Dissertationen zum Thema „Accélérateurs laser-plasma“
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit Top-40 Dissertationen für die Forschung zum Thema "Accélérateurs laser-plasma" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Sehen Sie die Dissertationen für verschiedene Spezialgebieten durch und erstellen Sie Ihre Bibliographie auf korrekte Weise.
Oubrerie, Kosta. „Amélioration de l'efficacité des accélérateurs laser-plasma“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022IPPAE002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo generate high energy electron beams, conventional accelerators use radio frequency waves to accelerate charged particles to relativistic speeds. However, the accelerating electric field produced is limited to a few tens of megavolts per metre, mainly due to a breakdown phenomenon. Very large facilities are therefore needed to reach sufficiently high energies. For example, the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC), which is the world's longest linear accelerator, accelerates electrons up to 50 GeV over a distance of 3.2 km. Laser-Plasma Accelerators can produce electric fields exceeding 100 GV/m, that are about three orders of magnitude larger than those obtained by radiofrequency-cavity accelerators. They could thus allow for a drastic decrease of the size of accelerators for scientific, medical and industrial applications. Yet, several bottlenecks have to be solved before these applications can be really implemented. It is notably necessary to demonstrate the efficient production of high-quality, multi-GeV electron beams at a high-repetition rate.The doctoral project tackles this problem by exploring new methods for increasing the energy of the electron beams thanks to techniques that are compatibles with arbitrarily high laser powers and repetition rates and that can be combined with controlled injection methods. Indeed, high energy or controlled injection electron beams have been obtained separately during the last fifteen years, but never combined. This thesis presents the work carried out on the guiding techniques as well as on the electron injection techniques which allowed to obtain experimentally good quality beams at high energies. This work was done in particular through the optimisation of a new optic designed at the Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, the axiparabola, as well as the development of gas jets specific to laser-plasma acceleration
Corde, Sébastien. „Des accélérateurs laser-plasma aux sources de rayonnement X femtoseconde : étude, développement et applications“. Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/68/02/57/PDF/These_SCorde_version_electronique.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the relativistic interaction between a short and intense laser pulse and an underdense plasma, electrons can be injected and accelerated up to hundreds of MeV in an accelerating structure formed in the wake of the pulse: this is the so-called laser-plasma accelerator. One of the major perspectives for laser-plasma accelerators resides in the realization of compact sources of femtosecond x-ray beams. In this thesis, two x-ray sources was studied and developed. The betatron radiation, intrinsic to laser-plasma accelerators, comes from the transverse oscillations of electrons during their acceleration. Its characterization by photon counting revealed an x-ray beam containing 10^9 photons, with energies extending above 10 keV. We also developed an all-optical Compton source producing photons with energies up to hundreds of keV, based on the collision between a photon beam and an electron beam. The potential of these x-ray sources was highlighted by the realization of single shot phase contrast imaging of a biological sample. Then, we showed that the betatron x-ray radiation can be a powerful tool to study the physics of laser-plasma acceleration. We demonstrated the possibility to map the x-ray emission region, which gives a unique insight into the interaction, permitting us for example to locate the region where electrons are injected. The x-ray angular and spectral properties allow us to gain information on the transverse dynamics of electrons during their acceleration
Mollica, Florian. „Interaction laser-plasma ultra-intense à densité proche-critique pour l'accélération d'ions“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX058/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInteraction of ultra-intense, ultra-short laser with matter gives rise to a wealth of phenomena, due to the coupling between the electromagnetic field and the plasma. The non-linear coupling excites collective plasma processes able to sustain intense electric fields up to 1TV/m. This property spurred early interest in laser accelerator as compact, next-generation source of accelerated electrons and ions. Laser-driven ion source of several MeV was demonstrated in early 2000 an various mechanisms had been suggest to improve the their properties. These first ion sources have been obtained on solid targets, called “overdense”. Target innovation has driven the improvement of these sources. In the continuity of this dynamic, new gaseous targets had been proposed in order to relax the constraints that solid targets impose on laser contrast and repetition rate. Recent experimental demonstrations of monoenergetic ion acceleration in gas renew the interest in such targets, called under-dense or near-critical because of their intermediate densities. At near-critical density the laser can propagate, but undergoes significant absorbtion, giving rise to the accelerating structures of plasma shocks and magnetic vortex.The work presented in this thesis is an experimental exploration of the plasma conditions required to drive ion acceleration in gaseous near-critical target. For the first time, these regimes are explored with an ultra-intense, femtosecond laser of 150TW. A part of this work has been dedicated to the design of an innovative gas target, suited for plasma density and gradient constraints set by these regimes. Then the experimental works describe laser propagation and electron acceleration in near-critical targets. Finally the last part report the efficient production of an atomic beam from a laser-driven ion source
Fritzler, Sven. „Particle sources with high-intensity lasers : a tool for plasma diagnostics and an innovative source for applications“. Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPXX0056.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFlacco, Alessandro. „Experimental study of proton acceleration with ultra-high intensity, high contrast laser beam“. École polytechnique, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPXX0071.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe production of energetic proton/ion beams with laser pulses at relativistic intensities (I>10^{18}W/cm^2) has received, in the past few years, increasing interest from the scientific community in plasma, optics and accelerator physics. A fraction of electrons is heated to high temperature during the ultrafast interaction between a femtosecond laser pulse and an overdense plasma. Ions and protons are extracted and accelerated by the charge separation set up during the expansion of the plasma. The results presented in this manuscript report on the realization of ion acceleration experiments using a high contrast (XPW) multi-terawatt laser system. Two preparatory experiments are set up, aiming to study the pedestal of a laser pulse interacting with the target. The expansion of a plasma created by a laser at moderate intensity is measured by interferometry; the evolution of the density gradient length is deduced from the electron density maps at different moments. The variation of the absolute reflectivity of a thin aluminium foil is correlated to the electron temperature and is used to monitor the arrival time of the laser produced shock. The crossing between the two experiments is finally used to define the optimum condition for proton acceleration. Proton acceleration experiments with high contrast laser are reported, including the construction and the validation of a real-time, single shot ion spectrometer (Micro-channel Plate and Thomson Parabola), and other details of the realised setup. The obtained results show that the increased contrast enables the use of thinner targets and the production of more stable and controllable interaction conditions. Proton beams with kinetic energy higher than 4 MeV are produced, with a shot-to-shot stability better than 4% rms. Proton acceleration experiment with two laser beams confirms that the laser energy absorption is enhanced when the target is pre-heated by a laser pulse with proper parameters
André, Thomas. „Transport et manipulation d’électrons produits par interaction laser plasma sur la ligne COXINEL“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS602/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecent advances in Laser Plasma Acceleration techniques (LPA) are now able to generate strong accelerating gradients (GV.m⁻¹); however the produced electron beam thus still presents a large energy spread (%) and a large divergence (mrad). The COXINEL project (ERC Advanced Grant 350014, PI. M.E. Couprie), aims at qualifying, in replacement of a conventional accelerator, a Laser Plasma Accelerator, for a Free Electrons Laser application. To achieve the required properties, the electron beam must be manipulated using a transport line. This line consists in a first triplet of permanent magnets quadrupoles of variable gradient which focuses the beam and allows for the control of the initial divergence. An electromagnetic chicane then reduces the slice energy spread by lengthening the beam longitudinally. A restricted energy range can then be selected by inserting a slit inside the chicane. Finally, a quadruple of electromagnetic quadrupoles provides the final focus in an undulator. The thesis deals on the study of electron beam transport produced by LPA along this line. Different electron production regimes have been used: ionization injection, gas cell. The transport was controlled using a new alignment and pointing compensation method for the initial electron beam by adjusting independently the beam position and dispersion at different location on the line. A fine adjustment of the transported energy was carried out by adjusting the quadrupole gradient. The produced beam was transported along the line and was characterized in terms of transverse distribution, emittance and energy. Experimental results were then successfully compared with numerical simulations. This work paves the way for the observation of undulator radiation, a preliminary step before Free Electron Laser amplification
Maitrallain, Antoine. „Accélération laser-plasma : mise en forme de faisceaux d’électrons pour les applications“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS314/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaser plasma acceleration (LPA) comes from the nonlinear interaction between an intense laser beam (≈10¹⁸ W/cm²) and a gas target. The plasma wave which is generated can, trap and accelerate electrons to very high energies due to large accelerating fields (≈ 50 GV/m). Numerous studies have been done on this promising process among our scientific community aiming at understanding the basic mechanisms involved. As a second step, we now try tries to improve the properties of the source (energy, divergence, reproducibility…).Such ultra-compact electronic sources can be used for various applications. Among them, high energy physics for which a specific scheme was designed, based on the multi-stage acceleration. The scheme relies on the addition of successive accelerating modules to increase the effective accelerating length and therefore the final electron energy. In its basic version, a first stage (injector) delivers an electron beam at moderate energy including a high charge. This beam is then further accelerated to high energy through a second stage (accelerator). This thesis is part of preliminary studies performed to prepare the future 2-stages laser plasma accelerator that will be developed on platform CILEX with APOLLON 10 PW laser.In this context, a new target has been designed and characterized with the UHI100 laser. Then the electron beam properties have been adjusted by optical shaping of the laser generating the plasma wave, and also by magnetic shaping.The electron beam, magnetically shaped, has been used for a specific application devoted to the set-up of a new dosimetric diagnostic, dedicated to the measurement of high dose rate delivered by these electrons from LPA
Buffechoux, Sébastien. „Augmentation de l'énergie des faisceaux de proton accélérés par laser ultra-intense et étude des caractéristiques des faisceaux accélérés par laser ultra-court“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00600647.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDrobniak, Pierre. „Development of a 150 MeV laser-plasma injector prototype“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASP184.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis focuses on the development of a 150 MeV electron injector using a laser-plasma technique in the frame of the PALLAS project. Starting from considerations inspired by the literature, two series of prototype injectors based on the principle of ionisation injection are proposed. The fluid characteristics of the injectors are modelled using OpenFOAM simulations and validated experimentally at IJCLab. The use of a supercomputer combined with fast laser-plasma simulations is used to find ideal operating points for electron beam generation. An experimental electron production campaign at Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée validates the operational behaviour of the second series of injectors under real conditions
Martelli, Lorenzo. „Average Current Enhancement of Laser-Plasma Accelerators for Industrial Applications“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAE012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis doctoral thesis is part of a CIFRE collaboration between Thales-MIS and the Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée (LOA). The main objective is to enhance the average current of low-energy laser-plasma accelerators, particularly in the range of a few MeV. This advancement is particularly interesting for low-energy applications such as industrial X-ray tomography, which does not require monoenergetic electron beams.Experiments were conducted using the 60,TW laser system installed in the Salle Jaune at LOA, capable of generating 30 fs pulses. Through meticulous exploration of plasma densities, laser energies, gas targets, and focusing degrees, we identified conditions conducive to producing highly divergent electron beams (i.e., >100 mrad) at energies of a few MeV, with charges ranging from 5 to 30 nC. We also achieved a maximum laser-to-electron energy conversion efficiency of approximately 14 %, one of the highest ever measured. Looking ahead to future laser systems capable of achieving average powers of around 100 W, these configurations could pave the way for generating laser-plasma accelerated electron beams with average currents exceeding 1 microampere, surpassing the current state of the art in laser-plasma accelerators. To facilitate these innovative experiments, we designed a supersonic glass nozzle and permanent magnetic dipoles to deflect electrons towards scintillating screens for beam spectroscopy. Concurrently with the experiments, this thesis also delved into Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations to study acceleration mechanisms. Using a dedicated numerical tool for processing PIC simulation results, we demonstrated that the ponderomotive force of the laser plays a predominant role in electron acceleration. Notably, the majority of particles are not injected into plasma waves but rather slide along the laser pulse, thereby gaining low energies on the order of a few MeV
Audet, Thomas. „Développement d'un injecteur pour l'accélération laser plasma multi-étages“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS424/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) is a particle acceleration process relying on the interaction between high intensity laser pulses, of the order of 10^{18} W/cm² and a plasma. The plasma wave generated in the laser wake sustain high amplitude electric fields (1-100 GV/m). Those electric fields are three orders of magnitude higher than maximum electric fields in radio frequency cavities and represent the main benefit of LWFA, allowing more compact acceleration. However improvements of the LWFA-produced electron bunches properties, stability and repetition rate are mandatory for LWFA to be usable for applications.A scheme to improve electron bunches properties and to potentially increase the repetition rate is multi-stage LWFA. The laser plasma electron source, called the injector, has to produce relatively low energy (50-100 MeV), but high charge, small size and low divergence electron bunches. Produced electron bunches then have to be transported and injected into a second stage to increase electron kinetic energy.The subject of this thesis is to study and design a laser wakefield electron injector for multi-stage LWFA. In the frame of CILEX and the two-stages LWFA program, a prototype of the injector was built : ELISA consisting in a variable length gas cell. The plasma electronic density, which is a critical parameter for the control of the electron bunches properties, was characterized both experimentally and numerically. ELISA was used at two different laser facilities and physical mechanisms linked to electron bunches properties were studied in function of experimental parameters. A range of experimental parameters suitable for an laser wakefield injector was determined.A magnetic transport and diagnostic line was also built, implemented and tested at the UHI100 laser facility of the CEA Saclay. It allowed a more precise characterization of electron bunches generated with ELISA as well as an estimation of the quality of transported electron bunches for their injection in a second laser wakefield stage
SPECKA, ARNO. „Experience d'acceleration d'electrons a l'aide d'une onde plasma creee par le battement de deux impulsions laser. Etude du moniteur de faisceau d'electrons de 3 mev utilisant le rayonnement de transition optique et du spectrographe magnetique“. Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EPXX0006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBeaurepaire, Benoit. „Développement d’un accélérateur laser-plasma à haut taux de répétition pour des applications à la diffraction ultra-rapide d’électrons“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleElectronic microscopy and electron diffraction allowed the understanding of the organization of atoms in matter. Using a temporally short source, one can measure atomic displacements or modifications of the electronic distribution in matter. To date, the best temporal resolution for time resolved diffraction experiments is of the order of a hundred femtoseconds (fs). Laser-plasma accelerators are good candidates to reach the femtosecond temporal resolution in electron diffraction experiments. Moreover, these accelerators can operate at a high repetition rate, allowing the accumulation of a large amount of data.In this thesis, a laser-plasma accelerator operating at the kHz repetition rate was developed and built. This source generate electron bunches at 100 keV from 3 mJ and 25 fs laser pulses. The physics of the acceleration has been studied, and the effect of the laser wavefront on the electron transverse distribution has been demonstrated.The first electron diffraction experiments with such a source have been realized. An experiment, which was a proof of concept, showed that the quality of the source permits to record nice diffraction patterns on gold and silicium foils. In a second experiment, the structural dynamics of a silicium sample has been studied with a temporal resolution of the order of a few picoseconds.The electron bunches must be accelerated to relativistic energies, at a few MeV, to reach a sub-10 fs temporal resolution. A numerical study showed that ultra-short electron bunches can be accelerated using 5 fs and 5 mJ laser pulses. A temporal resolution of the order of the femtosecond could be reached using such bunches for electron diffraction experiments. Finally, an experiment of the ionization-induced compression of the laser pulses has been realized. The pulse duration was shorten by a factor of 2, and the homogeneity of the process has been studied experimentally and numerically
Wojda, Franck. „Mesure de l'amplitude d'une onde de plasma créée par sillage laser guidé“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00485671.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDesforges, Frédéric. „Injection induite par ionisation pour l’accélération laser-plasma dans des tubes capillaires diélectriques“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112118/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe interaction of a short (~ 10 - 100 fs) and ultra-intense (> 10^18 W/cm²) laser pulse with an underdense (< 10^19 cm^-3) plasma can accelerate, in a compact way, a fraction of the electrons of the plasma toward relativistic energies (~ 100 - 300MeV). This mechanism, called laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA), might have various applications such as the future ultra-high energy electron collider. Prior to this, additional investigations are needed to ensure, through LWFA, a stable and reproducible generation of electron bunches of high quality, i.e. low transverse and longitudinal emittances.In this thesis, the stability and the reproducibility of the electron self-injection were experimentally investigated in 8-20mm long, dielectric capillary tubes, with an internal radius of 76-89 µm, and filled with pure H2 at an electronic density of de (10 +/- 1.5)x10^18 cm^-3. Electron bunches were produced, at a rate of two shots per minute, with an accelerated charge above 40 MeV of (66+/-7) pC, a mean energy of (65+/-6) MeV, a divergence of (9+/-1) mrad, and a pointing fluctuation of 2.3 mrad. Three sources were identified for the fluctuations and drifts of the electron bunch properties: laser energy drift, change of the electron number density upramp, and laser pointing fluctuations. Restrictions on the operating regime were proposed in order to improve the stability and the reproducibility of the laser-plasma electron source.An alternative mechanism of electron injection into the plasma wave was also investigated: the ionization-induced injection. An experimental study demonstrated that electron bunches generated in a mixture of 99%H2 + 1%N2 have twice more accelerated charge than in the case of pure H2. Moreover, the earlier onset of electron injection was observed for the mixture 99%H2 + 1%N2, indicating that the first electrons were trapped under the mechanism of ionization-induced injection. Particle-In-Cell simulations performed with the code WARP confirm the experimental results and suggest that the self-injection was inhibited by the ionization-induced injection
Rechatin, Clément. „Accélération d'électrons dans l'interaction laser-plasma : développement et caractérisation d'un injecteur optique“. Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005570.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTatomirescu, Emilian-Dragos. „Accélération laser-plasma à ultra haute intensité - modélisation numérique“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the latest increases in maximum laser intensity achievable through short pulses at high power (femtosecond range) an interest has arisen in potential laser plasma sources. Lasers are used in proton radiography, rapid ignition, hadrontherapy, production of radioisotopes and astrophysical laboratory. During the laser-target interaction, the ions are accelerated by different physical processes, depending on the area of the target. All these mechanisms have one thing in common: the ions are accelerated by intense electric fields, which occur due to the separation of high charge induced by the interaction of the laser pulse with the target, directly or indirectly. Two main distinct sources for charge displacement can be identified. The first is the charge gradient caused by the direct action of the laser ponderomotive force on the electrons in the front surface of the target, which is the premise for the pressure ramping acceleration (RPA) process. A second source can be identified as coming from the laser radiation which is transformed into kinetic energy of a hot relativistic electron population (~ a few MeV). The hot electrons move and recirculate through the target and form a cloud of relativistic electrons at the exit of the target in a vacuum. This cloud, which extends for several lengths of Debye, creates an extremely intense longitudinal electric field, mostly directed along the normal surface, which is therefore the cause of effective ion acceleration, which leads to the normal target sheath acceleration (TNSA) process. The TNSA mechanism makes it possible to use different target geometries in order to obtain a better focusing of the beams of particles on the order of several tens of microns, with high energy densities. Hot electrons are produced by irradiating a solid sheet with an intense laser pulse; these electrons are transported through the target, forming a strong electrostatic field, normal to the target surface. Protons and positively charged ions from the back surface of the target are accelerated by this domain until the charge of the electron is compensated. The density of hot electrons and the temperature in the back vacuum depend on the target geometric and compositional properties such as target curvature, pulse and microstructure tuning structures for enhanced proton acceleration. In my first year I studied the effects of target geometry on the proton and energy ion and angular distribution in order to optimize the accelerated laser particle beams by means of two-dimensional (2D) particle -in-cell (PIC) simulations of the interaction of ultra-short laser pulses with several microstructured targets. Also during this year, I studied the theory behind the models used
André, Arnaud. „Etude numérique de l’interaction laser-plasma sous dense : de la propagation de l’impulsion au rayonnement émis par les électrons accélérés“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112098.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn intense and short laser pulse propagating through an under dense plasma creates a plasma wave in its wake. The huge electric fields generated by this wave are responsible for the acceleration of trapped electrons to high energies in a very short distance. A nonlinear acceleration regime, known as the bubble regime, is particularly exciting as it generates mono-energetic electron beams. Outstanding results have been obtained recently in this thematic. However, while the electron beam itself has been widely characterized, there is still a lack of information concerning the detail of the interaction process itself. During my thesis work, I contribute to bring responses to this problematic, by studying the information carried out by the light emitted during interaction using intensive numerical simulations.The first part of my thesis is the dedicated to the links existing between the properties of accelerated electrons and the radiation they emit. From its properties, we can deduce the direction of the electron beam at the end of the acceleration, as well as in some particular conditions inside the beam. It is also possible to observe variations of the interaction through radiations.The second part is dedicated to the pulse propagation study. The pulse shape and spectrum of the laser pulse can be modified during the interaction of the laser within the medium. We have studied the propagation of the pulse in Nitrogen and Argon for slightly relativistic intensity. We showed that in given conditions, the pulse spectrum can be shifted due to self-modulation, the generation of an electronic density gradient due to the gas ionization. We also studied the pulse propagation at higher intensity, in the bubble regime. We identified the origin of interaction variations, observed in the first part of the thesis through the emitted radiation study
Cavallone, Marco. „Application of laser-plasma accelerated beams to high dose-rate radiation biology“. Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX063.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCancer is the second leading cause of death globally, accounting for an estimated 9.6 million deaths, or one in six deaths, in 2018. Besides surgery and chemotherapy, radiotherapy is one of the major treatment modality. It consists in the use of ionising radiation to kill cancerous cells by depositing energy into the tumour and destroying the genetic material that controls how cells grow and divide. While both cancerous and healthy cells are damaged by radiation, the goal of radiotherapy is to increase the treatment selectivity by sparing as much as possible the healthy tissues. Optimisation of the selectivity reposes on several aspects, including spatial optimisation of the dose, precision of imaging techniques and dosimetry instruments, use of different radiations and temporal structures of dose delivery. In particular, the role of the dose-rate and the total irradiation time has not been extensively explored yet.Clinical accelerators typically deliver the dose with a dose rate around few Gy/min, leading to exposure times in the order of few minutes to deliver a therapeutic dose. While the effect of a reduction of the dose rate in the order of cGy/min is well known, the effect of high-dose rate, fast irradiation on living cells still need to be elucidated. Evidences of an effect of the high dose-rate on the biological response have been recently observed in many studies. In particular, in-vivo studies performed with electrons and photons produced by accelerator prototypes have shown that delivering the prescribed dose in a short exposure time (<500ms) and at a high dose-rate (>40Gy/s) increases the treatment selectivity by reducing the occurrence of secondary effects on healthy tissues compared to conventional treatments with the same total dose. Although theoretical explanations underpinning such phenomenon are still under discussion, the so-called FLASH protocol has been successfully tested with the first human patient in 2019, paving the way for further research in this domain. These important results point out the importance of the dose delivery modality on the treatment selectivity and the potential benefit that high dose-rate protocols may bring to clinics, asking for a deeper understanding of the physico-chemical and biological processes following fast dose deposition.In this scenario, Laser-Driven Particle (LDP) beams represent a unique tool to shed some light on the radiobiological response following high-dose rate irradiation. LDP sources are produced by focusing an ultra-short (~fs) and ultra-intense (1019 W/cm2) laser pulse on a solid or gaseous thin target (~μm), producing proton and electron bunches with duration of respectively a few picoseconds and a few femtoseconds. These characteristics allow the reach of extremely high peak dose-rate in the pulse of the order of ~109 Gy/s in comparison with conventional and FLASH treatment protocols. For this reason, LDP sources have been receiving great attention in the last decade, but their radiobiological effect is still debated and further systematic studies are required.This thesis discusses the potential of both Laser-Accelerated Protons (LAP) and Laser-Accelerated Electrons (LAE) produced by different types of commercially available high-power lasers systems. In particular, it presents experimental and theoretical studies carried out with three different types of LDP beams, i.e. Hz LAPs, single-shot LAPs and kHz LAEs, enabling different temporal modalities of dose delivery. The goal is to address some of the main issues related to the application of such sources to radiation biology and show viable solutions and irradiation protocols to perform systematic radiobiology studies. Such issues include accurate characterisation of the source, optimisation of the dose distribution at the biological target through the design of adapted transport beamlines and investigation of the behaviour of dosimetric instruments for high dose-rate dosimetry
Lee, Patrick. „Modélisation d'un injecteur laser-plasma pour l'accélération multi-étages“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS180/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaser Wakefield Acceleration (LWFA) relies on the interaction between an intense laser pulse and an under-dense plasma. This interaction generates a plasma wave with a strong accelerating field, which is three orders of magnitude higher than the one of the conventional accelerator; more compact accelerator is therefore theoretically possible. In the design of a future accelerator, a high quality electron bunch with a high charge, low energy spread and low emittance has to be accelerated to high energies. A solution for this is a multi-stage accelerator, which consists of an injector, a transport line and accelerator stages. This research work focuses on the modelling of the injector using the PIC code Warp and on the numerical methods such as the Lorentz-boosted frameto speedup calculations and the Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) to ensure the precision in numerical calculations. The outcome of this thesis has demonstrated the efficiency of the PML in the high-order FDTD and the pseudo-spectral solvers. Besides, it has also demonstrated the convergence of the results performed in simulations using the Lorentz-boosted frame technique. This technique speeds up simulations by a large factor (36) while preserving their accuracy. The modelling work in this thesis has allowed analysis and understanding of experimental results, as well as prediction of results for future experiments. This thesis has also shown ways to optimize the injector to deliver an electron bunch that conforms with the specifications of future accelerators
Zemzemi, Imene. „High-performance computing and numerical simulation for laser wakefield acceleration with realistic laser profiles“. Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX111.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe advent of ultra-short high-intensity lasers has paved the way to new and promising, yet challenging, areas of research in laser-plasma interaction physics. The success of building petawatt femtosecond lasers offers a promising path for designing future particle accelerators and light sources.Achieving this goal intrinsically relies on the combination of experiments and numerical modeling. So far, Particle-In-Cell (PIC) codes have been the ultimate tool to accurately describe the laser-plasma interaction especially in the field of Laser WakeField Acceleration (LWFA). Nevertheless, the numerical modeling of laser-plasma accelerators in 3D can be a very challenging task due to their high computational cost.A useful approach to speed up such simulations consists of employing reduced numerical modes which simplify the problem while retaining a high fidelity.Among these models, Fourier field decomposition in azimuthal modes for the cylindrical geometry is particularly well suited for physical problems with close to cylindrical symmetry, which is the case in LWFA.During my Ph.D., I first implemented this method in the open-source code SMILEI in the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) discretization scheme for the Maxwell solver. However, this kind of solvers may suffer from numerical Cherenkov radiation (NCR). To mitigate this artifact, I also implemented Maxwell’s solver in the Pseudo Spectral Analytical Domain (PSATD) scheme which offers better accuracy of the results.This method is then employed to study the impact of realistic laser profiles from the Apollon facility on the quality of the accelerated electron beam. Its ability to correctly model the involved physical processes is investigated by determining the optimal number of modes and benchmarking its results with full 3D Cartesian simulations. It is shown that the imperfections in the laser pulse lead to differences in the results compared to theoretical profiles. They degrade the performance of laser-plasma accelerators especially in terms of the quantity of injected charge. These simulations, insightful for the future experiments of LWFA that will be held soon with the Apollon laser, put forward the importance of including realistic lasers in the simulation to obtain reliable results
Ghaith, Amin. „Towards compact and advanced Free Electron Laser“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS333/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleX-ray Free Electron Lasers (FEL) are nowadays unique intense coherent fs light sources used for multi-disciplinary investigations of matter. A new acceleration scheme such as Laser Plasma Accelerator (LPA) is now capable of producing an accelerating gradient of few GeV/cm far superior to that of conventional RF linacs. This PhD work has been conducted in the framework of R&D programs of the LUNEX5 (free electron Laser Using a New accelerator for the Exploitation of X-ray radiation of 5th generation) project of advanced and compact Free Electron laser demonstrator with pilot user applications. It comprises a 400 MeV superconducting linac for studies of advanced FEL schemes, high repetition rate operation (10 kHz), multi-FEL lines, a Laser Wake Field Accelerator (LWFA) for its qualification by a FEL application. The FEL lines comports enables advanced seeding in the 40-4 nm spectral range using high gain harmonic generation (HGHG) and echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) with compact short period high field cryogenic undulators. The study of compact devices suitable for compact FEL applications is thus examined. One first aspect concerns the reduction of the Free Electron Laser gain medium (electrons in undulator) where shortening of the period is on the expense of the magnetic field leading to an intensity reduction at high harmonics. Compact cryogenic permanent magnet based undulators (CPMUs), where the magnet performance is increased at cryogenic temperature making them suitable for compact applications, are studied. Three CPMUs of period 18 mm have been built: two are installed at SOLEIL storage ring and one at COXINEL experiment. A second part of the work is developed in the frame of the R&D programs is the COXINEL experiment with an aim at demonstrating FEL amplification using an LPA source. The line enables to manipulate the properties of the produced electron beams (as energy spread, divergence, induced dispersion due) before being used for light source applications. The electron beam generated is highly divergent and requires a good handling at an early stage with strong quadrupoles, to be installed immediately after the electron generation source. Hence, the development of the so-called QUAPEVAs, innovative permanent magnet quadrupoles with high tunable gradient, is presented. The QUAPEVAs are optimized with RADIA code and characterized with three magnetic measurements. High tunable gradient is achieved while maintaining a rather good magnetic center excursion that allowed for beam pointing alignment compensation at COXINEL, where the beam is well-focused with zero dispersion at any location along the line. The QUAPEVAs constitute original systems in the landscape of variable high gradient quadrupoles developed so far. A third part of the work concerns the observation of tunable monochromatic undulator radiation on the COXINEL line. The electron beam of energy of 170 MeV is transported and focused in a 2-m long CPMU with a period of 18 mm emitting radiation light at 200 nm. The spectral flux is characterized using a UV spectrometer and the angular flux is captured by a CCD camera. The wavelength is tuned with the undulator gap variation. The spatio-spectral moon shape type pattern of the undulator radiation provided an insight on the electron beam quality and its transport enabling the estimation of the electron beam parameters such as energy spread and divergence. The final aspect of the work is related to the comparison between the echo and high gain harmonic generation, in the frame of my participation to an experiment carried out at FERMI@ELETTRA. At FERMI, we have demonstrated a high gain lasing using EEHG at a wavelength of 5.9 nm where it showed a narrower spectra and better reproducibility compared to a two-stage HGHG. This PhD work constitutes a step forward towards advanced compact Free Electron Lasers
Déchard, Jérémy. „Sources térahertz produites par des impulsions laser ultra-intenses“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS358/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFemtosecond laser pulses trigger extreme nonlinear events inmatter, leading to intense secondary radiations spanning the frequency rangesfrom terahertz (THz) to X and gamma-rays.This work is dedicated to the theoretical and numerical study of THz radiationgenerated by laser-driven plasmas. Despite the inherent difficulty in accessingthe THz spectral window (0.1-100 THz), many coming applications use theability of THz frequencies to probe matter (spectroscopy, medicine, materialscience). Laser-driven THz sources appear well-suited to provide simultaneouslyan energetic and broadband signal compared to other conventional devices. Ourgoal is to investigate previously little explored interaction regimes in orderto optimize the laser-to-THz conversion efficiency.Starting from classical interactions in gases, we validate a unidirectionalpropagation model accounting for THz pulse generation, which we compare to theexact solution of Maxwell's equations. We next increase the laser intensityabove the relativistic threshold in order to trigger a nonlinear plasma wave inthe laser wake, accelerating electrons to a few hundreds of MeV. We show thatthe standard photocurrent mechanisms is overtaken by coherent transitionradiation induced by wakefield-accelerated electron bunch. Next, successivestudies reveal the robustness of this latter process over a wide range of plasmaparameters. We also demonstrate the relevance of long laser wavelengths inaugmenting THz pulse generation through the ionization-induced pressure thatincreases the laser ponderomotive force. Finally, THz emission from laser-solidinteraction is examined in the context of ultra-thin targets, shedding light onthe different processes involved
Cantono, Giada. „Relativistic Plasmonics for Ultra-Short Radiation Sources“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS353/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlasmonics studies how the electromagnetic radiation couples with the collective oscillations of the electrons within a medium. Surface plasmons (SPs), in particular, have a well-established role in the development of forefront photonic devices, as they allow for strong enhancement of the local EM field over sub-micrometric dimensions. Promoting the SP excitation to the high-field regime, where the electrons quiver at relativistic velocities, would open stimulating perspectives for the both the manipulation of ultra-intense laser light and the development of energetic, short radiation sources. Indeed, the excitation of resonant plasma modes is a possible strategy to efficiently deliver the energy of a high-power laser to a solid target, this being among the current challenges in the physics of highly-intense laser-matter interaction. Gathering these topics, this thesis demonstrates the opportunity of resonant surface plasmon excitation at ultra-high laser intensities by studying how such waves accelerate bunches of relativistic electrons along the target surface and how they enhance the generation of high-order harmonics of the laser frequency. Both these processes have been investigated with numerous experiments and extensive numerical simulations. Adopting a standard configuration from classical plasmonics, SPs are excited on solid, wavelength-scale grating targets. In their presence, both electron and harmonic emissions exhibit remarkable features that support the conception of practical applications. Putting aside some major technical and conceptual issues discouraging the applicability of plasmonic effects in the high-field regime, these results are expected to mark new promises to the exploration of Relativistic Plasmonics
Wang, Ke. „Design study of a Laser Plasma Wakefield Accelerator with an externally injected 10-MeV electron beam coming from a photoinjector“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS179/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe acceleration of an externally injected 10MeV electron bunch coming from a RF photoinjector in a high gradient electric field excited in a plasma by a high power laser is studied. In this thesis, the configuration of such an experiment is studied and start to end simulations are presented. As an ultrashort electron bunch (several femtoseconds) is required to maintain a low energy spread beam in the plasma, the 10MeV electron bunch coming from the photoinjector is compressed in two stages. The first stage is realized using a dogleg chicane which compresses the electron bunch to 69fs, the second stage is realized with velocity bunching in the plasma that further compresses the electron bunch to 3fs before efficient acceleration. The electron bunch is transversely focused with a solenoid before being injected into the plasma. A long cell is used to create a plasma starting several Rayleigh lengths before the laser focal plane, allowing the velocity bunching in the first part of the plasma and relaxing constraints on the transverse bunch size. The cell extends several Rayleigh lengths after the laser focal plane to suppress the angular divergence of the electron bunch. We demonstrate that the electron bunch at the exit of the plasma has an energy of more than one hundred MeV, with an emittance smaller than 1 µm, a charge greater than 7pC and a FWHM energy spread smaller than 1.5%. To extend the acceleration section, the guiding of the laser beam with a hollow dielectric capillary is studied, the results show that even in the best matching conditions, the usual laser Gaussian transverse profile is not optimum, mainly because of the diffraction of the laser on the edges at the entrance of the capillary, a flattened Gaussian laser profile is then suggested to suppress this diffraction and the electrons can be accelerated over more than ten Rayleigh lengths
Pommarel, Loann. „Transport and control of a laser-accelerated proton beam for application to radiobiology“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParticle acceleration by laser-plasma interaction is a promising alternative to conventional accelerators that could make future devices dedicated to protontherapy more compact. Extreme electric fields in the order of TV/m are created when an ultra-intense laser pulse is focused on a thin solid target with a thickness of a few micrometers, which generates a beam of highly energetic particles. The latter includes protons with energies up to about ten megaelectron-volts and characterised by a wide angular divergence and a broad energy spectrum.The goal of this thesis is to fully characterise a laser-based accelerator in order to produce a stable proton beam meeting the energy, charge and surface homogeneity requirements for radiobiological experiments. The design, realisation and implementation of a magnetic system made of permanent magnet quadrupoles were optimised beforehand through numerical simulations. It enables to obtain a beam with a shaped energy spectrum and with a uniform profile over a surface with a size adapted to the biological samples.Deferred and online dosimetry was setup to monitor the delivered output dose. For that purpose, a transmission ionisation chamber, previously calibrated absolutely on a medical proton accelerator, was used. Monte Carlo simulations enabled to compute the dose deposited into the samples. This compact system allows now to define a rigorous experimental protocol for in vitro radiobiological experiments. First experiments of cancer cell irradiation have been carried out, paving the way for the exploration of the effects of pulsed ionizing radiations at extremely high dose rates on living cells
Gustas, Dominykas. „High-repetition-rate relativistic electron acceleration in plasma wakefields driven by few-cycle laser pulses“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX118/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleContinuing progress in laser technology has enabled dramatic advances in laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA), a technique that permits driving particles by electric fields three orders of magnitude higher than in conventional radio-frequency accelerators. Due to significantly reduced space charge and velocity dispersion effects, the resultant relativistic electron bunches have also been identified as a candidate tool to achieve unprecedented sub-10 fs temporal resolution in ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments. High repetition rate operation is desirable to improve data collection statistics and thus washout shot-to-shot charge fluctuations inherent to plasma accelerators. It is well known that high-quality electron beams can be achieved in the blowout, or "bubble" regime, which is at present regularly accessed with ≈ 30 fs Joule-class lasers that can perform up to few shots per second. Our group on the contraryutilized a cutting edge laser system producing few-mJ pulses compressed nearly to a single optical cycle (3.4 fs) to demonstrate for the first time an MeV-grade particle accelerator with properties characteristic to the blowout regime operating at 1 kHz repetition rate. We further investigate the plasma density profile and exact laser pulse waveform effects on the source output, and show that using special gas microjets a charge of tens of pC/shot can be achieved. We expect this technique to lead to a generation of highly accessible and robust instruments for the scientific community to conduct UED experiments or to be used for other applications. This work also serves to expand our knowledge on the scalability of laser-plasma acceleration
Moreau, Julien. „Interaction d’une impulsion laser intense avec un plasma sous dense dans le régime relativiste“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0042/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe laser-accelerated ions draw an increasing interest due to their potential applications and to their unique properties. This manuscript presents a study of the interaction between a relativistic intense laser pulse and a low density plasma. In this regime, the plasma is transparent to the laser pulse and electrons oscillate with relativistic velocities in the field of the incident wave. These conditions make the transfer of the laser pulse energy to the plasma efficient, and therefore are interesting for the ion acceleration. This regime generates also electromagnetic and acoustic solitons whose formation mechanisms and properties need to be better understood. We carry out a detailed analysis of Particle-In-Cell simulations (performed with the code OCEAN) of interaction of an intense laser pulse with a low density plasma.We show that the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is the main mechanism responsible for the absorption of laser energy in plasma. This process is very efficient : it leads to the transfer of 70 % of the laser pulse energy to electrons. This instability occurs in plasmas with a density larger than the quarter critical one due to the decrease of the electron plasma frequency and develops in a very short time scale. It leads to an homogeneous electron heating all along the distance of propagation of the laser pulse through the plasma. The ions are efficiently accelerated at the plasma edges and can get nearly 30%of the initial laser energy. This study is accompanied by a simple analytical model which is able to predict and so optimize the laser backscattering fraction due to the development of the SRS instability. We also present a sequence of stages which lead to the formation of electromagnetic cavities. This analysis highlights the role of the modulationnal or Benjamin-Feir instability in the front of the laser pulse, which is split in a train of electromagnetic solitons. Our detailed study shows that these solitons excite plasmas waves in their wake, lose energy and are finally trapped in the plasma. They lead to the formation of density depressions (cavities) which may trap the electromagnetic fields produced in the plasma (by the SRS instability, for example). These structures may survive for a long time thanks to an equilibrium of the trapped field radiation pressure and the electronic kinetic pressure at their borders. These cavities absorb an significant part of the laser energy but only a part of it is trapped inside. The remaining part is invested in the cavity expansion, generation of acoustic solitons and acceleration of charged particles
Ferri, Julien. „Étude des rayonnements Bétatron et Compton dans l'accélération d'électrons par sillage laser“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX094/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn ultra-short and ultra-intense laser pulse propagating in a low-density gas can accelerate in its wake a part of the electrons ionized from the gas to relativistic energies of a few hundreds of MeV over distances of a few millimeters only. During their acceleration, as a consequence of their transverse motion, these electrons emit strongly collimated X-rays in the forward direction, which are called betatron radiations. The characteristics of this source turn it into an interesting tool for high-resolution imagery.In this thesis, we explore three different axis to work on this source using simulations on the Particles-In-Cells codes CALDER and CALDER-Circ. We first study the creation of a betatron X-ray source with kilojoule and picosecond laser pulses, for which duration and energy are then much higher than usual in this domain. In spite of the unusual laser parameters, we show that X-ray sources can still be generated, furthermore in two different regimes.In a second study, the generally observed discrepancies between experiments and simulations are investigated. We show that the use of realistic laser profiles instead of Gaussian ones in the simulations strongly degrades the performances of the laser-plasma accelerator and of the betatron source. Additionally, this leads to a better qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experiment.Finally, with the aim of improving the X-ray emission, we explore several techniques based on the manipulation of the plasma density profile used for acceleration. We find that both the use of a transverse gradient and of a density step increases the amplitude of the electrons transverse motions, and then increases the radiated energy. Alternatively, we show that this goal can also be achieved through the transition from a laser wakefield regime to a plasma wakefield regime induced by an increase of the density. The laser wakefield optimizes the electron acceleration whereas the plasma wakefield favours the X-ray emission
Ju, Jinchuan. „Electron acceleration and betatron radiation driven by laser wakefield inside dielectric capillary tubes“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00861267.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarrier-Vallieres, Simon. „Towards reliable, intense and high repetition-rate laser-driven ion beamlines“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0224.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParticle accelerators attract a lot of attention in the scientific and non-scientific community as a result of their wide applicability in fields ranging from fundamental sciences, medicine to industrial applications. This doctoral work stands at the forefront of laser-based ion accelerators, and pushes forward their development to make them more competitive ion sources compared to conventional particle accelerators. For achieving higher competitiveness, laser-driven ion sources must be compact, cost-effective, reliable, intense and operated at high repetition-rates, which all together yield ion beam characteristics that cannot be realistically matched by any other kind of ion accelerator. To do so, the general effort of this doctoral work tackled three different aspects of laser-based ion acceleration, namely precise target alignment, improved targetry using nanostructures and the development of efficient particle diagnostics. The endeavor required to perform equivalent amounts of numerical work, through simulations using High Performance Computing, as well as experimental work, by implementing a cutting-edge ion beamline at the Advanced Laser Light Source (ALLS) 100 TW facility and to carry out several experimental campaigns abroad.The first part of the work aims at improving the reliability of ion beams through the precise positioning of solid targets used in laser-driven ion acceleration. For this purpose, a Target Positioning Interferometer (TPI) that reaches subwavelength positioning precision was developed. The TPI’s novel design is a modified Michelson interferometer that incorporates an aspherical converging lens in the target arm to transform it from a relative to an absolute positioning device, having a single unambiguity point in space. The high positioning accuracy is also achieved by a numerical fringe analysis algorithm that maximizes the extraction of signals with high signal-to-noise ratio, in an optimized timeframe. The development of a fast algorithm is crucial to make the TPI a viable solution for its implementation in a laser-based ion accelerator.The second part of the work is focused on enhancing the acceleration mechanism to generate higher ion numbers and kinetic energies, leading to more intense ion bunches. The solid targets used are typically flat metallic targets which allow for less than 10% of laser energy absorption, thereby limiting the laser-to-ion conversion efficiency to a few percent. A way to increase this conversion efficiency is by using target surface nanostructuration to trap the incoming laser pulse, ultimately leading to a greater energy transfer to the ions. We have shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that a careful optimization of a nanostructure’s geometrical parameters, in particular for nanospheres and nanowires, leads to multiple-fold enhancements of ion numbers and kinetic energies, compared to the use of the same laser pulse incident on flat targets of the same material.The final part of the work is dedicated to the development of efficient particle diagnostics suitable for being implemented on high repetition-rate laser-based ion beamlines. We first performed the absolute number calibration of the new EBT-XD type of radiochromic films (RCF). The EBT-XD exhibit larger dose detection range and higher minimum energy threshold compared to their EBT3 counterpart, hence more suitable for intense ion beamlines. A severe response quenching was remarked when the Bragg peak of the measured particle falls directly within the active layer of the RCF, causing significant particle number misestimation errors. Finally, we have developed a Thomson Parabola (TP) and Time-of-Flight cross-calibrated set of particle diagnostics that were incorporated on the ALLS 100 TW ion beamline. The TP spectrometer uses a microchannel plate (MCP) detector that was calibrated from single proton impacts to reconstruct the response function of the MCP detection system
Doche, Antoine. „Particle acceleration with beam driven wakefield“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX023/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlasma wakefield accelerators (PWFA) or laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA) are new technologies of particle accelerators that are particularly promising, as they can provide accelerating fields of hundreds of Gigaelectronvolts per meter while conventional facilities are limited to hundreds of Megaelectronvolts per meter. In the Plasma Wakefield Acceleration scheme (PWFA) and the Laser Wakefield Acceleration scheme (LWFA), a bunch of particles or a laser pulse propagates in a gas, creating an accelerating structure in its wake: an electron density wake associated to electromagnetic fields in the plasma. The main achievement of this thesis is the very first demonstration and experimental study in 2016 of the Plasma Wakefield Acceleration of a distinct positron bunch. In the scheme considered in the experiment, a lithium plasma was created in an oven, and a plasma density wave was excited inside it by a first bunch of positrons (the drive bunch) while the energy deposited in the plasma was extracted by a second bunch (the trailing bunch). An accelerating field of 1.36 GeV/m was reached during the experiment, for a typical accelerated charge of 40 pC. In the present manuscript is also reported the feasibility of several regimes of acceleration, which opens promising prospects for plasma wakefield accelerator staging and future colliders. Furthermore, this thesis also reports the progresses made regarding a new scheme: the use of a LWFA-produced electron beam to drive plasma waves in a gas jet. In this second experimental study, an electron beam created by laser-plasma interaction is refocused by particle bunch-plasma interaction in a second gas jet. A study of the physical phenomena associated to this hybrid LWFA-PWFA platform is reported. Last, the hybrid LWFA-PWFA scheme is also promising in order to enhance the X-ray emission by the LWFA electron beam produced in the first stage of the platform. In the last chapter of this thesis is reported the first experimental realization of this last scheme, and its promising results are discussed
Plaisir, Cyril. „Etudes expérimentales de l'accélération de particules avec des lasers ultra-intenses : applications à des expériences de physique nucléaire dans les plasmas lasers“. Phd thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00658936.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePsikal, Jan. „Ion acceleration in small-size targets by ultra-intense short laser pulses (simulation and theory)“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13941/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe presented thesis is based on a theoretical study of the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with small-size targets and related phenomena, mainly acceleration of ions. We have employed our relativistic collisionless two-dimensional particle-in-cell code to describe the interaction and subsequent ion acceleration. The theory of ion acceleration and related physics (for example, electron heating mechanisms) have been reviewed as well as computational algorithms used in our simulation code. In the thesis, our obtained results are organized into three main parts: 1) interaction of an intense laser pulse with mass-limited targets; 2) laser proton acceleration in a water spray target; 3) lateral hot electron transport and ion acceleration in thin foils. Our theoretical and numerical studies are accompanied with recent experimental results obtained by cooperating research groups on enhanced ion acceleration in thin foils of reduced surface and on proton acceleration in a cloud of water microdroplets. Since the field of nowadays operating lasers is not sufficient to accelerate directly ions to high energies due to their at least 1000 times larger mass-to-charge ratio compared with electrons, the ion acceleration is mediated by hot electrons creating strong electrostatic fields (a population of electrons heated by the laser wave) in targets of sizes higher or comparable with the laser wavelength or by Coulomb force between ions after electron expulsion in small clusters. Due to reduced target dimensions, the mass-limited targets, defined as the targets having all dimensions comparable with the laser spot size, limit the spread of hot electrons and, thus, the electron kinetic energy is transferred to ions more efficiently. We found via 2D PIC simulations that the optimum transverse target size is about the laser beam diameter. The enhancement of proton energy, laser-to-proton conversion efficiency, and narrower ion angular spread have been observed in recent experiments with thin foil sections and have confirmed our previous theoretical studies. The physics of the laser pulse interaction with water spray is rather complex and includes many phenomena (microdroplet ablation by laser prepulse, inhomogeneous droplet ionization, laser focal spot position in the spray, recombination and collisional effects in the surrounding target material, etc.). We have carried out numerical simulations of the laser pulse interaction with a water microdroplet of diameter of 100 nm, which gives an insight into the physics of ion acceleration in the spray. One can observe a pronounced peak in the proton energy spectra at the cutoff energy, which was explained by mutual interaction between protons and oxygen ions. Finally, we have studied two mechanisms of lateral electron transport in a thin foil - the first is due to hot electron guiding along the foil front surface by generated quasi-static electric and magnetic fields, and the second is caused by the hot electron recirculation (reversing of the normal component of electron velocity when the electron propagating through the foil starts to escape into vacuum, while the transverse velocity is largely unaltered). We found that only a small number of electrons can be guided along the foil surface for large incidence angles (60° and more) of the laser beam on the foil surface, whereas the majority of electrons is laterally transported towards foil edges due to the recirculation through the thin foil. However, electrons guided along the surface can be accelerated to several times higher energy than the recirculating electrons, which enhances the energy of accelerated ions from foil edges
Bernard, Denis. „Accélération de particules dans un plasma excité par un laser“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00496451.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRabhi, Nesrine. „Charged particle diagnostics for PETAL, calibration of the detectors and development of the demonstrator“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0339/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn order to protect their detection against the giant electromagnetic pulse generated by the interaction of the PETAL laser with its target, PETAL diagnostics will be equipped with passive detectors. For SESAME and SEPAGE systems, a combination of imaging plate (IP) detectors with high-Z material protection layers will be used to provide additional features such as: 1) Ensuring a response of the detector to be independent of its environment and hence homogeneous over the surface of the diagnostics; 2) Shielding the detectors against high-energy photons from the PETAL target. In this work, calibration experiments of such detectors based on IPs were performed at electron and proton facilities with the goal of covering the energy range of the particle detection at PETAL from 0.1 to 200 MeV. The introduction aims at providing the reader the methods and tools used for this study. The second chapter presents the results of two experiments performed with electrons in the range from 5 to 180 MeV. The third chapter describes an experiment and its results, where protons in the energy range between 80 and 200 MeV were sent onto detectors. The fourth chapter is dedicated to an experiment with protons and ions in the energy range from 1 to 22 MeV proton energy, which aimed at studying our detector responses and testing the demonstrator of the SEPAGE diagnostic. We used the GEANT4 toolkit to analyse our data and compute the detection responses on the whole energy range from 0.1 to 1000 MeV
Lehe, Rémi. „Improvement of laser-wakefield accelerators: towards a compact free electron laser“. Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01088398/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhen an intense and short laser pulse propagates through an underdensegas, it can accelerate a fraction of the electrons of the gas, andthereby generate an electron bunch with an energy of a few hundreds ofMeV. This phenomenon, which is referred to as laser-wakefield acceleration, has many potential applications, including the design of ultra-bright X-ray sources known as freeelectron lasers (FEL). However, these applications require the electronbunch to have an excellent quality (low divergence, emittance andenergy spread). In this thesis, different solutions to improve thequality of the electron bunch are developed, both analytically and through the use of Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations. It is first shown however that PIC simulations tend to erroneously overestimate the emittance of the bunch, due to the numerical Cherenkov effect. Thus, in order to correctly estimate the emittance, a modified PICalgorithm is proposed, which is not subject to this unphysical Cherenkov effect. Using this algorithm, we observed and studied a new mechanism togenerate the electron bunch: optical transverse injection. This mechanism can produce bunches with ahigh charge, a low emittance and a low energy spread. In addition, wealso proposed an experimental setup - the laser-plasma lens- which can strongly reduce the final divergence of the bunch. Finally, these results are put into context by discussing the propertiesrequired for the design of a compact FEL. It is shown in particularthat laser-wakefield accelerator could be advantageously combinedwith innovative laser-plasma undulators, in order to produce brightX-rays sources
Gerbaux, Mathias. „Sources de particules de hautes énergies obtenues avec des lasers intenses pour applications à la physique nucléaire“. Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00269852.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCe travail se place dans la perspective de l'utilisation de ces faisceaux pour des expériences de physique nucléaire. Pour cet usage, il est nécessaire de connaître quantitativement les caractéristiques des faisceaux de particules : distribution en énergie, distribution angulaire.
Les faisceaux obtenus par accélération laser ont des caractéristiques très différentes des faisceaux d'accélérateurs conventionnels entre autres de par leur brièveté et leur intensité mais aussi par leur distribution en énergie continue. Ces propriétés rendent complexes leur caractérisation et nous ont amenés à développer des méthodes combinant spectromètres à diodes, films radiochromiques, activation nucléaire de matériaux choisis et simulations Monte-Carlo.
Ces méthodes ont été utilisées sur deux installations lasers différentes (Salle Jaune au LOA de Palaiseau et JETI à l'IOQ de Jena) mais de caractéristiques proches pour l'étude des faisceaux d'électrons en fonction du matériau-cible. Une expérience a également été menée pour caractériser tir à tir le faisceau de protons produits par le laser 100 TW du LULI (Palaiseau). Cette dernière expérience a, de plus, permis de démontrer la possibilité d'induire des réactions nucléaires dans un plasma et de mesurer quantitativement le taux de réaction en vue d'une expérience de perturbation du couplage noyau-cortège électronique par un champ électromagnétique fort dû au laser.
Faure, Jérôme. „Accélération de particules par interaction laser-plasma dans le régime relativiste“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00404354.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRovige, Lucas. „Optimization, stabilization and optical phase control of a high-repetition rate laser-wakefield accelerator“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022IPPAE011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD thesis presents experimental work on the development of a high-repetition rate (kHz) laser-wakefield accelerator using few millijoules, near-single cycle laser pulses. We explore a large set of experimental parameters to optimize the accelerator by controlling the plasma density and profile, pulse duration, type of gas and injection mechanism used in experiments. We demonstrate significant performances improvement, notably with progress made on the long-term stability and reliability of the accelerator with continuous and stable operation of the accelerator for several hours accumulating a record of 18 million consecutive shots. We achieve this gain in stability by using a newly designed type of gas target resulting in an asymmetric hydrodynamic oblique shock enabling injection in the downward density transition of the shock region. Using particle-in-cell simulations, we understand in details the underlying causes leading to an optimized and stable acceleration regime. The typical electron beam energy has also been increased by a factor of two, up to 8 MeV, while a single-shot beam divergence as low as 3mrad is achieved using helium instead of nitrogen to form the plasma. We then present the results of a first application experiment in radiobiology where our accelerator is used to irradiate cancerous cells, taking advantage of the newly acquired stability.Secondly, we study the specificity of the interaction of near-single cycle pulses with an underdense plasma that occurs in our accelerator, mainly through the effect of the carrier-envelope phase (CEP). We observe and control experimentally for the first time CEP effects in a laser-wakefield accelerator, that manifest through a dependence of the electron beam pointing to the laser initial optical phase. We also show significant (up to 30%) charge variations in some cases when changing the value of the CEP. By carrying out particle-in-cell simulations, we explain these effects by the periodic off-axis injection of several electron sub-bunches triggered by the oscillation of the asymmetry of the plasma wave in the laser polarization direction due to the CEP shifting during propagation. Finally, we discuss preliminary results on carrier-envelope phase effects on the electron energy spectrum associated with ionization injection in a helium-argon gas mixture