Zeitschriftenartikel: „Abiotic and biotic“

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NINGSIH, SRI WAHYU, Achyani Achyani und Handoko Santoso. „FAKTOR BIOTIK DAN ABIOTIK YANG MENDUKUNG KERAGAMAN TUMBUHAN PAKU(Pteridophyta) DI KAWASAN HUTAN GISTING PERMAI KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS LAMPUNG“. BIOLOVA 2, Nr. 1 (26.02.2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/biolova.v2i1.293.

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ABSTRACT: Tumbuh suburnya Pteridophyta di Kawasan Hutan Gisting Permai Kecamatan Gisting Kabupaten Tanggamus sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor biotik dan abiotik. Faktor biotik meliputi semua kehidupan makhluk hidup di bumi baik individu, populasi dan komunitas yang di dalamnya termasuk jumlah inang Pteridophyta yang banyak, sedangkan faktor abiotik meliputi seluruh faktor-faktor non hidup dari suatu kondisi lingkungan seperti cahaya matahari, suhu, air, dan tanah, ketinggian. Faktor-faktor abiotik ini tidak hanya menyediakan energi dan materi penting, tetapi juga mempunyai peranan dalam menentukan tumbuhan-tumbuhan dan hewan-hewan yang mampu berada disuatu tempat tertentu sesuai dengan habitatnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah berupa kajian kualitatif. Artikel ini dikaji dengan menyatukn referensi dari berbagai sumber diantaranya berasal dari jurnal, buku, arsip dokumen pekon Gisting Permai, dan internet. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan menggunakan berbagai referensi yang dikumpulkan sebanyak mungkin yang berkaitan dengn faktor biotik dan abiotik pertumbuhan tumbuhan paku. Kata kunci: Biotik, Abiotik, Pteridophyta. ABSTRACT: The growth of Pteridophyta in the Permai Gisting Forest Area, Gisting Sub-District Tanggamus Regency was strongly influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include all the life of living things on earth both individuals, populations and communities which include a large number of Pteridophyta hosts, while abiotic factors include all non-living factors of an environmental condition such as sunlight, temperature, water, and soil, height. These abiotic factors not only provide important energy and material, but also had a role in determining plants and animals that which are able to be in a certain place according to their habitat. The method used in this study is a qualitative study. This article was reviewed by citing references from various sources including journals, books, Gisting Permai archive documents, and the internet. The data collection was obtained by using as many references as possible related to biotic and abiotic factors for fern growth. Key word: biotic, abiotic, Pteridophyta.

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Aryanti, Nirmala Ayu, Febri Arif Cahyo Wibowo, Mahidi Mahidi, Frita Kusuma Wardhani und I. Komang Tri Wijaya Kusuma. „Hubungan Faktor Biotik dan Abiotik Terhadap Keanekaragaman Makrobentos di Hutan Mangrove Kabupaten Lombok Barat“. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 24, Nr. 2 (19.05.2021): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v24i2.10044.

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High human activity around the coastal area will affect the mangrove ecosystem and the biota such as macrobenthos. Benthic diversity can reflect conditions of mangrove ecosystem, that slow growth and sensitive to environmental changes. This study aims to determine the influence of biotic and abiotic environments on the macrobenthos in Cendi Manik Village, Sekotong District, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. Data collection of macrobenthos, biotic and abiotic environments in natural and rehabilitation mangrove, then the diversity species of macrobenthos with biotic and abiotic environmental variables were analyzed multiple regression. The most dominant vegetations are Rhizophora mucronata Lam and Avicennia marina Forssk. The diversity index for macrobenthos is low (H’ 1,207) in natural and rehabilitation mangrove. Macrobenthos between two location have high similarity with 84,6%. The result of multiple regression test showed that most influencing of macrobenthos were mud thickness and brightness. Aktivitas manusia yang tinggi sekitar kawasan pesisir akan mempengaruhi ekosistem mangrove dan biota di dalamnya seperti makrobentos. Keanekaragaman bentos dapat mampu mencerminkan kondisi ekosistem mangrove, pertumbuhan yang lambat dan sensitif terhadap perubahan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lingkungan biotik dan abiotik terhadap makrobentos yang ada di Desa Cendi Manik Kecamatan Sekotong Kabupaten Lombok Barat Nusa Tenggara Barat. Pengumpulan data makrobentos, biotik dan abiotik lingkungan pada hutan mangrove alam dan rehabilitasi, kemudian keanekaragaman jenis makrobentos dengan variabel lingkungan biotik dan abiotik dianalisis regresi berganda. Jenis vegetasi yang paling mendominasi adalah jenis Rhizophora mucronata Lam dan Avicennia marina Forssk. Keanekaragaman jenis makrobentos termasuk dalam kategori rendah (H’ 1,207) di hutan mangrove alam dan rehabilitasi. Jenis makrobentos antara dua lokasi tersebut memiliki kemiripan yang tinggi yaitu 84,6 %. Uji regresi berganda diperoleh variabel lingkungan yang paling berpengaruh pada keanekaragaman jenis makrobentos adalah ketebalan lumpur dan kedalaman kecerahan air.

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Ali, Fajri Nurul, Ari B. Rondonuwu, Silvester B. Pratasik, Adnan S. Wantasen, Nego E. Bataragoa und Janny D. Kusen. „Composition and Condition Of Coral Reefs In Dudepo Cape, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi“. Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX 10, Nr. 1 (15.04.2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.v10i1.38203.

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This study aims to determine the composition and condition of coral reefs in Dudepo Cape, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The method used is Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Data were collected by SCUBA diving at 3 meters and 10 meters depths. In 3 meters depth was found biotic components such as Acropora and non-Acropora with 6 growth forms, and five other biotic components, while abiotic components were only found in coral rubbles (R). In 10 meter depth was found biotic components live coral with 7 growth forms, and five other biotic components, while the abiotic components as sand and coral rubbles. In two depths, the coral reef component dominant were Acropora digitate (ACD) and Acropora branching (ACB). The condition of coral reefs at 3-meter depth and 10 meters were “Fair” with the percent cover of live corals being 35.59% and 37.30%.Keywords: Coral; Coral Reef; ConditionAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi dan kondisi terumbu karang di Tanjung Dudepo Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Selatan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan penyelaman SCUBA pada kedalaman 3 meter dan 10 meter. Pada kedalaman 3 meter ditemukan komponen biotik berupa karang hidup acropora dan non-acropora dengan 6 bentuk pertumbuhan, dan 5 komponen biotik lainnya, sedangkan komponen abiotik hanya ditemukan berupa pecahan karang. Pada kedalaman 10 meter ditemukan komponen biotik berupa karang hidup dengan 7 bentuk pertumbuhan, dan 5 komponen biotik lainnya, sedangkan komponen abiotik berupa pasir dan pecahan karang. Pada dua kedalaman, bentuk pertumbuhan yang mendominasi yaitu acropora digitate dan acropora branching. Kondisi terumbu karang pada lokasi penelitian khususnya pada kedalaman 3 meter dan 10 meter yaitu berada pada kategori cukup dengan persentase tutupan sebesar 35,59% dan 37,30%. Kata kunci: Karang; Terumbu Karang; Kondisi.

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Suzuki, Nobuhiro, Rosa M. Rivero, Vladimir Shulaev, Eduardo Blumwald und Ron Mittler. „Abiotic and biotic stress combinations“. New Phytologist 203, Nr. 1 (11.04.2014): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12797.

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Sugisaki, Ryuichi, und Koichi Mimura. „Mantle hydrocarbons: Abiotic or biotic?“ Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, Nr. 11 (Juni 1994): 2527–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90029-9.

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Manghwar, Hakim, und Wajid Zaman. „Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses“. Life 14, Nr. 3 (12.03.2024): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14030372.

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In the complex field of plant science, knowledge of the many difficulties that plants encounter from both living and non-living stresses is essential for maintaining biodiversity and managing natural resources in a sustainable manner, in addition to guaranteeing global food security [...]

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Biniaz, Yaser, Aminallah Tahmasebi, Alireza Afsharifar, Ahmad Tahmasebi und Péter Poczai. „Meta-Analysis of Common and Differential Transcriptomic Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana“. Plants 11, Nr. 4 (12.02.2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11040502.

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Environmental stresses adversely affect crop growth and yield, resulting in major losses to plants. These stresses occur simultaneously in nature, and we therefore conducted a meta-analysis in this study to identify differential and shared genes, pathways, and transcriptomic mechanisms involved in Arabidopsis response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The results showed a total of 436/21 significant up-/downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to biotic stresses, while 476 and 71 significant DEGs were respectively up- and downregulated in response to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, 21 DEGs (2.09%) were commonly regulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Except for WRKY45 and ATXTH22, which were respectively up-/down- and down-/upregulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, other common DEGs were upregulated in response to all biotic and abiotic treatments. Moreover, the transcription factors (TFs) bHLH, MYB, and WRKY were the common TFs in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, ath-miR414 and ath-miR5658 were identified to be commonly expressed in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. The identified common genes and pathways during biotic and abiotic stresses may provide potential candidate targets for the development of stress resistance breeding programs and for the genetic manipulation of crop plants.

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Schwarz, Christian, Joost Brinkkemper und Gerben Ruessink. „Feedbacks between Biotic and Abiotic Processes Governing the Development of Foredune Blowouts: A Review“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, Nr. 1 (28.12.2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7010002.

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This paper reviews the initiation, development, and closure of foredune blowouts with focus on biotic-abiotic interactions. There is a rich body of literature describing field measurements and model simulations in and around foredune blowouts. Despite this abundance of data there is no conceptual framework available linking biotic and abiotic observations to pathways of blowout development (e.g., erosional blowout growth or vegetation induced blowout closure). This review identifies morphological and ecological processes facilitating the transition between blowout development stages and sets them in the context of existing conceptual frameworks describing biotic-abiotic systems. By doing so we are able to develop a new conceptual model linking blowout development to the dominance of its governing processes. More specifically we link blowout initiation to the dominance of abiotic (physical) processes, blowout development to the dominance of biotic-abiotic (bio-geomorphological) processes and blowout closure to the dominance of biotic (ecological) processes. Subsequently we identify further steps to test the proposed conceptual model against existing observations and show possibilities to include it in numerical models able to predict blowout development for various abiotic and biotic conditions.

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Antonyak, H. L., N. E. Panas, O. I. Pershyn, A. I. Polishchuk und N. K. Hoyvanovych. „Iodine in abiotic and biotic environments“. Studia Biologica 12, Nr. 2 (2018): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1202.567.

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McNab, W. Henry, und Tara L. Keyser. „A vegetative index of stand productivity based on tree inventory for predicting oak site index in the Central Hardwood Region“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, Nr. 8 (August 2020): 760–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0412.

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Models for prediction of site index (SI) typically include only abiotic causal variables (e.g., soil) and lack biotic response variables (e.g., vegetation), which could exhibit greater sensitivity to important environmental factors affecting tree height growth. Our study objective was to evaluate Whittaker’s moisture condition index (MCI) (R.H. Whittaker. 1956. Ecol. Monogr. 26: 1–80) as a potential biotic variable for inclusion with conventional abiotic variables in oak (Quercus L.) SI prediction models. The MCI is the sum of relative abundances of inventoried plot tree species weighted by their moisture affinity classification. We compared regression parameters of conventional base models including only abiotic variables with exploratory models configured with abiotic variables and MCI for explaining variation of SI. The best abiotic model included only aspect. When MCI was included in the abiotic model, aspect became insignificant, resulting in a single-variable biotic model that accounted for increased SI variation. The MCI biotic model remained significant when tested with independent data from a distant location. The MCI is easily calculated using plot inventory data, and with further evaluation, it may be confirmed as a useful biotic variable in combination with abiotic soil and topographic variables for prediction of oak SI.

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Margalef-Marti, Rosanna, Raul Carrey, Albert Soler und Neus Otero. „Isotopic fractionation associated to nitrate attenuation by ferrous iron containing minerals“. E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 12013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199812013.

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Biotic and abiotic laboratory experiments of nitrate and nitrite reduction by Fe-containing minerals were performed and the isotopic fractionation of the different reactions was calculated in order to determine whether it is possible to distinguish biotic and abiotic reactions involving N compounds. Results of biotic experiments showed nitrate reduction up to 96 % with transient NO2- accumulation and no significant N2O production. No significant nitrate attenuation was observed in abiotic nitrate reduction experiments. Abiotic experiments of nitrite reduction showed a rapid decrease in nitrite concentrations in those experiments with added Fe2+ coupled with a significant N2O production. Preliminary results of the N and O isotopic fractionation of the biotic experiments of nitrate reduction show differences in the ε15NNO3 and ε18ONO3 when different minerals were added. The abiotic experiments of nitrite reduction contrarily, showed similar ε15NNO2 in all the experiments.

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Demaria, D., D. Valentino, A. Matta und F. Cardinale. „Cross-protection mechanisms between biotic and abiotic stresses in plants“. Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (31.12.2017): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10532-pps.

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In order to investigate cross-protection mechanisms between stresses of different origins, greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine whether resistance levels to the fungal pathogen P. capsici were affected on wounded plants. To this purpose, tomato roots were wounded at 24h-intervals and allowed to age for up to 7 days before inoculation. Data from preliminary experiments indicate first (0–48 h old wounds) an increase in disease severity in wounded as compared to unwounded tomato plants infected with P. capsici. Then, as the wounds age, disease severity decreases to the point that plants wounded 3 days before inoculation are less susceptible than nonwounded plants. Here, with the use of tomato mutant lines, we suggest the involvement of ethylene (C2H4) and jasmonates (Ja) in the development of these responses towards P. capsici upon wounding of tomato plants.

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Masmoudi, Fatma, Mohammed Alsafran, Hareb AL Jabri, Hoda Hosseini, Mohammed Trigui, Sami Sayadi, Slim Tounsi und Imen Saadaoui. „Halobacteria-Based Biofertilizers: A Promising Alternative for Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses—A Review“. Microorganisms 11, Nr. 5 (09.05.2023): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051248.

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Abiotic and biotic stresses such as salt stress and fungal infections significantly affect plant growth and productivity, leading to reduced crop yield. Traditional methods of managing stress factors, such as developing resistant varieties, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, have shown limited success in the presence of combined biotic and abiotic stress factors. Halotolerant bacteria found in saline environments have potential as plant promoters under stressful conditions. These microorganisms produce bioactive molecules and plant growth regulators, making them a promising agent for enhancing soil fertility, improving plant resistance to adversities, and increasing crop production. This review highlights the capability of plant-growth-promoting halobacteria (PGPH) to stimulate plant growth in non-saline conditions, strengthen plant tolerance and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, and sustain soil fertility. The major attempted points are: (i) the various abiotic and biotic challenges that limit agriculture sustainability and food safety, (ii) the mechanisms employed by PGPH to promote plant tolerance and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stressors, (iii) the important role played by PGPH in the recovery and remediation of agricultural affected soils, and (iv) the concerns and limitations of using PGHB as an innovative approach to boost crop production and food security.

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Wang, TsingHai, Cheng-Di Dong, Jui-Yen Lin, Chiu-Wen Chen, Jo-Shu Chang, Hyunook Kim, Chin-Pao Huang und Chang-Mao Hung. „Recent Advances in Carbon Dioxide Conversion: A Circular Bioeconomy Perspective“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 12 (21.06.2021): 6962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126962.

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Managing the concentration of atmospheric CO2 requires a multifaceted engineering strategy, which remains a highly challenging task. Reducing atmospheric CO2 (CO2R) by converting it to value-added chemicals in a carbon neutral footprint manner must be the ultimate goal. The latest progress in CO2R through either abiotic (artificial catalysts) or biotic (natural enzymes) processes is reviewed herein. Abiotic CO2R can be conducted in the aqueous phase that usually leads to the formation of a mixture of CO, formic acid, and hydrogen. By contrast, a wide spectrum of hydrocarbon species is often observed by abiotic CO2R in the gaseous phase. On the other hand, biotic CO2R is often conducted in the aqueous phase and a wide spectrum of value-added chemicals are obtained. Key to the success of the abiotic process is understanding the surface chemistry of catalysts, which significantly governs the reactivity and selectivity of CO2R. However, in biotic CO2R, operation conditions and reactor design are crucial to reaching a neutral carbon footprint. Future research needs to look toward neutral or even negative carbon footprint CO2R processes. Having a deep insight into the scientific and technological aspect of both abiotic and biotic CO2R would advance in designing efficient catalysts and microalgae farming systems. Integrating the abiotic and biotic CO2R such as microbial fuel cells further diversifies the spectrum of CO2R.

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Berens, Matthias L., Katarzyna W. Wolinska, Stijn Spaepen, Jörg Ziegler, Tatsuya Nobori, Aswin Nair, Verena Krüler et al. „Balancing trade-offs between biotic and abiotic stress responses through leaf age-dependent variation in stress hormone cross-talk“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, Nr. 6 (23.01.2019): 2364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817233116.

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In nature, plants must respond to multiple stresses simultaneously, which likely demands cross-talk between stress-response pathways to minimize fitness costs. Here we provide genetic evidence that biotic and abiotic stress responses are differentially prioritized inArabidopsis thalianaleaves of different ages to maintain growth and reproduction under combined biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stresses, such as high salinity and drought, blunted immune responses in older rosette leaves through the phytohormone abscisic acid signaling, whereas this antagonistic effect was blocked in younger rosette leaves byPBS3, a signaling component of the defense phytohormone salicylic acid. Plants lackingPBS3exhibited enhanced abiotic stress tolerance at the cost of decreased fitness under combined biotic and abiotic stresses. Together with this role,PBS3is also indispensable for the establishment of salt stress- and leaf age-dependent phyllosphere bacterial communities. Collectively, our work reveals a mechanism that balances trade-offs upon conflicting stresses at the organism level and identifies a genetic intersection among plant immunity, leaf microbiota, and abiotic stress tolerance.

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Jiang, Chao, Xinyue Zhang, Peng Gao, Qiong Chen und Michael Snyder. „Decoding personal biotic and abiotic airborne exposome“. Nature Protocols 16, Nr. 2 (13.01.2021): 1129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41596-020-00451-8.

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Main, Christopher L., Lawrence E. Steckel, Robert M. Hayes und Thomas C. Mueller. „Biotic and abiotic factors influence horseweed emergence“. Weed Science 54, Nr. 6 (November 2006): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-06-026r1.1.

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Kapoor, Rahul, und Tarvinder Pal Singh. „Breeding Oats for Biotic and Abiotic Stresses“. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 1 (10.01.2020): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.901.032.

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Radulovic, Zlatan, Dragan Karadzic, Ivan Milenkovic, Aleksandar Lucic, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Zoran Miletic und Radojica Pizurica. „Declining of forests - biotic and abiotic stress“. Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2014): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf14s1071r.

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During the last several years, a significant decline of different forests in Serbia was recorded. The decline is more widespread in conifer stands, but occurence of decline was recorded in broadleaved forest stands as well. These declines are the result of abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors. According to the studies performed so far in Serbia, the predisposing factor were droughts during the 2012 and 2013 vegetation periods that caused physiological weakness of the trees. Among the biotic factors, the most important are fungi (mainly root rot, but rot fungi, and needle diseases) and insects (bark beetles in conifer species) and defoliators in broadleaved species).

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Decker, Kimberly H., Donald W. Duszynski und Michael J. Patrick. „BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC EFFECTS ON ENDOPARASITES INFECTINGDIPODOMYSANDPEROGNATHUSSPECIES“. Journal of Parasitology 87, Nr. 2 (April 2001): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0300:baaeoe]2.0.co;2.

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Heinz, Jacob, und Dirk Schulze-Makuch. „Thiophenes on Mars: Biotic or Abiotic Origin?“ Astrobiology 20, Nr. 4 (01.04.2020): 552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2019.2139.

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Peck, Scott, und Ron Mittler. „Plant signaling in biotic and abiotic stress“. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, Nr. 5 (12.03.2020): 1649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa051.

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Brestic, Marian, und Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev. „Photosynthesis under Biotic and Abiotic Environmental Stress“. Cells 11, Nr. 24 (07.12.2022): 3953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11243953.

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Bachar, Oren, Roy Cohen, Matan M. Meirovich, Yifat Cohen und Omer Yehezkeli. „Biotic–abiotic hybrids for bioanalytics and biocatalysis“. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 81 (Juni 2023): 102943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102943.

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Cornara, Laura, Manuela Mandrone und Antonella Smeriglio. „Biotic and Abiotic Stressors in Plant Metabolism“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, Nr. 1 (21.12.2023): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010121.

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Bela, Krisztina. „Crop Tolerance under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 12 (10.12.2023): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123024.

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Labbate, Maurizio, Hua Zhu, Leena Thung, Rani Bandara, Martin R. Larsen, Mark D. P. Willcox, Michael Givskov, Scott A. Rice und Staffan Kjelleberg. „Quorum-Sensing Regulation of Adhesion in Serratia marcescens MG1 Is Surface Dependent“. Journal of Bacteriology 189, Nr. 7 (19.01.2007): 2702–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01582-06.

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ABSTRACT Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of ocular infections. In previous studies of S. marcescens MG1, we showed that biofilm maturation and sloughing were regulated by N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing (QS). Because of the importance of adhesion in initiating biofilm formation and infection, the primary goal of this study was to determine whether QS is important in adhesion to both abiotic and biotic surfaces, as assessed by determining the degree of attachment to hydrophilic tissue culture plates and human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. Our results demonstrate that while adhesion to the abiotic surface was AHL regulated, adhesion to the HCE cell biotic surface was not. Type I fimbriae were identified as the critical adhesin for non-QS-mediated attachment to the biotic HCE cell surface but played no role in adhesion to the abiotic surface. While we were not able to identify a single QS-regulated adhesin essential for attachment to the abiotic surface, four AHL-regulated genes involved in adhesion to the abiotic surface were identified. Interestingly, two of these genes, bsmA and bsmB, were also shown to be involved in adhesion to the biotic surface in a non-QS-controlled fashion. Therefore, the expression of these two genes appears to be cocontrolled by regulators other than the QS system for mediation of attachment to HCE cells. We also found that QS in S. marcescens regulates other potential cell surface adhesins, including exopolysaccharide and the outer membrane protein OmpX. We concluded that S. marcescens MG1 utilizes different regulatory systems and adhesins in attachment to biotic and abiotic surfaces and that QS is a main regulatory pathway in adhesion to an abiotic surface but not in adhesion to a biotic surface.

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Глушко, Sergey Glushko, Прохоренко und Nina Prokhorenko. „Silvicultural properties of forest forming species“. Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, Nr. 3 (14.12.2014): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6541.

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The article concerns the process of silvicultural characteristics formation and features of their manifestation of tree species. Properties of species should be taken as information potential, formed during the interaction of biotic and abiotic (geo) components of natural systems. The strategy of species is a manifestation of silvicultural properties in specific forest site conditions. The nature of the strategy is defined in the process of adaptation to biotic and abiotic components of forest site conditions. The evolution of adaptations is due to the implementation of life strategy types, adaptive display of properties. The species are differentiated by membership in a particular strategy, split on the adaptation line to biotic and abiotic environment. The similarity of biotic, abiotic (geo) components, forming forest site properties and silvicultural forest conditions, gives a hope for the development of biogeocenology, geosistematic analysis of forests. Systematization of devices should consider the development of silvicultural properties, needed for the manifestation of the adaptive strategy in specific circumstances.

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Soltabayeva, Aigerim, Nurbanu Dauletova, Symbat Serik, Margulan Sandybek, John Okoth Omondi, Assylay Kurmanbayeva und Sudhakar Srivastava. „Receptor-like Kinases (LRR-RLKs) in Response of Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses“. Plants 11, Nr. 19 (10.10.2022): 2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192660.

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Plants live under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and, to cope with the adversity and severity, plants have well-developed resistance mechanisms. The mechanism starts with perception of the stimuli followed by molecular, biochemical, and physiological adaptive measures. The family of LRR-RLKs (leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases) is one such group that perceives biotic and abiotic stimuli and also plays important roles in different biological processes of development. This has been mostly studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and to some extent in other plants, such as Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica napus, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Brachypodium distachyon, Medicago truncatula, Gossypium barbadense, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, and Malus robusta. Most LRR-RLKs tend to form different combinations of LRR-RLKs-complexes (dimer, trimer, and tetramers), and some of them were observed as important receptors in immune responses, cell death, and plant development processes. However, less is known about the function(s) of LRR-RLKs in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we give recent updates about LRR-RLK receptors, specifically focusing on their involvement in biotic and abiotic stresses in the model plant, A. thaliana. Furthermore, the recent studies on LRR-RLKs that are homologous in other plants is also reviewed in relation to their role in triggering stress response processes against biotic and abiotic stimuli and/or in exploring their additional function(s). Furthermore, we present the interactions and combinations among LRR-RLK receptors that have been confirmed through experiments. Moreover, based on GENEINVESTIGATOR microarray database analysis, we predict some potential LRR-RLK genes involved in certain biotic and abiotic stresses whose function and mechanism may be explored.

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Lestari, Puji, Sutrisno Sutrisno und I. Made Tasma. „QTL Study to Reveal Soybean Response on Abiotic and Biotic Stresses“. Jurnal AgroBiogen 10, Nr. 3 (23.08.2016): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v10n3.2014.p109-114.

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As an important grain legume, the improved soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) adaptive to environmental changes is a valuable genetic resource. Strategy to minimize the impact of climate effects should be underlined on soybean production encompassing advanced genomics and well predicted future climate. Crops including soybean respond to climate change in the aspect of abiotic and biotic environmental factors. To predict soybean response to abiotic and biotic stresses, current progress of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for abiotic and biotic stresses and flowering and related genomic resources could be accessed at SoyBase (http://www.soybase.org) and Phytozome (http://www.phytozome.net). As the involvement of abiotic and biotic stresses modulating flowering in soybean, genes linked to QTL for abiotic/biotic stress and flowering/maturity were also potential for resisting the environmental changes. By mapping QTLs for flowering using one population in different locations (Korea and China) with distinctive longitude, latitude, and altitude, syntenic correlation between these two QTLs on soybean chromosomes 6 and 13 indicates the environmental specific role of syntenic regions. The information on QTL and related candidate genes may assist marker-assisted breeding and enact soybean as a model of adaptive legume crop under abiotic/ biotic stress.

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THIELTGES, D. W., K. T. JENSEN und R. POULIN. „The role of biotic factors in the transmission of free-living endohelminth stages“. Parasitology 135, Nr. 4 (22.01.2008): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007000248.

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SUMMARYThe transmission success of free-living larval stages of endohelminths is generally modulated by a variety of abiotic and biotic environmental factors. Whereas the role of abiotic factors (including anthropogenic pollutants) has been in focus in numerous studies and summarized in reviews, the role of biotic factors has received much less attention. Here, we review the existing body of literature from the fields of parasitology and ecology and recognize 6 different types of biotic factors with the potential to alter larval transmission processes. We found that experimental studies generally indicate strong effects of biotic factors, and the latter emerge as potentially important, underestimated determinants in the transmission ecology of free-living endohelminth stages. This implies that biodiversity, in general, should have significant effects on parasite transmission and population dynamics. These effects are likely to interact with natural abiotic factors and anthropogenic pollutants. Investigating the interplay of abiotic and biotic factors will not only be crucial for a thorough understanding of parasite transmission processes, but will also be a prerequisite to anticipate the effects of climate and other global changes on helminth parasites and their host communities.

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Zhang, Tie, Guijie Ding, Jiangping Zhang und Yujiao Qi. „Contributions of Biotic and Abiotic Factors to the Spatial Heterogeneity of Aboveground Biomass in Subtropical Forests: A Case Study of Guizhou Province“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 17 (29.08.2022): 10771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710771.

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The spatial heterogeneity on a regional scale of forest biomass is caused by multiple biotic and abiotic factors. However, the contributions of biotic and abiotic factors to the spatial heterogeneity of forest biomass remain unclear. Based on the data of the National Forest Continuous Inventory (NFCI), digital elevation model (DEM), and meteorological data of Guizhou Province in 2015, we studied the spatial heterogeneity of the aboveground forest biomass in Guizhou province and evaluated the contribution rates of its influencing factors using Moran’s I, semivariogram, distance-based Moran’s eigenvector maps (dbMEMs), and variance partitioning. The results showed that the forest biomass in Guizhou province had strong spatial heterogeneity. Biotic and abiotic factors explained 34.4% and 19.2% of the spatial variation in forest biomass, respectively. Among the biotic factors, the average height of the stand had the greatest influence on forest biomass, while annual precipitation had the greatest influence on forest biomass among abiotic factors. Spatial factors only explained 0.7% of the spatial variation of forest biomass, indicating that the contribution of spatial factors can be explained by some measured abiotic factors. This study provided an effective approach to understand the underlying mechanisms of spatial allocation of forest biomass.

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Shahid, Samiah, Wajeehah Shahid, Amna Ihsan, Fozia Anjum und Muhammad Shahid. „Phytochemical and Antioxidant Profiling of Allium Sativum Germinated under Biotic and Abiotic Stress“. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, Nr. 11 (30.11.2022): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221611211.

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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the potential of Allium sativum under biotic and abiotic stress in the quest to obtain more efficient phytoconstituents with improved antioxidant properties. Method: We investigated the effect of stress induction through biotic (Fusarium solani) and abiotic (NaCl salt of two different concentrations i.e. 50 mM and 100 mM) means in Allium sativum (garlic) to uncover its phytochemical and antioxidant potential. After stress induction, the leaves were harvested at different day’s post-inoculation (dpi) and analyzed for phytoconstituents and antioxidant assays. Results: The data showed statistically significant differences among proteins, reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, proteases and amylase of the samples at different dpi under biotic and abiotic stress (P<0.05). Moreover, total flavonoid, phenolic constituents, DPPH, ascorbic acid, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased under stress (P<0.05). The phytochemical and antioxidant activities were altered that proved its effectiveness under induced conditions. Conclusion and Practical Implications: The results obtained indicated that the Allium sativum (garlic) grown under biotic and abiotic stress have certain phytoconstituents with improved antioxidant activity that may serve as a rich source for antioxidants and proteins that may be used as an alternate to synthetic formulations in food and pharmaceuticalsto improve health outcome. Keywords: Allium sativum, antioxidant, biotic, abiotic, phytoconstituents, stress

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Patel, Sahab Kumar, Moni Thomas, Gopilal Anjana, Satyendra Thakur, Deep Kumar Pahalwan, Manish Bhan, Alok Bajpai, Anil Kumar Singh und Niraj Tripathi. „Impact of Biotic and Abiotic Stress on Survival of Lac Insects Kerria lacca Kerr. on Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp)“. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, Nr. 11 (29.11.2023): 3905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113571.

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Cajanus cajan is generally grown in rainfed condition. The crop is also a good annual host plant of lac insect. C. cajan is widely reported to have biotic stress due to insect pests on it. Lac insect is phloem sap feeder and hence imparts biotic stress. The present field study was conducted to evaluate the percent survival of lac insects on C. cajan by adjusting different levels of biotic and abiotic stress on the host plant. The biotic stress due to insect pests on C. cajan was minimised with periodic spray of contact insecticides. The varying level of biotic stress i.e., No, Low, Medium, and High level was maintained on C. cajan plants with lac insects on it. The three levels of abiotic stress in this experiment were considered in terms of soil moisture stress. It was managed through irrigation per plant through drip system, it was considered that creating different levels of moisture stress in soil will impact the host plant. The abiotic stress was of three levels i.e., Low, Medium, and High. The result reveals that survival percent of Lac insect from brood lac inoculation to the harvest of lac crop was highest 37.52 percent on C. cajan with one primary branch and its secondary branches with lac insect (L1- Low biotic stress). It was 32.13 percent (W3- Low soil moisture stress). The study indicates that biotic and abiotic stress play a major role in the survival of K. lacca.

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Morris, William F., Johan Ehrlén, Johan P. Dahlgren, Alexander K. Loomis und Allison M. Louthan. „Biotic and anthropogenic forces rival climatic/abiotic factors in determining global plant population growth and fitness“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 2 (30.12.2019): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918363117.

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Multiple, simultaneous environmental changes, in climatic/abiotic factors, interacting species, and direct human influences, are impacting natural populations and thus biodiversity, ecosystem services, and evolutionary trajectories. Determining whether the magnitudes of the population impacts of abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic drivers differ, accounting for their direct effects and effects mediated through other drivers, would allow us to better predict population fates and design mitigation strategies. We compiled 644 paired values of the population growth rate (λ) from high and low levels of an identified driver from demographic studies of terrestrial plants. Among abiotic drivers, natural disturbance (not climate), and among biotic drivers, interactions with neighboring plants had the strongest effects on λ. However, when drivers were combined into the 3 main types, their average effects on λ did not differ. For the subset of studies that measured both the average and variability of the driver, λ was marginally more sensitive to 1 SD of change in abiotic drivers relative to biotic drivers, but sensitivity to biotic drivers was still substantial. Similar impact magnitudes for abiotic/biotic/anthropogenic drivers hold for plants of different growth forms, for different latitudinal zones, and for biomes characterized by harsher or milder abiotic conditions, suggesting that all 3 drivers have equivalent impacts across a variety of contexts. Thus, the best available information about the integrated effects of drivers on all demographic rates provides no justification for ignoring drivers of any of these 3 types when projecting ecological and evolutionary responses of populations and of biodiversity to environmental changes.

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Jain, Ritika, und Meenu Saraf. „EXPLORING THE ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE POTENTIAL OF RHIZOBACTERA ISOLATED FROM CYAMOPSIS“. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 12, Nr. 03 (31.08.2021): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202112327.

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Agriculture plays a vital role for any economy primarily for developing and under developed economies. Increasing abiotic as well as biotic stresses adversely affects crop productivity across the world. Microorganisms inhabiting the Rhizospheric region of plant soil are known to play an important role in alleviating these stresses, thus enhancing crop productivity and yield. The present study was carried out to isolate the Rhizospheric bacteria from Cyamopsis showing potential to tolerate abiotic and biotic stresses. To carry out this, bacteria were isolated from Rhizospheric soil of Cyamopsis which were collected from different regions of Gujarat. These isolates were screened for tolerance to different abiotic stresses such as temperature, pH, salt and drought. Highly abiotic stress tolerant isolates were further tested for biotic stress against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Among the 80 bacterial isolates, best grown 30 cultures were tested for different abiotic stress. Four cultures i.e. MN40, KM1, KM6 and AK17 showing high tolerance to abiotic stresses were further investigated for biotic stress tolerance. Selected cultures were tested for their antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi viz., Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporium, Sclerotinum rolfissii and Trichoderma spp. Furthermore, antimicrobial activities of all 4 selected bacterial strains were tested against different test organisms viz., Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi) and Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus). Amongst the 4 selected bacterial strains, KM6 shows highest antagonistic activity.

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Sun, Xiaoye, Xue Xia und Xin Guan. „Genome-Wide Identification and Characterisation of Stress-Associated Protein Gene Family to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses of Grapevine“. Pathogens 11, Nr. 12 (27.11.2022): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121426.

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Grapevine is one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops and prized for its table fruits and wine worldwide. However, the concurrence of a number of biotic/abiotic stresses affects their yield. Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) play important roles in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Despite the growing number of studies on the genomic organisation of SAP gene family in various species, little is known about this family in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). In this study, a total of 15 genes encoding proteins possessing A20/AN1 zinc-finger were identified based on the analysis of several genomic and proteomic grapevine databases. According to their structural and phylogenetics features, the identified SAPs were classified into three main groups. Results from sequence alignments, phylogenetics, genomics structure and conserved domains indicated that grapevine SAPs are highly and structurally conserved. In order to shed light on their regulatory roles in growth and development, as well as the responses to biotic/abiotic stresses in grapevine, the expression profiles of SAPs were examined in publicly available microarray data. Bioinformatics analysis revealed distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns of SAPs in various tissues, organs and developmental stages, as well as in response to biotic/abiotic stresses. This study provides insight into the evolution of SAP genes in grapevine and may aid in efforts for further functional identification of A20/AN1-type proteins in the signalling cross-talking induced by biotic/abiotic stresses.

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Romero-Puertas, María C., Laura C. Terrón-Camero, M. Ángeles Peláez-Vico, Eliana Molina-Moya und Luisa M. Sandalio. „An update on redox signals in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress crosstalk: insights from cadmium and fungal pathogen interactions“. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, Nr. 16 (10.06.2021): 5857–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab271.

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Abstract Complex signalling pathways are involved in plant protection against single and combined stresses. Plants are able to coordinate genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming and display a unique programme of transcriptional responses to a combination of stresses that differs from the response to single stresses. However, a significant overlap between pathways and some defence genes in the form of shared and general stress-responsive genes appears to be commonly involved in responses to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as redox signals, are key molecules involved at the crossroads of the perception of different stress factors and the regulation of both specific and general plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we focus on crosstalk between plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, in addition to possible plant protection against pathogens caused by previous abiotic stress. Bioinformatic analyses of transcriptome data from cadmium- and fungal pathogen-treated plants focusing on redox gene ontology categories were carried out to gain a better understanding of common plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. The role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the complex network involved in plant responses to changes in their environment is also discussed.

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KANTOR, Mihail, und Amnon LEVI. „Utilizing Genetic Resources and Precision Agriculture to Enhance Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Watermelon“. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, Nr. 1 (27.03.2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10110242.

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Originally from Africa, watermelon is a staple crop in South Carolina and rich source of important phytochemicals that promote human health. As a result of many years of domestication and selection for desired fruit quality, modern watermelon cultivars are susceptible to biotic and abiotic stress. The present review discusses how genetic selection and breeding combined with geospatial technologies (precision agriculture) may help enhance watermelon varieties for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Gene loci identified and selected in undomesticated watermelon accessions are responsible for resistance to diseases, pests and abiotic stress. Vegetable breeding programs use traditional breeding methodologies and genomic tools to introduce gene loci conferring biotic or abiotic resistance into the genome background of elite watermelon cultivars. This continuous approach of collecting, evaluating and identifying useful genetic material is valuable for enhancing genetic diversity and tolerance and combined with precision agriculture could increase food security in the Southeast.

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Warren, Robert J., und Mark A. Bradford. „The shape of things to come: woodland herb niche contraction begins during recruitment in mesic forest microhabitat“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, Nr. 1710 (20.10.2010): 1390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1886.

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Natural abundance is shaped by the abiotic requirements and biotic interactions that shape a species' niche, yet these influences are rarely decoupled. Moreover, most plant mortality occurs during early life stages, making seed recruitment critical in structuring plant populations. We find that natural abundance of two woodland herbs, Hexastylis arifolia and Hepatica nobilis , peaks at intermediate resource levels, a pattern probably formed by concurrent abiotic and biotic interactions. To determine how this abundance patterning reflects intrinsic physiological optima and extrinsic biotic interactions, we translocate adults and seeds to novel locations across experimentally extended abiotic gradients. These experiments indicate that the plant distributions probably reflect biotic interactions as much as physiological requirements, and that adult abundance provides a poor indication of the underlying niche requirements. The positive response exhibited by adult transplants in the wettest conditions is offset by increased fungal attack on buried seeds consistent with peak natural abundance where soil moisture is intermediate. This contraction of niche space is best described by Connell's model—species are limited by physiological tolerances where resources are low and biotic interactions where resources are high.

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Kadowaki, Kohmei, Claire G. Barbera, William Godsoe, Frédéric Delsuc und Nicolas Mouquet. „Predicting biotic interactions and their variability in a changing environment“. Biology Letters 12, Nr. 5 (Mai 2016): 20151073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.1073.

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Global environmental change is altering the patterns of biodiversity worldwide. Observation and theory suggest that species' distributions and abundances depend on a suite of processes, notably abiotic filtering and biotic interactions, both of which are constrained by species' phylogenetic history. Models predicting species distribution have historically mostly considered abiotic filtering and are only starting to integrate biotic interaction. However, using information on present interactions to forecast the future of biodiversity supposes that biotic interactions will not change when species are confronted with new environments. Using bacterial microcosms, we illustrate how biotic interactions can vary along an environmental gradient and how this variability can depend on the phylogenetic distance between interacting species.

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Gorter, Florien A., Pauline D. Scanlan und Angus Buckling. „Adaptation to abiotic conditions drives local adaptation in bacteria and viruses coevolving in heterogeneous environments“. Biology Letters 12, Nr. 2 (Februar 2016): 20150879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0879.

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Parasite local adaptation, the greater performance of parasites on their local compared with foreign hosts, has important consequences for the maintenance of diversity and epidemiology. While the abiotic environment may significantly affect local adaptation, most studies to date have failed either to incorporate the effects of the abiotic environment, or to separate them from those of the biotic environment. Here, we tease apart biotic and abiotic components of local adaptation using the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and its viral parasite bacteriophage Φ2. We coevolved replicate populations of bacteria and phages at three different temperatures, and determined their performance against coevolutionary partners from the same and different temperatures. Crucially, we measured performance at different assay temperatures, which allowed us to disentangle adaptation to biotic and abiotic habitat components. Our results show that bacteria and phages are more resistant and infectious, respectively, at the temperature at which they previously coevolved, confirming that local adaptation to abiotic conditions can play a crucial role in determining parasite infectivity and host resistance. Our work underlines the need to assess host–parasite interactions across multiple relevant abiotic environments, and suggests that microbial adaption to local temperatures can create ecological barriers to dispersal across temperature gradients.

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De Araújo Lira, André Felipe, Stênio Ítalo Araújo Foerster, Adriano Medeiros DeSouza und Luis F. De Armas. „Disentangling diversity patterns in Cuban scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones)“. Novitates Caribaea, Nr. 19 (17.01.2022): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33800/nc.vi19.290.

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The assembly of communities is often viewed as a process involving the dispersal of species from a regional pool. An oceanic island provides a unique opportunity to test such a hypothesis and many others related to the patterns and processes behind biodiversity. Our aim was to investigate the patterns of scorpion diversity in the Cuban archipelago, using biotic and abiotic variables and their interactions as explanatory features. We use biotic and abiotic variables related to vegetation, climate and topography characterize the landscape of the Cuban archipelago. In this way, we analyze the patterns of beta diversity of the scorpions, verifying the effects of the variables alone and together. Scorpion fauna of the Cuban archipelago comprises 61 species, grouped into nine genera and two families: Buthidae and Diplocentridae. The interplay between biotic and abiotic variables explained scorpion species composition, especially when spatial predictors were considered. Climatic and spatial predictors affected scorpion beta diversity in terms of richness difference. These patterns are discussed emphasizing the role of biotic and abiotic environmental features and their interactions on the mechanisms of scorpion biodiversity generation and maintenance in Cuban archipelago.

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Wang, Yaxin, Naeem Zafar, Qurban Ali, Hakim Manghwar, Guanying Wang, Lu Yu, Xiao Ding et al. „CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing Technologies for Plant Improvement against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives“. Cells 11, Nr. 23 (05.12.2022): 3928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11233928.

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Crossbreeding, mutation breeding, and traditional transgenic breeding take much time to improve desirable characters/traits. CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing (GE) is a game-changing tool that can create variation in desired traits, such as biotic and abiotic resistance, increase quality and yield in less time with easy applications, high efficiency, and low cost in producing the targeted edits for rapid improvement of crop plants. Plant pathogens and the severe environment cause considerable crop losses worldwide. GE approaches have emerged and opened new doors for breeding multiple-resistance crop varieties. Here, we have summarized recent advances in CRISPR/Cas-mediated GE for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses in a crop molecular breeding program that includes the modification and improvement of genes response to biotic stresses induced by fungus, virus, and bacterial pathogens. We also discussed in depth the application of CRISPR/Cas for abiotic stresses (herbicide, drought, heat, and cold) in plants. In addition, we discussed the limitations and future challenges faced by breeders using GE tools for crop improvement and suggested directions for future improvements in GE for agricultural applications, providing novel ideas to create super cultivars with broad resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.

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Zhuang, Wei-Bing, Yu-Hang Li, Xiao-Chun Shu, Yu-Ting Pu, Xiao-Jing Wang, Tao Wang und Zhong Wang. „The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses“. Molecules 28, Nr. 8 (20.04.2023): 3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083599.

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With the climate constantly changing, plants suffer more frequently from various abiotic and biotic stresses. However, they have evolved biosynthetic machinery to survive in stressful environmental conditions. Flavonoids are involved in a variety of biological activities in plants, which can protect plants from different biotic (plant-parasitic nematodes, fungi and bacteria) and abiotic stresses (salt stress, drought stress, UV, higher and lower temperatures). Flavonoids contain several subgroups, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, chalcones, dihydrochalcones and dihydroflavonols, which are widely distributed in various plants. As the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis has been well studied, many researchers have applied transgenic technologies in order to explore the molecular mechanism of genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis; as such, many transgenic plants have shown a higher stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid content. In the present review, the classification, molecular structure and biological biosynthesis of flavonoids were summarized, and the roles of flavonoids under various forms of biotic and abiotic stress in plants were also included. In addition, the effect of applying genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis on the enhancement of plant tolerance under various biotic and abiotic stresses was also discussed.

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Potts, Leslie J., J. D. Gantz, Yuta Kawarasaki, Benjamin N. Philip, David J. Gonthier, Audrey D. Law, Luke Moe et al. „Environmental factors influencing fine-scale distribution of Antarctica’s only endemic insect“. Oecologia 194, Nr. 4 (29.07.2020): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04714-9.

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AbstractSpecies distributions are dependent on interactions with abiotic and biotic factors in the environment. Abiotic factors like temperature, moisture, and soil nutrients, along with biotic interactions within and between species, can all have strong influences on spatial distributions of plants and animals. Terrestrial Antarctic habitats are relatively simple and thus good systems to study ecological factors that drive species distributions and abundance. However, these environments are also sensitive to perturbation, and thus understanding the ecological drivers of species distribution is critical for predicting responses to environmental change. The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, is the only endemic insect on the continent and has a patchy distribution along the Antarctic Peninsula. While its life history and physiology are well studied, factors that underlie variation in population density within its range are unknown. Previous work on Antarctic microfauna indicates that distribution over broad scales is primarily regulated by soil moisture, nitrogen content, and the presence of suitable plant life, but whether these patterns are true over smaller spatial scales has not been investigated. Here we sampled midges across five islands on the Antarctic Peninsula and tested a series of hypotheses to determine the relative influences of abiotic and biotic factors on midge abundance. While historical literature suggests that Antarctic organisms are limited by the abiotic environment, our best-supported hypothesis indicated that abundance is predicted by a combination of abiotic and biotic conditions. Our results are consistent with a growing body of literature that biotic interactions are more important in Antarctic ecosystems than historically appreciated.

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ul Haq, Khan, Ali, Khattak, Gai, Zhang, Wei und Gong. „Heat Shock Proteins: Dynamic Biomolecules to Counter Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, Nr. 21 (25.10.2019): 5321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215321.

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Due to the present scenario of climate change, plants have to evolve strategies to survive and perform under a plethora of biotic and abiotic stresses, which restrict plant productivity. Maintenance of plant protein functional conformation and preventing non-native proteins from aggregation, which leads to metabolic disruption, are of prime importance. Plant heat shock proteins (HSPs), as chaperones, play a pivotal role in conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, HSP also enhances membrane stability and detoxifies the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by positively regulating the antioxidant enzymes system. Additionally, it uses ROS as a signal to molecules to induce HSP production. HSP also enhances plant immunity by the accumulation and stability of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins under various biotic stresses. Thus, to unravel the entire plant defense system, the role of HSPs are discussed with a special focus on plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, which will be helpful in the development of stress tolerance in plant crops.

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P. Dongare, Prajwal, Prashant R. Shingote und Narsing D. Parlawar. „A review on chitosan: a new solution for combating abiotic stresses in agriculture“. Kongunadu Research Journal 7, Nr. 2 (05.10.2020): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj.2020.26.

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Chitosan is a second most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide after cellulose derived from chitin which commercially produced from seafood shells, fungi (Aspergillus and mucus) and also from algae by alkaline deacetylation of chitin. It is bio adhesive, biocompatible, biodegradable, organic molecule. Chitosan has wide spread application in agriculture. Chitosan acts as bio-stimulant which upon application to plants stimulates photosynthetic rate, enhances antioxidant production, increases tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Chitosan causes hydrolysis of peptidoglycan of microbes resulting to death of microbes. Recent studies have shown that chitosan induces mechanisms in plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses and helps in formation of barriers that enhances plant's productivity.This paper takes a closer look at the genesis, structural alteration and physiological responses of chitosan foliar applications on plants.As, Abiotic stresses is an important multidimensional environment stresses that damage plant’s physiology, biochemical propertIes and Molecular traits. Chitosan help to combat abiotic and biotic stresses.

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Rehman, Muhammad, Muhammad Sulaman Saeed, Xingming Fan, Abdul Salam, Raheel Munir, Muhammad Umair Yasin, Ali Raza Khan et al. „The Multifaceted Role of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Stress Mitigation: An Overview“. Plants 12, Nr. 23 (27.11.2023): 3982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12233982.

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Plants, being sessile, have developed complex signaling and response mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stressors. Recent investigations have revealed the significant contribution of phytohormones in enabling plants to endure unfavorable conditions. Among these phytohormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, collectively referred to as jasmonates (JAs), are of particular importance and are involved in diverse signal transduction pathways to regulate various physiological and molecular processes in plants, thus protecting plants from the lethal impacts of abiotic and biotic stressors. Jasmonic acid has emerged as a central player in plant defense against biotic stress and in alleviating multiple abiotic stressors in plants, such as drought, salinity, vernalization, and heavy metal exposure. Furthermore, as a growth regulator, JA operates in conjunction with other phytohormones through a complex signaling cascade to balance plant growth and development against stresses. Although studies have reported the intricate nature of JA as a biomolecular entity for the mitigation of abiotic stressors, their underlying mechanism and biosynthetic pathways remain poorly understood. Therefore, this review offers an overview of recent progress made in understanding the biosynthesis of JA, elucidates the complexities of its signal transduction pathways, and emphasizes its pivotal role in mitigating abiotic and biotic stressors. Moreover, we also discuss current issues and future research directions for JAs in plant stress responses.

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Mostert, Clemens, und Stefan Bringezu. „Biotic Part of the Product Material Footprint: Comparison of Indicators Regarding Their Interpretation and Applicability“. Resources 11, Nr. 6 (06.06.2022): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11060056.

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The product material footprint (PMF) represents a central instrument to assess the potential environmental impacts of products and services based on their life-cycle-wide material use. Within the life cycle impact assessment framework, the indicators raw material input (RMI) and total material requirement (TMR) have been used for its calculation, but so far, only abiotic materials have been considered. This research analyses the requirements and indicators for the assessment of the biotic part of the PMF. The central question is whether the indicators RMI biotic and TMR biotic are suitable for this purpose or if they need to be adapted. For comparison, the indicator cumulative raw material demand (CRD) is applied. The indicator concepts of RMI, TMR, and CRD are compared by defining the system boundaries for determining the biotic parts of the footprint. To test the applicability, the production of wheat bread is assessed as a case study. The characterization factors of wheat grains are determined and each of the three indicators is implemented in the software openLCA for use with the ecoinvent database. The results show that RMI biotic and TMR biotic are suitable indicators for the quantification and assessment of the biotic part of the PMF. While CRD abiotic provides the same information as RMI abiotic, both indicators differ regarding the biotic part. The CRD per definition does not consider biotic inputs from agriculture and forestry and thus conveys insufficient information on the used and unused biomass extraction for the product LCA. The ratio of RMI biotic to the net annual increment and TMR biotic to the net primary production could be used for absolute sustainability assessment.

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