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1
Sanderson, J. C., S. D. Ling, J. G. Dominguez und C. R. Johnson. „Limited effectiveness of divers to mitigate ‘barrens’ formation by culling sea urchins while fishing for abalone“. Marine and Freshwater Research 67, Nr. 1 (2016): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14255.
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Climate-driven incursion of the long-spined sea urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii) in eastern Tasmania has prompted calls for strong management intervention given the urchins’ capacity to overgraze kelp beds and cause local collapse of valuable reef fisheries. We examined the effectiveness of commercial divers culling C. rodgersii while undertaking otherwise normal fishing for black-lip abalone (Haliotis rubra). Diver effort appears to be driven by fishing yield and not the opportunity to maximise numbers of urchins culled; the greatest culls occurred on shorter dives when abalone fishing was poor. Despite culling thousands of urchins, divers culled urchins only from within a small proportion of the total barrens patches on particular reefs. Thus, urchin density, size-frequency of barrens patches, and benthic community structure showed no detectable change relative to ‘no-cull’ control reefs. Nonetheless, divers were effective in culling urchins in the few patches they targeted, and these patches were quickly recolonised by canopy-forming kelps. Ongoing urchin culling by abalone divers will increase resilience of the kelp habitats on which the valuable abalone fishery depends, but only at highly localised spatial scales (10m). The effectiveness of this control strategy is dependent on sustainable local harvest of abalone warranting recurrent diver visitation to affected sites. However, abalone divers culling urchins while fishing are unlikely to control urchin densities at scales ≥102 m.
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Al-Ghassani, Salim, Mikhail Chesalin, Mohammed Balkhair und Salem Kahoom. „Three-Year Closure of Fishing Seasons as a Management Tool for the Omani Abalone, Haliotis mariae, Fishery in the Sultanate of Oman“. Journal of Marine Sciences 2022 (21.12.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2140471.
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Data from underwater surveys conducted between 2009 and 2021 were analyzed to determine the effect of closed fishing seasons on the density and size composition of Omani abalone, in the main fishing areas (Mirbat, Sadah, Hadbin, and Hasik). The average density of abalones, the abundance of mature and legal size abalone, and the average abalone size increased significantly after a 3-year closure (2008-2010). From 2012 to 2021, abalone density and size decreased despite four 1-2 years of closed fishing seasons. The density of mature abalone after 2011 was below the minimum spawning density of Haliotidae. Abalone densities were found to be relatively high in Sadah and Hadbin but very low in Mirbat and critical conditions in Hasik. Lack in regulations’ enforcement, overlap between fishing and reproduction season, and the uncontrolled number of divers are probably the main reasons for the decline in abalone abundance and size. Future fishing closure must be extended for at least three years, and abalone harvest in Mirbat and Hasik should be banned for at least five years. The number of divers must be regulated, and changing the fishing season must be evaluated. It is necessary to identify if the population is sustainable, threatened, or recovering, by studying more biological aspects of the Omani abalone, including minimum spawning density, abalone aggregation, and recruitment levels at each fishing ground. These studies will help the authorities to decide when fishing must stop to avoid any further reduction in the abalone densities. It is important to understand the socioeconomic status of abalone diver’s communities in Oman for better management and development.
3
McGarvey, Richard, Stephen Mayfield, Karen Byth, Thor Saunders, Rowan Chick, Brian Foureur, John E. Feenstra, Peter Preece und Alan Jones. „A diver survey design to estimate absolute density, biomass, and spatial distribution of abalone“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, Nr. 9 (September 2008): 1931–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-101.
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Abalone surveys worldwide measure relative stock abundance. However, important advantages accrue if diver surveys measure absolute numbers or biomass per square metre. Principally, absolute biomass permits quota setting from a single survey using a decision table. Although relative abundance surveys have permanently fixed sampling protocols and locations, absolute abundance survey designs can be improved with technology over time. Furthermore, surveys can be directed to areas of principal management focus, and absolute survey population numbers by length with confidence intervals provide informative model input. We propose and test a transect survey design to estimate and map absolute density and biomass of abalone or other sedentary invertebrates. Divers count and measure all abalone within 1 m of a 100 m, boat-deployed leaded rope line. Semi-systematic transect locations provide spatially representative sampling inside bounded survey regions and geostatistical data for contour maps of abalone density and mean size. The effectiveness of the design for estimating change in population size under harvesting and for locating areas of fishable density was tested by a fish-down experiment, using surveys run before and after commercial harvest. The leaded-line survey design estimates of population change and spatial distribution showed agreement with the fish-down experimental harvest.
4
Eggert, Håkan, und Viktoria Kahui. „Reference-dependent behaviour of paua (abalone) divers in New Zealand“. Applied Economics 45, Nr. 12 (April 2013): 1571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.631896.
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5
Kojima, H. „Evaluation of abalone stock enhancement through the release of hatchery-reared seeds“. Marine and Freshwater Research 46, Nr. 3 (1995): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950689.
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The Abu Fishery Cooperative has planted hatchery-reared seed of the abalone Haliotis discus discus since 1981. The number of 15-40-mm seeds planted annually varied from 34000 to 180000 between 1981 and 1992. Catches were sampled on seven to 10 days during each fishing season (29-56 days between July and September) from 1983 to 1992. The numbers of both seeded and wild abalone were recorded per 8-kg shipping basket on each sampling day. The numbers of seeded abalone in the catch were estimated by a two-stage sampling method. Variances were estimated from the data, which were stratified into two periods: the first when divers dived at depths of less than 5 m, and the second during the subsequent period of deeper diving. The values of these variances were substantially lower than the values of variances estimated from unstratified data. Some of the planted abalone reached 90 mm in length 21 months after seeding, and they could not generally be found in the wild stock after the age of 6 years. Recapture rates were estimated to range from 12% to 51% in the 1980-85 year classes that had been fished for their entire lives.
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McGarvey, Richard, John E. Feenstra, Stephen Mayfield und Erin V. Sautter. „A diver survey method to quantify the clustering of sedentary invertebrates by the scale of spatial autocorrelation“. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, Nr. 2 (2010): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08289.
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Sedentary benthic invertebrates exhibit clustering at a range of spatial scales. Animal clustering reduces the precision of diver surveys and can accelerate overexploitation in dive fisheries. Dive harvesters target the densest aggregations of males and females that produce the highest rates of egg fertilisation during mass spawning events. By quantifying these effects of harvesting on fertilisation success, measuring animal clustering can inform stock management for reproductive sustainability. We present a method to measure the spatial extent of density aggregations down to 1 m, extending a previously described leaded-line survey design. Applying this method to abalone, research divers counted individuals in successive 1 × 2 m2 quadrats lying along adjoining pairs of 1 × 100 m2 transects. Clusters were observed as neighbouring quadrats of high animal density. Spatial autocorrelations at inter-quadrat distances of 1 to 100 m were calculated for four surveys, with eight pairs of transects swum in each survey. For all four surveys, inside two survey regions, spatial autocorrelation declined to non-significant levels at a distance of ~20 m. Quantified by the distance within which density counts are correlated, this quadrat-within-transect method provides a diver survey measure of the scale of spatial aggregation for sedentary invertebrates such as abalone, sea cucumbers and urchins.
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Andrews, Gavin, Phoebe Holt, Peter Cistulli, Bill McKay, Sanjay Misra, Gerard Sutton, Carl Edmonds und Christopher Lowry. „Does non‐clinical decompression stress lead to brain damage in abalone divers?“ Medical Journal of Australia 144, Nr. 8 (April 1986): 399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb128409.x.
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Williamson, A. M., B. Clarke und C. W. Edmonds. „The influence of diving variables on perceptual and cognitive functions in professional shallow-water (abalone) divers“. Environmental Research 50, Nr. 1 (Oktober 1989): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(89)80051-9.
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9
Giri, Khageswor, und Harry Gorfine. „Application of a mixed modelling approach to standardize catch-per-unit-effort data for an abalone dive fishery in Western Victoria, Australia“. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, Nr. 1 (17.01.2018): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541700203x.
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Despite the prevalence of catch per unit effort (CPUE) as a key metric in fisheries assessments it can be fraught with inherent problems that often cause its use as an index of abundance to become contentious. This is particularly the case with abalone, a sedentary shellfish targeted by commercial dive fishers around the globe. It is common practice to standardize CPUE to at least partly address issues about how well it reflects the actual abundance of a stock. Differences between standardized and unstandardized trends may lead to controversy between scientists and stakeholders when standardized trends provide a less optimistic picture of stock status. It is within this context that we applied Linear Mixed Model (LMM) and Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) methods to standardize CPUE for the Western Zone blacklip abalone fishery in Victoria, Australia. This fishery was chosen for our evaluation because it included substantial population losses from a disease shock during the middle of the time series. The effects of diver, reef location, month and their interactions with year were included as random effects in these models and the results compared with nominal geometric means. The two standardization methods provided similar standardized CPUE trends and clearly demonstrated that a large proportion of the variance could be attributed to diver and spatial effects. The GLMM seemed to explain more variability in the data and produced better precision for standardized CPUEs than LMM. The temporal trend in variability attributed to divers and spatial scales reveals the impact of disease as well as any homo/heterogeneity effect. The CPUE trends responded to the impact of disease against a backdrop of declining stock, however when compared with the inter-annual pattern in nominal CPUE, the standardized trends showed that the decline immediately following the onset of disease was less precipitous. In contrast to what appeared to be an increase in the nominal series during the more recent post-disease period, there was only a slight non-significant increase observable in the standardized trends.
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Andrew, N. L., und A. L. O'Neill. „Large-scale patterns in habitat structure on subtidal rocky reefs in New South Wales“. Marine and Freshwater Research 51, Nr. 3 (2000): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99008.
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Aerial photography was used to estimate the representation of shallow subtidal habitats in New South Wales. Sixty sites, each between 4 and 5 hectares, were mapped with Geographical Information Systems software using ortho-rectified images digitized from 1:8000-scale photographs and ‘ground truthed’ in the field by divers. Barrens habitat covered an estimated 50% (s.e. = 3.9) of nearshore reefs between Port Stephens and Disaster Bay. Coverage of barrens habitat was greatest in Disaster Bay (68%, s.e. = 6.7) and least south of Disaster Bay (1%, s.e. = 0.3). There were clear differences among localities in the area of reef within the mapped sites; those at Cape Howe, Nadgee, and Turingal were significantly smaller in area than all others. There was no clear latitudinal trend in these differences but there was evidence of sand inundation at a site at Nadgee, where the reef was small. Differences in the densities and size-structure of the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersiiat 27 of the mapped sites provide a basis for testing relationships between the demography of this species and the persistence of the barrens habitat. The extensive coverage of the barrens habitat in New South Wales is likely to limit the productivity of the abalone industry. The development of a sea urchin fishery may have large impacts on habitat representation on nearshore reefs.
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Huynh, Philip. „The Abalone Diver“. Prairie Schooner 90, Nr. 4 (2016): 78–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2016.0095.
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Braje, Todd J., und Linda Bentz. „The Archaeology of Overseas Chinese Abalone Fishermen on Santa Rosa Island, Alta California海外华人鲍鱼渔民在加州中北部圣罗莎岛之考古研究“. Journal of Chinese Overseas 11, Nr. 1 (08.05.2015): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341299.
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In the mid-nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants to Gold Rush California built the first commercial abalone fishery along North America’s west coast. Their efforts to establish an abalone meat and shell industry have been relegated to a footnote in Californian history, with only occasional newspaper accounts and other historical documents as the primary means to understand the ways of life and the activities of these maritime pioneers. Over the last decade, archaeologists have become increasingly interested in documenting the material record of Chinese abalone fishing on California’s Northern Channel Islands. Here, we describe recent efforts to locate, map, and describe the archaeological record of historical abalone fishing on Santa Rosa Island. Our survey identified a specific island abalone harvesting pattern characterized by small, logistical processing camps and larger more diverse basecamps. Our findings can be applied when interpreting historical abalone fishing sites elsewhere, and to inform future surveys for these island site types.
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Shermer, Michael. „The Physicist and the Abalone Diver“. Scientific American 287, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2002): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1002-42.
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Cicala, Francesco, José Alejandro Cisterna-Céliz, James D. Moore und Axayácatl Rocha-Olivares. „Structure, dynamics and predicted functional role of the gut microbiota of the blue (Haliotis fulgens) and yellow (H. corrugata) abalone from Baja California Sur, Mexico“. PeerJ 6 (02.11.2018): e5830. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5830.
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The GI microbiota of abalone contains a highly complex bacterial assemblage playing an essential role in the overall health of these gastropods. The gut bacterial communities of abalone species characterized so far reveal considerable interspecific variability, likely resulting from bacterial interactions and constrained by the ecology of their abalone host species; however, they remain poorly investigated. Additionally, the extent to which structural changes in the microbiota entail functional shifts in metabolic pathways of bacterial communities remains unexplored. In order to address these questions, we characterized the gut microbiota of the northeast Pacific blue (Haliotis fulgensor HF) and yellow (Haliotis corrugataor HC) abalone by16S rRNAgene pyrosequencing to shed light on: (i) their gut microbiota structure; (ii) how bacteria may interact among them; and (iii) predicted shifts in bacterial metabolic functions associated with the observed structural changes. Our findings revealed thatMycoplasmadominated the GI microbiome in both species. However, the structure of the bacterial communities differed significantly in spite of considerable intraspecific variation. This resulted from changes in predominant species composition in each GI microbiota, suggesting host-specific adaptation of bacterial lineages to these sympatric abalone. We hypothesize that the presence of exclusive OTUs in each microbiota may relate to host-specific differences in competitive pressure. Significant differences in bacterial diversity were found between species for the explored metabolic pathways despite their functional overlap. A more diverse array of bacteria contributed to each function in HC, whereas a single or much fewer OTUs were generally observed in HF. The structural and functional analyses allowed us to describe a significant taxonomic split and functional overlap between the microbiota of HF and HC abalone.
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Mayfield, Stephen, Richard McGarvey, Ian J. Carlson und Cameron Dixon. „Integrating commercial and research surveys to estimate the harvestable biomass, and establish a quota, for an “unexploited” abalone population“. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, Nr. 7 (26.06.2008): 1122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn105.
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Abstract Mayfield, S., McGarvey, R., Carlson, I. J., and Dixon, C. 2008. Integrating commercial and research surveys to estimate the harvestable biomass, and establish a quota, for an “unexploited” abalone population. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1122–1130. A key challenge facing many fisheries managers is the absence of information on the level of harvestable biomass. We describe an integrated, two-stage survey approach that was used to measure the spatial distribution and harvestable biomass of a largely unexploited metapopulation of greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) over a large area of northwestern Spencer Gulf, South Australia. In stage 1, commercial fishers conducted systematic surveys to identify subareas with abalone at harvestable densities. Cpue measures from these surveys were used to map and stratify a bounded survey subregion, within which leaded-line, research-diver surveys measured absolute density and harvestable biomass (stage 2). Decision tables, showing minimum biomass at various probabilities vs. harvest fraction, were developed to provide a risk-assessment framework for quota setting. Within two years, our approach allowed, first, the mapping of the broad-scale, spatial distribution and abundance of greenlip abalone in an area of 1143 km2, second, the estimation of harvestable biomass in a smaller (16.9 km2) area, and finally, the allocation by State fishery managers of an additional quota inside a newly defined management subzone. The collaborative approach we describe for providing estimates of absolute biomass over large spatial scales affords multiple advantages for the assessment and management of invertebrate dive fisheries.
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Rothman, Mark D., Robert J. Anderson, Lineekela Kandjengo und John J. Bolton. „Trends in seaweed resource use and aquaculture in South Africa and Namibia over the last 30 years“. Botanica Marina 63, Nr. 4 (27.08.2020): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0074.
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AbstractThe seaweed industry of temperate Southern Africa was last reviewed in 2003. Since then there have been considerable changes. There are three main uses of kelp (mostly Ecklonia maxima, with some Laminaria pallida) in South Africa. The collection of wash-up for drying and exporting for alginate extraction has drastically reduced to very small amounts in recent years. The boat harvest of fresh kelp for abalone feed in land-based farms has reached a plateau of between 4000 and 5000 t fresh per annum. The diver harvest of E. maxima for agricultural liquid plant growth enhancer shows a constant increase over several years, is still growing, and is currently over 3000 t fresh per annum. The small intertidal collection of Gelidium pristoides as export for agar production has maintained a small, sustainable production of around 100 t dry for many years. Former Gracilaria industries in sheltered bays in both South Africa and Namibia have collapsed, and there is currently no commercial collection. There was commercial raft aquaculture production of Gracilaria in Lüderitz Bay, Namibia for a number of years, but this is no longer practised. Currently, the only commercial seaweed use in Namibia is of L. pallida. Annually, ca. 150 t of fresh wash-up is collected, in Lüderitz, to be used as feed in land-based abalone aquaculture. There are a number of small start-up companies experimenting with seaweed products for cosmetics and nutritional products in both countries, some involving species of Ulva and Porphyra. The former species is a major aquaculture product, with around 2000 t fresh yr–1 being produced in integrated land-based systems with abalone.
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Tanaka, Eiji, Hiroshi Yamakawa, Sakutaro Yamada, Makoto Nonaka und Akira Hasegawa. „A method for estimating mortality rate and divers' sighting rate for tagged abalones.“ NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 57, Nr. 2 (1991): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.57.189.
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Luthfi, Oktiyas Muzaky, und Andi Isdianto. „Introducing Scuba Diving for Fishermen of Pantai Kondang Merak, Malang“. E-Dimas: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 10, Nr. 1 (11.04.2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/e-dimas.v10i1.2153.
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Pantai Kondang Merak has a biodiversity of marine resources, so that the community always depend on exploration and exploitation activities through fishing, and catch lobster, sea cucumber, abalone and some of algae with diving activities. The diving activities usually in 5-30 m depth in reef area, using air compressor that will danger their live. This compressor has long regulator hose (about 50 m), during diving process the hose will be tied in their waist with 5-7 kg lead, it similar with weight belt in SCUBA diving. The hose also has other function as keep the diver from water current drifting. This method will disrupt the air supply from compressor to mouth face and endanger the life of diver. The safety diving standard is using a SCUBA set, that has a portable air supply and clean air, unlike the air that resulted by the conventional compressor. The aim of this activity is to give safe diving method and give ecotourism skill to the fisherman in Kondang Merak, thus avoiding fisherman from decompression sickness and seek alternative livelihood during west monsoon.
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Harvell, C. D., D. Montecino-Latorre, J. M. Caldwell, J. M. Burt, K. Bosley, A. Keller, S. F. Heron et al. „Disease epidemic and a marine heat wave are associated with the continental-scale collapse of a pivotal predator (Pycnopodia helianthoides)“. Science Advances 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): eaau7042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7042.
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Multihost infectious disease outbreaks have endangered wildlife, causing extinction of frogs and endemic birds, and widespread declines of bats, corals, and abalone. Since 2013, a sea star wasting disease has affected >20 sea star species from Mexico to Alaska. The common, predatory sunflower star (Pycnopodia helianthoides), shown to be highly susceptible to sea star wasting disease, has been extirpated across most of its range. Diver surveys conducted in shallow nearshore waters (n= 10,956; 2006–2017) from California to Alaska and deep offshore (55 to 1280 m) trawl surveys from California to Washington (n= 8968; 2004–2016) reveal 80 to 100% declines across a ~3000-km range. Furthermore, timing of peak declines in nearshore waters coincided with anomalously warm sea surface temperatures. The rapid, widespread decline of this pivotal subtidal predator threatens its persistence and may have large ecosystem-level consequences.
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Dang, Vinh T., Kirsten Benkendorff, Tim Green und Peter Speck. „Marine Snails and Slugs: a Great Place To Look for Antiviral Drugs: TABLE 1“. Journal of Virology 89, Nr. 16 (10.06.2015): 8114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00287-15.
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Molluscs, comprising one of the most successful phyla, lack clear evidence of adaptive immunity and yet thrive in the oceans, which are rich in viruses. There are thought to be nearly 120,000 species of Mollusca, most living in marine habitats. Despite the extraordinary abundance of viruses in oceans, molluscs often have very long life spans (10 to 100 years). Thus, their innate immunity must be highly effective at countering viral infections. Antiviral compounds are a crucial component of molluscan defenses against viruses and have diverse mechanisms of action against a wide variety of viruses, including many that are human pathogens. Antiviral compounds found in abalone, oyster, mussels, and other cultured molluscs are available in large supply, providing good opportunities for future research and development. However, most members of the phylum Mollusca have not been examined for the presence of antiviral compounds. The enormous diversity and adaptations of molluscs imply a potential source of novel antiviral compounds for future drug discovery.
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Hart, Anthony M., Harry K. Gorfine und Michael P. Callan. „Abundance estimation of blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) I. An analysis of diver-survey methods used for large-scale monitoring“. Fisheries Research 29, Nr. 2 (Februar 1997): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-7836(96)00527-9.
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McShane, PE, und MG Smith. „Measuring abundance of juvenile abalone, Haliotis rubra Leach (Gastropoda : Haliotidae); Comparison of a novel method with two other methods“. Marine and Freshwater Research 39, Nr. 3 (1988): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880331.
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An underwater venturi-suction sampler is described, suitable for sampling fauna on structurally-complex sublittoral reefs. Abundance of juvenile Haliotis rubra was estimated from the samples collected with the suction sampler; this was compared with estimates obtained at the same time by two other methods, an anaesthetic method and a searching method. Off Sandpatch Point (south-eastern Australia) during January 1987, the mean number (s.e.) of H. rubra per square metre of substrate was 68.7 (s.e., 39.2) by the suction method, 25.6 (s.e., 16.1) by the anaesthetic method and 7.7 (s.e., 3.0) by the searching method. Off Cape Schanck, the respective numbers were 1.3 (s.e., 0.5), 1.2 (s.e., 0.5) and nil. Juveniles found in the population off Sandpatch Point were of a size range (430-1020 �m) consistent with recent settlement of H. rubra. The suction method has three main advantages over the other two methods: unlike the anaesthetic technique it is not destructive and is not restricted to removable substrate; it is readily applied to most reef substrata by one diver spending relatively little time under water; and the sampler is sufficiently powerful to remove all juvenile abalone from the reef surface.
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Guo, Ximing, und Susan E. Ford. „Infectious diseases of marine molluscs and host responses as revealed by genomic tools“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, Nr. 1689 (05.03.2016): 20150206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0206.
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More and more infectious diseases affect marine molluscs. Some diseases have impacted commercial species including MSX and Dermo of the eastern oyster, QPX of hard clams, withering syndrome of abalone and ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infections of many molluscs. Although the exact transmission mechanisms are not well understood, human activities and associated environmental changes often correlate with increased disease prevalence. For instance, hatcheries and large-scale aquaculture create high host densities, which, along with increasing ocean temperature, might have contributed to OsHV-1 epizootics in scallops and oysters. A key to understanding linkages between the environment and disease is to understand how the environment affects the host immune system. Although we might be tempted to downplay the role of immunity in invertebrates, recent advances in genomics have provided insights into host and parasite genomes and revealed surprisingly sophisticated innate immune systems in molluscs. All major innate immune pathways are found in molluscs with many immune receptors, regulators and effectors expanded. The expanded gene families provide great diversity and complexity in innate immune response, which may be key to mollusc's defence against diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Further advances in host and parasite genomics should improve our understanding of genetic variation in parasite virulence and host disease resistance.
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Hart, Anthony M., und Harry K. Gorfine. „Abundance estimation of blacklip abalone (haliotis rubra) II. A comparative evaluation of catch-effort, change-in-ratio, mark-recapture and diver-survey methods“. Fisheries Research 29, Nr. 2 (Februar 1997): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-7836(96)00529-2.
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Wu, Kaiyuan, Zhiming Zheng und Shaoting Tang. „BVDT: A Boosted Vector Decision Tree Algorithm for Multi-Class Classification Problems“. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 31, Nr. 05 (27.02.2017): 1750016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001417500161.
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In this paper, we propose a powerful weak learner (Vector Decision Tree (VDT)) and a new Boosted Vector Decision Tree (BVDT) algorithm framework for the task of multi-class classification. Unlike the traditional scalar valued boosting algorithms, the BVDT algorithm directly maps the feature space to the decision space in the multi-class setting, which facilitates convenient implementations of the multi-class classification algorithms using diverse loss functions. By viewing the explicit hard threshold on the leaf node value applied in the LogitBoost as a constraint optimization problem, we further develop two new variants of the BVDT algorithm: the [Formula: see text]-BVDT and the [Formula: see text]-BVDT. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated on different datasets and compared with three state-of-the-art boosting algorithms, [Formula: see text]-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm ranks first in all but one dataset and reduces the test error rate by 4% up to 58% with respect to the state-of-the-art boosting algorithms based on the scalar-valued weak learner. Furthermore, we present a case study on the Abalone dataset by designing a new loss function that combines the negative log-likelihood loss function of classification problem and square loss function of regression problem.
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Schlenger, Adam J., Rodrigo Beas-Luna und Richard F. Ambrose. „Forecasting ocean acidification impacts on kelp forest ecosystems“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 4 (22.04.2021): e0236218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236218.
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Ocean acidification is one the biggest threats to marine ecosystems worldwide, but its ecosystem wide responses are still poorly understood. This study integrates field and experimental data into a mass balance food web model of a temperate coastal ecosystem to determine the impacts of specific OA forcing mechanisms as well as how they interact with one another. Specifically, we forced a food web model of a kelp forest ecosystem near its southern distribution limit in the California large marine ecosystem to a 0.5 pH drop over the course of 50 years. This study utilizes a modeling approach to determine the impacts of specific OA forcing mechanisms as well as how they interact. Isolating OA impacts on growth (Production), mortality (Other Mortality), and predation interactions (Vulnerability) or combining all three mechanisms together leads to a variety of ecosystem responses, with some taxa increasing in abundance and other decreasing. Results suggest that carbonate mineralizing groups such as coralline algae, abalone, snails, and lobsters display the largest decreases in biomass while macroalgae, urchins, and some larger fish species display the largest increases. Low trophic level groups such as giant kelp and brown algae increase in biomass by 16% and 71%, respectively. Due to the diverse way in which OA stress manifests at both individual and population levels, ecosystem-level effects can vary and display nonlinear patterns. Combined OA forcing leads to initial increases in ecosystem and commercial biomasses followed by a decrease in commercial biomass below initial values over time, while ecosystem biomass remains high. Both biodiversity and average trophic level decrease over time. These projections indicate that the kelp forest community would maintain high productivity with a 0.5 drop in pH, but with a substantially different community structure characterized by lower biodiversity and relatively greater dominance by lower trophic level organisms.
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Smith, Valerie J. „Phylogeny of whey acidic protein (WAP) four-disulfide core proteins and their role in lower vertebrates and invertebrates“. Biochemical Society Transactions 39, Nr. 5 (21.09.2011): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0391403.
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Proteins containing WAP (whey acidic protein) domains with a characteristic WFDC (WAP four-disulfide core) occur not only in mammals (including marsupials and monotremes) but also in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. In addition, they are present in numerous invertebrates, from cnidarians to urochordates. Many of those from non-mammalian groups are poorly understood with respect to function or phylogeny. Those well characterized so far are waprins from snakes, perlwapins from bivalves and crustins from decapod crustaceans. Waprins are venom proteins with a single WAP domain at the C-terminus. They display antimicrobial, rather than proteinase inhibitory, activities. Perlwapins, in contrast, possess three WAP domains at the C-terminus and are expressed in the shell nacre of abalones. They participate in shell formation by inhibiting the growth of calcium crystals in the shell. The crustin group is the largest of all WFDC-containing proteins in invertebrates with the vast majority being highly expressed in the haemocytes. Most have a single WAP domain at the C-terminus. The presence and type of the domains between the signal sequence and the C-terminus WAP domain separate the different crustin types. Most of the Type I and II crustins are antimicrobial towards Gram-positive bacteria, whereas the Type III crustins tend to display protease inhibition. Expression studies show that at least some crustins have other important biological effects, as levels change with physiological stress, wound repair, tissue regeneration or ecdysis. Thus WAP domains are widely distributed and highly conserved, serving in diverse physiological processes (proteinase inhibition, bacterial killing or inhibition of calcium transport).
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Thompson, Fabiano L., Tetsuya Iida und Jean Swings. „Biodiversity of Vibrios“. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68, Nr. 3 (01.09.2004): 403–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.68.3.403-431.2004.
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SUMMARY Vibrios are ubiquitous and abundant in the aquatic environment. A high abundance of vibrios is also detected in tissues and/or organs of various marine algae and animals, e.g., abalones, bivalves, corals, fish, shrimp, sponges, squid, and zooplankton. Vibrios harbour a wealth of diverse genomes as revealed by different genomic techniques including amplified fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing, repetetive extragenic palindrome PCR, ribotyping, and whole-genome sequencing. The 74 species of this group are distributed among four different families, i.e., Enterovibrionaceae, Photobacteriaceae, Salinivibrionaceae, and Vibrionaceae. Two new genera, i.e., Enterovibrio norvegicus and Grimontia hollisae, and 20 novel species, i.e., Enterovibrio coralii, Photobacterium eurosenbergii, V. brasiliensis, V. chagasii, V. coralliillyticus, V. crassostreae, V. fortis, V. gallicus, V. hepatarius, V. hispanicus, V. kanaloaei, V. neonatus, V. neptunius, V. pomeroyi, V. pacinii, V. rotiferianus, V. superstes, V. tasmaniensis, V. ezurae, and V. xuii, have been described in the last few years. Comparative genome analyses have already revealed a variety of genomic events, including mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, loss of genes by decay or deletion, and gene acquisitions through duplication or horizontal transfer (e.g., in the acquisition of bacteriophages, pathogenicity islands, and super-integrons), that are probably important driving forces in the evolution and speciation of vibrios. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics through the application of, e.g., microarrays will facilitate the investigation of the gene repertoire at the species level. Based on such new genomic information, the taxonomy and the species concept for vibrios will be reviewed in the next years.
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Boamah, Grace Afumwaa, Zekun Huang, Yawei Shen, Yisha Lu, Zhixuan Wang, Ying Su, Changan Xu, Xuan Luo, Caihuan Ke und Weiwei You. „Transcriptome analysis reveals fluid shear stress (FSS) and atherosclerosis pathway as a candidate molecular mechanism of short-term low salinity stress tolerance in abalone“. BMC Genomics 23, Nr. 1 (23.05.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-022-08611-8.
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Abstract Background Transcriptome sequencing is an effective tool to reveal the essential genes and pathways underlying countless biotic and abiotic stress adaptation mechanisms. Although severely challenged by diverse environmental conditions, the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai remains a high-value aquaculture mollusk and a Chinese predominantly cultured abalone species. Salinity is one of such environmental factors whose fluctuation could significantly affect the abalone’s cellular and molecular immune responses and result in high mortality and reduced growth rate during prolonged exposure. Meanwhile, hybrids have shown superiority in tolerating diverse environmental stresses over their purebred counterparts and have gained admiration in the Chinese abalone aquaculture industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of low salinity adaptation in abalone. Therefore, this study used transcriptome analysis of the gill tissues and flow cytometric analysis of hemolymph of H. discus hannai (DD) and interspecific hybrid H. discus hannai ♀ x H. fulgens ♂ (DF) during low salinity exposure. Also, the survival and growth rate of the species under various salinities were assessed. Results The transcriptome data revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched on the fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis (FSS) pathway. Meanwhile, the expression profiles of some essential genes involved in this pathway suggest that abalone significantly up-regulated calmodulin-4 (CaM-4) and heat-shock protein90 (HSP90), and significantly down-regulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF), bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). Also, the hybrid DF showed significantly higher and sustained expression of CaM and HSP90, significantly higher phagocytosis, significantly lower hemocyte mortality, and significantly higher survival at low salinity, suggesting a more active molecular and hemocyte-mediated immune response and a more efficient capacity to tolerate low salinity than DD. Conclusions Our study argues that the abalone CaM gene might be necessary to maintain ion equilibrium while HSP90 can offset the adverse changes caused by low salinity, thereby preventing damage to gill epithelial cells (ECs). The data reveal a potential molecular mechanism by which abalone responds to low salinity and confirms that hybridization could be a method for breeding more stress-resilient aquatic species.
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Liu, Meijia, Guangshan Wei, Qiliang Lai, Zhaobin Huang, Min Li und Zongze Shao. „Genomic and metabolic insights into the first host-associated isolate of Psychrilyobacter“. Microbiology Spectrum, 27.09.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03990-22.
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ABSTRACT Although gut bacteria are vital to their hosts, few studies have focused on marine animals. Psychrilyobacter is frequently related to various marine animals, but its interaction with host remains unknown due to the lack of host-associated isolate or genomic information. Here, we combined cultivation-independent and cultivation-dependent methods to uncover the potential roles of Psychrilyobacter in the host abalone. The high-throughput sequencing and literature compiling results indicated that Psychrilyobacter is widely distributed in marine and terrestrial ecosystems with both host-associated and free-living lifestyles, but with a strong niche preference in the guts of marine invertebrates, especially abalone. By in vitro enrichment that mimicked the gut inner environment, the first host-related pure culture of Psychrilyobacter was isolated from the abalone intestine. Phylogenetic, physiological, and biochemical characterizations suggested that it represents a novel species named Psychrilyobacter haliotis B1. Carbohydrate utilization experiments and genomic evidence indicated that B1 can utilize diverse host-food-related monosaccharides and disaccharides but not polysaccharides, implying its potential role in the downstream fermentation instead of the upstream food degradation in the gut. Particularly, this strain showed potential to colonize the gut and benefit the host via different strategies, such as the short-chain fatty acids generation by fermenting peptides and/or amino acids, and the putative production of diverse vitamins and antibiotics to support the host growth and antipathogenicity. To our knowledge, strain B1 represents the first host-related pure culture of Psychrilyobacter ; genomic and metabolic evidence showed some beneficial characteristics of the dominant gut anaerobe to the host. IMPORTANCE Psychrilyobacter is a globally distributed bacterial genus and with an inhabiting preference for guts of marine invertebrates. Due to the difficulty of cultivation and the limited genomic information, its role in host remains largely unknown. We isolated the first host-associated Psychrilyobacter species from abalone gut and uncovered its functional potential to the host through different mechanisms. Our findings provide some insights into the understanding of host-microbe interactions on a core taxon with the marine invertebrates, and the isolate may have an application potential in the protection of marine animals.
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Lee, Seungheon, Mi Ae Kim, Jong-Moon Park, Keunwan Park und Young Chang Sohn. „Multiple tachykinins and their receptors characterized in the gastropod mollusk Pacific abalone: Expression, signaling cascades, and potential role in regulating lipid metabolism“. Frontiers in Endocrinology 13 (12.09.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.994863.
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Tachykinin (TK) families, including the first neuropeptide substance P, have been intensively explored in bilaterians. Knowledge of signaling of TK receptors (TKRs) has enabled the comprehension of diverse physiological processes. However, TK signaling systems are largely unknown in Lophotrochozoa. This study identified two TK precursors and two TKR isoforms in the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai (Hdh), and characterized Hdh-TK signaling. Hdh-TK peptides harbored protostomian TK-specific FXGXRamide or unique YXGXRamide motifs at the C-termini. A phylogenetic analysis showed that lophotrochozoan TKRs, including Hdh-TKRs, form a monophyletic group distinct from arthropod TKRs and natalisin receptor groups. Although reporter assays demonstrated that all examined Hdh-TK peptides activate intracellular cAMP accumulation and Ca2+ mobilization in Hdh-TKR-expressing mammalian cells, Hdh-TK peptides with N-terminal aromatic residues and C-terminal FXGXRamide motifs were more active than shorter or less aromatic Hdh-TK peptides with a C-terminal YXGXRamide. In addition, we showed that ligand-stimulated Hdh-TKRs mediate ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HEK293 cells and that ERK1/2 phosphorylation is inhibited by PKA and PKC inhibitors. In three-dimensional in silico Hdh-TKR binding modeling, higher docking scores of Hdh-TK peptides were consistent with the lower EC50 values in the reporter assays. The transcripts for Hdh-TK precursors and Hdh-TKR were highly expressed in the neural ganglia, with lower expression levels in peripheral tissues. When abalone were starved for 3 weeks, Hdh-TK1 transcript levels, but not Hdh-TK2, were increased in the cerebral ganglia (CG), intestine, and hepatopancreas, contrasting with the decreased lipid content and transcript levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). At 24 h post-injection in vivo, the lower dose of Hdh-TK1 mixture increased SREBP transcript levels in the CG and hepatopancreas and accumulative food consumption of abalone. Higher doses of Hdh-TK1 and Hdh-TK2 mixtures decreased the SREBP levels in the CG. When Hdh-TK2-specific siRNA was injected into abalone, intestinal SREBP levels were significantly increased, whereas administration of both Hdh-TK1 and Hdh-TK2 siRNA led to decreased SREBP expression in the CG. Collectively, our results demonstrate the first TK signaling system in gastropod mollusks and suggest a possible role for TK peptides in regulating lipid metabolism in the neural and peripheral tissues of abalone.
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Dimond, James L., Benjamin Ryder Gathright, Joshua V. Bouma, Henry S. Carson und Kathleen Sowul. „Detecting endangered pinto abalone ( Haliotis kamtschatkana ) using environmental DNA : Comparison of ddPCR , qPCR , and conventional diver surveys“. Environmental DNA, 23.08.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/edn3.351.
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Zhang, Xin, Yuting Li, Yulong Sun, Mingxing Guo, Jianjun Feng, Yilei Wang und Ziping Zhang. „Regulatory effect of heat shock transcription factor-1 gene on heat shock proteins and its transcriptional regulation analysis in small abalone Haliotis diversicolor“. BMC Molecular and Cell Biology 21, Nr. 1 (24.11.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12860-020-00323-9.
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Abstract Background The effects of diverse stresses ultimately alter the structures and functions of proteins. As molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of highly conserved proteins that help in the refolding of misfolded proteins and the elimination of irreversibly damaged proteins. They are mediated by a family of transcription factors called heat shock factors (HSFs). The small abalone Haliotis diversicolor is a species naturally distributed along the southern coast of China. In this study, the expression of HdHSF1 was inhibited by RNAi in hemocytes in order to further elucidate the regulatory roles of HdHSF1 on heat shock responsive genes in abalone. Meanwhile, to understand the transcriptional regulation of the HdHSF1 gene, the 5′-upstream regulatory region of HdHSF1 was characterized, and the relative promoter activity was examined by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay system in HEK293T cell lines. Results After the inhibition of the H. diversicolor HSF1 gene (HdHSF1) by dsRNA (double-stranded RNA), the expression of most heat shock related-genes was down-regulated (p < 0.05). It indicated the importance of HdHSF1 in the heat shock response of H. diversicolor. Meanwhile, 5′-flanking region sequence (2633 bp) of the HdHSF1 gene was cloned; it contained a putative core promoter region, TATA box, CAAT box, CpG island, and many transcription elements. In HEK293T cells, the 5′-flanking region sequence can drive expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), proving its promoter function. Exposure of cells to the high-temperature (39 °C and 42 °C) resulted in the activation of HdHSF1 promoter activity, which may explain why the expression of the HdHSF1 gene participates in heat shock response. Luciferase activity of different recombinant plasmids, which contained different truncated promoter fragments of the HdHSF1 gene in HEK293T cells, revealed the possible active regions of the promoter. To further identify the binding site of the critical transcription factor in the region, an expression vector with the site-directed mutation was constructed. After being mutated on the GATA-1 binding site, we found that the luciferase activity was significantly increased, which suggested that the GATA-1 binding site has a certain weakening effect on the activity of the HdHSF1 promoter. Conclusions These findings suggest that GATA-1 may be one of the transcription factors of HdHSF1, and a possible signaling pathway mediated by HdHSF1 may exist in H. diversicolor to counteract the adverse effects of heat shock stress.
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Jiang, Chunqi, Sayaka Mino und Tomoo Sawabe. „Genomic Analyses of Halioticoli Clade Species in Vibrionaceae Reveal Genome Expansion With More Carbohydrate Metabolism Genes During Symbiotic to Planktonic Lifestyle Transition“. Frontiers in Marine Science 9 (23.03.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.844983.
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Vibrionaceae is one of the most diverse bacterial families and is currently classified into over 50 clades, some members of which play an important role in the symbiotic relationships with humans and animals. Halioticoli clade, which currently consists of 10 species: 8 species associated with the gut of abalone (symbiotic), 1 species (V. breoganii) from bivalves, and 1 species (V. ishigakensis) from subtropical seawater (planktonic). To accelerate studies in the evolution, ecogenomics, and biotechnology of Halioticoli clade species, the genomic backbones and pangenome analyses based on complete genome sequences are needed. Genome sizes of Halioticoli clade species ranged from 3.5 Mb to 4.8 Mb, with V. ishigakensis the biggest. The evolutionary relationships using multilocus sequence analysis based on eight housekeeping genes and 125 single-copy core genes revealed a division of five sub-clades in this clade; 1) V. breoganii, V. comitans, V. inusitatus and V. superstes, 2) V. ezurae, V. neonatus, and V. halioticoli, 3) V. rarus, 4) V. gallicus, and 5) V. ishigakensis. The pan-genomic analysis combined with function and metabolism estimations showed that the planktonic group (sub-clade 5) contained the greatest number of specific genes, and more genes responsible for carbohydrate metabolisms, especially the genes encoding D-galactonate degradation. These results demonstrated that the genome expanded by acquiring more abilities for utilizing various carbohydrates during the evolution from symbiotic to a planktonic lifestyle. Moreover, according to Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) profiling, genes encoding alginate degrading enzymes (aly), classified into PL6, PL7, PL15, and PL17 were common in the ten genomes, but sub-clade 1 had the most. Meanwhile, sub-clade 1and 5 also possessed abundant genes related to macroalgae substrates degradation (GHs), which are also responsible for the genome expansion of sub-clade 1 and 5.
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Sarti, Massimo, Do Cong Thung, Ngai Nguyen Dang, Thao Dau Van, Trang Cao Thi Thu, Dong Dao Minh, Barbara Calcinai und Carlo Cerrano. „Marine mollusk biodiversity in Northeastern islands of Vietnam, impact factors and proposing conservation solutions“. Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology 23, Nr. 4 (06.09.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/18836.
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A biodiversity and water-quality monitoring campaign was conducted in the Northeastern archipelago of Vietnam, including Quang Ninh province and Hai Phong, in 2017–2018. Mollusks are selected as the critical proxy indicator, and water-quality parameters are tested against National acceptability standards. The study revealed that, despite declining trends over the past two decades, mollusks are still highly diverse, with 647 species belonging to 227 genera, 95 families, and five classes (76% of all the species identified in the Tonkin Gulf). Of these, 253 species of 39 families (39% of the whole stock) are of high economic value, supporting an active trade in the region and thousands of livelihoods. Several species (abalone, blood cockle, green mussel, pearl oysters, Pacific oysters, double-headed clams, Asian hard clams, white clams, and squids) are intensively farmed. However, aquaculture still needs to be derdeveloped as capture from the wild is preferred. Water quality is unexpectedly high despite impacting factors such as urban development, industry, mass tourism, and demographic increase, mainly within the limits of acceptability set by the Government. Salinity, pH, and temperature are compatible with marine life, and a limited impact is represented by dissolved nitrates and suspended hydrocarbons in suspension. Despite favorable conditions of the aquatic environment, biodiversity decline has been a steady trend over the past decade. The causes are the urban encroachment over the coastal tract, the intertidal spawning grounds, breeding grounds, and nurseries, overexploitation, IUU fishing, lack of management, and failed establishment of conservation areas and MPAs. Spawning and breeding grounds identification and demarcation, their participated co-management, investments in environmental protection, technologies, and capacity building, and promotion of aquafarming of marketable species are among the measures recommended to be implemented with priority, to relieve the pressure over the wild stock and promote regeneration. The role of science in monitoring and detecting environmental changes guiding the adoption of proactive measures to prevent depletion and stock collapse, is the pathway to the sustainability of resource use and human well-being.