Dissertationen zum Thema „À l'échelle pilote“
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Rostiaux, Murièle. „Etude de l'hydrogénation catalytique d'un dérivé pyrimidique nitré. Transfert à l'échelle pilote“. Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT056G.
Gouvion, Saint-Cyr Diane de. „Décontamination de radionucléides dans des effluents liquides par une micro-algue : étude de faisabilité à l'échelle laboratoire et à l'échelle pilote“. Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13503.
Nuclear plants produce radioactive liquid wastes which are decontaminated before they are released. Radioactive cobalt and silver are the main radionuclides released by water pressurized reactor, after tritium and carbon 14. Liquid effluents are decontaminated by physic-chemical processes, such as evaporation, coagulation, sorption and ion exchange. These technologies are very efficient but cannot neutralize entirely the carbon-14 and, in the case of emergency situation, they are difficult to implement in order to decontaminate high amount of radioactive liquids. It is necessary to look for alternative decontamination methods. Bio-remediation technologies may constitute interesting alternatives in the nuclear field as well, but only a few bio-based technologies have been proposed. This work aims to develop a treatment unit based on the use of a photosynthetic micro-alga, extremely radio-tolerant and owning high capacity to concentrate radionuclides and toxic metals. The technical specification was draft to design the process and construct the pilot unit taking into account the constraints linked to the use of a biological matrix in a nuclear environment. The pilot-scale treatment unit, based on this micro-alga, includes different tasks to ensure the objectives of the process: algae have first to be produced in a growth medium and harvested before ensuring the treatment of the contaminated effluent. The feasibility of these operations is studied at laboratory scale. Operating conditions and monitoring and optimization tools for each step, (i) biomass production, (ii) biomass separation and concentration by microfiltration, (iii) effluent decontamination of silver-110m, cobalt-60, carbon-14, are sought. Based on the results obtained at laboratory scale, the feasibility of bio-decontamination of radionuclides by the micro-alga at pilot-scale is studied and demonstrated. Through this work, the development of an innovative process has to be considered for the decontamination of liquid effluents from the nuclear industry. This work confirms the high potential of algae to ensure the pollutants elimination
Huang, Song. „Séchage par atomisation des bactéries probiotiques : des mécanismes de protection à la production à l'échelle pilote“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARB298/document.
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Freeze drying, the reference drying method, is currently challenged because of its low energy-efficiency and productivity. Therefore, spray drying is expected to be an alternative and sustainable method for producing probiotic powders. The issue remains in the considerable inactivation of probiotics caused by high temperature and dehydration during the process. In this work, a novel spray-drying process for continuous production of probiotics was challenged. Concentrated sweet whey (up to 30% w/w dry matter) was used to both culture and spray dry P. freudenreichii ITG P20 and L. casei BL23. This process cut down the steps between culturing and drying (e.g. harvesting, washing), increases the cell population after growth and improves spray drying productivity and probiotic viability. The mechanisms were explored from bacterial physiology and drying process conditions. The hypertonic stress led to overexpression of key stress proteins and accumulation of intracellular compatible solutes, which enhanced multistress tolerance. The presence of protein aggregates and optimal concentration of Mg2+ in matrix may also be involved.The feasibility of scaling up this process was validated. A multi-stage semi industrial drying process, coupling spray-drying with belt drying and fluid-bed drying, was applied to further improve the probiotic viability to 100% (> 109 CFU g-1). Moreover, the functionality of these probiotic powders was investigated in vitro and in viv
Courcelles, Benoît Dominique. „Étude du comportement physico-chimique des filtres de barrières perméables réactives : modélisation et expérimentation à l'échelle pilote“. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECAP1032.
Sertillanges, Philippe. „Étude de la purification à l'échelle pilote de l'albumine et de la transferrine humaine par chromatographie d'échange d'ions“. Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10445.
Meraz, Rosa Laura. „Décharge contrôlée et production de biogaz : étude expérimentale et modélisation sur un site industriel et à l'échelle pilote“. Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT037G.
Clavel, Philippe. „Electrosynthèse et réactivité de nouveaux synthons fluorés : validation de la méthode électrochimique à l'échelle du pilote semi-industriel“. Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10613.
Bien, Le Binh. „Transferts d'eau et de soluté en milieu non saturé hétérogène à l'échelle d'un pilote de laboratoire : expériences et modélisations“. Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961204.
Torandell, Sandrine. „Extrapolation de conditions opératoires de fabrication d'émulsions à usage cosmétique lors du passage de l'échelle laboratoire aux échelles pilote et industrielle“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL031N.
Dach, Hanane. „Comparaison des opérations de nanofiltration et d'osmose inverse pour le dessalement selectif des eaux saumatres : de l'échelle du laboratoire au pilote industriel“. Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433513.
Dach, Hanane. „Comparaison des opérations de nanofiltration et d'osmose inverse pour le dessalement sélectif des eaux saumatres : de l'échelle du laboratoire au pilote industriel“. Angers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ANGE0032.
A competing membrane process to Reverse Osmosis (RO) for brackish water desalination in the near future is Nanofiltration (NF). In this study, we tried to determine when apply of NF instead of RO for brackish water desalination is of a good relevance. In order to predict and compare NF and RO membranes performance, a fundamental study in laboratory scale was performed to a better understanding of the retention mechanisms of salts by several NF and RO membranes. The performance of the tested membranes was measured in terms of fluxes and rejection under different operating conditions (Feed solution composition, ionic strength, Hydrostatic pressure, recovery rate). The results showed that the rejections of salts increased with the feed pressure and decreased with the salt concentration and recovery rate. The Spiegler-Kedem-Katchalsky model (SKK) was used to analyse the experimental data of filtration experiments. The validation of the model applied allowed us to quantify the mass transfer parameters and to determine the mass transfer occurring in NF and RO (Convection and/or hydration diffusion). The membranes were also characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy, Streaming potential and Contact angle measurements with the goal of relating fluxes and salts retention behaviour with the membrane surface properties. The second part includes a technico-economical study comparing RO and NF processes for Tan Tan brackish water (4 g. L-1) desalination on pilot scale in Tan Tan BWRO plant. In this study, the performance of number of NF and RO modules was evaluated in terms of productivity, desalination efficiency and energy requirements. It was found that the RO modules sharply reduced the TDS of Tan Tan water (rejections > 90%). NF was observed to be an effective method to perform partial desalination of Tan Tan brackish water at higher permeates fluxes and lower applied pressures. The degrees of mineral salt removal with the NF90 and NE90 membranes were in the range of 72 and 95%. The results of pilot plant tests were compared with softwer projections. Significant deviations between pilot experiments and the simulations are obtained for some softwares, and pilot studies are required for the elements corresponding. This part also investigated the application of nanofiltration for demineralization of model solution simulating moderately brackish waters (salinity range of 4-10 g. L-1), and defluoridation of Tan Tan brackish water doped with fluoride at high concentrations. The results indicate the effectiveness of NF membranes (NF90 and NE90) in the treatment of brackish water feed of TDS lesser than 6 g. L-1. These membranes were also effective for fluoride removal at a satisfactory value
Villalobos, Garcia Jésus. „Evaluation d'un système de traitement à base de biomasse végétale pour le traitement décentralisé des eaux usées : du pilote à l'échelle industrielle“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0054.
Sanitation has always been a major concern for hygiene and public health issues. An on-site sewage facility (OSSF) ensures the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater. In France, the OSSF represents 20% of domestic wastewater treatment facilities. This represents a population of 12 million or about five million rural settlements. Among the technologies used in the OSSF, biological filtration systems using a filter media are often implemented. The treatment of wastewater (removal of suspended solids and organic matter) is carried out by the joint actions of filtration, and biodegradation by bacteria developing within the filter media. Historically, materials such as sand and peat are the most used. More recently coconut-based media to replace peat, the extraction of which is prohibited, are in increasing development. However, the carbon footprint of foreign imports of materials such as coconut is very important. Therefore, the use of local agro-industrial by-products could reduce the carbon footprint and make the use of these new filter media more compatible with environmental criteria. The first objective of this PhD thesis is to determine the degree of reliability under real conditions of an innovative filtering medium of lignocellulosic origin that has been proven successful in laboratory conditions. The study is based on the comparison of results obtained in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, a hydraulic approach allowed the characterisation of the filter bed operation. In the field, the evaluation of a compact filter that has been running continuously for more than four years and five other installations has been completed. For all installations, the filter media tested allowed a quality of the discharged water in accordance with the current regulations. The estimated average reduction percentages of COD, BOD5 and TSS, are respectively over 79%, 98% and 88%, thus confirming the important degradation of the organic matter and particulate pollution. The second objective of this PhD thesis is to establish a set of physicochemical parameters to guide the choice of new materials potentially usable in OSSF. To do this, the characterisation of the key physicochemical parameters of new materials and the hydraulic parameters of the corresponding filter beds were carried out. Statistical analysis made it possible to study the correlations between these parameters and the purification performances of the materials. In the end, a selection methodology has been proposed
Garnier, Frédéric. „Contribution à l'évaluation biogéochimique des impacts liés à l'exploitation géothermique des aquifères superficiels : Expérimentations et simulations à l'échelle d'un pilote et d'installations réelles“. Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00910204.
Leyva, Salas Marcia. „Cultures antifongiques applicables comme ferments de bioprotection dans les produits laitiers : sélection, évaluation à l'échelle pilote et identification de composés supports de l'activité“. Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0058/document.
Fungal contamination of dairy products is responsible for economic losses and food waste. In a context of “preservative-free” product demand, bioprotective cultures and their metabolites represe,t an alternative of interest of chemical preservatives to control these spoilers.The objective of this study was i) to select microorganisms exhibiting an antifungal activity, in order to elaborate bioprotectivecultures applicable in dairy products, and ii) to study the compounds potentially supporting the observed activity. Firstly, the antifungal activity of 32 strains of lactic acid and propionic bacteria screened in cheese model and yogurt. Strain combinaison study and safety assessment led to the selection of 2 binary lactobacilli combinations (A1 and A3). Their efficiency and applicability were then evaluated in pilot-scale productions of sour cream and cheese.Challenge and shelf life tests showed that depending on the dairy product, A1 and A3 have a similar or higher antifungal activity than the commercial bioprotective cultures. In addition, depending of inoculum, A1 and A3 did not impact the technological and organoleptic characteristics. Chromatographic methods and statistical analyses allowed identifying cocktails of 2 to 17 compounds, according to the considered dairy product and culture that probably support the antifungal activity.The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the antifungal activity action mechanisms and should lead to the development of antifungal cultures to replace preservatives in dairy products
Lefranc-Millot, Catherine. „Contribution à l'étude de la valorisation du colostrum bovin : mise au point d'une préparation hypoallergénique à activité anticorps et transfert du procédé à l'échelle pilote“. Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD781.
Prévôt-d'Alvise, Nathalie. „Mise au point d'un procédé d'hydrolyse enzymatique de protéines de luzerne (Medicago sativa var. Europe) dans un réacteur à membrane et extrapolation à l'échelle pilote“. Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-47.pdf.
Lebranchu, Aline. „Étude du procédé de méthanation en digesteur anaérobie à l'échelle pilote : impact du mélange et du transfert gaz-liquide sur les performances de production de biogaz“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0336/document.
Anaerobic digestion is the bioconversion of organic matter into digestate and biogas. Biological methanation consists in the reaction between H2 and CO2 in anaerobic digester to increase the level of CH4 in the biogas. This thesis aims at recovering the fumes from coking plants containing CO2 and H2 by injection into an anaerobic digester. The objective of this thesis is to study the feasibility of injecting coke oven gases into an anaerobic digester and to quantify the variations of the CH4 content. To this end, a 100 L reactor has been designed. Previous studies in 2 L reactor were performed experimentally and by computational fluid dynamics to define a suitable design of stirrer. It has been shown that stirring by a double helical ribbon increases the biogas production rate by 50 % in comparison with a conventional stirring system. Membrane permeation through a silicone tube was used to inject the gas into the digestate. 152 days experiment was performed in this pilot with a continuous hydrogenation step prior to the simultaneous injection of H2 and CO2. Injection of pure hydrogen increased the CH4 level from 57.5 % to 68.2 % and decreased that of CO2 from 42.3 to 31.5 %. The injected hydrogen is entirely consumed. This result validated the choice of membrane permeation as a gas supply system in viscous medium but showed that the amount of H2 injected was limiting. The additional injection of CO2 in proportions of coke oven gases resulted in an increase in the overall biogas flow rate from 5.0 to 5.6 L h-1, composed of about 35 % CO2 and 65 % CH4
Abribat, Benoît. „Ethérification sélective de mono ou de polyalcools en absence de solvant. Application à l'hydrophobation de polyoxyalkylènes. Amélioration de leurs propriétés applicatives et transfert à l'échelle pilote“. Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT002G.
Arellano, Salazar Marcela Patricia. „Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation de systèmes multiphasiques au cours du procédé de congélation à l'échelle pilote : Application à la fabrication de sorbets dans des échangeurs à surface raclée“. Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01059043.
Hassan, Ali. „Traitement thermochimique et caractérisation spectro-électrochimique des électrodes en feutre de carbone, utilisées dans des cellules pilote d'une batterie à circulation tout vanadium“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30144.
Increase of the share of renewable energy in the overall power production can ensure the future energy demand and help to cope with the environmental challenges inherent to the carbon enrich fossil fuels. Due to intermittent nature of these renewable resources, cost competitive and efficient energy storage devices are required. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are promising storage devices for the stationary applications due to its easy scalability, long charge-discharge cycles. The graphite and the graphite felt are low cost electrodes materials used by VRFBs which exhibits low kinetic reversibility of the redox reaction involving the system V(V)/V(IV) in the positive half-cell; this fact is responsible of significant kinetics overpotential decreasing the delivered voltage from the battery. In this work, different methods (chemical, thermal, electrochemical,) were tried to activate the surface of commercial graphite, expecting to enhance its electro-kinetics activity, specifically for the positive half-cell reaction (VO2+⇌VO2+). The enhancement of the electro kinetic activity of the electrode surface was characterized by the cyclic and linear sweep voltammetries. Besides the surface chemistry and morphology were analysed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In another study, the electrode-electrolyte interaction was quantified by contact angle measurements allowing access to the surface free energy determination. The activation method enables to create different oxygenal groups (C-OH, C=O -COOH) on the graphite surface and to increase the surface area. Both effects lead to i) the increase by 35 % of the current magnitude of the peak obtained by cyclic voltammetry (for the system VO2+/VO2+) and ii) the decrease of the ΔEpeaks of the same system by 300 mV. The density functional theory calculations (DFT) were performed to evaluate the individual catalytic role of the these oxygenal groups against the redox couple VO2+/VO2+(in the positive electrode). DFT shows that these oxygenal groups increase sp3 hybridization in the structure of the felt, that are facilitating the redox reactions. The intrinsic heterogeneous electronic transfer constant (k°) of V(V)/V(IV) system is enhanced by 2.6 and 6.1 times for the oxidation (V(IV)→V(V)) and reduction (V(V)→V(IV)) reactions, respectively. The electrode-electrolyte interaction improves because of the increment of the surface free energy of GF from 13.9 mN/m to 53.29 mN/m. The electrode performance was evaluated in the classical half-cell by charge discharge cycles. The charging voltage decrease from 1.18V to 1.04V and the discharge voltage increase from 0.42V to 0.75V, after the activation of GF. Proposed activation methods are novel, easy and effective. The charge discharge cycles of VRFB were performed at stack level, into the electrochemical plug flow reactor, by using 100 cm2 GF in each electrolytic section. At a current density of 50 A.m-2, there is an improvement of 20 % and 13 % in energy and voltage efficiency (VE) of stack respectively, due to treated electrode
Lebrun, Frédéric. „Préparation à l'échelle pilote d'un hydrolysat d'hémoglobine bovine enrichi en fer héminique soluble, destiné au traitement de la carence en fer : caractérisation des interactions moléculaires au sein de l'hydrolysat“. Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-409.pdf.
Chagne, Véronique. „Etude d'un nouveau procédé de tannage par les sels de chrome en milieu solvant organique immiscible à l'eau. Son extension à l'échelle pilote industriel, à divers types de fabrication et différents agents tannants“. Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT016G.
Liu, Weiji. „Rôle de la micelle de caséine sur la dénaturation thermique des solutions de protéines de lactosérum et les mécanismes d'encrassement“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR014.
The present work is a contribution to better understand the influence of casein micelles on the fouling of serum whey protein solutions. In particular, experimental and numerical approaches have been carried out, at laboratory and pilot scales, to describe denaturation phenomena and better understand the role of calcium in fouling mechanisms. First of all, the effect of casein/whey mass ratio on the whey protein fouling performance was investigated in a pilot-scale PHE. The total fouling deposit mass drop significantly with the addition of casein, resulting in a minimum value located at Casein/WPI of 0.2. Exceeding this critical ratio, fouling deposit increased with elevated casein concentrations. The deposit mass drop (Casein/WPI ≤ 0.2) is unlikely to be linked to the thermal denaturation of BLG and is more probably due to the change in mineral interactions introduced by casein. The increased fouling mass (Casein/WPI ≥ 0.2) was attributed to a co-precipitation of BLG-casein complex that enhances the fouling. It is proposed that micellar casein change deeply the calcium balance and the content of CaP nanocluster modifies sharply the interactions which occur between protein species (BLG, caseins) and mineral elements (ionic calcium, Ca-P) thereby affecting the protein denaturation and fouling behavior. A novel kinetic model concerning thermal unfolding and aggregation of BLG was established. This model interprets mathematically the break-slope behavior in the Arrhenius plot and provides detailed thermodynamic information for both unfolding and aggregation processes. Based on this model, it was confirmed that ionic calcium has a protective role on the thermal unfolding of BLG at low temperature. In contrast, at higher temperatures, calcium promotes aggregation and the formation of unfolded BLG species. A bench-scale fouling rig was built to perform whey protein fouling experiments in a laminar regime. A realistic 3D CFD model was achieved to simulate both the bulk and surface reactions. Results showed a linear relationship between the deposition pre-exponential factor and calcium concentration, suggesting the fouling is built in such a pattern that only one calcium ion per BLG molecule is involved. Calcium was confirmed to be essential to fouling growth with significant effects both on the thermal denaturation and deposition processes. Finally, the effect of casein/whey ratio on the whey protein fouling was investigated in the laboratory-scale fouling device. Results revealed a similar effect of casein on fouling mitigation as those found in the pilot plant. However, in this case, the fouling was suppressed and maintained at a low extent even at high Casein/WPI ratios (up to 4). The presence of individual caseins in the serum phase was considered to be responsible for this fouling mitigation probably through their chaperon-like activities. However, when the pH of the fouling solution is set at 6.6, casein is shown to lose its fouling-mitigating effect at higher ratios. This behavior is related to its weak ability of casein micelle to control ionic calcium in the serum phase at lower pH, resulting in higher calcium concentration facilitating BLG denaturation and deposition accumulation. A lower amount of dissociated caseins in the serum phase at pH 6.6 could also explain the increase in fouling mass because they are not in sufficient concentration to perform chaperone-like functions
Buret, Mickaël. „Antenne optique tunnel pilotée électriquement : une source lumineuse large bande à l'échelle du nanomètre“. Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK084.
Nanoscale electronics and photonics are among the most promising research areas providing functional nanocomponents for data transfer and signal processing. By adopting metal-based optical antennas as a disruptive technological vehicle, we demonstrate that an optical antenna coupled to a tunnel junction can be interfaced to create an electronically driven self-emitting unit. This nanoscale plasmonic transmitter operates by injecting electrons in a contacted tunneling antenna feedgap. Under certain operating conditions, we show that the device radiates a broadband light spectrum which can be related to a thermal like spectrum. We propose a model based upon the spontaneous emission of hot electrons that correctly reproduces the experimental findings. The electron-fed optical antennas described here are critical devices for interfacing electrons and photons, enabling thus the development of optical transceivers for on-chip broadcasting of information at the nanoscale. Based on the relaxation of hot carriers with life-times (ps) shorter than semiconductors, this technology could be a new paradigm for high frequency modulation
Pinheiro-Croisel, Rebecca. „Innovation et éco-conception à l'échelle urbaine : émergence et modèles de pilotage pour un aménagement durable“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00823446.
Godard, Paul. „Parallélisation et passage à l'échelle durable d'une chaïne de traitement graphique pour l'impression professionnelle“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2019/Godard_Paul_2019_ED269.pdf.
The strong and continuous improvements in the professional printing field have led to the ubiquity of printed objects in our daily life. The flexibility introduced by the digital printing process promises to associate extensive customization with mass production. The quick growth of printing usages and technologies, illustrated by wider printer farms and faster digital presses, leads to original challenges for the computer system in charge of driving them. In this thesis, we explore new approaches inspired by the high performance computing field to speedup the graphics processing necessary to digital printing. To achieve this goal, we introduce a distributed system which provides the adequate flexibility and performance by exploiting and optimizing both processing and synchronization techniques. We present our architecture up to the subtle parts of its implementation which allows our solution to meet the specific constraints on generating streams for printing purpose. We perform a complete evaluation of our solution and provide experimental evidence of its great performance and viability
Dhahri, Samia. „Analyse topographique, mécanique et électrochimique à l'échelle sub-micrométrique de processus pilotes par les bactéries : Utilisation combinée de techniques de microscopie à sonde locale AFM - Microscopie à force atomique - et SECM - Microscopie électrochimique“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20146/document.
The presence of biological matter (biofilms) in deep geological sites for storage of, for instance, toxic elements or groundwater in aquifers was clearly proved. That biomass triggers physical and chemical processes which greatly modify the durability and the sustainability of the sites. These processes, mainly from oxidative/reductive reactions, are poorly understood. This is mainly due to the fact that former studies were done at the macroscopic level far away from the micrometric scale where relevant processes induced by bacteria take place. Investigations at microscopic level are needed. Thus, we developed an experimental set-up based on the combined use of optical microscopy (transmission), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrical and electro-chemical AFM microscopy (EC_AFM) in order to get simultaneous information on topographic and electro-chemical processes.The first highly sensitive step was to use AFM with biological samples in liquid environment: we present here a study about AFM imaging of living, moving or self-immobilized bacteria, in their genuine physiological liquid medium and in true in vivo conditions. No external immobilization protocol, neither chemical nor mechanical was needed. For the first time, the native gliding movements of Gram negative Nostoc cyanobacteria upon the surface were studied by AFM. AFM height and mechanical stiffness data were simultaneously acquired. From these, mechanical parameters, inner turgor pressure and Young modulus, were derived for different bacterial species (Anabaenopsis circularis, Rhodococcus wratislaviensis). Our study revealed that AFM imaging is thus possible on moving living species. These results open a large window on new studies of both dynamical phenomena of practical and fundamental interests such as the formation of biofilms and dynamic properties of bacteria in real physiological conditions.The second delicate step was to combine AFM and optical measurements with electrical ones. We mounted a new experimental set-up coupling real-time (i) monitoring of optical properties as the optical density (OD) evolution related to bulk bacterial growth in liquid or as the counting of number of bacteria adhering on the surface of the sample as well and (ii) electrical and electrochemical measurements. Furthermore, these results will shortly be applied to the optimized monitoring of the in-situ activity of bacteria consuming oil pollutants, following this way, in real-time, the bioremediation of an oil-contaminated soil (ANR ECOTECH_BIOPHY program)