university teachers are operating in and their use of TIC, the preferences of electronic journals users, their comportments when encountering any advantages or disadvantages of these journals they use, the users knowledge about open access, and, last topic, the state of the art about benefits due to open access sources. Finally, the results of this study give us new and recent knowledge on teaching practices of Libyan University teachers and open on interesting appliances
Lrhoul, Hanae. „La production scientifique des chercheurs de la faculté de médecine et de pharmacie de Casablanca : mesures, cartographie et enjeux du libre accès“. Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1161/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur thesis aims to establish a diagnosis of Moroccan scientific potential in the medical area and to conceptualize new devices for measurement, mapping and open access to local science.To build national research systems and ensure Morocco’s socio-economic development, university decision-makers need analytic and evaluation indicators of their scientific heritage. The main sources used to perform this analysis are the international databases "Scopus" and "Web of Science", despite their biased indexing and coverage of southern countries.This impedes the accessibility and visibility of Moroccan science. A few questions then arise: is this lack of visibility due to the low presence of national journals in international databases? Is it due to the quality of Moroccan publications? Is Moroccan science locally focused, addressing themes which are not on the global agenda? Do Moroccan universities lack awareness of the contribution of open access to increasing research visibility and impact? Our case study of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (FMPC) is based on three specific objectives: 1/ Identifying scientific production; 2/ characterizing scientific production and exploring the existence of a relationship between the indexing of publications in international databases and their visibility and 3/ evaluating the behaviors and uses of open access by researchers.The main results of our thesis are the analysis and characterization of the scientific output of the FMPC, which is highly visible on an international scale: the juxtaposition of national and international publications confirms that 70% of the FMPC’s scientific publications are integrated into international databases and that 74.21% of all articles are published in English. Furthermore, 30% of national publications cannot be excluded from bibliometric evaluation, at the risk of biasing the country's science policies.The establishment of the University’s institutional repository and of the medical journal portal makes it possible to widely disseminate FMPC researcher production and to increase its visibility and impact. Nevertheless, the results of the survey of researchers showed that the main impediment to the adoption of open access is the lack of awareness of the benefits of STIs with regards to increasing their impact and visibility. The results of the FMPC’s science mapping and the study of researcher behavior with regard to open access have allowed us to propose bases for the definition of indicators adapted to the Moroccan context
Emlinger, Charlotte. „Accords euroméditerranéens et libéralisation des échanges agricoles : quel accès au marché européen pour les fruits et légumes des pays méditérranéens?“ Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe liberalization of agricultural trade between the European Union and the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs) was boosted following the Summit of Barcelona in 2005. Fruit and vegetables, the main agricultural export of the SEMCs, are at the center of debates relative to this liberalization. This thesis aims at clarifying this debate and discussing the potential impact of a reduction of European tariffs on fruit and vegetables coming from the SEMCs. European market Access is analyzed by thoroughly assessing preferences and by estimating a gravity model, leading to three conclusions. First, we show that liberalizing fruit and vegetable exchanges will probably have a limited effect. Indeed, the SEMCs already profit from strong preferential access to the Community market for these products and important non-tariff trade costs at entry of European countries were revealed. Second, we demonstrate that there exists a strong heterogeneity of the SEMCs concerning the impacts of liberalization. Lastly, our analysis brings to light that the effects of liberalization strongly depend on how the opening of the European market is implemented. For example, increasing quotas would not have the same impact on exchanges as modifying the Entry Price System
Pehlivan, Zeynep. „Acces to web archives : querying, navigating and optimizing“. Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066555.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn important amount of the world’s cultural and intellectual knowledge is being created on the webeveryday. However, the web has en ephemeral nature e. G. New information replaces older informationconstantly without any notification, leaving a significant gap in our knowledge. That’s why archivingthe web has become a cultural necessity to preserve the knowledge for the next generations. However,the success of any web archive will be measured by the means of access it provides; as it is the casetoday on the real web. Our research is placed in the context of access to web archives and studiesdifferent research problems related to this issue. These research problems are grouped into two maintopics: Access Methods and Optimization of Access. For access methods, we first propose a conceptualmodel, as well as operators to manipulate them, as the basis of a query language for web archives tobetter satisfy user information needs. Next, a new navigation method for web archives that takes thecoherence of pages into account is introduced. In the context of access optimization, we propose achange detection algorithm to understand and to quantify what happened (and thus changed) betweentwo versions of a web page. Then, we study the behavior of different static index pruning methodswith temporal queries before proposing a new diversification-based static index pruning method andshowing its application to temporal collections and a substantial gain in performance
Diouf, Diéyi. „Quelle méthodologie pour l'archivage et la diffusion électronique de la documentation scientifique et technique“. Troyes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TROY0037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOpen archive are a mode of publication currently enjoying great success as shown by the huge increase in the number of deposits made by the researchers and other users. Thus, between 2000 and 2009, the open archive HAL has had around 70,000 deposits made into its collections. Globally, the new enthusiasm for open archives has not been without a negative impact on sales of traditional editorial system of for-profit journals and other publishers around the world. Thus what are open archives? Who are the key players? What rules govern the operations of open archives? What methods of indexing are deployed by and in managing open archives? What issues for Africa? These questions are the key motivators of this thesis. The existence of open archives is not a fact rather it is a process, a broad awareness of the issues involved in the visibility of academic research and the need for technological equipments and adequate training to carry out related activities. In Africa, the adoption of this system necessarily requires the commitment and cooperation of political and academic authorities and most especially, the accreditation organisations such as the African and Malagasy Council for Higher Education (CAMES)
Mokhfi, Atika. „Étude d'un dispositif d'enseignement à distance en libre accès sur le web : une approche didactique du travail enseignant dans le supérieur : le cas du dispositif Thermoptim-UNIT à l’école MINES ParisTech“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work lies within the framework both of a research on open access Web portals and of the introduction of educational technologies. It is based on the anthropological theory of the didactic that studies knowledge diffusion in society and offers a reference framework to analyse the functioning of didactic systems instrumented by technologies. Our research studies the Thermoptim-UNIT portal and its open access educational resources portal. In order to study the effects of introducing this educational setting on the teaching of the discipline, we first consider the situation of teaching thermodynamics applied to energetic systems in the specific context of MINES ParisTech graduate school, to understand how and under which conditions and constraints the diffusion and transposition of this science are operating in society. We then examine the role played by the progressive introduction of educational technologies on teaching the discipline. Our methodology first relies on the analysis of activity traces on the portal, then on questionnaire surveys and user interviews. Looking more specifically at the effects of the educational setting on teachers’ work, our study is organised into two major research axes: 1/ the effects of technologies and the use of learning technologies on the didactical transposition of thermodynamics applied to energetic systems; 2/ the perceptible and declared effects of the use of this setting for teaching the discipline
Razafimandimby, Stéphane. „Accord en fréquence de résonateurs BAW appliqué au filtrage et à la synthèse de fréquence RF“. Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Razafimandimby.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGhannudi, Hamza El. „Interférences d'accès multiples et performances d'un système impulsionnel à bande ultra large transposé à 60 GHz en réseau ad hoc“. Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-177.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKrikorian, Gaëlle. „La propriété ou la vie ? : économies morales, actions collectives et politiques du médicament dans la négociation d'accords de libre-échange : Maroc, Thaïlande, États-Unis“. Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAt the beginning of the years 2000, the United States of America launch a séries of negotiation for bilatéral trade agreements. The issue of intellectual property and of its impact on access to medicines, raised during previous multilatéral negotiations at the WTO, corne to the surface again, under the pressure of an AIDS épidémie still expending. Based on field work conducted in three countries, the United States of America, Morocco and Thailand, I propose a sociological analysis of the way health and access to medicines are taken into account in the context of the negotiations of Free Trade Agreements. Thèse negotiations, taken here as a stratégie site to study processes of the current globalization, are the scène of the expression of a conflict between defenders of access to medicines and promoters of intellectual property. The démonstration of the complexity of the interactions between social actors shows that the issue can not be reduced to the unequivocal imposition of norms and rules by the United States of America : it is on the contrary the result of power relations and influences, always embedded into spécifie contexts. The historicisation of the conflict and its analysis through the use of the tools provided by the sociology of social movements demonstrate that it reflects the deployment of two mirror non governmental collective actions aiming at opposite goals and looking at influencing the production of State's positions and politics. Beyond the purely materialistic dimension of the impossibility of populations in poor countries to access the medicines that they need, collective actions resort on moral motives to articulate politically their demands. A compétition between moral économies develops locally as well as globally ; it characterizes a contemporary way to do politics
Lemée, Frédéric. „Composés polyioniques contraints bioactifs libres et supportés : accès à de nouveaux matériaux antibactériens“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0047/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDevelopment of new materials with antibacterial properties is a major concern in medical and environmental world. It’s for that reason that, Merrifield and Wang commercial polymers were modified by grafting polycationic calixarenic sub-units inspired by laboratory work and designed to interact with negatively charged bacterial surface. Those calixarenes were modified on the lower part, in a controlled manner, by the incorporation of a functional spacer group leading to a targeted grafting of the polymer. We have, at first, evaluated several kinds of functionalities introduced on the calixarene, giving us the opportunity to graft them on the polymeric support. Like this, a reductive amination was chosen to anchor the Wang-benzaldehyde resin, whereas a pyridinium anchoring point was pointed out as a very good candidate for the grafting of calixarenes. The validation of this pyridinium anchoring point was checked by incorporation of a fluorescent probe (pyrene) and characterized by solid state fluorescence, by infrared spectroscopy, those two lasts analysis were applied for all the other grafted polymers grafted after that. Through a capture-release study in aqueous media of two carboxylic antibiotics (quinolone and ß–lactame kind), the pyridinium polymer model, without calixarène, showed his interest faced to Cholestyramine (Questran®) or Amberlite IRA-400, as an anion exchange resin and leading to depoluting/decontamination applications. Before antibacterial studies of thoses new materials, we wanted to find a way to quantify the material capacity to catch/hold bacteria. Capillary electrophoresis, rapid and sensitive analytical method, appeared as a perfect solution. Using E. coli model, synthesized polycationic resins were evaluated as sequestering agent in aqueous media. Results obtained prove the efficiency of some of them; capture was finally confirmed by confocal fluorescent microscopy. The number of bacteria fixed by material surface could be visually evaluated
Kane, Khardiatou. „Documentation numérique en Afrique francophone subsaharienne : évaluation de l'offre et des usages en sciences humaines à l'Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar“. Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1185/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUniversity libraries in French-speaking African countries face a documentary supply challenge in a context of a lack of financial resources, an increase in the cost of documentation, and some inefficient organizational forms. This thesis aims at first, from surveys and collections of diverse data, to establish the state of the paper and digital documentary offer at the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, in SHS, highlighting points comparison with other Sub-Saharan Francophone Universities. The results are intended to quantify and qualify this offer, to point out new dynamics in the context of digital documentation with different types of actors. In addition, librarians seek to rely fully on Open Access, both in terms of access to resources and the value of local funds. Digital information is increasingly seen as the best way to meet the information needs of the university community at Dakar's Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD). Nevertheless, it is often confronted with problems of access to information but also of use of documentary resources. This research focuses, in a second part, to appreciate the uses of digital resources, in a comparative way between several disciplines at UCAD and between teachers and students. Recommendations are made to try to improve the documentary services in this University
Rosa, Flávia Goulart Mota Garcia. „A disseminação da produção científica da Universidade Federal da Bahia através da implantação do seu repositório institucional: uma política de acesso aberto“. Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Cultura e Sociedade da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/3031.
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Esta pesquisa tem como tema central a comunicação científica na Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) e o objeto deste estudo é a implantação do seu Repositório Institucional (RI), sistema de informação digital aberto que tem como finalidade, armazenar, preservar, divulgar e possibilitar o acesso à produção científica, cultural e artística da Instituição. A referência para esta implantação foi o RepositóriUM, da Universidade do Minho (UMinho), Portugal, por ter sido o primeiro repositório de língua portuguesa, com sete anos de atuação, e lidera o Ranking Web of World Universities entre as instituições deste país. A metodologia usada para o desenvimento do presente estudo, como técnicas de investigação, foi a pesquisa-ação, a pesquisa documental e o estudo de caso, e como pesquisa de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas, aplicação de questionários (survey) e observação participativa através de registro em um Diário de Campo. A implantação do RI da UFBA foi pontuada por barreiras de ordem técnica e burocrática, além das limitações quanto a incorporação do projeto. O levantamento documental a partir de portarias, resoluções dentre outros, mostrou a inexistência de uma política formal sobre a disseminação da produção científica da UFBA, além da falta de clareza e divulgação dos poucos procedimentos adotados, como é o caso do depósito na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD). A experiência e os resultados da pesquisa empírica obtidos na UMinho nortearam as decisões e orientações para o RI da UFBA. Recomenda-se a continuidade das ações para a consolidação deste RI. O trabalho apresenta ao final um plano de trabalho com ações e metas a serem cumpridas visando o povoamento e uma maior inserção e reconhecimento institucional, local e global como permite o sistema implantado que está de acordo com os movimentos mundiais de Open Archives Initiative (OAI) - Iniciativa dos Arquivos Abertos e o Open Access Movement (OAM), Movimento Mundial de Acesso Aberto.
Salvador
Coutard, Olivier. „Une analyse économique de l'accès aux réseaux électriques d'interconnexion“. Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENPC9440.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVallé, Karine. „Accès à de nouveaux matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques à propriétés magnétiques : phosphonates et sulfonates métalliques porteurs de radicaux nitroxyles“. Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20159.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWilderbeek, López del Castillo Teodoro. „Proposta de preservació de dades científiques en accés obert mitjançant tècniques d’anàlisi forense digital“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454890.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt has long been that funding agencies for research require researchers to facilitate the sharing of research data produced in funded projects which must be open-access available, generally through a repository. Therefore, digital preservation centres are facing the challenge of preservation and long-term storage of research data. The purpose of this thesis is to prove that digital forensics techniques are valid to preserve effectively research data in the social sciences and humanities. To prove this hypothesis, a preservation workflow has been created to provide a technical solution to centres without the means to use data repositories, since the model uses the DSpace open source software. The methodology has involved, firstly, analysing of the bibliography on open research data, on funding agencies for research, on digital forensics use cases in libraries and archives and on organizations specialized on deposit of data. Secondly, a series of interviews to responsible people for DSpace repositories have been conducted to know their opinions regarding the application of the model. Lastly, a series of tests have been done to develop the proposal. Once these tests have been completed, the workflow of the preservation model was defined in which the OAIS terminology was used. The theoretical basis of the model was the study of diverse use cases of digital forensics, of which different methods were adapted. The last step was the study of the DSpace software, in which some tests on a local repository were done. The final conclusions are that the preservation model meets the different requirements of research funding agencies regarding open access, while digital forensic analysis techniques allow to safeguard the integrity of the data, perform diverse data analyses and identify and block personally identifiable information. DSpace software allows the intake of large volumes of data, but it is necessary to enable the FTP ingest function.
Rabieb, Prangtip. „Les droits et libertés face à la durabilité des ressources naturelles épuisables : recherche comparative des droits thaïlandais et français“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis highlights the significant role of the fundamental rights in the efficiency of the law that governs the preservation of natural resources. It will be organised around two axes: the first part will discuss the rivalry between rights and liberties and the objective of maintaining the durability of natural resources. The second part explores the guarantee of rights in determining an effective power sharing mechanism over these resources. The first part places an emphasis on the foundations of human rights, the primacy of the human person, also on the limiting function of the action of the sovereign power. In Thai law, the requirement of compliance with property law, freedom of enterprise and the right to subsistence form a significant obstacle in the regulation of this field. This comparative analysis unfolds instruments in French law that limit more powerfully the exercise of these rights and could inspire new developments in Thai law. The second part of this thesis argues that the guarantee of environmental rights marks the dawn of a partial transfer of power on natural resources from a State to its citizens, and makes citizens protectors of nature alongside the State. Apart from participatory rights and their accessories, the Thai constitution also guarantees to its citizens and local communities a right to conserve and exploit natural resources. This right renders citizens as the representatives of the environment. Its second component, the right to exploitation, inspires the principle of the equitable sharing of the nation's natural resources, put forward in the final chapter
Nguyen, Alexandre Huu Tam. „Modélisation du parc de bâtiments du secteur tertiaire et simulation énergétique“. Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLM005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEnergy efficiency and decarbonation of energy use in the building sector is a strategic issue of the ecological transition in France. In 2019, the French building stock accounts for 45% of the final energy consumption, with the tertiary sector alone accounting for about one third of this or 17% of national consumption. The energy consumption of the tertiary stock and its determining factors are poorly documented. Existing tertiary stock models are mostly based on an aggregated representation of the total heated surface of the building stock subdivided by its economic activity and heating energy fuel. This aggregation makes it impossible to represent the extreme heterogeneity of the sector. This work aims at reconciling different accessible databases to establish a tertiary building stock model, its consumption and its load curve. The developed method allows to represent the building stock as a collection of buildings, in which each of them is characterized individually in terms of area, constructive and thermal characteristics, occupants, main activity sector and equipment. This method allows to take account of the link between building, system and occupancy, which contributes to the heterogeneity of the tertiary sector. The methodology is designed to be applicable to any territory in metropolitan France. The results of surface area modelling and energy consumption simulation could thus be compared with existing references for the Île-de-France region. Two applications of the method are presented: the study of the energy saving potential of the tertiary sector in the Île-de-France region, and the study of photovoltaic self-consumption in the tertiary sector for the agglomeration of Orleans
Le, Crosnier Hervé. „Réseau, bibliothèques et documents numériques : architecture informatique et construction sociale“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204139.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAvec le développement accéléré du numérique et des réseaux, nous sommes les témoins d'un basculement fantastique des activités humaines, qui porte sur l'expression de la culture et de la communication, la transformation des processus industriels, les relations inter-personnelles, les activités de travail et de loisir des individus, les conditions d'exercice de la démocratie.
En moins d'une vingtaine d'années, le nombre et la puissance des ordinateurs mis dans les mains des individus a explosé, offrant aux personnes et aux groupes une capacité de traitement inimaginable auparavant. Leur couplage avec l'interconnexion des réseaux a bousculé la donne culturelle, relationnelle, économique, politique, géopolitique, éducative, sociale, médiatique....
La maîtrise de techniques symboliques (traitement d'images, stockage de fichiers numériques, usage du réseau comme ressource d'information, recherche documentaire, transcodage de la musique, écriture et publication personnelle) s'est répandue comme une traînée de poudre dans le monde entier.
Les tranches d'âge concernées se sont élargies en quelques années. La jeunesse et plus encore l'adolescence faisant un large usage des médiations techniques dans sa sociabilité et son apprentissage personnel. Le troisième âge découvre avec intérêt les techniques numériques, de l'appareil photo au mail, qui les gardent en contact avec leur descendance. Les différences d'usage entre les sexes se réduisent, et le travail des groupes de femmes pour utiliser la technologie comme un outil d'égalité et de libération porte des fruits dans tous les types de communautés, notamment dans les pays en développement.
Les divers réseaux et pratiques immatérielles convergent de plus en plus vite vers un réseau ubiquitaire, mêlant intimement les activités de communication, de production symbolique (culture, connaissance et divertissement) et de diffusion. Les terminaux se diversifient, se font mobiles (baladeurs, ordinateurs portables, PDA, téléphones mobiles nouvelle génération...) et s'incrustent dans toutes les activités (travail, culture, loisir, vie quotidienne).
Les principes d'individualité, de vie privée, d'autonomie et même de citoyenneté ne sont plus des qualités intrinsèques aux personnes, mais ressortent de l'émergence de " technologies de la personnalité " et de systèmes d'exposition et de gestion de la personnalité (réseaux sociaux, systèmes d'identification, auto-publication, partage d'environnements culturels ou de jeux, mondes virtuels...).
Le " système nerveux " de l'économie mondiale repose sur ces échanges immatériels accrus, sur les formes nouvelles de production qu'ils permettent, et sur la valorisation et la monétarisation des activités de connaissance, de communication, d'éducation et d'échange. Ces événements technologiques accompagnent et rendent possibles, ou imaginables, d'autres bouleversements dans l'organisation du monde, souvent regroupés sous le terme de " mondialisation " d'une part et de " société de l'information " de l'autre.
Ces bouleversements massifs et en profondeur méritent une attention particulière de la recherche, afin d'analyser ce phénomène au moment même de son bouillonnement, et d'en dégager des principes, des concepts et des grilles d'analyse qui permettent :
- de proposer de nouvelles applications, protocoles et architectures, d'une part pour les sciences de l'ingénieur ;
- de replacer les pratiques sociales, économiques et culturelles qui se cristallisent et se recomposent dans le réseau et le numérique, au sein du fil global de l'histoire et des données de long terme ;
- de repérer les fractures qui se constituent, afin que les sciences humaines et sociales puissent jouer un rôle éclairant pour les citoyens et les acteurs politiques et économiques.
[...] et les derniers mots de la conclusion
Les questions du domaine public et des biens communs de l'information, parce qu'elles permettent d'imaginer une société dans laquelle la transmission et le partage des connaissances serait un moment essentiel de la socialisation et de la vie collective me semblent des questions centrales, qu'il faut encore polir et repolir sur le métier de la recherche sur le document numérique et les réseaux.
Le numérique nous apporte des promesses inégalées de coopération et d'extension de la culture et de la connaissance. Comment permettre à tous les habitants de la planète d'en profiter ? Quels verrous faut ils ouvrir ? Quels ressorts de rêve et d'utopie peuvent être remontés pour que se libère une énergie libératrice ? Comment les réflexions techniques peuvent-elles accompagner un projet social mondial ?
Le chercheur, l'intellectuel et le citoyen sont convoqués pour travailler la compréhension de cet univers du numérique qui irrigue et transforme si profondément nos sociétés. Et faire coopérer les solutions techniques, juridiques, sociales et organisationnelles pour ouvrir des espaces publics mondiaux nouveaux. Ici et maintenant.
Alquier, Isabelle. „Le statut du patient hospitalisé en établissement de santé privé“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32018/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe French healthcare system relies on a public-private dichotomy. This difference in legal status is reflected in the actual provision of healthcare, as patients have the right to choose their preferred type of hospitalization with private sector hospitalizations now becoming predominant in France. However, patients must be granted the same rights regardless of which type of hospital they have chosen, due to the fact that patients' rights are fundamental rights, and for some of them they are constitutionally guaranteed. The implications of the specific nature of private hospitals raise questions about a potential disparity in the application of patients' rights, which would result in a different status for patients entering private hospitals
Navas, Fernández Miguel. „Spanish scientific journals in Web of Science and Scopus Adoption of Open Access, relationship between price and impact, and internationality“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401332.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAquesta tesi doctoral estudia les revistes científiques espanyoles actives i amb un nivell de qualitat reconegut internacionalment, per tal d’analitzar les seves característiques principals, el grau d’adopció d’Accés Obert, la relació entre el preu i l’impacte bibliomètric, i els seus elements d’internacionalitat. Web of Science (WoS) y Scopus van ser seleccionades com a les fonts adequades per identificar la població objecte d’estudi. Després de depurar els errors detectats a les llistes de revistes extretes, es va obtenir una llista definitiva de 445 revistes. Es va definir un conjunt d’indicadors i es van recollir totes les dades de la font d’informació principal (el lloc web o la versió impresa de cada revista). Finalment, es van realitzar proves de correlació i associació per explorar relacions entre variables. S’ha posat de manifest que la població de revistes espanyoles indexades a WoS y Scopus ha crescut de manera sostinguda durant els darrers anys: hi havia 300 títols al 2012, 406 al 2013, i 445 al 2015. El 69,7% dels darrers van ser creats després de 1980 i la seva edat mitjana és de 30 anys. Aquesta selecció de 445 revistes suposa el 25% dels títols publicats a Espanya, tot i que les àrees temàtiques no hi estan reflectides de manera proporcional: la ciència, tecnologia i medicina i estan sobre-representades, mentre es recull un baix percentatge sobre ciències socials i humanes. Tot i així, el 84% de les revistes es concentren en només tres dels set camps considerats en aquest estudi: 35% en ciències socials, 32% en ciències de la salut, i 18% en arts i humanitats. Les universitats i els centres d’investigació publiquen el 43% de les revistes estudiades, amb especial menció del CSIC (Centre Superior d’Investigacions Científiques). La majoria d’aquestes revistes usen Open Journal Systems (OJS), plataforma on es recolza el 34% del total. Les institucions acadèmiques també publiquen principalment revistes sobre arts i humanitats (en castellà) i sobre ciències socials. Aquests títols solen estar disponibles en línia, sense versió impresa, i en Accés Obert. Les editorials comercials són les segones en importància, ocupant-se del 32% de les revistes, la majoria de les quals tracten sobre ciències de la salut. Aquestes entitats són responsables de moltes de les escasses revistes que inclouen càrrecs per publicació (“Article Processing Charges”, APC), tant en Accés Obert com híbrides (aquestes últimes, principalment en anglès). Elsevier és l’editorial amb més títols, publicant el 17% de les revistes d’aquest estudi. Les societats científiques, associacions professionals i altres institucions privades sense ànim de lucre publiquen el 21% de les revistes, i a més a més col·laboren en un altre 24%, del qual s’ocupa principalment Elsevier. La participació d’aquest tipus d’institucions és crucial, ja que en total arriba al 45% de totes les revistes de la població analitzada. Finalment, els ens governamentals responen només del 4% dels títols Quant als idiomes, quasi la meitat de les revistes (47%) estan publicades només en castellà. No obstant, el 26% està publicat en castellà i anglès, i el 18% exclusivament en anglès. La presència de la resta d’idiomes és residual. L’accés lliure és el tipus d’accés més comú (64,5%), seguit pel restringit (16,6%), embargat (14,4%) i híbrid (4,5%). És freqüent a les editorials acadèmiques i a les ciències socials, mentre que l’accés restringit i híbrid és més comú entre les comercials i normalment es troba als àmbits de la ciència, tecnologia i medicina. Les revistes en Accés Obert, considerades com aquelles disponibles en accés lliure i amb permisos d’auto-arxiu, suposen el 56,9% d’aquesta població. Segons estudis anteriors, aquesta dada indica un augment sostenible del grau d’adopció de l’Accés Obert. Els càrrecs per publicació s’estan començant a introduir a Espanya, però de moment només estan presents al 7% d’aquests títols. Tant les revistes en accés lliure amb APC com les híbrides es publiquen per editorials comercials, en anglès i amb alts indicadors d’impacte bibliomètric. Els preus de subscripció anual són molt més alts a revistes sobre ciència, tecnologia i medicina. També ho són als títols publicats per editorials comercials i a revistes en anglès. No obstant, la diferència de preu disminueix si es considera el preu per article, perquè les revistes més cares solen aportar més contingut científic. Els preus dels APC són, de mitjana, deu vegades més cars a les revistes híbrides que a les d’accés lliure. El Factor d’Impacte (IF, que només està disponible per al 27% de les revistes estudiades), el Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) i el Source-Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP), tenen en general valors més alts per a les revistes sobre ciència, tecnologia i medicina, amb APC i en anglès. Mentre que els valors més elevats d’IF apareixen a les revistes publicades per editorials comercials, els SNIP més alts estan relacionats amb associacions i societats. Els preus de subscripció no guarden relació amb cap indicador d’impacte, ni a nivell de volum anual ni a nivell d’article. Pel contrari, els preus dels APC correlacionen moderadament amb indicadors d’impacte, però només amb SJR i SNIP, no pas amb IF. L’anglès, els articles escrits per autors estrangers, les col·laboracions internacionals i els experts estrangers dels equips editorials han estat considerats com a elements d’internacionalitat mesurables. Excepte les col·laboracions internacionals, amb molt poca incidència (especialment baixa en arts i humanitats), tots els elements tenen una mitjana general aproximada del 33%, tot i que depenen molt de l’àrea temàtica i del tipus d’accés. La llengua anglesa és la més comú en ciència, tecnologia i medicina, així com a les revistes publicades per editorials comercials i també en publicacions amb APC. Els autors d’altres països tenen major presència a ciències de la salut, matemàtiques i física, i també a revistes amb APC. La proporció d’estrangeria és similar entre autors i equip editorial, però amb diferències menys notables entre categories. La proporció d’experts forans és també inferior a ciències de la salut, i superior a enginyeries. Les revistes publicades per institucions acadèmiques solen incloure més investigadors amb filiació estrangera als seus equips editorials que la resta de revistes. En general, els elements d’internacionalitat presenten patrons de distribució similars, especialment quant a autors i experts estrangers. Finalment, es descriuen les limitacions d’aquest estudi, possibles línies futures d’investigació, i conclusions globals.
Santos-Hermosa, Gema. „Desenvolupament i reutilització dels recursos educatius oberts en la docència universitària: repositoris i usuaris“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/463044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the past decade, the Open Educational Resources (OER) movement has gained ground and expanded exponentially. Previously, there were only localized OER initiatives; now OER are recognized and supported by key international institutions, governments and funders worldwide. Although OER have become more significant worldwide and their availability and use have expanded, the movement has still not achieved its full potential and entered the mainstream education system. This doctoral thesis provides, on the one hand, an overview of the current state of repositories of open educational resources (ROER) in higher education at international level, specifically to clarify the understanding of the reuse of OER and the needs of the education context provided by educational repositories. On the other hand, it gathers useful information on perceptions and behaviour patterns regarding the use, reuse and sharing of OER by their own users. The first research was based on a content analysis methodology and consisted of two phases: an exploration of international sources, and an analysis of 110 ROER using the proposed set of indicators. The results focus on data from the analysis of their websites and some models of good practices. They are presented according to three core dimensions for evaluating ROER: general factors to establish types of repositories, a focus on drivers for OER reuse; and a focus on educational aspects. It was found that most of the ROER that included one or more of the proposed reuse indicators were created exclusively for educational resources. Educational aspects are not yet firmly embedded into ROER. The few repositories that seem to have successfully included them are those that provide other educational metadata and use educational standards. The research method of the second study was focused on a survey, which was part of the “Open Resources: Influence on Learners and Educators” (ORIOLE) project, based on the Institute of Educational Technology of The Open University of United Kingdom. The international online ORIOLE Survey 2013, available in English and Spanish, was conducted through practitioner OER communities to collect information about the contexts in which open resource use may occur; looking particularly at attitudes about reuse of OER in teaching. What influences open resources in education is a topic of relevance to anyone taking on forward engagement with open education and the answers lie with those who are working directly in the delivery of learning and teaching, which will serve to design repositories more tailored to their needs.
Benkoussas, Chahinez. „Approches non supervisées pour la recommandation de lectures et la mise en relation automatique de contenus au sein d'une bibliothèque numérique“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4379/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the field of information retrieval and the recommendation of reading. It has for objects:— The creation of new approach of document retrieval and recommendation using techniques of combination of results, aggregation of social data and reformulation of queries;— The creation of an approach of recommendation using methods of information retrieval and graph theories.Two collections of documents were used. First one is a collection which is provided by CLEF (Social Book Search - SBS) and the second from the platforms of electronic sources in Humanities and Social Sciences OpenEdition.org (Revues.org). The modelling of the documents of every collection is based on two types of relations:— For the first collection (SBS), documents are connected with similarity calculated by Amazon which is based on several factors (purchases of the users, the comments, the votes, products bought together, etc.);— For the second collection (OpenEdition), documents are connected with relations of citations, extracted from bibliographical references.We show that the proposed approaches bring in most of the cases gain in the performances of research and recommendation. The manuscript is structured in two parts. The first part "state of the art" includes a general introduction, a state of the art of informationretrieval and recommender systems. The second part "contributions" includes a chapter on the detection of reviews of books in Revues.org; a chapter on the methods of IR used on complex queries written in natural language and last chapter which handles the proposed approach of recommendation which is based on graph
Kamocki, Pawel. „E-Universités : la construction d'un droit des communs du savoir“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB190.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn e-University is a university that uses information and communications technology (ICT) to fulfil its traditional tasks: production, preservation and dissemination of knowledge. Its activities consist of the collection and analysis of research data, the dissemination of scientific literature and the provision of digital educational resources. However, the intangible goods required for these activities are often protected by literary and artistic property rights, such as copyright and the sui generis database right. Therefore, e-Universities are obliged to seek the permission of rights-holders or to rely on statutory exceptions. Statutory exceptions for research and teaching do exist (cf. art. L. 122-5, 3°, e) of the Code de la propriété intellectuelle (CPI) and s. 52a and 53 of the Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG)). They are, however, clearly insufficient to allow e-Universities to fulfil their tasks. Consequently, national legislators have recently adopted new exceptions specifically addressing the use of ICT in research and teaching (art. L. 122-5, 10° and art. L. 342-3, 5° of the CPI and the future art. 60a-60h UrhG). The European Commission has also proposed to reform EU law accordingly (art. 3 and 4 of the Proposal for a Digital Single Market Directive). In this context, it is desirable to discuss the introduction of an open (fair-use-type) norm in EU law. Despite the legal uncertainty that surrounds the question, e-Universities have not ceased to fulfil their tasks. On the contrary, efforts have been undertaken by the academic community to organise access and re-use of resources by means of private ordering. The concept of Open Science, inspired by traditional values of the ethos of science, have emerged to promote access to research data (Open Research Data), scientific literature (Open Access) and educational resources (Open Educational Resources). According to this approach, knowledge is perceived as a commons, the sustainability of which is guaranteed by standards accepted by the academic community. These standards are codified in public licenses, such as Creative Commons. In recent years not only universities, but also research funding agencies and even national legislators have actively engaged in the promotion of knowledge commons. This engagement is expressed through various Open Access mandates and the introduction of a new secondary publication right, first in German law (s. 38(4) UrhG), and more recently also in French law (art. L. 533-4, I of the Code de la recherche)
Eine E-Universität ist eine Universität, die Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT) einsetzt, um ihre traditionellen Aufgaben zu erfüllen: Die Erzeugung, die Erhaltung und die Verbreitung von Wissen. Ihre Tätigkeiten umfassen die Sammlung und die Analyse von Forschungsdaten, die Verbreitung wissenschaftlicher Literatur und die Bereitstellung digitaler Bildungsressourcen. Allerdings unterliegen die dazu erforderlichen immateriellen Güter oftmals dem Schutz des geistigen Eigentums, beispielsweise dem Urheberrecht und dem sui-generis-Recht für Datenbanken. Deswegen sind E-Universitäten auf die Erlaubnis von Rechteinhabern oder gesetzliche Schrankenregelungen angewiesen. Es existieren bereits gesetzliche Schrankenregelungen für Forschung und Lehre (z.B. art. L. 122-5, 3°, e) Code de la propriété intellectuelle (CPI) und §§ 52a, 53 Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG)). Allerdings sind sie unzureichend, um E-Universitäten ihre Aufgabenerfüllung zu ermöglichen. Deswegen entschieden die nationalen Gesetzgeber, neue Schrankenregelungen speziell für die Nutzung von IKT im Bereich der Forschung und Lehre einzuführen (art. L. 122-5, 10° und art. L. 342-3, 5° CPI und §§ 60a-60h UrhG). Auch die EU-Kommission schlug eine entsprechende Änderung des Unionsrechts vor (Art. 3 und 4 des Vorschlags für eine Richtlinie über das Urheberrecht im digitalen Binnenmarkt). In diesem Zusammenhang erscheint es erstrebenswert, die Einführung einer open Regelung nach dem fair-use-Prinzip in das europäische Recht zu diskutieren. Trotz der Rechtsunsicherheit in dieser Frage haben E-Universitäten niemals aufgehört, ihre Aufgaben zu erfüllen. Vielmehr hat die akademische Gemeinschaft enorme Anstrengungen unternommen, durch eigene Dispositionen den Zugang und die Nachnutzung von Ressourcen zu ermöglichen. Inspiriert durch die traditionellen Werte des Ethos der Wissenschaft, wurde das Open Science Konzept geschaffen, um den Zugang zu Forschungsdaten (Open Research Data), wissenschaftlicher Literatur (Open Access) und Bildungsressourcen (Open Educational Resources) zu fördern. Danach ist Wissen eine Allmende, seine Nachnutzbarkeit wird durch Standards, die von der akademischen Gemeinschaft akzeptiert werden, garantiert. Diese Standards sind in öffentlichen (public) Lizenzen, wie beispielsweise Creative Commons, kodifiziert. In den letzten Jahren haben sich nicht allein Universitäten, sonst auch Agenturen für Forschungsförderung und sogar nationale Gesetzgeber aktiv in der Förderung des öffentlichen Wissensschatzes engagiert. Dieses Engagement wurde deutlich im Rahmen vieler Open-Access-Mandaten und der Einführung eines neuen Zweitveröffentlichungsrecht, das zunächst Eingang in das deutsche (§ 38 Abs. 4 UrhG) und kürzlich auch in das französische Recht (art. L. 533-4, I Code de la recherche) fand
Claudio, González Melba G. „Modelos de negocio de las revistas científicas en España“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386240.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main objective of this dissertation is to describe and analyze a set of parameters that allow an approach to the analysis and characterization of the business models of Spanish scientific journals, as well as to explore the existence of an underlying data structure that can contribute to their classification. From a vision of the concept of business model that includes components of the economic and financial, operational and strategic dimensions of publishing, research was developed from a survey of 1,280 publishers of Spanish scientific journals included in the Dulcinea database, obtaining a response rate of 43% (n = 561). Several research techniques used have allowed exploring possible correlations, to carry out an analysis of statistical pattern recognition based on a cluster analysis, and deepen the views of respondents on the open access through a qualitative analysis. As a first result, these have allowed to identify the main financing sources showing that the income received through institutional subscriptions are positively related to the economic performance, and that the academic journals are characterized by a marked dependence on public administration subsidies and the support of the journal's holder entity. Secondly, the results have showed that most journals lack a stable organizational structure and depend largely on volunteer work. Thirdly, the majority of publishers have positively valued their experience on open access to scientific production, although with some reservation that limits their consolidation. Finally, a cluster analysis has detected four clusters with common patterns in different business models.
Serrano, Vicente Rocío. „Evaluación de los repositorios institucionales de acceso abierto en España“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/463047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis doctoral thesis’ objective is twofold: to establish a set of evaluation of institutional research repositories indicators and to apply these indicators to spanish institutional repositories. A secondary objective is to find out researchers’ satisfaction about an institutional repository. After ten years from Berlin’s declaration, it could be the adequate time to define some repositories evaluation indicators, focus on internal management and users’ satisfaction. The approach is that even there is not an only way to evaluate institutional repositories, some general criteria could be given. After making a review of the recent literature about repositories indicators, it has been developed a set of criteria that could be applied to the institutional repositories as an evaluation potential model. It has been had in mind specifically those factors about the institutional repositories’ performance related to its management. As a result, a proposal of technological, process, marketing and staff indicators is presented, the final objective being that the repository could be a useful tool for the final user and the institution. A survey to spanish institutional repositories was conducted so as to know if these indicators were useful to evaluate the research repositories. Therefore, a set of indicators was provided to get an overview of the way in which Spanish institutional repositories are run and the services they offer their respective institutions and other users. The selected descriptors are based on aspects related to technology, procedures, content, marketing and the personnel responsible for managing repositories. In order to establish the indicators, a thorough review of the literature was carried out to identify existing indicators that are used to assess repositories. These were divided into five categories (technology, procedures, content, marketing and personnel) with a total of 48 components. An online survey was conducted with the repositories managers of 66 Spanish research institutions in order to verify the degree of fulfilment of the selected indicators. The survey received forty-six responses, which represented a response rate of 69%. Of these, 44 came from universities and two from research centres. Sixty-five per cent of the repositories have the capacity to import data from and export data to other university systems, mainly CRIS (32%). Most repositories have mechanisms for the large-scale import and export of metadata and digital objects (83%). The use of altmetrics in repositories is widespread (44%). Authors and librarians deposit most frequently (37% and 32%, respectively), in spite of the fact that 44% do not have full-time staff working in the repository. In more than 80% of the repositories, between 90% and 100% of the deposits are full-text documents. With respect to the tools used to promote the repository within the institution, these are primarily face-to-face training sessions (82%), followed by support materials such as manuals and help pages (65%). The academic authorities encourage open access among researchers in 56% of cases, a significant element in repository marketing. This work proposes a model based on five dimensions and 48 indicators to assess institutional repositories. This approach has been applied to Spanish institutional repositories to provide up-to-date information about their management procedures and promotional methods and the services they offer authors and the university community. This overview of Spanish repositories has provided an insight into the way in which repositories have evolved in recent years and allowed potential improvements to be identified based on the most advanced repositories. This model can also be exported to assess institutional repositories in other countries. The secondary aim of this study was to determine the awareness of open access among the academic staff of a research-oriented Spanish university, their use of the institutional repository and their satisfaction with its services. An anonymous survey of 37 questions was sent to all professors, researchers and doctoral students of the University of Navarra. A total of 352 responses (17%) were received. The responses showed statistically significant differences in opinions concerning open access journals and services created on top of the repository. Although there was general agreement on the need for open access, half the respondents adopted open access practices (which included the use of the institutional repository, and other pages and academic platforms). This percentage increased with the older respondents, who were also senior members of staff with tenure and positions of authority at the university. The decision to make publications accessible in open access depends on academic reward and on professional recognition. The services offered by the repository were generally perceived positively, with differences according to the age and subject area of the respondents. The awareness of those differences might help the university library to provide faculty with training and products that suit to their needs and habits. Limitations of the study, future research lines and final considerations are provided.
Daspet, Vanessa. „Lire et écrire avec des outils informatiques : le tissage d'un projet de compensation pour des adolescents dyslexiques“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2113/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince the act of February 11, 2005 on equal rights and opportunities and the inclusion and citizenship of the disabled was passed, French schools have embarked on the path of the inclusion of pupils with disabilities. To respond to the need of making learning accessible to these pupils, the French Education system does finance some appropriate educational learning materials. More precisely, the opportunity for dyslexic pupils to avoid or overcome the difficulties with written language thanks to new technologies opens up new prospects for learning and teaching but also raises concerns.At the very core of this thesis lies the study I have carried out on the effectiveness of those compensatory tools given to dyslexic and dysorthographic pupils in secondary education depending on the way they use these tools and become familiar with them. Two different approaches have been used, one being experimental including reading and writing tests and the other one being comprehensive combining questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Both have permitted to identify the phenomena and the issues related to those pupils’ use of computer tools when they learn how to read and write in a mainstream class. By analysing and crossing data, I have tried to describe the personal and environmental factors which lead to the successful completion of the compensatory project and to identify the barriers but also the facilitators leading to a more effective use of these technological tools.Examining the complexity of the processes and the interactions involved in a compensatory project not only helps to identify key leverage actions to enhance the effectiveness of the use of computer tools but also permits to define priority axes to create an inclusive learning environment that is most likely to support this usage
Rebouillat, Violaine. „Ouverture des données de la recherche : de la vision politique aux pratiques des chercheurs“. Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1254/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis investigates research data, as there is a growing demand for opening them. Research data are information that is collected by scientists in order to be used as evidence for theories. It is a complex, contextual notion. Since the 2000s, open access to scientific data has become a strategic axis of research policies. These policies has been relayed by third actors, who developed services dedicated to support researchers with data management and sharing.The thesis questions the relationship between the ideology of openness and the research practices. Which kinds of data management and sharing practices already exist in research communities? What drives them? Do scientists rely on research data services? Fifty-seven interviews were conducted with researchers from the University of Strasbourg in many disciplines. The survey identifies a myriad of different data management and sharing practices. It appears that data sharing is embedded in the researcher’s strategy: his main goal is to protect his professional interests. Thus, research data are part of a credibility cycle, in which they get both use value (for new publications) and exchange value (as they are traded for other valuable resources). The survey also shows that researchers rarely use the services developed in a context of openness. Two explanations can be put forward. (1) The service offer comes too early to reach researchers’ needs. Currently, data management and sharing are not within researchers’ priorities. The priority is publishing, which is defined as source of reward and recognition of the scientific activities. (2) Data management services are offered by actors outside the research communities. But scientists seem to be more influenced by internal networks, close to their research topics (like journals, infrastructures…). These results prompt us to reconsider the mediation between scientific communities and open research data policies
Karayannis, Vassilios-Petros. „Liberté économique et défense de l'intérêt général: le problème de retransmission par câble des émissions télévisées dans l'Union européenne“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211205.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEn ce qui concerne l’accès des émissions aux réseaux câblés, la thèse met en avant le besoin de sauvegarder un service public de l’audiovisuel. Celui-ci est défini comme un ensemble des règles qui visent à la fois le paysage audiovisuel propre à chaque Etat membre (par exemple pluralisme) et le contenu des émissions proprement dit (émissions informatives, éducatives, épanouissement culturel etc.). Le droit communautaire primaire et dérivé, tel qu’interprété par la Cour de justice, fournit les moyens de conciliation entre, d’une part les intérêts généraux et, d’autre part, les exigences découlant de la libre prestation de services et de la libre concurrence.
En ce qui concerne l’application des droits intellectuels, la thèse aborde la problématique liée à l’épuisement ou la subsistance de ceux-ci. Dans le cas de la câblodistribution, la Cour a affirmé la subsistance du droit. Cette position est corroboré par la nouvelle directive européenne sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins dans la société de l’information. La thèse appuie la position de subsistance en considérant qu’elle constitue une condition essentielle pour la juste récompense des auteurs.
Enfin, la thèse aborde les questions plus spécifiques qui naissent à propos de la convergence technologique et juridique. Tout d’abord, il est avancé que le service public de l’audiovisuel n’est pas uniquement lié à des contraintes techniques, mais essentiellement à des objectifs qualitatifs (contenu des émissions). Ainsi, la thèse plaide en faveur de la pérpetuité du service public de l’audiovisuel dans l’ère du numérique. Par ailleurs, des questions plus spécifiques (comme l’accès à la boucle locale, l’interconnexion des réseaux et la numérisation des infrastructures) ont été examinées.
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Marty, Marie. „La légalité de la preuve dans l'espace pénal européen“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0107/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAdmissibility of evidence is one of the most crucial and complicatedissues in the European Union’s area of freedom, security and justice. However, thedifficulties regarding the use of evidence gathered in one Member State inproceedings in another Member State through the mechanisms of judicialcooperation seems to have been underestimated by the European Union legislator,and this despite the success of criminal proceedings with a cross-border characterbeing considered a priority for the last fifteen years. Indeed, the EU’s criminal policyhas been striving for the strengthening of the efficiency of judicial cooperationbetween judicial authorities. This requires the improvement of the instrumentsdedicated to obtaining criminal evidence. Thanks to the principle of mutualrecognition of judicial decisions in criminal matters, based on mutual trust betweenMember States, the differences between and potential incompatibilities of nationalsystems should not be an obstacle to the free circulation of evidence in the EUcriminal justice area.However, this theoretical justification is not sufficient to ensure mutual admissibility ofevidence, as the good administration of evidence remains a national issue, with awide margin of appreciation accorded to the national judge. Furthermore, both thestudy of national procedural norms and the study of the European Union legalframework show deficiencies, requiring a coherent concept for the protection offundamental rights in criminal proceedings at the EU-level. A better and harmonisedprotection of procedural guarantees is the path to ensure the mutual admissibility ofevidence, overcoming national differences
Atenas, Rivera Javiera. „Estudio de calidad de los repositorios de recursos educativos abiertos en el marco de la educación universitaria“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis dissertation is composed by a set of articles that present the process and results of the research and its future research lines. The papers were published between 2012 and 2014. The research object are the repositories of open educational resources (ROER), which are defined by McGreal (2011) as databases of learning content such as videos, audio recordings and multimedia applications that made teaching materials accessible to students and teachers. This dissertation is centred in the context of an academic discussion relevant for higher education and to the academic community in general, its main objective is to propose a framework for quality assurance for the development of ROER by obtaining theoretical quality indicators from the review of the literature and contrasting those indicators with current ROER. Also, this study evaluates how academics select and use OER with the aim to describe a model for a successful implementation of ROER. The research methodology includes quantitative and qualitative techniques. The first stage of this research was to review the literature to obtain from it a set of quality indicators for the development, design and implementation of ROER. From this review 10 quality indicators were obtain, which were contrasted on the second stage within 80 ROER worldwide to analyse if these comply with the recommendations of the literature. The third stage was the application of a survey to 217 academics from 35 countries that were asked how and when they use technologies, social networks and OER in their academic practice and also, which were the advantages and barriers of the use of ROER. Finally, in the last stage, a group of 20 worldwide experts in OER were interviewed with the aim to identify the quality criteria for the development of ROER according to their views and experience.
Bagayoko, Cheick-oumar. „Mise en place d'un système d'information hospitalier en Afrique francophone : cinz@n, étude et validation du modèle au Mali“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20680/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe implementation of hospital information systems focused on care processes has been shown to improve the quality of care, the management of resources, and the productivity. These benefits are necessary in all countries, regardless of their level of development. However, a question does arise: “Given the differences in financial, technological and human contexts, should we, in Africa, undertake a differentiated strategy to achieve these shared goals?”. The aim of our study was to develop a model adapted to the cultural and economical contexts of developing countries. Our methodology was based on the adaptation and implementation of an Open Source software. This work led to the development and validation of a model in Mali named Cinz@n. It has been implemented and tested at the Mother-Child hospital in Bamako. Beyond the software implementation, change management and the training of stakeholders have been the subject of special attention. The results of the evaluation of the functional coverage, the ergonomics of the system and user satisfaction are satisfactory. 84% of users consider that the system has improved the quality of their work, and 100% of users are willing to continue the experiment, also recommending the extension of the system to all hospital departments. The qualitative analysis of the database showed strict usage of the patient identification procedures. We conclude that Cinz@n, with an investment cost of about ten thousand euros, and a wide acceptance by users can be a model for other implementations in French Speaking Africa
Charbonneau, Olivier. „La jurisprudence en accès libre à l'ère du contenu généré par les usagers“. Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6121.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUser generated content and collaboration, also called « Web 2.0 », offer new possibilities in the context of a thriving and open Internet. Digital environments that employ these production mecanisms allow user communities to enrich a virtual space. Using a constructivist approach, we explore how collaboration can serve the users of an open access database of court rulings, namely the Canadian Legal Information Institute's website (www.CanLU.org). Collaboration is set within a framework that we name the « Collaboration Framework ». There are two classes of objects, users and documents, that interact following four relationships: links between documents, exchanges between users, writing (from users to documents) and consumption (from documents to users). In turn, we can better understand how collaboration functions, given a specific class of documents. Following an analysis of court rulings as a system of documents and an illustration of user needs in civil society, the Collaboration Framework is applied to an open access database of court rulings in order to determine how users can enrich the system's content.
Charbonneau, Olivier. „La jurisprudence en accès libre à l’ère du contenu généré par les usagers“. Thesis, 2008. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/6392/1/OCharbonneauLLM%2DJgmtWeb2.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDE, TERWANGNE Cécile. „La liberté d'information ou Le libre accès a l'information détenue par le secteur public“. Doctoral thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5567.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSamir, Hachani. „L'Avenir du contrôle par les pairs dans la publication scientifique face au défis du libre accès“. Phd thesis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922600.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHajjem, Chawki. „Vers une analyse scientométrique de textes intégraux en accès libre par la réalisation d'un robot de recherche“. Thèse, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2219/1/D1803.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBen, Allal Karima. „Mise en place d'un prototype d'archive ouverte institutionnelle ARCHIVALG : cas de la production scientifique du CERIST d'ALGER“. Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00167331.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHerrmann, Markus. „Trois essais en bio-économie dynamique“. Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2187.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaher, Anabelle. „Essays in resource economics“. Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13583.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis consists of three essays in resource economics. Chapter 2 analyzes the effects of resource storage on welfare and on the resource stock, in the context of rice-fish culture. I develop a simple general equilibrium model, that has three central components: one open access renewable resource with logistic natural growth, two production sectors and storage of the good produced with the resource. Consumers store the resource when they speculate that the price of the resource will be higher in the future. Storage has an ambiguous effect on welfare, has a negative impact on resource stock at the period the storage takes place and has a positive impact for all following periods. Chapter 3 examines the effects of migration of skilled workers in a model of interregional trade in the presence of pollution. I develop a two-sector model of trade that incorporates both pollution and migration issues to show that interregional trade can affect the pollution level of a country composed of regions with different industrial structures. The mobility of workers amplifies the effects of interregional trade on the environmental capital. The region with the less (more) polluting technology is affected positively (negatively) by trade. Migration doesn’t affect the trade pattern. The region with the less polluting manufacturing industry always gains from trade. If the preferences over manufactures is relatively low, the region with the more pollutant technology can experience a loss from trade in the long run. Finally, Chapter 4 is co-authored with Yves Richelle. In this chapter, we consider the problem of efficiently allocating water of a lake among different potential users. We consider two types of irreversibility: the irreversibility of an investment that creates a fixed damage to the ecosystem and the irreversibility of the right to use the resource that comes from the legislation (legislative irreversibility). First of all, we determine the value of water for users. Then, we characterize the optimal allocation of water among users. With legislative irreversibility, we show that it is sometimes optimal to reduce the amount of water allocated to the firm, even though there is no rivalry in use. Moreover, we show that it is not always optimal to prevent the damage created by the irreversible vi investment. We define the context, in which it is optimal to intervene to prevent the damage. Furthermore, with irreversibility, we prove that the marginal value of water at the efficient allocation for users is not equalized. Overall, we show that in the case of no rivalry in use, unused water should not be seen as a limitless resource to be used in any way whatever.